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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordinatio_imperii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinatio_imperii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Ordinatio imperii</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinatio_imperii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bernard's_rebellion_and_Louis's_penance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bernard's_rebellion_and_Louis's_penance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bernard's_rebellion_and_Louis's_penance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frontier_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frontier_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Frontier wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frontier_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>First civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Second civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Third civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marriage and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis the Pious</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewyk_die_Vrome" title="Lodewyk die Vrome – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lodewyk die Vrome" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_der_Fromme" title="Ludwig der Fromme – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ludwig der Fromme" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlo%C3%B0wig_se_%C7%A2f%C3%A6sta" title="Hloðwig se Ǣfæsta – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hloðwig se Ǣfæsta" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="لويس الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_I_o_Piadoso" title="Loís I o Piadoso – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Loís I o Piadoso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_P%C3%ADo" title="Ludovico Pío – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ludovico Pío" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_L%C3%BCdovik" title="I Lüdovik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Lüdovik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="لویی پارسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لویی پارسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_1-s%C3%A8" title="Louis 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_I_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Людовік I Набожны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Людовік I Набожны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_I_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Людовік I Пабожны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Людовік I Пабожны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Pio" title="Ludovico Pio – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ludovico Pio" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Лудвиг Благочестиви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лудвиг Благочестиви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_da_Fromme" title="Ludwig da Fromme – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ludwig da Fromme" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovik_Pobo%C5%BEni" title="Ludovik Pobožni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ludovik Pobožni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeiz_an_Deol" title="Loeiz an Deol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loeiz an Deol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_el_Piet%C3%B3s" title="Lluís el Pietós – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluís el Pietós" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_I_%D0%AB%D1%80%C4%83_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Людовик I Ырă Чыслăскер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Людовик I Ырă Чыслăскер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_I._Pobo%C5%BEn%C3%BD" title="Ludvík I. Pobožný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík I. Pobožný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dduwiol" title="Louis Dduwiol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis Dduwiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_den_Fromme" title="Ludvig den Fromme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludvig den Fromme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_der_Fromme" title="Ludwig der Fromme – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwig der Fromme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Vaga" title="Ludwig Vaga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ludwig Vaga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Λουδοβίκος ο Ευσεβής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος ο Ευσεβής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_P%C3%ADo" title="Ludovico Pío – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ludovico Pío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludoviko_la_1-a_(Sankta_Romia_Imperio)" title="Ludoviko la 1-a (Sankta Romia Imperio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludoviko la 1-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_I.a_Errukitsua" title="Luis I.a Errukitsua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luis I.a Errukitsua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="لوئی یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئی یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_le_Pieux" title="Louis le Pieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis le Pieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadewyk_de_Fromme" title="Loadewyk de Fromme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Loadewyk de Fromme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Cr%C3%A1ifeach" title="Louis Cráifeach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis Cráifeach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_I,_Sacro_Emperador_Romano-Xerm%C3%A1nico" title="Lois I, Sacro Emperador Romano-Xermánico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lois I, Sacro Emperador Romano-Xermánico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E8%99%94%E6%95%AC%E7%8E%8B" title="路易虔敬王 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="路易虔敬王" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8_%ED%94%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="루도비쿠스 1세 피우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루도비쿠스 1세 피우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_I_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF" title="Լուի I Բարեպաշտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի I Բարեպաշտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_I._Pobo%C5%BEni" title="Ludvig I. Pobožni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ludvig I. Pobožni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_yang_Saleh" title="Ludwig yang Saleh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ludwig yang Saleh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BA%C3%B0v%C3%ADk_hinn_fr%C3%B3mi" title="Lúðvík hinn frómi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lúðvík hinn frómi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_il_Pio" title="Ludovico il Pio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ludovico il Pio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93" title="לואי החסיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי החסיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_I_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ლუი I ღვთისმოსავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი I ღვთისმოსავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB_I_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Әділ I Луи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әділ I Луи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="Louis I (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Louis I (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_I_Pius_(imperator)" title="Ludovicus I Pius (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus I Pius (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvi%C4%B7is_I_Dievbij%C4%ABgais" title="Ludviķis I Dievbijīgais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ludviķis I Dievbijīgais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Frommen" title="Louis de Frommen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis de Frommen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Lajos_frank_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="I. Lajos frank császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Lajos frank császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Лудвиг Побожниот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лудвиг Побожниот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_le_Pieux" title="Louis le Pieux – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis le Pieux" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="लुई द पायस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुई द पायस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_I_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლუი I ღორონთიელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი I ღორონთიელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="لويس الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_de_Vrome" title="Lodewijk de Vrome – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk de Vrome" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%921%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E7%8E%8B)" title="ルートヴィヒ1世 (フランク王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルートヴィヒ1世 (フランク王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_di_Froom" title="Ludwig di Froom – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ludwig di Froom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_den_fromme" title="Ludvig den fromme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludvig den fromme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_den_fromme" title="Ludvig den fromme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ludvig den fromme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_lo_Piet%C3%B3s" title="Loís lo Pietós – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Loís lo Pietós" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ier_ch%27Pieus" title="Louis Ier ch'Pieus – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louis Ier ch'Pieus" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny" title="Ludwik I Pobożny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik I Pobożny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I,_o_Piedoso" title="Luís I, o Piedoso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luís I, o Piedoso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_cel_Pios" title="Ludovic cel Pios – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludovic cel Pios" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_I_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Людовик I Благочестивый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Людовик I Благочестивый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiggi_I" title="Luiggi I – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luiggi I" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis the Pious" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_I._Pobo%C5%BEn%C3%BD" title="Ľudovít I. Pobožný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudovít I. Pobožný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_Pobo%C5%BEni" title="Ludvik Pobožni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludvik Pobožni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_I_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Луј I Побожни – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј I Побожни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_I_Pobo%C5%BEni" title="Luj I Pobožni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Luj I Pobožni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Hurskas" title="Ludvig Hurskas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludvig Hurskas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_den_fromme" title="Ludvig den fromme – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludvig den fromme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรพรรดิหลุยส์ผู้ศรัทธา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิหลุยส์ผู้ศรัทธา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Louis" title="I. Louis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Louis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_I_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Людовик I Благочестивий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людовик I Благочестивий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_M%E1%BB%99_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Louis Mộ đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis Mộ đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewyk_den_Vroomn" title="Lodewyk den Vroomn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lodewyk den Vroomn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_I,_Baraan_nga_Emperador_Romano" title="Luis I, Baraan nga Emperador Romano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Luis I, Baraan nga Emperador Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%94%E8%AF%9A%E8%80%85%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" title="虔诚者路易 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虔诚者路易" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_1k" title="Louis 1k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis 1k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%94%E8%AA%A0%E8%80%85%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" title="虔誠者路易 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="虔誠者路易" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%94%E8%AA%A0%E8%80%85%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" title="虔誠者路易 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虔誠者路易" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43974#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Louis_the_Pious" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 813 to 840</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Louis I the Fair" redirects here. For the Polish duke, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Brzeg" title="Louis I of Brzeg">Louis I of Brzeg</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Louis the Pious</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/220px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/330px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/440px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="924" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a <i><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Christi">miles Christi</a></i> (soldier of Christ), with a poem of <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a> overlaid. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, Codex Reg. lat 124, f.4v</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">813–840<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 813<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />5 October 816<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">814–840</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Charlemagne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> as King of<br /><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> as King of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> as King of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aquitaine">King of Aquitaine</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">781–814</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as<br />King of the Franks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">16 April 778<br /><a href="/wiki/Chasseneuil-du-Poitou" title="Chasseneuil-du-Poitou">Cassinogilum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 840<span style="display:none">(840-06-20)</span> (aged 61–62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a>, Francia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Arnould" title="Abbey of Saint-Arnould">Abbey of Saint-Arnould</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></li> 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/75px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/113px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_autograph.svg/150px-Charlemagne_autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin the Elder">Pippin the Elder</a> (c. 580–640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald</a> (616–656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a> (d. 662)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arnulfings" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulfings">Arnulfings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a> (582–640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a> (d. 662 or 679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz" title="Chlodulf of Metz">Chlodulf of Metz</a> (d. 696 or 697)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal">Pepin of Herstal</a> (635–714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Younger" title="Grimoald the Younger">Grimoald II</a> (d. 714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne">Drogo of Champagne</a> (670–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald">Theudoald</a> (d. 741)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> (686–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)" title="Carloman (mayor of the palace)">Carloman</a> (d. 754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> (714–768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a> (751–771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (742–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin the Hunchback</a> (768–811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Younger" title="Charles the Younger">Charles the Younger</a> (772–811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin of Italy</a> (773–810)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis the Pious</a> (778–840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I of Aquitaine</a> (797–838)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> (843)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><br />(795–855; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> (823–877)<br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> (804–876)<br />(<a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carolingians" title="Template:Carolingians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carolingians" title="Template talk:Carolingians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis the Pious</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Hludowicus Pius</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Louis le Pieux</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ludwig der Fromme</i>; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>the Fair</b> and <b>the Debonaire</b>, was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">co-emperor</a> with his father, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, from 813. He was also <a href="/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aquitaine">King of Aquitaine</a> from 781. As the only surviving son of Charlemagne and <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a>, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position that he held until his death except from November 833 to March 834, when he was deposed. </p><p>During his reign in Aquitaine, Louis was charged with the defence of the empire's southwestern frontier. He <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(801)" title="Siege of Barcelona (801)">conquered Barcelona</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a> in 801 and asserted Frankish authority over <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in 812. As emperor, he included his adult sons, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis</a>, in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm among them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard of Italy</a> for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement. </p><p>In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons that was only exacerbated by Louis's attempts to include his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles</a> by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father but faced distinctly different problems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_rule_in_Aquitaine">Birth and rule in Aquitaine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and rule in Aquitaine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis was born in 778 while his father <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was on campaign in Spain, at the Carolingian <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a> of Cassinogilum, according to <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a> and the anonymous chronicler called <a href="/wiki/Astronomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomus">Astronomus</a>; the place is usually identified with <a href="/wiki/Chasseneuil-du-Poitou" title="Chasseneuil-du-Poitou">Chasseneuil</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the third son of Charlemagne by his wife <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a twin brother named Lothair, who died young. Louis and Lothair were given names from the old <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>, possibly to suggest a connection.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aquitaine">King of Aquitaine</a> as a three-year-old child in 781.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year he was sent to Aquitaine accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> and a court. Charlemagne constituted this sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his realm after the destructive war against the Aquitanians and Basques under <a href="/wiki/Waiofar" title="Waiofar">Waifar</a> (capitulated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 768) and later <a href="/wiki/Hunald_II" title="Hunald II">Hunald II</a>, which culminated in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncesvalles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Roncesvalles">Battle of Roncesvalles</a> (778). Charlemagne wanted Louis to grow up in the area where he was to reign. However, wary of the customs his son may have been assimilating into in Aquitaine, Charlemagne, who had remarried to Fastrada after the death of Hildegard, sent for Louis in 785. Louis presented himself in Saxony at the royal <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Paderborn" title="Council of Paderborn">Council of Paderborn</a> dressed in Basque costumes along with other youths in the same garment, which may have made a good impression in Toulouse, since the Basques of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Vasconia</a> were a mainstay of the Aquitanian army.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 794, Charlemagne gave four former <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> villas to Louis, in the thought that he would take in each in turn as winter residence: <a href="/wiki/Dou%C3%A9-la-Fontaine" title="Doué-la-Fontaine">Doué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebreuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebreuil">Ebreuil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angeac-Charente" title="Angeac-Charente">Angeac</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chasseneuil" title="Chasseneuil">Chasseneuil</a>. Charlemagne's intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at a young age. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a vital role as bulwarks against exterior threats to the empire. Louis reigned over the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_March" title="Spanish March">Spanish March</a>. In 797, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, the largest city of the <i>Marca</i>, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba (Spain)">Córdoba</a> and, failing, handed it to them. The Córdoban authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom, including <a href="/wiki/Gascons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascons">Gascons</a> with their duke <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Gascony" title="Sancho I of Gascony">Sancho I of Gascony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençals</a> under <a href="/wiki/Leibulf_of_Provence" title="Leibulf of Provence">Leibulf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Goths</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bera,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Bera, Count of Barcelona">Bera</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(801)" title="Siege of Barcelona (801)">besieged it for seven months</a>, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Louis was formally invested with his armour in 791 at the age of fourteen. However, the princes were not given independence from central authority as Charlemagne wished to implant in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on remote military expeditions. Louis joined his brother Pippin at the <a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</a> campaign in Italy against the Duke Grimoald of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a> at least once.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/220px-Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/330px-Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/440px-Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> crowns Louis the Pious</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis was one of Charlemagne's three legitimate sons to survive infancy. His twin brother, Lothair, died during infancy. According to the Frankish custom of <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">partible inheritance</a>, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Younger" title="Charles the Younger">Charles the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Neustria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Neustria">King of Neustria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>. In the <i>Divisio Regnorum</i> of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as ruler of the Frankish heartland of <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>, while giving Pepin the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a>, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he added <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>, Provence, and part of <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. However, Charlemagne's other legitimate sons died—Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811—and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an already ailing Charlemagne in Aachen on 11 September 813. On his father's death in 814, he inherited the entire Carolingian Empire and all its possessions (with the sole exception of the kingdom of Italy; although within Louis's empire, in 813 Charlemagne had ordered that <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard</a>, Pepin's son, be made and called king).<sup id="cite_ref-B_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_in_814-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-50_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_Europe_in_814-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-50_02.jpg/220px-Map_Europe_in_814-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-50_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_Europe_in_814-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-50_02.jpg/330px-Map_Europe_in_814-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-50_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_Europe_in_814-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-50_02.jpg/440px-Map_Europe_in_814-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-50_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3826" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption>Europe in 814</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/300px-Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/450px-Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a></i> of Louis</figcaption></figure> <p>While at his palace of Doué, Anjou, Louis received news of his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll194-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rushed to <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a> and crowned himself emperor to shouts of <i>Vivat Imperator Ludovicus</i> by the attending nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll194-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arriving at the imperial court in Aachen in an atmosphere of suspicion and anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was to purge the palace of what he considered undesirable. He destroyed the old Germanic <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> tokens and texts which had been collected by Charlemagne. He further exiled members of the court he deemed morally "dissolute", including some of his own relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-booker_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He quickly sent all of his many unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces to nunneries in order to avoid any possible entanglements from overly powerful brothers-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll194-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sparing his illegitimate half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins, <a href="/wiki/Adalard_of_Corbie" title="Adalard of Corbie">Adalard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wala_of_Corbie" title="Wala of Corbie">Wala</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Tonsure#History" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a>, sending them into monastic exile at St-Philibert on the island of <a href="/wiki/Noirmoutier" title="Noirmoutier">Noirmoutier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corbie" title="Corbie">Corbie</a>, respectively, despite the latter's initial loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He made <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Septimania" title="Bernard of Septimania">Bernard, margrave of Septimania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ebbo" title="Ebbo">Ebbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Reims">Archbishop of Reims</a> his chief counsellors. The latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to that office, but betrayed him later. He retained some of his father's ministers, such as <a href="/wiki/Elisachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisachar">Elisachar</a>, abbot of <a href="/wiki/St._Maximin%27s_Abbey,_Trier" title="St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier">St. Maximin</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hildebold,_Archbishop_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne">Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne</a>. Later he replaced Elisachar with <a href="/wiki/Hilduin_of_Saint-Denis" title="Hilduin of Saint-Denis">Hildwin</a>, abbot of many monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Poupardin2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poupardin2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also employed <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a> (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoth</a>, whom he made abbot of the newly established <i>Inden Monastery</i> at <a href="/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aix-la-Chapelle">Aix-la-Chapelle</a> and charged him with the reform of the Frankish church.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all religious houses in Louis's realm adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a>, named for its creator, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a>. From the start of his reign, his coinage imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait, which gave it an image of imperial authority and prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll194-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 816, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Pope Stephen IV</a>, who had succeeded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a>, visited <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> and again crowned Louis on Sunday 5 October.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poupardin2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poupardin2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hildebrandt1992_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildebrandt1992-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, most French kings were crowned in Reims, following the custom established by Louis the Pious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordinatio_imperii"><i>Ordinatio imperii</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ordinatio imperii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 April 817, <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a>, Louis and his court were crossing a wooden gallery from the cathedral to the palace in Aachen, when the gallery collapsed, killing many. Louis, having barely survived and feeling the imminent danger of death, began planning for his succession. Three months later among the approval of his Aachen court and the clergy he issued an imperial decree of eighteen chapters, the <i>Ordinatio Imperii</i>, that laid out plans for an orderly dynastic succession. The term <i>Ordinatio Imperii</i> is a modern (19th-century) creation. The decree is called <i>divisio imperii</i> in the only surviving contemporary manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 815, Louis had already given his two eldest sons a share in the government, when he had sent his elder sons <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin</a> to govern <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and Aquitaine, respectively, though without the royal titles. He proceeded to divide the empire among his three sons: </p> <ul><li>Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aachen by his father. He was promised the succession to most of the Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the overlord of his brothers and cousin.</li> <li>Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, and the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis</a>, the youngest son, was proclaimed King of Bavaria and the neighbouring marches.</li></ul> <p>If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to be succeeded by his sons. If he died childless, Lothair would inherit his kingdom. In the event of Lothair dying without sons, one of Louis the Pious's younger sons would be chosen to replace him by "the people". Above all, the Empire would not be divided: the Emperor would rule supreme over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was mandatory. </p><p>With this settlement, Louis attempted to combine his sense for the Empire's unity, supported by the clergy, while at the same time providing positions for all of his sons. Instead of treating his sons equally in status and land, he elevated his first-born son Lothair above his younger brothers and gave him the largest part of the Empire as his share. </p><p>The decree failed to create order as it omitted Bernard, who immediately began to conspire. When Louis began to issue changes in favor of his second wife <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, his sons Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused to accept. The rule of sons being favoured over brothers in succession remained also untouched.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bernard's_rebellion_and_Louis's_penance"><span id="Bernard.27s_rebellion_and_Louis.27s_penance"></span>Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_the_Pious.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Louis_the_Pious.jpg/220px-Louis_the_Pious.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Louis_the_Pious.jpg/330px-Louis_the_Pious.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Louis_the_Pious.jpg/440px-Louis_the_Pious.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Louis the Pious doing penance at <a href="/wiki/Attigny,_Ardennes" title="Attigny, Ardennes">Attigny</a> in 822</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>ordinatio imperii</i> of Aachen left Bernard in Italy in an uncertain and subordinate position as king of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence. Upon hearing of this, Louis immediately directed his army towards Italy, and headed for <a href="/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a>. Intimidated by the emperor's swift action, Bernard met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. He was taken to Aachen by Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to death for treason. Louis had the sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive the ordeal, however, dying after two days of agony. Others also suffered: <a href="/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Theodulf of Orléans">Theodulf of Orléans</a>, in eclipse since the death of Charlemagne, was accused of having supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic prison, dying soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had been poisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience for the rest of his life. </p><p>In 822, as a deeply religious man, Louis performed <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a> for causing Bernard's death, at his palace of <a href="/wiki/Attigny,_Ardennes" title="Attigny, Ardennes">Attigny</a> near Vouziers in the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Pope Paschal I</a>, and a council of clerics and nobles of the realm that had been convened for the reconciliation of Louis with his three younger half-brothers, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_(abbot_of_Saint-Quentin)" title="Hugh (abbot of Saint-Quentin)">Hugo</a> whom he soon made abbot of St-Quentin, <a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Metz" title="Drogo of Metz">Drogo</a> whom he soon made <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Metz">Bishop of Metz</a>, and Theodoric. This act of contrition, partly in emulation of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, had the effect of greatly reducing his prestige as a Frankish ruler, for he also recited a list of minor offences about which no secular ruler of the time would have taken any notice. He also made the egregious error of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in a position of power in the court of Lothair and the latter in a position in his own house.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frontier_wars">Frontier wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frontier wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_the_Pious" title="Special:EditPage/Louis the Pious">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22">"Louis the Pious"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+the+Pious%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg/220px-Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg/330px-Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg/440px-Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Louis on a <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a>, 818–823</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of Louis's reign, the many tribes—<a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of the Frankish emperor's power and dared not stir up any trouble. In 816, however, the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> rebelled and were quickly followed by <a href="/wiki/Slavomir_(Obotrite_prince)" title="Slavomir (Obotrite prince)">Slavomir</a>, chief of the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818. Soon, Ceadrag too had turned against the Franks and allied with the Danes, who were to become the greatest menace to the Franks in a short time. </p><p>A greater Slavic menace was gathering on the southeast. There, <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_(Lower_Pannonia)" title="Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)">Ljudevit</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Slavs in Lower Pannonia</a>, was harassing the border at the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> rivers. The <a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Friuli">margrave of Friuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadolah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadolah">Cadolah</a>, was sent out against him, but he died on campaign and, in 820, his margravate was invaded by Slovenes. In 821, an alliance was made with <a href="/wiki/Borna_(duke)" title="Borna (duke)">Borna</a>, duke of the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, and Liudewit was brought to heel. In 824 several Slav tribes in the north-western parts of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> acknowledged Louis's suzerainty and after he was reluctant to settle the matter peacefully with the Bulgarian ruler <a href="/wiki/Omurtag_of_Bulgaria" title="Omurtag of Bulgaria">Omurtag</a>, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">March of Pannonia</a> and regained their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins1991_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the far southern edge of his great realm, Louis had to control the Lombard <a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_and_princes_of_Benevento" title="List of dukes and princes of Benevento">princes of Benevento</a> whom Charlemagne had never subjugated. He extracted promises from Princes <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_IV_of_Benevento" title="Grimoald IV of Benevento">Grimoald IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sico_of_Benevento" title="Sico of Benevento">Sico</a>, but to no effect. </p><p>On the southwestern frontier, problems commenced early when c. 812, Louis the Pious crossed the western Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. The expedition made its way back north, where it narrowly escaped an ambush attempt arranged by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basques#Early_Middle_Ages" title="History of the Basques">Basques</a> in the pass of Roncevaux thanks to the precautions he took, i.e. hostages. <a href="/wiki/Seguin_I_of_Gascony" title="Seguin I of Gascony">Séguin</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Gascony</a>, was then deposed by Louis in 816, possibly for failing to suppress or collaborating with the Basque revolt south of the western Pyrenees, so sparking off a Basque uprising that was duly put down by the Frankish emperor in Dax. Seguin was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lupus_III_Centule_of_Gascony" title="Lupus III Centule of Gascony">Lupus III</a>, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor. In 820 an assembly at <a href="/wiki/Quierzy-sur-Oise" class="mw-redirect" title="Quierzy-sur-Oise">Quierzy-sur-Oise</a> decided to send an expedition against the Cordoban caliphate (827). The counts in charge of the army, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Tours" title="Hugh of Tours">Hugh</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matfrid" title="Matfrid">Matfrid</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, were slow in acting and the expedition came to naught. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_civil_war">First civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_the_Pious" title="Special:EditPage/Louis the Pious">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22">"Louis the Pious"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+the+Pious%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+the+Pious%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l%27abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l%27abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l%27abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l%27abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption>Louis's son <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bible_of_Charles_the_Bald" title="First Bible of Charles the Bald">Vivian Bible</a>, c. 845</figcaption></figure> <p>In 818, as Louis was returning from a campaign to <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, he was greeted by news of the death of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde</a>. Ermengarde was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ingerman,_Count_of_Hesbaye" title="Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye">Ingerman</a>, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close to his wife, who had been involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had played a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself believed her own death was divine retribution for that event. It took many months for his courtiers and advisors to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, in 820, to <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Welf_(father_of_Judith)" title="Welf (father of Judith)">Welf</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Weingarten,_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Weingarten, Württemberg">Altdorf</a>. In 823 Judith gave birth to a son, who was named <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles</a>. </p><p>The birth of this son damaged the <i>Partition of Aachen</i>, as Louis's attempts to provide for his fourth son met with stiff resistance from his older sons, and the last two decades of his reign were marked by civil war. At <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> in 829, Louis gave <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a> to Charles, with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An insurrection was soon at hand. </p><p>With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having committed adultery with <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Septimania" title="Bernard of Septimania">Bernard of Septimania</a>, even suggesting Bernard to be the true father of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them. <a href="/wiki/Agobard" title="Agobard">Agobard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Lyon">Archbishop of Lyon</a>, and Jesse of Amiens, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Amiens">bishop of Amiens</a>, too, opposed the redivision of the empire and lent their episcopal prestige to the rebels. </p><p>In 830, at Wala's insistence that Bernard of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led an army of <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascons</a>, with the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Paris. At <a href="/wiki/Verberie" title="Verberie">Verberie</a>, Louis the German joined him. At that time, the emperor returned from another campaign in Brittany to find his empire at war with itself. He marched as far as <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>, an ancient royal town, before being surrounded by Pepin's forces and captured. Judith was incarcerated at Poitiers and Bernard fled to Barcelona.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins1991_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then Lothair finally set out with a large Lombard army, but Louis had promised his sons Louis the German and Pepin of Aquitaine greater shares of the inheritance, prompting them to shift loyalties in favour of their father. When Lothair tried to call a general council of the realm in <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>, the Austrasians and Rhinelanders came with a following of armed retainers, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their father and bow at his feet (831). Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins1991_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith—after being forced to humiliate herself with a solemn oath of innocence—to Louis's court. Only Wala was severely dealt with, making his way to a secluded monastery on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Hilduin_of_Saint-Denis" title="Hilduin of Saint-Denis">Hilduin</a>, abbot of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint Denis</a>, was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a> and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Alps, they did not lose their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_civil_war">Second civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next revolt occurred a mere two years later, in 832. The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father's court, where he was so poorly received he left against his father's orders. Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be stirred up to revolt by his nobles and desiring to reform his morals, Louis the Pious summoned all his forces to meet in Aquitaine in preparation of an uprising, but Louis the German garnered an army of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slav</a> allies and conquered <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a> before the emperor could react. Once again the elder Louis divided his vast realm. At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonac (page does not exist)">Jonac</a>, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin (he was less harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war. Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father's authority. His ministers had been in contact with Pepin and may have convinced him and Louis the German to rebel, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Charles. </p><p>Soon Lothair, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Pope Gregory IV</a>, whom he had confirmed in office without his father's support, joined the revolt in 833. While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched south. The armies met on the plains of the Rothfeld. There, Gregory met the emperor and may have tried to sow dissension amongst his ranks. Soon much of Louis's army had evaporated before his eyes, and he ordered his few remaining followers to go, because "it would be a pity if any man lost his life or limb on my account." The resigned emperor was taken to <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-M%C3%A9dard_de_Soissons" title="Abbey of Saint-Médard de Soissons">Saint-Médard de Soissons</a>, his son Charles to <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm" title="Prüm">Prüm</a>, and the queen to <a href="/wiki/Tortona" title="Tortona">Tortona</a>. The despicable show of disloyalty and disingenuousness earned the site the name <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Lies" title="Field of Lies">Field of Lies</a>, or Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, <i>ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg/220px-Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg/330px-Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg/440px-Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Louis on a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesquisolidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sesquisolidus (page does not exist)">sesquisolidus</a></i>, essentially Roman in design<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 November 833, <a href="/wiki/Ebbo" title="Ebbo">Ebbo</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Agobard_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Agobard of Lyon">Agobard of Lyon</a>, presided over a synod at the Church of Saint Medard in Soissons which saw Louis undertake public <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a> for the second time in his reign. The penitential ritual that was undertaken began when Louis arrived at the church and confessed multiple times to the crimes levied against him. The crimes had been historic and recent, with accusations of oath breaking, violation of the public peace and inability to control his adulterous wife, <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, he threw his sword belt at the base of the altar and received judgement through the imposition of the hands of the bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis was to live the rest of his life as a penitent, never to hold office again.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penance divided the aristocracy. The anonymous biographer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Hludovici" title="Vita Hludovici">Vita Hludovici</a></i> criticized the whole affair on the basis that God does not judge twice for sins committed and confessed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lothair's allies were generously compensated. Ebbo himself received the monastery of <a href="/wiki/St_Vaast" class="mw-redirect" title="St Vaast">St Vaast</a> whilst <a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin</a> was allowed to keep the lands reclaimed from his father. </p><p>Men like <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a>, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith's sister and Louis the German's new wife, worked on the younger Louis to make peace with his father, for the sake of unity of the empire. The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> against Lothair, and the usurper fled to <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, skirmishing with loyalists near <a href="/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a>. Louis was restored the next year, on 1 March 834. </p><p>On Lothair's return to Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, died of a pestilence. On 2 February 835 at the palace <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a>, Louis presided over a general council to deal with the events of the previous year. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Thionville" title="Synod of Thionville">Synod of Thionville</a>, Louis himself was reinvested with his ancestral garb and the crown, symbols of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> rulership. Furthermore, the penance of 833 was officially reversed and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ebbo" title="Ebbo">Ebbo</a> officially resigned after confessing to a capital crime, whilst <a href="/wiki/Agobard_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Agobard of Lyon">Agobard of Lyon</a> and Bartholmew, Archbishop of Narbonne were also deposed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year Lothair fell ill; once again the events turned in Louis favour. </p><p>In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieu" title="Crémieu">Crémieu</a>. At about that time, the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> terrorized and sacked <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. In 837, they went up the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> as far as Nijmegen, and their king, <a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a>, demanded the <a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">weregild</a> of some of his followers killed on previous expeditions before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them. They fled, but it would not be the last time they harried the northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>, but a treaty was confirmed between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Pious ordered the construction of a North Sea fleet and the sending of <i><a href="/wiki/Missi_dominici" class="mw-redirect" title="Missi dominici">missi dominici</a></i> into Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riche1993_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riche1993-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_civil_war">Third civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 837, Louis crowned Charles king over all of Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of his brother Louis's land. Louis the German promptly rose in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at <a href="/wiki/Quierzy-sur-Oise" class="mw-redirect" title="Quierzy-sur-Oise">Quierzy-sur-Oise</a>, giving all of the young king of Bavaria's lands, save Bavaria itself, to Charles. Emperor Louis did not stop there, however. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis declared Charles the new king of Aquitaine. The nobles, however, elected Pepin's son <a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II</a>. When Louis threatened invasion, the third great civil war of his reign broke out. In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, and the Danes returned to ravage the <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisian</a> coast (sacking <a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a> for a second time). </p><p>Lothair, for the first time in a long time, allied with his father and pledged support at Worms in exchange for a redivision of the inheritance. At a final <i><a href="/wiki/Placitum" title="Placitum">placitum</a></i> held at Worms on 20 May, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western. Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, leaving the western for Charles. The emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine and had Charles recognised by the nobles and clergy at <a href="/wiki/Clermont-en-Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Clermont-en-Auvergne">Clermont-en-Auvergne</a> in 840. Louis then, in a final flash of glory, rushed into Bavaria and forced the younger Louis into the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">Ostmark</a>. The empire now settled as he had declared it at Worms, he returned in July to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, where he disbanded the army. The final civil war of his reign was over.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riche1993_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riche1993-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partage_de_l%27Empire_carolingien_au_Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Partage_de_l%27Empire_carolingien_au_Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG/200px-Partage_de_l%27Empire_carolingien_au_Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Partage_de_l%27Empire_carolingien_au_Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG/300px-Partage_de_l%27Empire_carolingien_au_Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Partage_de_l%27Empire_carolingien_au_Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG/400px-Partage_de_l%27Empire_carolingien_au_Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="3308" /></a><figcaption>The parting of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun in 843</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis fell ill soon after his final victorious campaigns and retreated to his summer hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine near his <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Palace,_Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Palace, Ingelheim">palace at Ingelheim</a>. He died on 20 June 840 in the presence of many bishops and clerics and in the arms of his half-brother Drogo as he pardoned his son Louis, proclaimed Lothair emperor and commended the absent Charles and Judith to his protection. </p><p>Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into yet another civil war. It lasted until 843 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a>, in which the division of the empire into three souvereign entities was settled. <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> became the kernels of modern France and Germany respectively. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>, that included <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and northern Italy among other regions was only short-lived until 855 and later reorganized as <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riddle2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddle2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.<sup id="cite_ref-jong_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poupardin2017_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poupardin2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CostambeysInnes2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CostambeysInnes2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Arnould" title="Abbey of Saint-Arnould">Abbey of Saint-Arnould</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a> (married c. 794),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he had three sons and three daughters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair</a> (795–855), king of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin</a> (797–838), king of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a></li> <li>Adelaide (b. c. 799)</li> <li>Rotrude (b. 800), married Gerard, Count of Auvergne</li> <li>Hildegard (or Matilda) (b. c. 802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> (c. 806 – 876), king of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li></ul> <p>By his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a>, he had a daughter and a son: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisela,_daughter_of_Louis_the_Pious" title="Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious">Gisela</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_of_Friuli" title="Eberhard of Friuli">Eberhard of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul> <p>Louis had an illegitimate son and daughter: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Sens" title="Arnulf of Sens">Arnulf of Sens</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpa%C3%AFs_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpaïs of Paris (page does not exist)">Alpaïs of Paris</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiche1993148_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiche1993148-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEinhardStammerer2013" class="citation book cs1">Einhard; Stammerer, Notker the (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYY3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT163">"Chronology"</a>. <i>Two Lives of Charlemagne</i>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139410-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139410-7"><bdi>978-0-14-139410-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Two+Lives+of+Charlemagne&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139410-7&rft.au=Einhard&rft.au=Stammerer%2C+Notker+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYY3AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ludovicus or Hludowicus Pius</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Louis le Pieux</i> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Louis le Débonnaire</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ludwig der Fromme</i>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Ludovico il Pio</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Luis el Piadoso</i> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ludovico Pío</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanshof1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_Ganshof" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Louis Ganshof">Ganshof, F. L.</a> (1957). "Louis the Pious Reconsidered". <i>History</i>. <b>42</b> (146). Wiley: 171–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1957.tb02281.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1957.tb02281.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24403332">24403332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Louis+the+Pious+Reconsidered&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=171-180&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1957.tb02281.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24403332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ganshof&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einhard gives the name of his birthplace as <i>Cassanoilum</i>. In addition to Chasseneuil near Poitiers, scholars have suggested that Louis may have been born at Casseneuil (Lot et Garonne) or at Casseuil on the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> near La Réole, where the Dropt flows into the Garonne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jong-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jong_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayke_de_Jong" class="citation web cs1">Mayke de Jong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15388945">"The Penitential State. Authority and Atonement in the Ages of Louis the Pious (814–840) – 1. Louis the Pious – A boy who became a king"</a>. Academia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Penitential+State.+Authority+and+Atonement+in+the+Ages+of+Louis+the+Pious+%28814%E2%80%93840%29+%E2%80%93+1.+Louis+the+Pious+%E2%80%93+A+boy+who+became+a+king&rft.pub=Academia&rft.au=Mayke+de+Jong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15388945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1995" class="citation cs2">Sullivan, Richard E. (1995), <i>"The Gentle Voices of Teachers": Aspects of Learning in the Carolingian Age</i>, Ohio State University Press, p. 64 n39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Gentle+Voices+of+Teachers%22%3A+Aspects+of+Learning+in+the+Carolingian+Age&rft.pages=64+n39&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span>, suggests that Charlemagne may have been influenced by the letter he received in about 775 from <a href="/wiki/Cathwulf" title="Cathwulf">Cathwulf</a>, who worries that "you [Charles] have few firm columns, I fear, on which to sustain the fortress of God."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rich%C3%A9" title="Pierre Riché">Riché, Pierre</a> (1993), <i>The Carolingians: The Family who Forged Europe</i>, transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press), 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Levering_Lewis" title="David Levering Lewis">Lewis, David Levering</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zxuar_ISdcUC&pg=PA312"><i>God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215</i></a>. W. W. Norton. pp. 312–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06790-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Crucible%3A+Islam+and+the+Making+of+Europe%2C+570%E2%80%931215&rft.pages=312-&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06790-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David+Levering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxuar_ISdcUC%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riché (1993), <i>The Carolingians:The Family who Forged Europe</i>, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContreni2021" class="citation web cs1">Contreni, John (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-I-Holy-Roman-emperor">"Louis I, Holy Roman emperor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Louis+I%2C+Holy+Roman+emperor&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Contreni&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLouis-I-Holy-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2019" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Rutger (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvd1c74c.6">"Framing the Carolingian Reforms: The Early Years of Louis the Pious"</a>. <i>Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire</i>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 31–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvd1c74c.6">10.2307/j.ctvd1c74c.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462982642" title="Special:BookSources/9789462982642"><bdi>9789462982642</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvd1c74c.6">j.ctvd1c74c.6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Framing+the+Carolingian+Reforms%3A+The+Early+Years+of+Louis+the+Pious&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Authority+in+the+Carolingian+Empire&rft.pages=31-58&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvd1c74c.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvd1c74c.6&rft.isbn=9789462982642&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Rutger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvd1c74c.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Driscoll194-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Driscoll194_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church Architecture and Liturgy in the Carolingian Era</i>, Michael S. Driscoll, <i>A Companion to the Eucharist in the Middle Ages</i>, ed. Ian Levy, Gary Macy, Kristen Van Ausdall, (Brill, 2012), 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-booker-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-booker_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2012" class="citation book cs1">Booker, Courtney M (2012). <i>Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9780812201383">10.9783/9780812201383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0138-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Convictions%3A+The+Penance+of+Louis+the+Pious+and+the+Decline+of+the+Carolingians&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9780812201383&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0138-3&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Courtney+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church Architecture and Liturgy in the Carolingian Era</i>, Michael S. Driscoll, <i>A Companion to the Eucharist in the Middle Ages</i>, 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poupardin2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poupardin2017_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poupardin2017_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poupardin2017_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoupardin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Poupardin" title="René Poupardin">Poupardin, René</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLZ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28"><i>Louis the Pious and the Carolingian Kingdoms</i></a>. Jovian Press. pp. 28–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5378-0424-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5378-0424-8"><bdi>978-1-5378-0424-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+the+Pious+and+the+Carolingian+Kingdoms&rft.pages=28-&rft.pub=Jovian+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5378-0424-8&rft.aulast=Poupardin&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLZ4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Wallace-Hadrill" title="J. M. Wallace-Hadrill">Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.</a> (1983). <i>The Frankish Church</i>. Oxford Scholarship. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0198269064.001.0001">10.1093/0198269064.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198269069" title="Special:BookSources/9780198269069"><bdi>9780198269069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frankish+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0198269064.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780198269069&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildebrandt1992-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrandt1992_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrandt1992" class="citation book cs1">Hildebrandt, M. M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69XzeoIk71gC&pg=PA166"><i>The External School in Carolingian Society</i></a>. Brill. pp. 166–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09449-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09449-0"><bdi>90-04-09449-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+External+School+in+Carolingian+Society&rft.pages=166-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09449-0&rft.aulast=Hildebrandt&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69XzeoIk71gC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Frankish Kingdoms, 814–898: The West</i>, Janet L. Nelson, <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, 700–900</i>, Vol. II, ed. <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">Rosamond McKitterick</a>, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins1991-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1991_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1991_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins1991_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1991" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1991). <i>Early Medieval Europe 300–1000</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 318–330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Europe+300%E2%80%931000&rft.pages=318-330&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paired gold medallions of father and son had been struck on the occasion of the synod of Paris (825) that asserted Frankish claims as emperor, recently denigrated by the Byzantines; see Karl F. Morrison, "The Gold Medallions of Louis the Pious and Lothaire I and the Synod of Paris (825)" <i>Speculum</i> <b>36</b>.4 (October 1961:592–599).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0459/_P16.HTM">"Vita Hludowici imperatoris: Text - IntraText CT"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vita+Hludowici+imperatoris%3A+Text+-+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FLAT0459%2F_P16.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Medieval European Coinage</i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Philip Grierson</a>, Mark Blackburn, <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Travaini" title="Lucia Travaini">Lucia Travaini</a>, p. 329 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGkz9NGFXIMC&pg=PA327&dq=manqush+coin#PPA329,M1">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayke De Jong, "Power and Humility in Carolingian society: the Public Penance of Louis the Pious", <i>Early Medieval Europe</i> 1 (1992). p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agobard, "Personal Attestation to the Penance of Louis the Pious" in Lievan Van Acker (ed.) <i>Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis </i>, trans. Courtney M. Booker (Turnhout, 1981). p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayke De Jong, <i>The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814–840 </i> (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Astronomer, <i>The Life of Emperor Louis</i>, trans. Thomas F.X. Noble (Pennsylvania, 2009), p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of Saint Bertin</i>, trans. Janet L. Nelson (Manchester, 1991), pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riche1993-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riche1993_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riche1993_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiché1993" class="citation book cs1">Riché, Pierre (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C"><i>The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1342-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1342-4"><bdi>0-8122-1342-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingians%3A+A+Family+Who+Forged+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8122-1342-4&rft.aulast=Rich%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcjy7bCmFL0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riddle2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riddle2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Riddle" title="John M. Riddle">Riddle, John M.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8LAQAAMAAJ"><i>A history of the Middle Ages, 300–1500</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5409-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5409-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-5409-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Middle+Ages%2C+300%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5409-2&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-8LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CostambeysInnes2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CostambeysInnes2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarios_CostambeysMatthew_InnesSimon_MacLean2011" class="citation book cs1">Marios Costambeys; Matthew Innes; Simon MacLean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkSG3X-M80oC&pg=PA379"><i>The Carolingian World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 379–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56366-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56366-6"><bdi>978-0-521-56366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingian+World&rft.pages=379-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56366-6&rft.au=Marios+Costambeys&rft.au=Matthew+Innes&rft.au=Simon+MacLean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkSG3X-M80oC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Metz</i>, Steven Fanning, <i>Medieval France: An Encyclopedia</i>, Ed. William W. Kibler and Grover A. Zinn, (Routledge, 1995), p. 615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKitterick2008">McKitterick 2008</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiche1993148-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiche1993148_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiche1993">Riche 1993</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Declared deposed by <a href="/wiki/Ebbo" title="Ebbo">Ebbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rheims">Archbishop of Rheims</a>, between 13 November 833 and 1 March 834.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowned by his father at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal coronation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Counted as <b>Louis I</b> in the lists of both French and German monarchs.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKitterick2008" class="citation book cs1">McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). <i>Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlemagne%3A+The+Formation+of+a+European+Identity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=McKitterick&rft.aufirst=Rosamond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiche1993" class="citation book cs1">Riche, Pierre (1993). <i>The Carolingians: A Family who Forged Europe</i>. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingians%3A+A+Family+who+Forged+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Riche&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+the+Pious" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Hludovici" title="Vita Hludovici">Vita Hludovici Imperatoris</a></i>, the main source for his reign, written c. 840 by an unknown author usually called "the Astronomer"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hludowici_Imperatoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris">Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thegan_of_Trier" title="Thegan of Trier">Thegan of Trier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0459.HTM">on-line Latin text</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Booker, Courtney M. <i>Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4168-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4168-6">978-0-8122-4168-6</a></li> <li>De Jong, Mayke. <i>The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814–840</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Depreux, Philippe. <i>Prosopographie de l'entourage de Louis le Pieux (781–840)</i>. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. A useful <a href="/wiki/Prosopographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopographical">prosopographical</a> overview of Louis's household, court and other subordinates.</li> <li>Eichler, Daniel. <i>Fränkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen</i>. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_Ganshof" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Louis Ganshof">Ganshof, François-Louis</a> <i>The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy</i>. 1971.</li> <li>Godman, Peter, and Roger Collins (eds.). <i>Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814–840)</i>. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a>. <i>The Dark Ages 476–918</i>. London, 1914.</li> <li>Fischer Drew, Katherine. <i>The Laws of the Salian Franks</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1322-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1322-X">0-8122-1322-X</a></li> <li>Noble, Thomas F. X. <i>Louis the Pious and his piety re-reconsidered</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1980_num_58_2_3278">Link</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Louis_I" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Louis I">Louis the Pious</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.orange.fr/mariefb/casseneuil/palais_charlemagne.htm">Cassinogilum: an argument for Casseneuil as Louis' birthplace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valleedudropt.com/historic/cassinogilum1.pdf">Chasseneuil-du-Poitou and not Casseuil</a> by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Jullian" title="Camille Jullian">Camille Jullian</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Louis the Pious </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 778 20 June</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aquitaine">King of Aquitaine</a> </b><br />781–814 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian Emperor">Carolingian Emperor</a> </b><br />813–840<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></i> <i> (817–840)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a> </b><br />814–840 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></div><i><b>as king of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis II</a></div><i><b>as king of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></div><i><b>as king of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_Roman_emperors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman emperors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Category:Holy Roman Emperors">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pippinids,_Arnulfings_and_Carolingians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carolingians_footer" title="Template:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carolingians_footer" title="Template talk:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pippinids,_Arnulfings_and_Carolingians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids, Arnulfings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Legend: → ≡ "father of",  <b>·</b>  ≡ "brother of"</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Begga" title="Begga">Begga</a>, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Carloman → <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen" title="Pepin of Landen">Pepin I</a> → <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald I</a> → <a href="/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Arnulfings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*_Arnulf_of_Metz_→_Chlodulf_of_Metz_*_Ansegisel_→_Pepin_II,_his_sons"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a> → <a href="/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz" title="Chlodulf of Metz">Chlodulf of Metz</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal">Pepin II</a>, his sons</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne">Drogo</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arnulf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Rouen_(died_730)" title="Hugh of Rouen (died 730)">Hugh of Champagne</a></li> <li>Godfrey</li> <li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/125px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/188px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/250px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald">Theudoald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)" title="Carloman (mayor of the palace)">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grifo_(noble)" title="Grifo (noble)">Grifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel" title="Bernard, son of Charles Martel">Bernard</a></li> <li>Jerome</li> <li>Remigius</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childebrand_I" title="Childebrand I">Childebrand I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nibelung I → <i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungids" title="Nibelungids">Nibelungids</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early<br /><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Sons_of_Charles_Martel"><b>Sons of Charles Martel</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carloman,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Carloman, Mayor of the Palace">Carloman</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drogo,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Drogo, Mayor of the Palace">Drogo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_coin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/125px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/188px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/250px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin III">Pepin III</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin the Hunchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Younger" title="Charles the Younger">Charles the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis the Pious</a></li> <li>Lothair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Metz" title="Drogo of Metz">Drogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_(abbot_of_Saint-Quentin)" title="Hugh (abbot of Saint-Quentin)">Hugh</a></li> <li>Theoderic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel" title="Bernard, son of Charles Martel">Bernard</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wala_of_Corbie" title="Wala of Corbie">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalard_of_Corbie" title="Adalard of Corbie">Adalhard</a></li> <li>Bernhar</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Sons_of_Charlemagne"><b>Sons of Charlemagne</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pepin,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Pepin, Count of Vermandois">Pepin, Count of Vermandois</a> → <i><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Vermandois" title="Count of Vermandois">Counts of Vermandois</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/125px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/188px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/250px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis the Pious</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Sens" title="Arnulf of Sens">Arnulf of Sens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II of Italy</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ermengard_of_Italy" title="Ermengard of Italy">Ermengard</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a> → <i><a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">Lothair II</a> → <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh, Duke of Alsace">Hugh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Provence" title="Charles of Provence">Charles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a> → <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwentibold" title="Zwentibold">Zwentibold</a> → Godfrey</li> <li>Otto<br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a> → Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saxony" title="Hugh of Saxony">Hugh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> → <a href="/wiki/Bernard_(son_of_Charles_the_Fat)" title="Bernard (son of Charles the Fat)">Bernard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold</a> → Adalbert</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis the Stammerer</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Child" title="Charles the Child">Charles the Child</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carloman,_son_of_Charles_the_Bald" title="Carloman, son of Charles the Bald">Carloman</a><br />Lothair the Lame</li> <li>Drogo</li> <li>Pepin</li> <li>Charles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West<br />Francia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="West_Francia_was_in_the_hands_of_the_Robertians_from_888_until_898._It_was_the_last_Carolingian_kingdom.">West Francia was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li>Arnulf</li> <li>Drogo</li> <li>Rorico</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denier_Chinon_954,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/125px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/188px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/250px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair IV</a></li> <li>Charles</li> <li>Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a></li> <li>Henry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair IV</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_(archbishop_of_Reims)" title="Arnulf (archbishop of Reims)">Arnulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Louis of Lower Lorraine">Louis</a></li> <li>Charles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43974#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43974#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43974#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108149772">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71534431">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/255469/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJptYWjPBKDMrXDhcKrKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640658">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr89010247">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13194951z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13194951z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ludovicus <imperatore ; 1.>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV027582">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701085&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070683948">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90643275">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000174529&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bcm6g396zgdr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537118205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/28335">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264734105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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