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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_of_Carlos_Arias_Navarro_(November_1975_–_July_1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government of Carlos Arias Navarro (November 1975 – July 1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_of_Carlos_Arias_Navarro_(November_1975_–_July_1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_government_of_Adolfo_Suárez_(July_1976_–_June_1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government_of_Adolfo_Suárez_(July_1976_–_June_1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First government of Adolfo Suárez (July 1976 – June 1977)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_government_of_Adolfo_Suárez_(July_1976_–_June_1977)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First government of Adolfo Suárez (July 1976 – June 1977) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_government_of_Adolfo_Suárez_(July_1976_–_June_1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relations of the Suárez government with the opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_Spanish_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_Spanish_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relations of the Suárez government with the Spanish army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_Spanish_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurgence_of_terrorist_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurgence_of_terrorist_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Resurgence of terrorist activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurgence_of_terrorist_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_elections_and_the_draft_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_elections_and_the_draft_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First elections and the draft of the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_elections_and_the_draft_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments_of_the_UCD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments_of_the_UCD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governments of the UCD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governments_of_the_UCD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_government_of_Felipe_González_(1982–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government_of_Felipe_González_(1982–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>First government of Felipe González (1982–1986)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_government_of_Felipe_González_(1982–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology_of_key_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology_of_key_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chronology of key events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology_of_key_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish transition to democracy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="انتقال إسبانيا نحو الديمقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتقال إسبانيا نحو الديمقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transici%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Transición española – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Transición española" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transici%C3%B3_democr%C3%A0tica_espanyola" title="Transició democràtica espanyola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transició democràtica espanyola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%BD_p%C5%99echod_k_demokracii" title="Španělský přechod k demokracii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělský přechod k demokracii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_in_Spanien" title="Transition in Spanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transition in Spanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_%C3%BCleminekuperiood" title="Hispaania üleminekuperiood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania üleminekuperiood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ισπανική Μεταπολίτευση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανική Μεταπολίτευση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transici%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Transición española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transición española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_transiro" title="Hispana transiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana transiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_trantsizioa" title="Espainiako trantsizioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako trantsizioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اسپانیا در دوران انتقال به دموکراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپانیا در دوران انتقال به دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_d%C3%A9mocratique_espagnole" title="Transition démocratique espagnole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transition démocratique espagnole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transici%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Transición española – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transición española" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%ED%99%94" title="스페인의 민주화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인의 민주화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A8_%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Իսպանիայի անցումը ժողովրդավարության – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանիայի անցումը ժողովրդավարության" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transisi_Spanyol_menuju_demokrasi" title="Transisi Spanyol menuju demokrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transisi Spanyol menuju demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transizione_spagnola" title="Transizione spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transizione spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitio_Democratica_Hispanica" title="Transitio Democratica Hispanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transitio Democratica Hispanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyolorsz%C3%A1g_demokratikus_%C3%A1tmenete" title="Spanyolország demokratikus átmenete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyolország demokratikus átmenete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_democratische_overgang" title="Spaanse democratische overgang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaanse democratische overgang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8C%96" title="スペインの民主化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペインの民主化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformacja_ustrojowa_w_Hiszpanii" title="Transformacja ustrojowa w Hiszpanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transformacja ustrojowa w Hiszpanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Espanhola" title="Transição Espanhola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transição Espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Spaniei_(1977-1981)" title="Istoria Spaniei (1977-1981) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Spaniei (1977-1981)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Переход Испании к демократии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переход Испании к демократии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish transition to democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan_siirtyminen_demokratiaan" title="Espanjan siirtyminen demokratiaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan siirtyminen demokratiaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniens_%C3%A5terg%C3%A5ng_till_demokrati" title="Spaniens återgång till demokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spaniens återgång till demokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanya%27da_demokrasiye_ge%C3%A7i%C5%9F_s%C3%BCreci" title="İspanya'da demokrasiye geçiş süreci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanya'da demokrasiye geçiş süreci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%97" title="Перехід Іспанії до демократії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перехід Іспанії до демократії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Period of Spanish history (1975–1977)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Spain</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Reino de España</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1975–1982</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1977%E2%80%931981).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Spanish transition to democracy"><img alt="Flag of Spanish transition to democracy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Spain_%281977%E2%80%931981%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Spain_%281977%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Spain_%281977%E2%80%931981%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Spain_%281977%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Spain_%281977%E2%80%931981%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Spain_%281977%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a><br />(1977–1981)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1977-1981).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1977–1981) of Spanish transition to democracy"><img alt="Coat of arms (1977–1981) of Spanish transition to democracy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281977-1981%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281977-1981%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281977-1981%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281977-1981%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281977-1981%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281977-1981%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1687" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a><br />(1977–1981)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Una,_Grande_y_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Una, Grande y Libre">Una, Grande y Libre</a></i><br />("One, Great and Free")<br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Plus_Ultra" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus Ultra">Plus Ultra</a></i></span><br />("Further Beyond")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_State_(1975).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Spain in 1975"><img alt="The Kingdom of Spain in 1975" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spanish_State_%281975%29.svg/250px-Spanish_State_%281975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spanish_State_%281975%29.svg/375px-Spanish_State_%281975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spanish_State_%281975%29.svg/500px-Spanish_State_%281975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Spain in 1975</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><br />After 1978: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a></i> until 1978)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><br />(1975–1978)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><br />(after 1978)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975–1982 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain#Kingdom_of_Spain_(1975–present)" title="List of prime ministers of Spain">Prime Minister</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975–1976 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1976–1981 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1981–1982 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo-Sotelo" title="Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo">Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Cortes Españolas">Cortes Españolas</a></i> (until 1977)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></i> (from 1977)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper House">Upper House</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower House">Lower House</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Death of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1975</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Political_Reform_Act" title="Political Reform Act">Political Reform Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 November 1976</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">1977 election</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_1977_Amnesty_Law" title="Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law">Amnesty Law</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Constitution adopted</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1978</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1979_Spanish_general_election" title="1979 Spanish general election">1979 election</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">Attempted coup d'état</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 February 1981</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1982_Spanish_general_election" title="1982 Spanish general election">1982 election</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1982</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B34" class="mw-redirect" title="+34">+34</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain"><b>1975:</b><br />Spanish State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile"><b>1977:</b><br /><span class="nowrap">Spanish Republican<br />government-in-exile</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Spain" title="Category:History of Spain">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of <span class="fn org label">Spain</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/250px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/375px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/500px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Prehistory" title="History of Spain">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="History of Spain">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Spain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(575–206 BCE)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman Conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(206–27 BCE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(218 BCE–472 CE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" title="Diocese of Hispania">Diocese of Hispania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Early_medieval_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(409–585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Kingdom of the Visigoths</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(418–721)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Byzantine Spania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(552–624)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–716)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista"><i>Reconquista</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Medieval_Christian_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Christian kingdoms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(718–1479)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_Modern_Spain" title="History of Spain">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1479–1516)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1482–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1492–1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1516–1700)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1556–1659)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1580–1640)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Bourbons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1700–1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1701–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707–1716)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">Abdications of Bayonne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleonic Spain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1808–1813)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1810–1814)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1812)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1813)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII#Restoration" title="Ferdinand VII">Absolutist restoration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Sexenio Absolutista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820–1823)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1823–1833)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Isabella II of Spain">Reign of Isabella II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Maria_Christina" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of Espartero</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1840–1843)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_moderada" title="Década moderada">Década moderada</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844–1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846–1849)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienio_progresista" title="Bienio progresista">Bienio progresista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854–1856)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1868)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><i><a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Sexenio Democrático</a></i></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_(1868%E2%80%931871)" title="Provisional Government (1868–1871)">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1868–1871)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain#King_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Reign of Amadeo I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1870–1873)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1872–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1874)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Reign of Alfonso XII">Reign of Alfonso XII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874–1885)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Regency of Maria Christina of Austria">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1885–1902)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">Reign of Alfonso XIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain during World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(–1927)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1930)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer"><i>Dictablanda</i> of Dámaso Berenguer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930–1931)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">First Biennium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Second Biennium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution and Asturian miners' strike</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 general election</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">1936 coup d'état</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Nationalist victory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1945)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Republican exile</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1977)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–2011)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">Contemporary history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transition to democracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Current constitution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">1981 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">2017 Barcelona attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain#History" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Spain">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain#History" title="Religion in Spain">Religious history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Spain" title="Template talk:History of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spanish transition to democracy</b>, known in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">la Transición</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[la<span class="wrap"> </span>tɾansiˈθjon]</a></span>; <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><b>the Transition</b></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">la Transición española</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Spanish Transition</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), is a period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">modern Spanish history</a> encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> that moved from the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist dictatorship">Francoist dictatorship</a> to the consolidation of a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">democratic transition</a> began after the death of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, in November 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColomer_Rubio2012260_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomer_Rubio2012260-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, "the political elites left over from Francoism" attempted "to reform of the institutions of dictatorship" through existing legal means,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but social and political pressure saw the formation of a democratic parliament in the 1977 general election, which had the imprimatur to write a new constitution that was then approved by referendum in December 1978. The following years saw the beginning of the development of the rule of law and establishment of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">regional government</a>, amidst ongoing terrorism, an <a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">attempted <i>coup d'état</i></a> and global economic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Transition is said to have concluded after the landslide victory of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE) in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Spanish_general_election" title="1982 Spanish general election">1982 general election</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transfer_of_executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful transfer of executive power">peaceful transfer of executive power</a>. Democracy was on the road to being consolidated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end result of the Transition according to Casanova was "at least from 1982 onwards, a parliamentary monarchy, based on a democratic constitution, with a large number of rights and freedoms, the consequence of a complex transition, riddled with conflicts, foreseen and unforeseen obstacles and problems, in the context of economic crisis and political uncertainty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as then-prime minister González said later, "the state apparatus was retained, in its entirety, from the dictatorship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._142,_quoting_Felipe_Gonzalez_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._142,_quoting_Felipe_Gonzalez-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Importantly, most of the significant aspects in the Transition were adopted by consensus between the governments and the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar2009505_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar2009505-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this pragmatic, civic, "a-nationalist" leadership in Madrid, contributing factors to the success of the Transition were a Monarchy as a cohesive unitary symbol and the neutralisation of the Army's influence on political life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConversi2002223_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi2002223-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the contrasting action of Basque violence and the peaceful mobilisation of Catalonia, successfully transformed Spanish politics during the Transition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConversi2002224_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi2002224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While often cited as a paradigm of peaceful, negotiated transition, <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> during the Spanish transition was far more prevalent than during the analogous democratization processes in <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Greece</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Portugal</a>, with the emergence of separatist, leftist, fascist and vigilante terrorist groups and police violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez-CuencaAguilar2009429_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez-CuencaAguilar2009429-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._77:_"More_than_a_hundred_demonstrators,_left-wing_activists,_students_and_separatists_were_killed_by_the_police_or_the_''ultras'',_the_far_right._Many_more_were_killed_by_ETA_and_other_left-wing_or_separatist_terrorist_groups"_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._77:_"More_than_a_hundred_demonstrators,_left-wing_activists,_students_and_separatists_were_killed_by_the_police_or_the_''ultras'',_the_far_right._Many_more_were_killed_by_ETA_and_other_left-wing_or_separatist_terrorist_groups"-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The re-democratization also led to Spain's integration into Europe, a dream of Spanish intellectuals since the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014356_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014356-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous attempts at democratization included the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_role_of_Juan_Carlos_I">Political role of Juan Carlos I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political role of Juan Carlos I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_,_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg/220px-De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg/330px-De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg/440px-De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4311" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Juan Carlos I before the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Cortes Españolas">Cortes Españolas</a>, during his proclamation as King on 22 November 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> came to power in 1939, following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939), and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">ruled as a dictator</a> until his death in 1975. In 1969, he designated <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Prince Juan Carlos</a>, grandson of Spain's most recent king, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a>, as his official successor. For the next six years, Prince Juan Carlos remained in the background during public appearances and seemed ready to follow in Franco's footsteps. Once in power as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>, however, he facilitated the development of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> as his father, Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Borbón">Juan de Borbón</a>, had advocated since 1946. </p><p>King Juan Carlos I began his reign as head of state without leaving the confines of Franco's legal system. As such, he swore fidelity to the Principles of the <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a> (National Movement), the political system of the Franco era; took possession of the crown before the Francoist <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Cortes Españolas">Cortes Españolas</a>; and respected the <a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_State" title="Organic Law of the State">Organic Law of the State</a> for the appointment of his first <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Only in his speech before the Cortes did he indicate his support for a transformation of the Spanish political system. This de facto alliance between Juan Carlos and the political forces opposed to maintaining the status quo is considered to be a key part to the success of Spain’s transition to democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory1977474–95_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory1977474–95-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transition was an ambitious plan that counted on ample support both within and outside of Spain. <a href="/wiki/Western_world#The_Cold_War" title="Western world">Western</a> governments, headed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, now favoured a Spanish constitutional monarchy, as did many Spanish and international <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalists">capitalists</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The spectre of the Civil War still haunted Spain. <a href="/wiki/Francoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist">Francoists</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> enjoyed considerable support within the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a>, and people of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> distrusted a king who owed his position to Franco. The King's legitimacy rested on this appointment; his father, Don Juan, did not renounce his claim until 14 May 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014295,306_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014295,306-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal opinion at the time held therefore, that the throne's legitimacy could only be saved by establishing a democratic, constitutional and parliamentary monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980173_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1980173-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> For the transition to succeed, the army needed to refrain from intervening in the political process on behalf of Francoist elements within the existing government. As Raymond Carr explains,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980175_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1980175-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In containing the right and keeping the army loyal to the government the support of the King, as commander-in-chief of the army, was critical, enabling the government to retire factious generals who regarded it as their duty to maintain the existing constitution.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_of_Carlos_Arias_Navarro_(November_1975_–_July_1976)"><span id="Government_of_Carlos_Arias_Navarro_.28November_1975_.E2.80.93_July_1976.29"></span>Government of Carlos Arias Navarro (November 1975 – July 1976)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Government of Carlos Arias Navarro (November 1975 – July 1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Fraga_durante_la_Transicion_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Manuel_Fraga_durante_la_Transicion_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Manuel_Fraga_durante_la_Transicion_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Manuel_Fraga_durante_la_Transicion_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga_Iribarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Fraga Iribarne">Manuel Fraga Iribarne</a>, the most important Minister of the Arias Navarro government</figcaption></figure> <p>The King did not initially appoint a new prime minister, leaving in place the incumbent head of government under Franco, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a>. Arias Navarro had not initially planned a reform of the Francoist regime; in the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Movement" title="National Council of the Movement">National Council of the Movement</a>, an advisory assembly of the ruling <i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i> (<i>Falange</i>) party and other groups in the <i>Movimiento Nacional</i>, he declared that the purpose of his government was the continuity of Francoism through a "democracy in the Spanish way" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">democracia a la española</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197722_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197722-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz200221_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz200221-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed political changes should be limited: he would give the parliament, the Cortes Españolas, the task of "updating our laws and institutions the way Franco would have wanted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008329_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008329-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reform programme adopted by the government was the one proposed by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga" title="Manuel Fraga">Manuel Fraga</a>, rejecting Antonio Garrigues' plan to elect a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a>. Fraga's programme aimed to achieve a "liberal democracy" that was "comparable to the rest of the Western European countries" through a "gradual and controlled process", through a series of reforms of the pseudo-constitutional <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Laws_of_the_Realm" title="Fundamental Laws of the Realm">Fundamental Laws of the Realm</a>. This is why his proposal was dubbed as a "reform in the continuity", and his support came mostly from those who defended a Francoist sociological model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order for reform to succeed, it had to earn the support of the hardcore Francoist faction known as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker">Búnker</a></i></span>, which had a major presence in the Cortes and the National Council of the Movement, the two institutions that would have to eventually approve the reforms of the Fundamental Laws. It also had to garner support within the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Labour_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Labour Organisation">Spanish Labour Organisation</a>. It also needed to appease the democratic opposition to Francoism. The approach towards the dissenters was that they would not be part of the reform process, but would be allowed to participate in politics more generally, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Spain (main)">Communist Party of Spain</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Partido Comunista de España</i></span>, PCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conservative reform was partly inspired by the historical period of the semi-democratic <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration</a> (1876–1931), and was criticised<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> for not taking into account the social and political circumstances of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197719_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197719-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project coalesced into a proposal to reform three of the Fundamental Laws, but the exact changes would be determined by a mixed commission of the Government and the National Council of the Movement, as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Torcuato Fernández-Miranda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197721_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197721-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the commission meant that Fraga and the reformists lost control of much of the legislative direction of the country;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán200830_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán200830-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reformists had been planning updated "Laws of Assembly and Association", which included a reform of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Criminal Code">Spanish Criminal Code</a>. Even so, the new Law of Assembly was passed by the Francoist Cortes on 25 May 1976, allowing public demonstration with government authorization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day the Law of Political Associations was also approved, supported by Suárez, who affirmed in parliamentary session that "if Spain is plural, the Cortes cannot afford to deny it". Suárez's intervention in favor of this reform shocked many, including Juan Carlos I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197722_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197722-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This intervention was key in Juan Carlos' decision to appoint Suárez as Prime Minister in the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008331_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008331-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arias-Fraga reform collapsed on 11 June, when the Cortes rejected changes to the Criminal Code, which had previously made it a crime to be affiliated with a political party other than <i>FET y de las JONS</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999216_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999216-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Cortes, who vehemently opposed the legalization of the Communist Party, added an amendment to the law that banned political organizations that "submitted to an international discipline" and "advocated for the implantation of a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian regime">totalitarian regime</a>". <a href="/wiki/Javier_Tusell" title="Javier Tusell">Javier Tusell</a> pointed out that "those who in the past were in bed with totalitarianism now felt entitled to prohibit the totalitarianism of others". The reforms of the Fundamental Laws governing royal succession and the composition of the Cortes, designed by Fraga, also failed. Fraga had intended to make the Cortes <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>, with one chamber elected by universal suffrage and the other having an "<a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">organic</a>" character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197723–24_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197723–24-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz200226_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz200226-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_government_of_Adolfo_Suárez_(July_1976_–_June_1977)"><span id="First_government_of_Adolfo_Su.C3.A1rez_.28July_1976_.E2.80.93_June_1977.29"></span>First government of Adolfo Suárez (July 1976 – June 1977)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First government of Adolfo Suárez (July 1976 – June 1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez_1980_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez_1980_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Adolfo Suárez in 1980</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Torcuato Fernández-Miranda</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Realm" title="Council of the Realm">Council of the Realm</a>, placed <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a> on a list of three candidates for King Juan Carlos to choose to become the new head of government, replacing Arias Navarro. The king chose Suárez because he felt he could meet the challenge of the difficult political process that lay ahead: persuading the Cortes, which was composed of appointed Francoist politicians, to dismantle Franco's system. In this manner, he would formally act within the Francoist legal system and thus avoid the prospect of military intervention in the political process. Suárez was appointed as the 138th Prime Minister of Spain by Juan Carlos on 3 July 1976, a move that, given his Francoist past, was opposed by leftists and some centrists. </p><p>As Prime Minister, Suárez quickly presented a clear political program based on two points: </p> <ul><li>The development of a political reform bill, which, once approved by the Cortes and the Spanish public in a referendum, would open the constituent process for creating a liberal democracy in Spain.</li> <li>Democratic elections to be held in June 1977 to elect a Cortes charged with drawing up a new democratic constitution</li></ul> <p>This program was clear and unequivocal, but its realization tested the political capacity of Suárez. He had to convince both the opposition to participate in his plan and the army to allow the process to run uninterrupted, and at the same time needed to bring the situation in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> under control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980175_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1980175-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these challenges, Suárez's project was carried out without delay between July 1976 and June 1977. He had to act on many fronts during this short period of time in order to achieve his aims. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MITING_CNT_MONTJU%C3%8FC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MITING_CNT_MONTJU%C3%8FC.jpg/220px-MITING_CNT_MONTJU%C3%8FC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MITING_CNT_MONTJU%C3%8FC.jpg/330px-MITING_CNT_MONTJU%C3%8FC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MITING_CNT_MONTJU%C3%8FC.jpg/440px-MITING_CNT_MONTJU%C3%8FC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Federica Montseny</a> speaking at the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> in Barcelona in 1977, after 36 years of exile</figcaption></figure> <p>The draft of the <a href="/wiki/Political_Reform_Act" title="Political Reform Act">Political Reform Act</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ley para la Reforma Política</i></span>) was written by Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, speaker of the Cortes, who handed it over to the Suárez government in July 1976. The project was approved by the Suarez Government in September 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To open the door to parliamentary democracy in Spain, this legislation could not simply create a new political system by eliminating the obstacles put in place by the Franco regime against democracy: it had to liquidate the Francoist system through the Francoist Cortes itself. The Cortes, under the presidency of Fernández-Miranda, debated this bill throughout the month of November; it ultimately approved it, with 425 votes in favor, 59 against, and 13 abstentions. </p><p>The Suárez government sought to gain further legitimacy for the changes through a <a href="/wiki/1976_Spanish_political_reform_referendum" title="1976 Spanish political reform referendum">popular referendum</a>. On 15 December 1976, with a 77.72% participation rate, 94% of voters indicated their support for the changes. From this moment, it was possible to begin the electoral process (the second part of the Suárez program), which would serve to elect the members of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes" title="Constituent Cortes">Constituent Cortes</a>, the body that was to be responsible for creating a democratic constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez_Díaz201641–58_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez_Díaz201641–58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this part of his plan fulfilled, Suárez had to resolve another issue: should he include the opposition groups who had not participated at the beginning of the transition? Suárez also had to deal with a third problem: coming to terms with the anti-Francoist opposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_opposition"><span id="Relations_of_the_Su.C3.A1rez_government_with_the_opposition"></span>Relations of the Suárez government with the opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relations of the Suárez government with the opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suárez adopted a series of measured policies to add credibility to his project. He issued a partial <a href="/wiki/Political_amnesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Political amnesty">political amnesty</a> in July 1976, freeing 400 prisoners; he then extended this in March 1977, and finally granted a blanket amnesty in May of the same year. In December 1976, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_de_Orden_P%C3%BAblico" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal de Orden Público">Tribunal de Orden Público</a></span></span> (TOP), a sort of Francoist <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, was dissolved. The right to <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> was legalized in March 1977, with the right to <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unionize</a> being granted the following month. Also in March, a new electoral system act (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ley Electoral</i></span>) introduced the necessary framework for Spain's electoral system to be brought into accord with those of other countries that were <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracies</a>. </p><p>Through these and other measures of government, Suárez complied with the conditions that the opposition groups first demanded in 1974. These opposition forces met in November 1976 to create an association of democratic organizations called the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_Platform" title="Democratic Convergence Platform">Democratic Convergence Platform</a>. </p><p>Suárez had initiated political contact with the opposition by meeting with <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary general">secretary general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE), in August 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980175_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1980175-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positive attitude of the socialist leader gave further support for Suárez to carry forward his reforms, but everyone clearly perceived that the big problem for the political normalization of the country would be the legalization of the Communist Party (PCE), which at the time had more activists and was more organized than any other group in the political opposition. However, in a meeting between Suárez and the most important military leaders in September, the officers strongly declared opposition to the legalization of the PCE. </p><p>The PCE, for its part, acted ever more publicly to express its opinions. According to the Communists, the Political Reform Act was anti-democratic and the elections for the Constituent Cortes should be called by a provisional government including members from the opposition. The Communists particularly and the opposition more broadly did not show any enthusiasm for the Political Reform Act. Suárez had to risk even more to involve the opposition forces in his plan. </p><p>In December 1976, the PSOE celebrated its 27th Congress in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, and began to disassociate itself from the demands of the PCE, affirming that it would participate in the next call for elections for the Constituent Cortes. At the beginning of 1977, the year of the elections, Suárez confronted the problem of legalizing the PCE. After the public indignation against anti-reformists aroused by the <a href="/wiki/1977_Massacre_of_Atocha" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Massacre of Atocha">Massacre of Atocha</a> in January 1977, when far-right terrorists murdered labor leaders aligned with the PCE, Suárez opened negotiations with Communist leader <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Carrillo" title="Santiago Carrillo">Santiago Carrillo</a> in February. Carrillo's willingness to cooperate without prior demands and his offer of a "social pact" for the period after the elections pushed Suárez to take the riskiest step of the transition: the legalization of the PCE in April 1977. However, throughout this critical period the government began a strategy of providing greater institutional space to the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a></i></span> (UGT) union, more moderate and linked to the Socialists, in comparison to the Communist-oriented <a href="/wiki/CCOO" class="mw-redirect" title="CCOO">CCOO</a>. The manner in which a unified trade union was strategically countered is an important feature of the Spanish transition, as it limited radical opposition and created the basis for a fractured industrial relations system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_of_the_Suárez_government_with_the_Spanish_army"><span id="Relations_of_the_Su.C3.A1rez_government_with_the_Spanish_army"></span>Relations of the Suárez government with the Spanish army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations of the Suárez government with the Spanish army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish transition to democracy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spanish+transition+to+democracy%22">"Spanish transition to democracy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spanish+transition+to+democracy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spanish+transition+to+democracy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spanish+transition+to+democracy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spanish+transition+to+democracy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spanish+transition+to+democracy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adolfo Suárez knew well that the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Búnker</i></span>—a group of hard-line Francoists led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gir%C3%B3n" title="José Antonio Girón">José Antonio Girón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Blas Piñar</a>, using the newspapers <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></i></span> as their mouthpieces—had close contacts with officials in the army and exercised influence over important sectors of the military. The ever-present threat of a coup d’etat from the hardliners required careful navigation. </p><p>To resolve the issue, Suárez intended to support himself with a liberal group within the military, centered on General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_D%C3%ADez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel Díez-Alegría">Díez Alegría</a>. Suárez gave the members of this group the positions of authority with the most responsibility. The most notable personality of this faction within the army was General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Mellado" title="Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado">Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado</a>. However, in July 1976, the Vice President for Defense Affairs was General <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Santiago_y_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando de Santiago y Díaz">Fernando de Santiago</a>, a member of a hardline group within the army. De Santiago had shown his restlessness before, during the first amnesty in July 1976. He had opposed the law granting the right to unionize. Suárez dismissed Fernando de Santiago, nominating Gutiérrez Mellado instead. This confrontation with General de Santiago caused a large part of the army to oppose Suárez, opposition that further intensified when the PCE was legalized. </p><p>Meanwhile, Gutiérrez Mellado promoted officials who supported political reform and removed those commanders of the security forces (the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="Policía Armada">Policía Armada</a></i></span> and the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil (Spain)">Guardia Civil</a></i></span>) who seemed to support preserving the Francoist regime. </p><p>Suárez wanted to demonstrate to the army that the political normalization of the country meant neither <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchy (word)">anarchy</a> nor revolution. In this, he counted on the cooperation of Santiago Carrillo, but he could in no way count on the cooperation of terrorist groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurgence_of_terrorist_activity">Resurgence of terrorist activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resurgence of terrorist activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neofascist_terrorism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofascist terrorism in Spain">Neofascist terrorism in Spain</a></div> <p>The Basque Country remained, for the better part of this period, in a state of political turbulence. Suárez granted a multi-stage amnesty for numerous Basque political prisoners, but the confrontations continued between local police and protesters. The separatist group <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>, which in the middle of 1976 had seemed open to a limited truce after Franco's death, resumed armed confrontation again in October. The time from 1978 to 1980 would be ETA's three deadliest years ever.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was between December 1976 and January 1977 that a series of attacks brought about a situation of high tension in Spain. </p><p>The Maoist <a href="/wiki/GRAPO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAPO">GRAPO</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre</i></span>) began its armed struggle by bombing public locations, and then continued with the kidnapping of two important figures of the regime: the President of the Council of the State <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Oriol_y_Urquijo" class="mw-redirect" title="José María de Oriol y Urquijo">José María de Oriol</a>, and General Villaescusa, President of the Superior Council of the Military Justice. From the right, during these kidnappings, members of the neo-fascist <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Triple_A_(Spain)" title="Triple A (Spain)">Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista</a></i></span> conducted the Atocha massacre, three of them labor lawyers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""three of them" Three of who, the victims or the perpetrators? Out of how many? (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, in an office on Atocha Street in Madrid, in January 1977. </p><p>In the midst of these provocations, Suárez convened his first meeting with a significant number of opposition leaders, who published a condemnation of terrorism and gave their support to Suárez's actions. During this turbulent time, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Búnker</span></span> capitalized on the instability and declared that the country was on the brink of chaos. </p><p>Despite the increased violence by the ETA and GRAPO, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1977">elections</a> for the Constituent Cortes were carried out in June 1977. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_elections_and_the_draft_of_the_Constitution">First elections and the draft of the Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First elections and the draft of the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ToledoElecciones15Jun77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ToledoElecciones15Jun77.jpg/220px-ToledoElecciones15Jun77.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ToledoElecciones15Jun77.jpg/330px-ToledoElecciones15Jun77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ToledoElecciones15Jun77.jpg/440px-ToledoElecciones15Jun77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>People waiting to vote in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1977">1977 general election</a>, the first free election since <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muntatzaileen_greba_-_1977ko_ekaina-abuztua_-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man with a sign and a plastic bag in front of a mall door." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Muntatzaileen_greba_-_1977ko_ekaina-abuztua_-4.jpg/220px-Muntatzaileen_greba_-_1977ko_ekaina-abuztua_-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Muntatzaileen_greba_-_1977ko_ekaina-abuztua_-4.jpg/330px-Muntatzaileen_greba_-_1977ko_ekaina-abuztua_-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Muntatzaileen_greba_-_1977ko_ekaina-abuztua_-4.jpg/440px-Muntatzaileen_greba_-_1977ko_ekaina-abuztua_-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Affected by the delayed <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1973–1975 recession</a>, workers went on strike across Spain. This man begs contributions for the strikers of the assembly sector of Biscay in 1977.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg/220px-TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg/330px-TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg/440px-TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Political posters in an exhibition, celebrating 20 years of the Spanish Constitution of 1978</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1977">The elections</a> held on 15 June 1977 confirmed the existence of four important political forces, at the national level. The votes broke down in the following manner: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Centre_Union_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Centre Union (Spain)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a> (UCD, <i>Unión de Centro Democrático</i>): 34.61% and 165 seats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE, <i>Partido Socialista Obrero Español</i>): 29.27% and 119 seats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Spain (main)">Communist Party of Spain</a> (PCE, <i>Partido Comunista de España</i>): 9.38% and 19 seats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Spain)" title="People's Alliance (Spain)">People's Alliance</a> (AP, <i>Alianza Popular</i>): 8.33% and 16 seats<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>With the success of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: EAJ, <i>Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: PNV, <i>Partido Nacionalista Vasco</i>) winning 8 seats and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Pact_for_Catalonia" title="Democratic Pact for Catalonia">Democratic Pact for Catalonia</a> (PDC, <i>Pacte Democrátic per Catalunya</i>) winning 11 seats in their respective regions, <a href="/wiki/Nationalisms_and_regionalisms_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain">nationalist</a> parties also began to show their political strength in these elections. </p><p>The Constituent Cortes (elected Spanish parliament) then began to draft a constitution, in the middle of 1977. In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Moncloa_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncloa Pact">Moncloa Pact</a> was passed: an agreement amongst politicians, political parties, and trade unions to plan how to operate the economy, during the transition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> went on to be approved in a referendum, on 6 December 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlesSeidman1998104_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlesSeidman1998104-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments_of_the_UCD">Governments of the UCD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governments of the UCD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez's party, the UCD, received a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a>, in both the June 1977 and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1979">March 1979</a> elections. To exercise power, the UCD had to form <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">parliamentary coalitions</a> with other political parties. From 1979, the government spent much of its time working to hold together the many factions within the party itself, as well as their coalitions. In 1980, the Suárez government had, for the most part, accomplished its goal of a transition to democracy and lacked a further clear agenda. Many UCD members were fairly conservative and did not want further change. For example, a bill to legalize divorce caused much dissension inside the UCD, in spite of being supported by the majority of the populace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The UCD coalition fell apart. </p><p>The clashes among the several factions, inside the party, eroded Suárez's authority and his role as leader. The tension exploded in 1981: Suárez resigned as the head of government, and <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo">Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo</a> was appointed, first to lead the new cabinet, and later, to the presidency of the UCD; <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="Francisco Fernández Ordóñez">Francisco Fernández Ordóñez</a> defected from the coalition, later joining the PSOE, while <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democrats</a> left to form the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Popular_Party_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Popular Party (Spain)">People's Democratic Party</a>. </p><p>While the democratic normalization had succeeded in convincing <a href="/wiki/ETA_(pm)" class="mw-redirect" title="ETA (pm)">ETA (pm)</a>, the "political-military" faction of ETA, to abandon arms and enter parliamentary politics, it did not stop the continuation of terrorist attacks by <a href="/wiki/ETA_(m)" class="mw-redirect" title="ETA (m)">ETA (m)</a> ("ETA Military"; later simply "ETA") or to a lesser extent, GRAPO. Meanwhile, restlessness in various sections of the armed forces created fear of an impending <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a>. Reactionary elements in the army attempted a coup known as <a href="/wiki/23-F" class="mw-redirect" title="23-F">23-F</a>, in which Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tejero" title="Antonio Tejero">Antonio Tejero</a> led an occupation by a group of <i>Guardia Civil</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Congress_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a>, on the afternoon of 23 February 1981. The coup leaders claimed to be acting in the king's name. However, early on the following morning, Juan Carlos gave a nationwide speech unequivocally opposing it, saying that "the Crown, symbol of the permanence and unity of the nation, will not tolerate, in any degree whatsoever, the actions or behavior of anyone attempting, through use of force, to interrupt the democratic process." The coup was broken later that day, but demonstrated the existence of insurrectionary elements within the army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_government_of_Felipe_González_(1982–1986)"><span id="First_government_of_Felipe_Gonz.C3.A1lez_.281982.E2.80.931986.29"></span>First government of Felipe González (1982–1986)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First government of Felipe González (1982–1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></div> <p>Calvo Sotelo dissolved parliament and called for elections in October 1982. In the 1979 election, the UCD had achieved a plurality, but in 1982, it suffered a spectacular defeat with only 11 seats in the Parliament. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1982">1982 elections</a> gave an absolute majority to the PSOE, which had already spent many years preparing its image of an alternative government. </p><p>At the 28th Congress of the PSOE in May 1979, secretary-general Felipe González resigned, rather than ally with the strong revolutionary elements that seemed to dominate the party. A special congress was called that September, and realigned the party along more moderate lines, renouncing <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and allowing González to take charge once more. </p><p>Throughout 1982, the PSOE confirmed its moderate orientation and brought in the social democrats, who had just broken from the UCD. </p><p>Winning an absolute majority in parliament in two consecutive elections (1982 and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1986">1986</a>), and exactly half the seats in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1989">1989</a>, allowed the PSOE to legislate and govern without establishing pacts with the other parliamentary political forces. In this way, the PSOE could make laws to achieve the goals of its political program, "<i>el cambio</i>" ("the change"). At the same time, the PSOE led many local and regional administrations. This comfortable political majority allowed the PSOE to give the country a long period of tranquility and stability, after the intense years of the transition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_key_events">Chronology of key events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chronology of key events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>20 November 1975</td> <td>Franco dies </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 November 1975</td> <td>Juan Carlos sworn in as king and head of state;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014292_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014292-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he pardons 9,000 political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar2009505_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar2009505-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arias Navarro continues as prime minister. </td></tr> <tr> <td>January–March 1976</td> <td>Democratic protests include 17,455 strikes, 1672 demonstrations and 283 sit-ins as documented by Interior Ministry<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014298_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014298-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 May 1976</td> <td>Right of Assembly Act<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows public demonstrations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 June 1976</td> <td>Political Associations Act<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows political parties<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 July 1976</td> <td>Suarez appointed prime minister, forms new government and announces his intention to create a modern democracy </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 July 1976</td> <td>Penal Code reformed to decriminalise the rights of assembly, association, expression of ideas and freedom of work<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 July 1976</td> <td>Amnesty for some political prisoners (but excludes "crimes of blood")<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 November 1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Political_Reform_Act" title="Political Reform Act">Political Reform Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed, which re-establishes democracy </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 December 1976</td> <td>Political Reform Act ratified by referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 March 1977</td> <td>Labour Relations Act<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legalises right to strike </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 March 1977</td> <td>Electoral System Act<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 1977</td> <td>Trade Union Act<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legalises the right to organise </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 April 1977</td> <td>Communist Party legalised </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 April 1977</td> <td>European Parliament acknowledges Spain's move to democracy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014306_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014306-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 May 1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Don Juan</a> renounces claim to throne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014306_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014306-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 June 1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">First free election</a> held in Spain since 1936. They have a mandate to write a new constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 June 1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Spanish Republican government in exile</a> dissolves itself </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 October 1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_1977_Amnesty_Law" title="Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law">Amnesty Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freed political prisoners, including "crimes of blood" (referring to ETA) and permitted those exiled to return to Spain and guaranteed immunity for those who participated in crimes during the Civil War and in Francoist Spain </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 September 1977</td> <td>Reestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat</a>, the autonomous government of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the sole institution of the Second Spanish Republic to be reinstated </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 October 1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moncloa_Pacts" title="Moncloa Pacts">Moncloa Pacts</a> signed </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 December 1978</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">New constitution</a> ratified by referendum </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 January 1981</td> <td>Suarez resigns as prime minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 February 1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_attempt" title="1981 Spanish coup attempt">Attempted coup d’etat</a> known as 23-F </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 May 1982</td> <td>Spain joins NATO </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 October 1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1982_Spanish_general_election" title="1982 Spanish general election">Socialist government elected</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some historians suggest an earlier date for the conclusion of the Transition<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtuño_Anaya200522_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtuño_Anaya200522-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the 1977 general election, the 1978 Constitution, or the 1981 attempted coup. One writer suggests the Transition only concluded in 2006 with the end of consensus politics and the re-emergence of open debate on divisive issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETremlett2008379_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETremlett2008379-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Portuguese transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_society_after_the_democratic_transition" title="Spanish society after the democratic transition">Spanish society after the democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Sociological Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_exiles" title="Spanish Republican exiles">Spanish Republican exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Spanish Republican government in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile_of_Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="Government-in-exile of José Giral">Government-in-exile of José Giral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColomer_Rubio2012260-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColomer_Rubio2012260_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColomer_Rubio2012">Colomer Rubio 2012</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014291_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanovaGil_Andrés2014">Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtuño_Anaya200522-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtuño_Anaya200522_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrtuño_Anaya2005">Ortuño Anaya 2005</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETremlett2008379-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETremlett2008379_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTremlett2008">Tremlett 2008</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._142,_quoting_Felipe_Gonzalez-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._142,_quoting_Felipe_Gonzalez_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTremlett2008">Tremlett 2008</a>, p. 142, quoting Felipe Gonzalez.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar2009505-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar2009505_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar2009505_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAguilar2009">Aguilar 2009</a>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi2002223-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConversi2002223_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConversi2002">Conversi 2002</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi2002224-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConversi2002224_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConversi2002">Conversi 2002</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez-CuencaAguilar2009429-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez-CuencaAguilar2009429_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez-CuencaAguilar2009">Sánchez-Cuenca & Aguilar 2009</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._77:_"More_than_a_hundred_demonstrators,_left-wing_activists,_students_and_separatists_were_killed_by_the_police_or_the_''ultras'',_the_far_right._Many_more_were_killed_by_ETA_and_other_left-wing_or_separatist_terrorist_groups"-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETremlett2008p._77:_"More_than_a_hundred_demonstrators,_left-wing_activists,_students_and_separatists_were_killed_by_the_police_or_the_''ultras'',_the_far_right._Many_more_were_killed_by_ETA_and_other_left-wing_or_separatist_terrorist_groups"_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTremlett2008">Tremlett 2008</a>, p. 77: "More than a hundred demonstrators, left-wing activists, students and separatists were killed by the police or the <i>ultras</i>, the far right. Many more were killed by ETA and other left-wing or separatist terrorist groups".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014356-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014356_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanovaGil_Andrés2014">Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory1977474–95-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory1977474–95_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStory1977">Story 1977</a>, pp. 474–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014295,306-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014295,306_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanovaGil_Andrés2014">Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014</a>, p. 295,306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1980173-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980173_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1980">Carr 1980</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1980175-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980175_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980175_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1980175_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1980">Carr 1980</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197722-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197722_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197722_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTusell1977">Tusell 1977</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz200221-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz200221_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuiz2002">Ruiz 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008329-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008329_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil_Pecharromán2008">Gil Pecharromán 2008</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá1999">Juliá 1999</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197719-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197719_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTusell1977">Tusell 1977</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197721-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197721_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTusell1977">Tusell 1977</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán200830-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán200830_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil_Pecharromán2008">Gil Pecharromán 2008</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999215–216_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá1999">Juliá 1999</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008331-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil_Pecharromán2008331_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil_Pecharromán2008">Gil Pecharromán 2008</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999216-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá1999216_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá1999">Juliá 1999</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETusell197723–24-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETusell197723–24_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTusell1977">Tusell 1977</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz200226-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz200226_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuiz2002">Ruiz 2002</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130049/http://www.adurcal.com/iu/historia/historia_de_un_cambio.htm">"Historia de un Cambio"</a>. Ayuntamiento de Dúrcal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adurcal.com/iu/historia/historia_de_un_cambio.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+un+Cambio&rft.pub=Ayuntamiento+de+D%C3%BArcal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adurcal.com%2Fiu%2Fhistoria%2Fhistoria_de_un_cambio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez_Díaz201641–58-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez_Díaz201641–58_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiménez_Díaz2016">Jiménez Díaz 2016</a>, pp. 41–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050816053858/http://www.guardiacivil.org/terrorismo/acciones/estadistica07.jsp">"Acciones Terroristas: Víctimas Policiales de ETA"</a>. La Guardia Civil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardiacivil.org/terrorismo/acciones/estadistica07.jsp">the original</a> on 2005-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acciones+Terroristas%3A+V%C3%ADctimas+Policiales+de+ETA&rft.pub=La+Guardia+Civil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardiacivil.org%2Fterrorismo%2Facciones%2Festadistica07.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/spain/es_appen.html#table2">"Appendix A: Table 2. Selected Election Results for the Congress of Deputies, 1977–86"</a>. <i>Country Studies: Spain</i>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies%3A+Spain&rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3A+Table+2.+Selected+Election+Results+for+the+Congress+of+Deputies%2C+1977%E2%80%9386&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fspain%2Fes_appen.html%23table2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2010-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2010_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland2010">Garland 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlesSeidman1998104-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlesSeidman1998104_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdlesSeidman1998">Edles & Seidman 1998</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014292-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014292_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanovaGil_Andrés2014">Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014298-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014298_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanovaGil_Andrés2014">Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1976-10540">Right of Assembly Act</a> (17/1976) (in Spanish). 29 May 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Right+of+Assembly+Act&rft.date=1976-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1976-10540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1976-11502">Political Associations Act</a> (21/1976) (in Spanish). 14 June 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Political+Associations+Act&rft.date=1976-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1976-11502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1976-14022">Penal Code Amendment Act</a> (23/1976) (in Spanish). 19 July 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Penal+Code+Amendment+Act&rft.date=1976-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1976-14022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1976-14963">Amnesty Decree</a> (10/1976) (in Spanish). 30 July 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Amnesty+Decree&rft.date=1976-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1976-14963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-165">Political Reform Act</a> (1/1977) (in Spanish). 4 January 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Political+Reform+Act&rft.date=1977-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1977-165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-6061">Labour Relations Act</a> (17/1977) (in Spanish). 4 March 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Labour+Relations+Act&rft.date=1977-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1977-6061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-7445">Electoral System Act</a> (20/1977) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Electoral+System+Act&rft.date=1977-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1977-7445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-8602">Trade Union Act</a> (19/1977) (in Spanish). 1 April 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Trade+Union+Act&rft.date=1977-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1977-8602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014306-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014306_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaGil_Andrés2014306_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanovaGil_Andrés2014">Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1977-24937">Amnesty Act</a> (46/1977) (in Spanish). 15 October 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Amnesty+Act&rft.date=1977-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fact.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1977-24937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar2009" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar, Paloma (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z3qPlIAvD0C&pg=PA505">"The Timing and the Scope of Reparation, Truth and Justice Measures: A Comparison of the Spanish, Argentinian and Chilean Cases"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Kai_Ambos" title="Kai Ambos">Ambos, Kai</a>; Large, Judith; Wierda, Marieke (eds.). <i>Building a Future on Peace and Justice: Studies on Transitional Justice</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540857549" title="Special:BookSources/9783540857549"><bdi>9783540857549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Timing+and+the+Scope+of+Reparation%2C+Truth+and+Justice+Measures%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+Spanish%2C+Argentinian+and+Chilean+Cases&rft.btitle=Building+a+Future+on+Peace+and+Justice%3A+Studies+on+Transitional+Justice&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783540857549&rft.aulast=Aguilar&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Z3qPlIAvD0C%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr, Raymond</a> (1980). <i>Modern Spain, 1875-1980</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192158284" title="Special:BookSources/9780192158284"><bdi>9780192158284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6555498">6555498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Spain%2C+1875-1980&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6555498&rft.isbn=9780192158284&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanovaGil_Andrés2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova" title="Julián Casanova">Casanova, Julián</a>; Gil Andrés, Carlos (2014). <i>Twentieth-century Spain. A History</i>. Translated by Douch, Martin. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60267-0"><bdi>978-1-107-60267-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870438787">870438787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+Spain.+A+History.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870438787&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60267-0&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft.au=Gil+Andr%C3%A9s%2C+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712184338/https://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/34/"><i>Game theory and the transition to democracy: the Spanish model</i></a>. Edward Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858982014" title="Special:BookSources/9781858982014"><bdi>9781858982014</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31660123">31660123</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/34/">the original</a> on 2019-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+theory+and+the+transition+to+democracy%3A+the+Spanish+model&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31660123&rft.isbn=9781858982014&rft.aulast=Colomer&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fjosep_colomer%2F34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomer_Rubio2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Colomer Rubio, Juan Carlos (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4690887.pdf">"Todo está casi perdonado. A propósito de la Transición, debate historiográfico y propuestas metodológicas"</a> [All is almost forgiven. Regarding the Transition, historiographic debate and methodological proposals] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stvdivm. Revista de Humanidades</i> (in Spanish). <b>18</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1137-8417">1137-8417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stvdivm.+Revista+de+Humanidades&rft.atitle=Todo+est%C3%A1+casi+perdonado.+A+prop%C3%B3sito+de+la+Transici%C3%B3n%2C+debate+historiogr%C3%A1fico+y+propuestas+metodol%C3%B3gicas&rft.volume=18&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1137-8417&rft.aulast=Colomer+Rubio&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F4690887.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConversi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Conversi, Daniele (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danieleconversi.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The_smooth_transition_Spains_1978_consti.pdf">"The smooth transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the nationalities question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Identities</i>. <b>4</b> (3). Carfax Publishing, Inc.: 223–244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002NatId...4..223C">2002NatId...4..223C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1460894022000026105">10.1080/1460894022000026105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-8944">1460-8944</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4893678333">4893678333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145731993">145731993</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Identities&rft.atitle=The+smooth+transition%3A+Spain%27s+1978+Constitution+and+the+nationalities+question&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=223-244&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145731993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002NatId...4..223C&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4893678333&rft.issn=1460-8944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1460894022000026105&rft.aulast=Conversi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanieleconversi.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FThe_smooth_transition_Spains_1978_consti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdlesSeidman1998" class="citation book cs1">Edles, L.D.; Seidman, S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4sgEOcbKbUC&pg=PA104"><i>Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain: The Transition to Democracy After Franco</i></a>. Cambridge Cultural Social Studies. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62885-3"><bdi>978-0-521-62885-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol+and+Ritual+in+the+New+Spain%3A+The+Transition+to+Democracy+After+Franco&rft.series=Cambridge+Cultural+Social+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62885-3&rft.aulast=Edles&rft.aufirst=L.D.&rft.au=Seidman%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4sgEOcbKbUC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland2010" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garland" title="Gonzalo Garland">Garland, Gonzalo</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211540/http://openmultimedia.ie.edu/OpenProducts/caso_espana_i/caso_espana_i/pdf/pdf_casoespana.pdf">Spain: from Transition to modern times</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Empresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de Empresa">Instituto de Empresa</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openmultimedia.ie.edu/OpenProducts/caso_espana_i/caso_espana_i/pdf/pdf_casoespana.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+from+Transition+to+modern+times&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Empresa&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenmultimedia.ie.edu%2FOpenProducts%2Fcaso_espana_i%2Fcaso_espana_i%2Fpdf%2Fpdf_casoespana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil_Pecharromán2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Gil_Pecharrom%C3%A1n" title="Julio Gil Pecharromán">Gil Pecharromán, Julio</a> (2008). <i>Con permiso de la autoridad. La España de Franco (1939–1975)</i> [<i>With Permission from Authority: Franco's Spain (1939–1975)</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Temas de Hoy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8460-693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8460-693-2"><bdi>978-84-8460-693-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Con+permiso+de+la+autoridad.+La+Espa%C3%B1a+de+Franco+%281939%E2%80%931975%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Temas+de+Hoy&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-8460-693-2&rft.aulast=Gil+Pecharrom%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther1993" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, Richard (1993). <i>Politics, society, and democracy. The Case of Spain</i>. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813385457" title="Special:BookSources/9780813385457"><bdi>9780813385457</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26591531">26591531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+society%2C+and+democracy.+The+Case+of+Spain&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Co.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26591531&rft.isbn=9780813385457&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez_Díaz2016" class="citation book cs1">Jiménez Díaz, José Francisco (2016). "Adolfo Suárez González". In Jiménez Díaz, José Francisco; Delgado Fernández, Santiago (eds.). <i>Political Leadership in the Spanish Transition to Democracy (1975–1982)</i>. Political Leaders and Their Assessment. New York: Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781634844017" title="Special:BookSources/9781634844017"><bdi>9781634844017</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936205218">936205218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adolfo+Su%C3%A1rez+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.btitle=Political+Leadership+in+the+Spanish+Transition+to+Democracy+%281975%E2%80%931982%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Political+Leaders+and+Their+Assessment&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936205218&rft.isbn=9781634844017&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez+D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliá1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Santos_Juli%C3%A1" title="Santos Juliá">Juliá, Santos</a> (1999). <i>Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad</i> [<i>A century of Spain. Politics and society</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-9537903-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-9537903-1"><bdi>84-9537903-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+siglo+de+Espa%C3%B1a.+Pol%C3%ADtica+y+sociedad&rft.place=Madrid&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=84-9537903-1&rft.aulast=Juli%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Santos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtuño_Anaya2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ortuño Anaya, Pilar (2005). <i>Los socialistas europeos y la transición española (1959–1977)</i> [<i>European socialists and the Spanish transition (1959–1977)</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95379-88-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-95379-88-0"><bdi>84-95379-88-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+socialistas+europeos+y+la+transici%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+%281959%E2%80%931977%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=84-95379-88-0&rft.aulast=Ortu%C3%B1o+Anaya&rft.aufirst=Pilar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2003). <i>Juan Carlos. El Rey de un pueblo</i> [<i>Juan Carlos. The King of a people</i>] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Plaza & Janés. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-01-37824-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-01-37824-9"><bdi>84-01-37824-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Carlos.+El+Rey+de+un+pueblo&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Plaza+%26+Jan%C3%A9s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-01-37824-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruiz, David (2002). <i>La España democrática (1975–2000). Política y sociedad</i> [<i>Democratic Spain (1975–2000). Politics and society</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Síntesis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-9756-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-9756-015-9"><bdi>84-9756-015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Espa%C3%B1a+democr%C3%A1tica+%281975%E2%80%932000%29.+Pol%C3%ADtica+y+sociedad&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=S%C3%ADntesis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-9756-015-9&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory1977" class="citation book cs1">Story, Jonathan (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44482173"><i>"Spanish Political Parties: Before and After the Election" in Government and Opposition</i></a> (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44482173">44482173</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Madrid: Historia 16 : Temas de Hoy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7679-327-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-7679-327-8"><bdi>84-7679-327-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37354322">37354322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+transici%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola.+La+recuperaci%C3%B3n+de+las+libertades&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Historia+16+%3A+Temas+de+Hoy&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37354322&rft.isbn=84-7679-327-8&rft.aulast=Tusell&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (1986). <i>The Triumph of Democracy in Spain</i>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416363500" title="Special:BookSources/9780416363500"><bdi>9780416363500</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12944839">12944839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Democracy+in+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12944839&rft.isbn=9780416363500&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez-CuencaAguilar2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio; Aguilar, Paloma (2009). "Terrorist Violence and Popular Mobilization: The Case of the Spanish Transition to Democracy". <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 428–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329209338927">10.1177/0032329209338927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154397192">154397192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Terrorist+Violence+and+Popular+Mobilization%3A+The+Case+of+the+Spanish+Transition+to+Democracy&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=428-453&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329209338927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154397192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez-Cuenca&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Paloma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Tremlett" title="Giles Tremlett">Tremlett, Giles</a> (2008). <i>Ghosts of Spain. Travels through Spain and its silent past</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1674-3"><bdi>978-0-8027-1674-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+of+Spain.+Travels+through+Spain+and+its+silent+past&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1674-3&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusell2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Tusell" title="Javier Tusell">Tusell, Javier</a> (2007). <i>Spain: from dictatorship to democracy. 1939 to the present</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631206156" title="Special:BookSources/9780631206156"><bdi>9780631206156</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/132299092">132299092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+from+dictatorship+to+democracy.+1939+to+the+present.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F132299092&rft.isbn=9780631206156&rft.aulast=Tusell&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+transition+to+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130049/http://www.adurcal.com/iu/historia/historia_de_un_cambio.htm">Historia de un Cambio</a></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a>). Retrieved on August 24, 2006.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_transition_to_democracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/spain/25.htm">LOC Country Studies-Spain Post-Franco Era</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voicesofthetransition.net/">Voices of the Transition – A Political History of Spain, 1975–1982</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503062557/http://www.voicesofthetransition.net/">Archived</a> 2009-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022020/http://nick.frejol.org/democracy-and-after/">Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy and After, 1975–2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openmultimedia.ie.edu/openproducts/caso_espana_i/caso_espana_i/index.html">The economy during the transition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160907060945/http://openmultimedia.ie.edu/openproducts/caso_espana_i/caso_espana_i/index.html">Archived</a> 2016-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" 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title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/26px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/21px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/42px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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