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href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja" title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja" title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja" title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%86%D8%A7" title="موتشتار كوسوماتمادچا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موتشتار كوسوماتمادچا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кусумаатмаджа, Мохтар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кусумаатмаджа, Мохтар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja" title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja" title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4200159#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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(1929–2021)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mochtar Kusumaatmadja</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja_-_Fourth_Development_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja_-_Fourth_Development_Cabinet.jpg/220px-Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja_-_Fourth_Development_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja_-_Fourth_Development_Cabinet.jpg/330px-Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja_-_Fourth_Development_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja_-_Fourth_Development_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 March 1978 – 21 March 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Alatas" title="Ali Alatas">Ali Alatas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_law_and_human_rights_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers of law and human rights of Indonesia">Minister of Justice</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1974 – 29 March 1978</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umar_Seno_Aji" title="Umar Seno Aji">Umar Seno Aji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mujono" title="Mujono">Mujono</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-02-17</span>)</span>17 February 1929<br /><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-06-06)</span> (aged 92)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kalibata_Heroes%27_Cemetery" title="Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery">Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Indonesian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Siti Hadidjah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armida_Alisjahbana" title="Armida Alisjahbana">Armida Alisjahbana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">Diplomat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mochtar Kusumaatmadja's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Signature_of_Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja.svg/120px-Signature_of_Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Signature_of_Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja.svg/180px-Signature_of_Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Signature_of_Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja.svg/240px-Signature_of_Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mochtar Kusumaatmadja</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (17 February 1929 – 6 June 2021) was an Indonesian diplomat and politician. He was Indonesia's minister of justice from 1974 until 1978 and foreign minister from 1978 until 1988. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kusumaatmadja was born on 17 February 1929 in Batavia, (now <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>). Kusumaatmadja joined the Union of Youth Students in Indonesia after independence in 1945 and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> as a member of the Student Army and the People's Security Army. After the revolution ended, Kusumaatmadja attended the law faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> and pursued a <a href="/wiki/Double_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Double degree">double degree</a> program from the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. He graduated in 1955 with an undergraduate degree from the University of Indonesia and a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> degree from Yale Law School.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1978819_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1978819-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended further university education at <a href="/wiki/Padjadjaran_University" title="Padjadjaran University">Padjadjaran University</a> and obtained a doctorate in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors198341_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors198341-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ronald and June Katz, Kusumaatmadja's study in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> widened his interpretation of the Indonesian law system, which was influenced by the Dutch legal system during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonial era</a>. One particular idea was the concept of law as a tool of social engineering by <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Roscoe Pound</a>. The concept was altered by Kusumaatmadja to fit in the Indonesian legal environment and became a recurring theme in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976336_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976336-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the concept contradicted the government's view on law, and Kusumaatmadja was forced to reside overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976335_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976335-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kusumaatmadja worked briefly at <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a>'s Foreign Exchange Institute before becoming a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Padjadjaran_University" title="Padjadjaran University">Padjadjaran University</a>. He taught international law in the university, with a specialty in the field of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">law of the sea</a>. He also taught in other academic institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="Indonesian Army Command and General Staff College">Indonesian Army Command and General Staff College</a>. Although he had already been made a professor by the time he obtained a doctorate, the professorship was not made official until 1966 due to the aforementioned conflict with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973900_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973900-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from his job as a lecturer, Kusumaatmadja acted for the defense in several legal cases. Two notable cases he handled in the 1960s were the Bremen Tobacco case and the <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">MacDonald House bombing</a> incident. He also became the conceptor for various statutes such as the law on Indonesia's waters and the country's doctrine regarding the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973901_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973901-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter was produced after his tenure as the chief law-of-the-sea negotiator for Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976335_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976335-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s rule and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s rule in Indonesia, Kusumaatmadja was tasked to reform the law education curriculum in Indonesia. The new curriculum, which was introduced in 1972, gave more degrees of freedom to law students. Kusumaatmadja himself hoped that the curriculum could produce lawyers that improve the legal system of Indonesia instead of accepting it as it is. Inside his own university, Kusumaatmadja established a research institute for the law faculty. Several works that the institute has produced was the criteria of a "minimum law library" for law schools all over Indonesia to support the newly introduced curriculum and inventorying cases from the West Java Supreme Court that would later be used for case study and legal review.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976339–340_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976339–340-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_Justice">Minister of Justice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minister of Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kusumaatmadja was made Minister of Justice in a reshuffle of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Development_Cabinet" title="Second Development Cabinet">Second Development Cabinet</a> on 22 January 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his first actions was reviving the Institute of National Law Reform. Previously, the institute was largely dormant and had little to no operational budget. Kusumaatmadja renamed the institute, increased the amount of budget allocated from the institute, and altered the organizational structure. The re-organization, in particular, sought to bring legal academics closer to the lawmaking and law reform processes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976337–338_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976337–338-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revival of the Institute of National Law Reform managed to bear fruit in the form of an increase in legal research, workshops, and meetings in Indonesia. A workshop to coordinate legal research was held in September 1974, while a workshop aimed to document and index legal information was held in December 1974. Another significant result was in the form of agreed-upon legal terms, which Kusumaatmadja described as important to make the legal language "uniform, usable, and understandable to the people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976340–341_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976340–341-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs">Minister of Foreign Affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister of Foreign Affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After serving as Minister of Justice for about four years, Kusumaatmadja was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Development_Cabinet" title="Third Development Cabinet">Third Development Cabinet</a> in 1978. He was re-appointed Foreign Minister in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Development_Cabinet" title="Fourth Development Cabinet">next cabinet</a> for the period 1983-1988, thus serving a total of ten years as foreign minister. During his period in office, Kusumaatmadja promoted the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic state</a>" to describe Indonesia. The concept was later recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019263-264_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2019263-264-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the archipelago state, one of his hallmarks as foreign minister was his support for cultural diplomacy, a concept aimed at improving Indonesia's image overseas. Nevertheless, his concept failed to emphasize proprietary issues that were rampant at that time. His focus instead was to present Indonesia as a civil country and dismiss its image as a militaristic and cronyistic country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019263-264_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2019263-264-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was promoted in various ways, such as the First International <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> Festival which was held in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Expo 86</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019264_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2019264-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other efforts to promote this concept, such as the exhibition of the <a href="/wiki/Asmat_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat tribe">Asmat tribe</a> art in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and a dance performance by the <a href="/wiki/Mangkunegaran" title="Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran</a> troupe in the same city, were less successful. The former, in particular, was criticized due to the disrespectful treatment by Indonesian academics to the Asmat culture in the exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019265-266_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2019265-266-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kusumaatmadja died on the morning of 6 June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried on the same day at the <a href="/wiki/Kalibata_Heroes%27_Cemetery" title="Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery">Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his death, former state secretary <a href="/wiki/Yusril_Ihza_Mahendra" title="Yusril Ihza Mahendra">Yusril Ihza Mahendra</a> proposed Kusumaatmadja be made a <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">national hero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg/70px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg/105px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg/140px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana" class="extiw" title="id:Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana">Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana</a></i>) (6 August 1974)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama_rib.svg/70px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama_rib.svg/105px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama_rib.svg/140px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> Star of Mahaputera, 3rd Class (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_Mahaputera_Utama" class="extiw" title="id:Bintang Mahaputera Utama">Bintang Mahaputera Utama</a></i>) (8 August 1973)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Dharma_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bintang_Dharma_rib.svg/70px-Bintang_Dharma_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bintang_Dharma_rib.svg/105px-Bintang_Dharma_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bintang_Dharma_rib.svg/140px-Bintang_Dharma_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Star of Meritorious Service (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_Dharma" class="extiw" title="id:Bintang Dharma">Bintang Dharma</a></i>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_the_Navy_-_1st_Class_(Indonesia)_-_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Star_of_the_Navy_-_1st_Class_%28Indonesia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/70px-Star_of_the_Navy_-_1st_Class_%28Indonesia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Star_of_the_Navy_-_1st_Class_%28Indonesia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/105px-Star_of_the_Navy_-_1st_Class_%28Indonesia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Star_of_the_Navy_-_1st_Class_%28Indonesia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/140px-Star_of_the_Navy_-_1st_Class_%28Indonesia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Star of Jalasena, 1st Class (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_Jalasena" class="extiw" title="id:Bintang Jalasena">Bintang Jalasena Utama</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_2nd_Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_2nd_Class_BAR.svg/70px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_2nd_Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_2nd_Class_BAR.svg/105px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_2nd_Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_2nd_Class_BAR.svg/140px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_2nd_Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash of the <a href="/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria#Classes" title="Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria">Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria</a>(1984)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commander_of_Legion_of_Honour_Ribbon_Bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Commander_of_Legion_of_Honour_Ribbon_Bar.png/70px-Commander_of_Legion_of_Honour_Ribbon_Bar.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Commander_of_Legion_of_Honour_Ribbon_Bar.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Commandeur of the National <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Order of the Legion of Honour</a> (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Sikatuna_-_Grand_Cross_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Order_of_Sikatuna_-_Grand_Cross_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_Sikatuna_-_Grand_Cross_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Order_of_Sikatuna_-_Grand_Cross_Ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna">Order of Sikatuna</a>, Rank of Datu (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_(Class_2)_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_%28Class_2%29_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif/70px-Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_%28Class_2%29_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_%28Class_2%29_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Gwanghwa Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit" title="Order of Diplomatic Service Merit">Order of Diplomatic Service Merit</a> (1979)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_1st_Class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_1st_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_1st_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_1st_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/105px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_1st_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_1st_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/140px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_1st_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross (<i>First Class</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant</a> (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YU_Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Flag_with_Sash_(1st_rank)_Ribbon_Bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/YU_Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Flag_with_Sash_%281st_rank%29_Ribbon_Bar.png/70px-YU_Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Flag_with_Sash_%281st_rank%29_Ribbon_Bar.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/YU_Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Flag_with_Sash_%281st_rank%29_Ribbon_Bar.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Orders" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Order of the Yugoslav Flag</a> with Sash (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mochtar_Kusumaatmadja&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spelled using a mixture of ER and EBI systems. ER: <i>Mochtar Koesoemaatmadja</i>, EBI: <i>Mokhtar Kusumaatmaja</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1978819-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1978819_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeneral_Elections_Institution1978">General Elections Institution 1978</a>, p. 819.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors198341-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors198341_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Editors1983">The Editors 1983</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976336-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976336_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzKatz1976">Katz & Katz 1976</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976335-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976335_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976335_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzKatz1976">Katz & Katz 1976</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973900-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973900_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeneral_Elections_Institution1973">General Elections Institution 1973</a>, p. 900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973901-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Elections_Institution1973901_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeneral_Elections_Institution1973">General Elections Institution 1973</a>, p. 901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976339–340-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976339–340_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzKatz1976">Katz & Katz 1976</a>, pp. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2003). <i>Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi</i> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Djambatan. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-428-499-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-428-499-8"><bdi>979-428-499-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabinet-Kabinet+Republik+Indonesia%3A+Dari+Awal+Kemerdekaan+Sampai+Reformasi&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.pub=Djambatan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=979-428-499-8&rft.aulast=Simanjuntak&rft.aufirst=P.+N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMochtar+Kusumaatmadja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976337–338-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976337–338_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzKatz1976">Katz & Katz 1976</a>, pp. 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976340–341-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzKatz1976340–341_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzKatz1976">Katz & Katz 1976</a>, pp. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2019263-264-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019263-264_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019263-264_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2019">Cohen 2019</a>, p. 263-264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2019264-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019264_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2019">Cohen 2019</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2019265-266-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2019265-266_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2019">Cohen 2019</a>, p. 265-266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurnamasari2021" class="citation web cs1">Purnamasari, Deti Mega (6 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.kompas.com/read/2021/06/06/230816374/in-memoriam-indonesias-former-foreign-minister-mochtar-kusumaatmadja-dies">"In Memoriam: Indonesia's Former Foreign Minister Mochtar Kusumaatmadja Dies"</a>. <i>KOMPAS.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat hasil pemilihan umum tahun 1977</i></a> [<i>Summary of Biography and Career of Members of the People's Consultative Assembly from the 1977 General Elections</i>] (in Indonesian), Jakarta<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ringkasan+riwayat+hidup+dan+riwayat+perjuangan+anggota+Majelis+Permusyawaratan+Rakyat+hasil+pemilihan+umum+tahun+1977&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.date=1978&rft.au=General+Elections+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpJaAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMochtar+Kusumaatmadja" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a 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