What Is an Email Impersonation Attack?

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-au" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# " class="page-en-au"> <head> <script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1120369191",accountID:"6363336",trustKey:"6363336",xpid:"UgUBUlVQDhAJXFBWAAEAUlE=",licenseKey:"NRJS-dc609d42ed81d429509",applicationID:"981470745"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.283.2.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(3333);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.2",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9414:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{J:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(2646),o=r(944),a=r(3434);const s=new Map;function c(e,t,r,c){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,o.R)(29);const u=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("logger")}(e),d=(0,a.YM)(u),l=new i.y(n.P);l.level=c.level,l.customAttributes=c.customAttributes;const f=t[r]?.[a.Jt]||t[r];return s.set(f,l),d.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>s.get(f))),u}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,TZ:()=>s,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log",s=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(8154),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},8154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(6154),r(9566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>T,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,A="jsTime",T="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},8969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>O});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(8154),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(9414);function x(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var A=r(9417),T=r(5603),N=r(5284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let _=!1;function O(e,t={},g,O){let{init:I,info:P,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();P||(I=L.init,P=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,A.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,I||{}),(0,T.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),P.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(P.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,P);const H=(0,A.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[P.beacon,P.errorBeacon];_||(H.proxy.assets&&(S(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),x(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",N.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var x=s.ee.get(e),A=x.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,x.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var T="api-",N=T+"ixn-";function S(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(T,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,w.R)(x,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,R.J)(x,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(T,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(T,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(T,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(T,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return S(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return S("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return S("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),x.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),h||(0,a.p)(N+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,x),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,x),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),x.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(N,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(N,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(T,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,x)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,O,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),_=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.283.2.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.2.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-2oN05BjxuObKuOX8E0vq/zS51M+2HokmNPBRUrIC1fw3hpJqoI18/nckSFiqV11KxT7ag3C+FunKrR8n0PD9Ig==",249:"sha512-Zs5nIHr/khH6G8IhAEdnngg+P7y/IfmjU0PQmXABpCEtSTeKV22OYdaa9lENrW9uxI0lZ6O5e5dCnEMsTS0onA==",212:"sha512-LPKde7A1ZxIHzoSqWKxn5uWVhM9u76Vtmp9DMBf+Ry3mnn2jpsfyfigMYD5Yka2RG3NeIBqOwNYuPrWL39qn6w=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(8969);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),A=i(3878),T=i(782),N=i(1863);class S extends b{static featureName=T.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(8154);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,N.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,N.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,N.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",J=Y+"body-",X=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,X.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,J),r(ee[te],e,J)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,N.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,N.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,N.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,N.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,N.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,N.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,N.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,N.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Ee,Lc:Ae,uP:Te,Rz:Ne}=be;class Se extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,N.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,N.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Ne+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,N.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Ne+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,N.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Je,wW:Xe,e5:$e,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,N.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,N.t)();this[$e]=~~this[$e]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,N.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Xe,m),o.on(Xe,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Je+Ze,Qe+Je+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Xe,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,A.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785),ct=i(9414);class ut extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;(0,ct.J)(r,p.gm.console,"log",{level:"info"}),(0,ct.J)(r,p.gm.console,"error",{level:"error"}),(0,ct.J)(r,p.gm.console,"warn",{level:"warn"}),(0,ct.J)(r,p.gm.console,"info",{level:"info"}),(0,ct.J)(r,p.gm.console,"debug",{level:"debug"}),(0,ct.J)(r,p.gm.console,"trace",{level:"trace"}),this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,S,Se,Oe,O,M,ot,ut,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MGR7P8X');</script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-B1V8SZE3GL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-B1V8SZE3GL');</script> <script>(function(){var a=window.mutiny=window.mutiny||{};if(!window.mutiny.client){a.client={_queue:{}};var b=["identify","trackConversion"];var c=[].concat(b,["defaultOptOut","optOut","optIn"]);var d=function factory(c){return function(){for(var d=arguments.length,e=new Array(d),f=0;f<d;f++){e[f]=arguments[f]}a.client._queue[c]=a.client._queue[c]||[];if(b.includes(c)){return new Promise(function(b,d){a.client._queue[c].push({args:e,resolve:b,reject:d})})}else{a.client._queue[c].push({args:e})}}};c.forEach(function(b){a.client[b]=d(b)})}})();</script> <script data-cfasync="false" src="https://client-registry.mutinycdn.com/personalize/client/d454424c4514a20a.js"></script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="An email impersonation attack is when an attacker manufactures a sender’s email address to make it appear as if the message is from a trusted source." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="16x16" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="96x96" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-192x192.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-60x60.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-180x180.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-57x57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/images/favicons/favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Proofpoint" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" /> <meta property="og:title" content="What Is an Email Impersonation Attack? | Proofpoint AU" /> <meta property="og:description" content="An email impersonation attack is when an attacker manufactures a sender’s email address to make it appear as if the message is from a trusted source." /> <meta property="og:image" content="" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-05-09T07:11:05-07:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-21T02:43:59-07:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="An email impersonation attack is when an attacker manufactures a sender’s email address to make it appear as if the message is from a trusted source." /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@proofpoint" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="What Is an Email Impersonation Attack? | Proofpoint AU" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="" /> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" id="vwoCode">window._vwo_code=window._vwo_code || (function() { var account_id=1002484, version=1.3, settings_tolerance=2000, library_tolerance=2500,z use_existing_jquery=false, is_spa=1, hide_element='body', /* DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE */ f=false,d=document,code={use_existing_jquery:function(){return use_existing_jquery},library_tolerance:function(){return library_tolerance},finish:function(){if(!f){f=true;var e=d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides');if(e)e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}},finished:function(){return f},load:function(e){var t=d.createElement('script');t.fetchPriority='high';t.src=e;t.type='text/javascript';t.innerText;t.onerror=function(){_vwo_code.finish()};d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(t)},init:function(){window.settings_timer=setTimeout(function(){_vwo_code.finish()},settings_tolerance);var e=d.createElement('style'),t=hide_element?hide_element+'{opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important;}':'',i=d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];e.setAttribute('id','_vis_opt_path_hides');e.setAttribute('nonce',document.querySelector('#vwoCode').nonce);e.setAttribute('type','text/css');if(e.styleSheet)e.styleSheet.cssText=t;else e.appendChild(d.createTextNode(t));i.appendChild(e);this.load('https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a='+account_id+'&u='+encodeURIComponent(d.URL)+'&f='+ +is_spa+'&vn='+version);return settings_timer}};window._vwo_settings_timer = code.init();return code;}());</script> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="l349mr2tyecyl7w3a1146378lqxru1" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/proofpoint.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/RobotoCondensed-Regular-webfont.woff" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/fjalla-one-v7-latin-regular.woff" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/fjalla-one-v7-latin-regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/proofpoint/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/RobotoCondensed-Bold-webfont.woff" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/uk/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-au" href="https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" /> <title>What Is an Email Impersonation Attack? | Proofpoint AU</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_bz39HiNKhJHfSWRdMAywL6QI0qApb1G3wt-hOYnEkl0.css?delta=0&language=en-au&theme=particle&include=eJxlkFtuAyEMRTcUZz66IsM4zCjGRraJmt2XPiQY9QtxjLjXJ1Q5oW3xe9787UF1S-h0a2hxZqYtqy23olqY4KESPulDNcjg9bE8ZHVHe4PofvlNgiSgYSGb-CDcTykTJBskW6_pJwaLYTt826035Psk9y6tJz79oH1JCYSEImvEKJSQgZgqXcp7w7w0NHLtlskhsebn_wGcQ9LSlHXpHfQZkJV7ldWPEUHYOfIbCvGcVLQnhQ6hVlcdpn8LXKR-axpI8PUFnhCquw" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_V6Iawedey0TiHP_5u9X5FepfY1deUQj3f9fbVIfpAOo.css?delta=1&language=en-au&theme=particle&include=eJxlkFtuAyEMRTcUZz66IsM4zCjGRraJmt2XPiQY9QtxjLjXJ1Q5oW3xe9787UF1S-h0a2hxZqYtqy23olqY4KESPulDNcjg9bE8ZHVHe4PofvlNgiSgYSGb-CDcTykTJBskW6_pJwaLYTt826035Psk9y6tJz79oH1JCYSEImvEKJSQgZgqXcp7w7w0NHLtlskhsebn_wGcQ9LSlHXpHfQZkJV7ldWPEUHYOfIbCvGcVLQnhQ6hVlcdpn8LXKR-axpI8PUFnhCquw" /> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_jJku_dBSpGBzL-Q1wGMXOurNyXAM2fLpoxg9V9CAkMA.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en-au&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> </head> <body class="path-node user-anonymous"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="limit-width-wrapper"> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="header-nav__spacer"></div> <div class="header-nav js-is-top"> <div class="header-nav__extra"> <div class="header-nav__extra-wrap"> <div class="header-nav__top-language" data-open="content:x_lng"> <span>English (Asia-Pacific)</span> </div> <div class="header-nav__actions"> <div class="header-nav__top-search" data-open="content:x_sch"> <span>Search</span> </div> <div class="header-nav__top-login" data-open="content:x_lgn"> <span>Login</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__main"> <div class="header-nav__main-wrap"> <div class="header-nav__expand" data-open="home"></div> <ul class="header-nav__top-links"> <li class="header-nav__top-link"> <div data-open="content:platform_panel" class="header-nav__top-link-text"> Platform </div> </li> <li class="header-nav__top-link"> <div data-open="content:products_panel" class="header-nav__top-link-text"> Products </div> </li> <li class="header-nav__top-link"> <div data-open="content:solutions_panel" class="header-nav__top-link-text"> Solutions </div> </li> </ul> <a href="/au" class="header-nav__logo">Proofpoint</a> <div class="header-nav__buttons"> <a href=/au/contact class="global-elements__cta-button--outline header-nav__button" > <span>Contact</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav__mobile-actions"> <div class="header-nav__mobile-search" data-open="content:x_sch">Search</div> <div class="header-nav__mobile-menu" data-open="home"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu"> <div class="header-nav__menu-wrapper"> <div class="header-nav__menu-close"></div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-home={true}> <ul class="header-nav__home-links"> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:platform_panel" ><span>Platform</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:products_panel" ><span>Products</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:solutions_panel" ><span>Solutions</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:partners_panel" ><span>Partners</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:resources_panel" ><span>Resources</span></li> <li class="header-nav__home-link" data-open="content:company_panel" ><span>Company</span></li> </ul> <div class="header-nav__menu-extras"> <div class="header-nav__menu-search" data-open="content:x_sch">Search</div> <div class="header-nav__menu-login" data-open="content:x_lgn">Login</div> <div class="header-nav__menu-language" data-open="content:x_lng">English (Asia-Pacific)</div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Platform"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Platform</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Products"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Products</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Solutions"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Solutions</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Partners"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Partners</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Resources"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Resources</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-sublinks="Company"> <div class="header-nav__sublinks"> <div class="header-nav__expand-title">Company</div> <ul class="header-nav__expand-links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="products_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <a href="/au/products/protect-people" class="header-nav__content-link-group-anchor"> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Protect People</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Multi-layered, adaptive defences for threat detection, impersonation, and supplier risk.</div> </div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/threat-defense" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Email Security</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/impersonation-protection" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Impersonation Protection</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:products_more_tp_products_panel">More products</a> </div> <a href="/au/products/defend-data" class="header-nav__content-link-group-anchor"> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Defend Data</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Transform your information protection with a human-centric, omni-channel approach.</div> </div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/data-loss-prevention" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Enterprise DLP</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/adaptive-email-dlp" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Adaptive Email DLP</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/insider-threat-management" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Insider Threat Management</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/compliance-and-archiving" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Intelligent Compliance</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Mitigate Human Risk</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Unlock full user risk visibility and drive behaviour change.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/mitigate-human-risk" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Security Awareness</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Augment Your Capabilities</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/premium-services" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Managed Services</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/packages" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Product Packages</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-spacer"></div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="products_more_tp_products_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">More Protect People Products</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/identity-protection" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Account Take-Over and Identity Protection</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Secure vulnerable identities, stop lateral movement and privilege escalation.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/adaptive-email-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Adaptive Email Security</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Stop more threats with a fully integrated layer of behavioural AI.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/email-protection/email-fraud-defense" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Email Fraud Defense</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect your brand reputation, increase deliverability and identify lookalikes of your domains.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/products/email-security-and-protection/secure-email-relay" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Secure Email Relay</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Secure your application email and accelerate DMARC implementation.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="solutions_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Solutions</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">See how we solve today's complex cyber threats and attacks.</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Solutions by Use Case</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">How Proofpoint protects your people and data.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/ensure-acceptable-genai-use" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Ensure Acceptable GenAI Use</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Empower your workforce with safe GenAI practices.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/email-authentication-with-dmarc" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Authenticate Your Email</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect your email deliverability with DMARC.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/combat-email-and-cloud-threats" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Combat Email and Cloud Threats</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect your people from email and cloud threats with an intelligent and holistic approach.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:solutions_by_use_case_panel">More use cases</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Solutions by Industry</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">People-centric solutions for your organisation.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/federal" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Federal Government</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Cybersecurity for federal government agencies.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/state-and-local-government" class="header-nav__content-link-text">State and Local Government</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protecting the public sector, and the public from cyber threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:solutions_by_industry_panel">More industries</a> </div> <a href="/au/compare" class="header-nav__content-link-group-anchor"> <div class="header-nav__content-link-group"> <div class="header-nav__content-group-title">Comparing Proofpoint</div> <div class="header-nav__content-group-desc">Evaluating cybersecurity vendors? Check out our side-by-side comparisons.</div> </div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="#" class="header-nav__content-link-text" data-open="content:compare_proofpoint_panel">View comparisons</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="solutions_by_use_case_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Solutions By Use Case</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">How Proofpoint protects your people and data.</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/change-user-behavior" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Change User Behaviour</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Help your employees identify, resist and report attacks before the damage is done.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/combat-data-loss-and-insider-risk" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Combat Data Loss and Insider Risk</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Prevent data loss via negligent, compromised and malicious insiders.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/enable-intelligent-compliance" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Modernise Compliance and Archiving</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Manage risk and data retention needs with a modern compliance and archiving solution.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/protect-cloud-apps" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Protect Cloud Apps</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Keep your people and their cloud apps secure by eliminating threats and data loss.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/prevent-loss-from-ransomware" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Prevent Loss from Ransomware</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about this growing threat and stop attacks by securing ransomware's top vector: email.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/secure-microsoft-365" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Secure Microsoft 365</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Implement the best security and compliance solution for Microsoft 365.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="solutions_by_industry_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Solutions By Industry</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">People-centric solutions for your organisation.</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/higher-education-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Higher Education</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">A higher level of security for higher education.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/financial-services-and-insurance" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Financial Services</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Eliminate threats, build trust and foster growth for your organisation.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/healthcare-information-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Healthcare</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect clinicians, patient data, and your intellectual property against advanced threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/mobile-message-security-solutions-for-service-providers" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Mobile Operators</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Make your messaging environment a secure environment.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/email-security-solutions-for-service-providers" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Internet Service Providers</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Cloudmark email protection.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/solutions/protection-compliance-small-business" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Small and Medium Businesses</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Big-time security for small business.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="compare_proofpoint_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Proofpoint vs. the competition</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Side-by-side comparisons.</div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-abnormal-security" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Abnormal Security</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-mimecast" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Mimecast</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-cisco" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Cisco</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-microsoft" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs Microsoft</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-microsoft-purview" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Microsoft Purview</a> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/us/compare/proofpoint-vs-legacy-dlp" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint vs. Legacy DLP</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="partners_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Partners</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Deliver Proofpoint solutions to your customers.</div> <a href=https://partners.proofpoint.com class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>Channel Partners</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/partners/trusted-data-solutions-partnership" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Archive Extraction Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about Extraction Partners.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/global-system-integrator-gsi-and-global-managed-service-provider-msp-partners" class="header-nav__content-link-text">GSI and MSP Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about our global consulting.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/partners/technology-alliance-partners" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Technology and Alliance Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about our relationships.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/partners/digital-risk-and-compliance-partners" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Social Media Protection Partners</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about the technology and....</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/channel-partners-small-and-medium-business" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Proofpoint Essentials Partner Programs</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Small Business Solutions.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="https://partners.proofpoint.com/prm/English/s/applicant" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Become a Channel Partner</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="resources_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Resources</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Find reports, webinars, blogs, events, podcasts and more.</div> <a href=/au/resources class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>Resource Library</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/blog" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Blog</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Keep up with the latest news and happenings.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/webinars" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Webinars</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Browse our webinar library to learn about the latest threats, trends and issues in cybersecurity.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/podcasts" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Podcasts</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about the human side of cybersecurity.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/new-perimeters" class="header-nav__content-link-text">New Perimeters Magazine</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Get the latest cybersecurity insights in your hands.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/threat-reference" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Threat Glossary</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about the latest security threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/events" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Events</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Connect with us at events to learn how to protect your people and data from ever-evolving threats.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/customer-stories" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Customer Stories</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Read how our customers solve their most pressing cybersecurity challenges.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="company_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Company</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Proofpoint protects organisations' greatest assets and biggest risks: their people.</div> <a href=/au/company/about class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>About Proofpoint</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/why-proofpoint" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Why Proofpoint</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about our unique people-centric approach to protection.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/company/careers" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Careers</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Stand out and make a difference at one of the world's leading cybersecurity companies.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/newsroom" class="header-nav__content-link-text">News Center</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Read the latest press releases, news stories and media highlights about Proofpoint.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/legal/trust" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Privacy and Trust</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn about how we handle data and make commitments to privacy and other regulations.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/legal/esg" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Environmental, Social, and Governance</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Learn how we apply our principles to positively impact our community.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/support-services" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Support</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Access the full range of Proofpoint support services.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="platform_panel"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <h3 class="header-nav__content-title">Platform</h3> <div class="header-nav__content-heading">Discover the Proofpoint human-centric platform.</div> <a href=/au/platform class="global-elements__cta-button header-nav__content-button" > <span>Learn More</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/platform/nexus" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Nexus</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Detection technologies to protect people and defend data.</div> </div> <div class="header-nav__content-link"> <a href="/au/platform/zen" class="header-nav__content-link-text">Zen</a> <div class="header-nav__content-link-desc">Protect and engage users wherever they work.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="x_sch"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-title--search"> Search Proofpoint </div> <div class="header-nav__search"> <form class="header-nav__search-form"> <input type="text" class="header-nav__search-input" placeholder=""> <input type="submit" class="header-nav__search-button" val="Search"> </form> <div class="header-nav__search-sugg-title">Try searching for</div> <div class="header-nav__search-suggestions"> <a href="/au/search?content%5Bquery%5D=Email%20Security" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">Email Security</a> <a href="/au/search?content%5Bquery%5D=Phishing" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">Phishing</a> <a href="/au/search?content%5Bquery%5D=DLP" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">DLP</a> <a href="/au/search?content%5Bquery%5D=Email%20Fraud" class="header-nav__search-suggestion">Email Fraud</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="x_lgn"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-title"> Select Product Login </div> <ul class="header-nav__logins"> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://proofpoint.my.site.com/community/s/" target="_blank">Support Log-in</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://proofpointcybersecurityacademy.adobelearningmanager.com" target="_blank">Proofpoint Cybersecurity Academy</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://digitalrisk.proofpoint.com/" target="_blank">Digital Risk Portal</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://emaildefense.proofpoint.com/login.php" target="_blank">Email Fraud Defence</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://threatintel.proofpoint.com/" target="_blank">ET Intelligence</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://us1.proofpointessentials.com/app/login.php" target="_blank">Proofpoint Essentials</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__content-login"> <a href="https://proofpointcommunities.force.com/community" target="_blank">Sendmail Support Log-in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav__menu-pane" data-content="x_lng"> <div class="header-nav__content"> <div class="header-nav__content-title"> Select Language </div> <ul class="header-nav__language-links"> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/au">English (Asia-Pacific)</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/us">English (Americas)</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/uk">English (Europe, Middle East, Africa)</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/es">Español</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/de">Deutsch</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/fr">Français</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/it">Italiano</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/br">Português</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/jp">日本語</a> </li> <li class="header-nav__language-link"> <a href="/kr">한국어</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-container"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <main class="container" role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <section class="row"> <div class="layout-content"> <div> <div id="block-particle-content"> <article about="/au/threat-reference/impersonation-attack" class="node--type--glossary node--view-mode--full node node-glossary-full"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org/", "@type": "DefinedTerm", "name": "Email Impersonation Attacks", "description": "What Is an Email Impersonation Attack? How Do Email Impersonation Attacks Work? Email Impersonation vs. Email Spoofing Types of Email Impersonation Attacks Real-World Examples of Email Impersonation Attacks How to Recognise Email Impersonation Attacks How to Prevent Email Impersonation Attacks How Proofpoint Can Help", "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference/impersonation-attack", "inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.proofpoint.com/au/threat-reference" } </script> <div class="glossary-content__breadcrumbs"> <div class="breadcrumbs _legacy_element _breadcrumbs"><div class="nav-crumbs"><div class="breadcrumb__item"><a href="/au/threat-reference" class="breadcrum__item-link">Glossary</a></div><div class="breadcrumb__item"> Email Impersonation Attacks </div></div></div> </div> <div class="glossary-content__hero"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero-banner-v3 paragraph--view-mode--default hero-banner-v3 _legacy_heros _hero_banner_v3" style="background-image: url("/sites/default/files/styles/webp_conversion/public/general-banners/pfpt-placeholder-banner-2022.png.webp?itok=EgtcKCzS")"> <div class="hero-banner-v3__wrapper hero-banner-v3__wrapper-default"> <h1 class="hero-banner-v3__title"> Email Impersonation Attacks </h1> <a href=https://www.proofpoint.com/au/products/impersonation-protection class="global-elements__cta-button--white" target="" > <span>Impersonation Protection: Email & Domain Spoofing</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> <a href=https://www.proofpoint.com/us/resources/solution-briefs/impersonation-protection class="global-elements__cta-button" target="" > <span>Impersonation Protection Solution Brief</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glossary-content"> <h3 class="glossary-content__headline"> Table of Contents </h3> <div class="node-full__body glossary-content__body"> <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="width: 400px;"> <ul style="margin: 0;"> <li><a href="#toc-1">What Is an Email Impersonation Attack?</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-2">How Do Email Impersonation Attacks Work?</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-3">Email Impersonation vs. Email Spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-4">Types of Email Impersonation Attacks</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-5">Real-World Examples of Email Impersonation Attacks</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="width: 400px;"> <ul style="margin: 0;"> <li><a href="#toc-6">How to Recognise Email Impersonation Attacks</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-7">How to Prevent Email Impersonation Attacks</a></li> <li><a href="#toc-8">How Proofpoint Can Help</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glossary__components"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email impersonation is a growing cybersecurity threat that exploits people’s trust in messages from familiar senders. Attackers forge the sender’s email address to make their messages appear to come from a trusted source, such as a company executive or business partner. This form of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4d1cd792-cfe7-4903-8091-18e49f4e61c3" href="/au/threat-reference/social-engineering" title="Social Engineering">social engineering</a>, which leverages human psychology to bypass security measures and compromise organisations, is designed to manipulate recipients into taking harmful actions, like sharing sensitive information or transferring funds, that benefit the attacker.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--free-trial-panel paragraph--view-mode--full free-trial-panel _legacy-ctas _free-trial-panel free-trial-panel--black v3-dark-bg-only free-trial-panel--no-img"> <div class="free-trial-panel__wrapper"> <div class="free-trial-panel__content"> <div class="free-trial-panel__heading"> <h3>Cybersecurity Education and Training Begins Here</h3> </div> <a href=# class="global-elements__cta-button--white free-trial-panel__action-btn" > <span>Start a Free Trial</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="free-trial-panel-form"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--marketo-form paragraph--view-mode--default marketo-form _legacy_customer _marketo_form UNCONVERTED"> <div class="marketo-form__content"> <h2>Here’s how your free trial works:</h2> <ul> <li>Meet with our cybersecurity experts to assess your environment and identify your threat risk exposure</li> <li>Within 24 hours and minimal configuration, we’ll deploy our solutions for 30 days</li> <li>Experience our technology in action!</li> <li>Receive report outlining your security vulnerabilities to help you take immediate action against cybersecurity attacks</li> </ul> <p>Fill out this form to request a meeting with our cybersecurity experts.</p> </div> <div class="marketo-form__form-container"> <div class="mk-form"> <div class="mk-form__form-container _legacy_element _marketo_form"> <script type="IN/Form2" data-data-form="mktoForm_3453" data-field-firstname="FirstName" data-field-lastname="LastName" data-field-email="Email" data-field-company="Company" data-field-title="Title" data-field-state="State" data-field-country="Country" ></script> <form id="mktoForm_3453" data-mkto-id="3453" data-mkto-base="//go.proofpoint.com" data-munchkin-id="309-RHV-619" data-submit-text="" data-redirect-link="" data-prefill="" data-event-label="" data-lang-code="au" data-validate-email="" class="mk-form__form marketo-form-block__form" ></form> </div> </div> <div class="mk-form__success"> <p>Thank you for your submission.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__md"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-1"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">What Is an Email Impersonation Attack?</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>An email impersonation attack is a type of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3d41a44d-bc21-401b-8912-4f84e4e683ce" href="/au/threat-reference/phishing" title="Phishing">phishing scam</a> where cyber criminals manufacture a sender’s email address to make it appear as if the message is from a trusted source, such as a company executive, business partner, co-worker, or other known individual. The goal is to deceive the recipient into taking an action that benefits the attacker, such as transferring funds, sharing sensitive information, or clicking on a malicious link.</p> <p>Impersonation attacks leverage people’s inherent trust in emails from familiar senders to bypass security measures and exploit human vulnerabilities. Attackers research their targets and carefully craft legitimate-looking messages, often mimicking the tone, language, and context of communications from the impersonated individual or organisation. These threats are pervasive and growing rampant every year. According to Egress’s latest <a href="https://pages.egress.com/whitepaper-email-risk-report-01-24.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Email Security Risk Report</a>, 94% of organisations experienced email security incidents, with impersonation attacks a top attack strategy.</p> <p>Detecting and preventing email impersonation attacks is an uphill battle, as these threats often lack the typical red flags associated with other phishing scams. Effective defences require advanced <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="883a4597-9da1-471a-b1a7-136b1735865c" href="/au/products/email-security-and-protection" title="Email Security and Protection">email security solutions</a> that can analyse sender-recipient relationships, language, and other contextual factors to identify anomalies. Organisations must also educate employees on how to recognise the signs of an impersonation attack and report suspicious messages.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-2"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How Do Email Impersonation Attacks Work?</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email impersonation attacks follow a series of steps designed to deceive the recipient into believing they are interacting with a trusted source. Common steps taken to carry out these attacks include:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Select a target:</strong> Attackers identify a target with the authority to make payments, access sensitive data, or perform actions that can be exploited. Such targets often include employees in accounting, legal, and HR departments.</li> <li><strong>Research the target:</strong> The attacker studies the target’s responsibilities, relationships, and communication habits. This research is primarily conducted online, using company websites, directories, and social media platforms like LinkedIn to gather information.</li> <li><strong>Pick an identity to impersonate:</strong> After selecting and researching a target, attackers choose an identity to impersonate. This could be a senior executive within the target’s organisation, a trusted vendor, or any other entity the target is likely to trust.</li> <li><strong>Impersonate:</strong> The attacker creates a spoofed email account that looks authentic or compromises the actual account of the identity they are impersonating. This step is crucial for making the subsequent outreach to the target seem legitimate.</li> <li><strong>Contact the target:</strong> With a plausible impersonated identity and a story, the attacker reaches out to the target, usually via email. The communication is crafted to mimic the tone, style, and type of request that would be expected from the impersonated identity.</li> <li><strong>Make a request:</strong> The final step involves the attacker asking the target to perform an action that serves the attacker’s purpose. This could be paying a fake invoice, sending confidential information, or clicking on a link that leads to a malicious site. The request is designed to seem routine or urgent, exploiting the target’s trust in the impersonated identity.</li> </ol> <p>These steps outline the methodical approach attackers use to execute email impersonation attacks, leveraging detailed research and social engineering tactics to bypass security measures and exploit human trust.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-3"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Email Impersonation vs. Email Spoofing</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Email impersonation and email spoofing are two different types of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8d55f548-cef7-4245-a6b3-8b443dea8b65" href="/au/threat-reference/cyber-attack" title="Cyber Attack">cyber-attacks</a> that involve deception but have distinct differences.</p> <p>Email impersonation, also known as email spoofing, is a phishing attack where a cyber criminal fraudulently impersonates a legitimate source, typically via email, to trick the recipient into an action that benefits the attacker. The goal is to trick the recipient into believing they are interacting with a trusted source, such as a company executive or colleague, and to take specific action. Impersonation attacks often involve the attacker using a display name that mimics a legitimate entity, hoping the recipient won’t check the actual email address.</p> <p>On the other hand, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="08793708-45c5-4975-9dba-12a2398551ff" href="/au/threat-reference/email-spoofing" title="Email Spoofing">email spoofing</a> is a technique used in email impersonation attacks to make the email appear to come from a different sender. In spoofing, the attacker forges the email’s “From” address to make it appear as if it came from a trusted source. Spoofing is often used to aid <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3d41a44d-bc21-401b-8912-4f84e4e683ce" href="/au/threat-reference/phishing" title="Phishing">phishing attacks</a> by making the message seem more legitimate and trustworthy.</p> <p>In summary, email impersonation is pretending to be a trusted source, while spoofing makes the email appear to come from a different sender. Both attacks trick targeted recipients into taking an action that benefits the attacker.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-4"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Types of Email Impersonation Attacks</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>The sophistication and complexity of email impersonation attacks have significantly increased, posing a serious threat to organisational security. These attacks meticulously craft scenarios where trust is exploited for malicious gain. Understanding the various forms these deceptions take can empower individuals and organisations to better safeguard sensitive information and financial assets.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Executive impersonation (CEO fraud or whaling):</strong> In this form of attack, cyber criminals assume the identity of high-ranking executives in an organisation—most commonly CEOs—to manipulate employees into divulging confidential data or executing unauthorised financial transactions. The psychological leverage used with <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8351fbfa-c1fb-4749-a8ca-4b0850151f1d" href="/au/threat-reference/ceo-fraud" title="CEO Fraud">CEO fraud</a> plays on respect for authority and urgency.</li> <li><strong>Supply chain compromise:</strong> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5bbec65f-89b4-4431-9df8-6d38e56c5abf" href="/au/threat-reference/supply-chain-attack" title="Supply Chain Attack">Supply chain attacks</a> involve threat actors masquerading as trusted vendors or suppliers in communications with their targets. By feigning legitimate requests, they aim to coax unsuspecting recipients into transferring funds or sharing proprietary information under the guise of routine business operations.</li> <li><strong>Account takeover attacks:</strong> In this scenario, cyber criminals gain unauthorised access to an employee’s email account. Leveraging this breach, they orchestrate campaigns against colleagues that seem credible coming from a known internal source, thereby increasing the likelihood of eliciting sensitive data or payments under false pretences.</li> <li><strong>Sender name impersonation:</strong> Utilising subtle manipulations in display names allows attackers to create emails that appear at first glance to be from reputable sources. Familiar sender names often cause recipients to overlook dubious elements elsewhere in the message.</li> <li><strong>Domain spoofing:</strong> Through slight alterations in domain names—a practice barely noticeable at a cursory look—fraudsters create email addresses that imitate those of legitimate entities closely enough to bypass casual scrutiny.</li> <li><strong>Look-alike domain attacks:</strong> Similar yet distinct from domain spoofing, this technique involves registering new domains that visually mimic those of targeted entities so that they’re almost identical. Emails from these domains carry an air of legitimacy explicitly designed to deceive recipients about their true origin.</li> <li><strong>Compromised email account attacks:</strong> This type of email impersonation attack is particularly insidious since it involves direct control over genuine accounts by adversaries who then proceed with further impersonation schemes internally or externally as if originating genuinely from the compromised entity itself.</li> </ul> <p>The underlying strategy shared by these diverse tactics is the art of deception, with each method meticulously designed to imitate trusted figures—be it executives, business partners, or colleagues. These attackers exploit established trust and authority, crafting scenarios that prompt unsuspecting individuals into actions that compromise security.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-5"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">Real-World Examples of Email Impersonation Attacks</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>To highlight the tangible implications of such security threats, here are some real-world examples of email impersonation attacks and their repercussions:</p> <ul> <li><strong><a href="https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/24d3c229-4f2f-405d-b8db-a3a67f183883" rel="noopener" style="font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">The Target Data Breach</a>:</strong> In 2013, cyber criminals conducted a spear-phishing attack on an HVAC vendor with links to Target’s network, which led to a massive data breach affecting over 40 million debit and credit card holders. This breach illustrates the dangers of interconnected systems and the importance of vendor diligence in cybersecurity.</li> <li><strong><a href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/697270/malware-cybercrime-was-this-the-email-that-took-down-rsa.html" rel="noopener" style="font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">The RSA Security Breach</a>:</strong> In 2011, RSA Security fell victim to a spear-phishing attack where the attackers sent emails containing a malicious Excel document to employees. This enabled the attackers to install a backdoor and steal critical data from RSA’s network.</li> <li><strong><a href="https://fortune.com/2015/08/10/ubiquiti-networks-email-scam-40-million/" rel="noopener" style="font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">Ubiquiti Networks Scam</a>:</strong> In 2015, Ubiquiti Networks suffered a $46.7 million financial loss from a phishing attack where the attackers impersonated the company’s senior executive team members and sent fraudulent wire transfer requests to the finance department. This shows that even technically experienced firms can fall prey to social engineering attacks.</li> <li><strong><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/27/phishing-email-scam-stole-100-million-from-facebook-and-google.html" rel="noopener" style="font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">Facebook and Google</a>:</strong> In a $121 million <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d00b9ca5-13f7-4068-8b15-b0eccbfde90f" href="/au/threat-reference/business-email-compromise" title="Business Email Compromise (BEC)">BEC scam</a>, cyber criminals impersonated an Asian hardware vendor to trick employees at Facebook and Google into sending them funds over a two-year period.</li> <li><strong><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/leemathews/2019/09/06/toyota-parts-supplier-hit-by-37-million-email-scam/" rel="noopener" style="font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">Toyota Subsidiary 2019</a>:</strong> Attackers impersonated a Toyota executive and sent an email to the finance department of a Toyota parts subsidiary requesting a wire transfer, resulting in a loss of $37 million.</li> </ul> <p>These examples demonstrate the severe financial and reputational damage that can result from email impersonation attacks. Cyber criminals leverage social engineering tactics to bypass traditional security measures and trick employees into compromising sensitive data or authorising fraudulent payments. Educating employees and implementing robust email security controls are crucial to mitigating these threats.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-6"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How to Recognise Email Impersonation Attacks</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>To bolster your defences against such deceptive strategies, be aware of the following indicators that an email may not be what it seems.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Verifying email addresses:</strong> A critical first step involves scrutinising the sender’s address. At first glance, it may mirror legitimate contact details; however, upon closer inspection, discrepancies such as minor alterations in domain names or subtle character substitutions can reveal malicious intent.</li> <li><strong>Assessing urgency and request nature:</strong> Emails demanding immediate action or sensitive information—particularly those purporting to originate from senior management—warrant extra caution. Cyber criminals often fabricate urgent scenarios to provoke hasty actions without time for closer inspection or verification.</li> <li><strong>Authentication checks:</strong> Authentic communications from reputable sources typically incorporate specific authentication protocols like <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c979700f-5974-4b3b-9c46-62c41ec0d6e5" href="/au/threat-reference/spf" title="Sender Policy Framework (SPF)">SPF</a> (Sender Policy Framework), <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="58f0b887-0e66-4354-89cf-8f329f902946" href="/au/threat-reference/dkim" title="DKIM">DKIM</a> (DomainKeys Identified Mail), and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="dc324b06-f751-460c-a03d-40dd8d7f37e3" href="/au/threat-reference/dmarc" title="DMARC">DMARC</a> (Domain-based Message Authentication Reporting & Conformance). An absence or misconfiguration of these security measures could signify an impersonation effort.</li> <li><strong>Analysing communication styles:</strong> Discrepancies between the writing style in the questionable email and previous correspondences attributed to the alleged sender could indicate foul play. Such anomalies might include uncharacteristic language use, tone deviations, poor grammar and spelling, or unusual requests that don’t align with standard operational procedures.</li> <li><strong>Content consistency review:</strong> Pay attention to inconsistencies within the message itself—including but not limited to—the email signature’s accuracy compared to known standards for that individual or organisation, mismatches in provided contact information versus official records, and any contextual clues suggesting unfamiliarity with established relational dynamics.</li> <li><strong>Evaluating unsolicited requests:</strong> Receiving unexpected emails soliciting confidential data exchanges or financial transactions should automatically trigger scepticism. Legitimate entities usually follow predefined protocols for such communications. In turn, unsolicited approaches are red flags deserving scrutiny before engagement.</li> </ul> <p>Cultivating an awareness of these warning signs equips individuals across the organisation to adeptly spot potential threats disguised as benign emails, significantly reducing the risk of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="089fd102-4c13-4972-ae00-d80e9b78ad6f" href="/au/threat-reference/data-breach" title="Data Breach">data breaches</a>. This proactive approach not only protects organisational integrity but also safeguards personal information against sophisticated social engineering tactics aimed at exploiting trust.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-7"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How to Prevent Email Impersonation Attacks</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>To fortify defences against such vulnerabilities, a multifaceted approach combining technology solutions, informed procedures, and human insight is essential.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Empowering employees through education:</strong> The cornerstone of any cybersecurity strategy involves cultivating a knowledgeable workforce capable of identifying early signs of email fraud. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c932da4d-9d01-49db-9ca2-3b4f646dd7a7" href="/au/threat-reference/security-awareness-training" title="Security Awareness Training">Security awareness training</a> initiatives that focus on recognising suspicious indicators—such as unexpected urgency in requests or anomalies in sender addresses—transform employees into vigilant guardians of organisational security.</li> <li><strong>Strengthening email authentication practices:</strong> Establishing robust authentication mechanisms constitutes another critical defence layer. Protocols like SPF, DKIM, and DMARC significantly diminish the likelihood of domain spoofing attempts succeeding by verifying the legitimacy of email sources.</li> <li><strong>Implementing advanced email security solutions:</strong> Leveraging state-of-the-art secure email gateway technologies provides an effective barrier against malicious actors. These <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ab5f7031-863a-4034-97ee-889b796eadd1" href="/au/threat-reference/email-security" title="Email Security">email security</a> systems employ advanced algorithms to identify and neutralise potential impersonation efforts—including those involving counterfeit domains or hijacked accounts—before they reach their intended targets.</li> <li><strong>Enhancing system access controls with multifactor authentication:</strong> Enforcing <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b8d75393-714c-4d80-9662-80f4c02efedc" href="/au/threat-reference/multifactor-authentication" title="Multifactor Authentication">multifactor authentication</a> for accessing emails and other sensitive systems adds a crucial security layer by mitigating risks associated with <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9f63b3f1-1989-492f-85fc-d524ea8b194d" href="/au/threat-reference/account-takeover-fraud" title="Account Takeover Fraud">account takeover</a> scenarios—a common precursor to impersonation exploits.</li> <li><strong>Rigorous vetting process for vendors:</strong> Given the interconnected nature of modern supply chains, ensuring third-party vendors adhere to stringent security standards minimises exposure to indirect impersonation tactics stemming from compromised external entities.</li> <li><strong>Comprehensive incident response strategies:</strong> Despite best efforts at prevention, having a detailed <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a6926fd6-f2b9-433c-b985-fb1a7758707c" href="/au/threat-reference/incident-response" title="Incident Response">incident response plan</a> ensures rapid identification and resolution should an attack occur. This agility can substantially limit both operational disruptions and financial repercussions.</li> </ul> <p>Successfully navigating these complexities requires vigilance at all organisational levels—from frontline staff to executive leadership. It’s imperative to achieve a resilient posture amidst future challenges. Collectively embracing a culture of continuous learning and adaptation is pivotal for enduring against evolving adversarial tactics.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <span data-smooth-scroll="true" class="anchor_link _legacy_element _anchor" id="toc-8"></span> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-columns paragraph--view-mode--full text-cols _legacy_text _text-columns"> <div class="block-text-cols__cols block-text-cols__cols-1"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-column paragraph--view-mode--default block-text-cols__cols__item"> <h3 class="block-text-cols__title">How Proofpoint Can Help</h3> <div class="block-text-cols__body"> <p>Proofpoint stands at the forefront of combating email impersonation attacks with a suite of sophisticated solutions designed to fortify organisational defences. Through a blend of advanced technology, actionable intelligence, and targeted training, Proofpoint offers an integrated approach to secure digital communications against increasingly cunning cyber threats.</p> <ul> <li><strong><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1b0d9c92-0b17-4621-9587-2d5850e44911" href="/au/products/email-security-and-protection/email-protection" style="font-weight: inherit;" title="Email Protection">Email Protection</a>:</strong> Proofpoint’s Email Protection solutions deliver cutting-edge safeguards through anti-spoofing measures and subject tagging that alert users to potential fraud. Leveraging machine learning technologies, the “Impostor Classifier” delves into email content analysis, scrutinises sender reputations, and detects subtle address manipulations indicative of impersonation efforts. Additionally, robust authentication protocols, including DMARC, SPF, and DKIM, are employed to effectively thwart domain spoofing attempts.</li> <li><strong><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d2dcea05-2366-4fcc-95d9-b9ac277828f0" href="/au/solutions/bec-and-eac-protection" style="font-weight: inherit;" title="Business Email Compromise">Advanced BEC Defense</a>:</strong> Tailored specifically for business email compromise (BEC) scenarios—from intricate payment redirection schemes to supplier invoicing deception—this solution harnesses artificial intelligence alongside machine learning capabilities. It meticulously examines various message components, such as header information and sender IP addresses, and analyses the body text for signs consistent with BEC methodologies.</li> <li><strong><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bbb621c3-f8b9-4f52-8c38-40704db6f48d" href="/au/products/premium-services/threat-intelligence-services" style="font-weight: inherit;" title="Threat Intelligence Services">Threat Intelligence Services</a>:</strong> Knowledge is power when navigating the murky waters of cybersecurity threats. In comes Proofpoint’s Threat Intelligence Services, offering deep-dive analyses into prevailing risks coupled with pragmatic recommendations tailored towards mitigating vulnerabilities specific to email impersonation dangers across different operational scales and organisational requirements.</li> <li><strong><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="abc81c1f-1a1f-447e-87b7-43bf6a8e0b1b" href="/au/products/mitigate-human-risk" style="font-weight: inherit;" title="Mitigate Human Risk">Security Awareness Training</a>:</strong> A key component of Proofpoint’s strategy is empowering employees through education. This training equips staff with the knowledge to identify tell-tale signs of impersonation attacks, such as urgent requests that seem out of character or email addresses that just don’t look right.</li> </ul> <p>By arming organisations with these multifaceted solutions, Proofpoint ensures they are well-equipped to navigate and counteract complex cybersecurity challenges presented by modern-day impostors. To learn more, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6bc75608-952f-4867-8cc7-9d004280fdee" href="/au/contact" title="Contact Us"><strong>contact Proofpoint</strong></a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__sm"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--resources paragraph--view-mode--full resources-block _legacy_blocks _resources-block"> <div class="resources-block__wrapper"> <div class="resources-block__inner-wrapper"> <div class="resources-block__heading-wrapper"> <h3 class="resources-block__heading"> Related Resources </h3> </div> <div class="resources-block__resources"> <div about="/au/resources/data-sheets/email-protection" class="node--type--resource-item node--view-mode--teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 _legacy_content _resource"> <a class="resource-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/au/resources/data-sheets/email-protection"> <div class="resource-teaser-v3__image" data-type="data-sheet"></div> <h3 class="resource-teaser-v3__type">Data Sheet</h3> <h4 class="resource-teaser-v3__title"> Proofpoint Email Protection </h4> </a> </div> <div about="/au/blog/email-and-cloud-threats/raising-bar-detecting-and-responding-email-fraud-advanced-bec-defense" class="node--type--blog-post node--view-mode--teaser-v3 blog-teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 UNCONVERTED"> <a class="blog-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/au/blog/email-and-cloud-threats/raising-bar-detecting-and-responding-email-fraud-advanced-bec-defense"> <div class="blog-teaser-v3__image"></div> <h3 class="blog-teaser-v3__type">Blog</h3> <h4 class="blog-teaser-v3__title"> <span>Raising the Bar for Detecting and Responding to Email Fraud with Advanced BEC Defense</span> </h4> </a> </div> <div about="/au/blog/security-awareness-training/security-awareness-and-threat-intelligence-perfect-pairing" class="node--type--blog-post node--view-mode--teaser-v3 blog-teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 UNCONVERTED"> <a class="blog-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/au/blog/security-awareness-training/security-awareness-and-threat-intelligence-perfect-pairing"> <div class="blog-teaser-v3__image"></div> <h3 class="blog-teaser-v3__type">Blog</h3> <h4 class="blog-teaser-v3__title"> <span>Proofpoint Security Awareness and Threat Intelligence: The Perfect Pairing </span> </h4> </a> </div> <div about="/au/resources/try-security-awareness-training" class="node--type--resource-item node--view-mode--teaser-v3 resource-teaser-v3 _legacy_content _resource"> <a class="resource-teaser-v3__url _legacy_element _link" href="/au/resources/try-security-awareness-training"> <div class="resource-teaser-v3__image" data-type="awareness-material"></div> <h3 class="resource-teaser-v3__type">Awareness Material</h3> <h4 class="resource-teaser-v3__title"> Free Security Awareness Content </h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="resources-block__link-wrapper"> <a class="resources-block__link _legacy_element _link" href="/au/resources"> See more resources </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--space paragraph--view-mode--full space _legacy_customer _space"> <div class="space__wrapper"> <div class="space__item space__xl"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--cta-banner paragraph--view-mode--full cta-banner _legacy_ctas _cta-banner cta-banner--bg" data-background-image="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_conversion/public/cta-banner/cta-bkgd.jpg.webp?itok=tZl9397s"> <div class="cta-banner__wrapper"> <h2 class="cta-banner__heading"> Ready to Give Proofpoint a Try? </h2> <p class="cta-banner__body">Start with a free Proofpoint trial.</p> <div class="cta-banner__buttons"> <a href=/au/free-trial-request class="global-elements__cta-button--white" target="" > <span>Get Protected</span> <div class="global-elements__cta-button--arrow-wrapper"></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glossary__content-pager"> <div class="content-pager _legacy_blocks _content_pager"> <div class="content-pager__items-wrapper"> <div class="content-pager__items"> <div class="content-pager__item content-pager__item--prev"> <a href="/au/threat-reference/email-gateway" hreflang="en-au">Previous Glossary</a> </div> <div class="content-pager__item content-pager__item--next"> <a href="/au/threat-reference/email-scams" hreflang="en-au">Next Glossary</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> <div class="footer-v3" data-animate="true"> <div class="footer-v3__inner"> <nav class="footer-v3__nav"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">Products</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="/au/products/email-security-and-protection/email-protection">Email Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/au/products/advanced-threat-protection">Advanced Threat Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/au/products/archiving-and-compliance">Archive & Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/au/products/information-protection">Information Protection</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">Get Support</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="https://proofpointcommunities.force.com/community/s/" target="_blank">Support Login</a></li> <li><a href="/au/support-services">Support Services</a></li> <li><a href="/au/ipcheck">IP Address Blocked?</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">Connect with Us</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="tel:+61 2 8378 4250" class="icon-phone-ppoint">+61 2 8378 4250</a></li> <li><a href="/au/contact">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/au/contact#apj">Office Locations</a></li> <li><a href="/au/free-trial-request">Request a Demo</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-v3__nav-wrapper"> <div class="footer-v3__nav-heading">More</div> <ul class="footer-v3__nav-collapsible"> <li><a href="/au/company/about">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/au/company/careers">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/au/leadership-team">Leadership Team</a></li> <li><a href="/au/newsroom">News Center</a></li> <li><a href="/au/technology-platform">Nexus Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/au/legal/trust">Privacy and Trust</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="footer-v3__bottom-wrap"> <section class="footer-v3__bottom"> <div class="footer-v3__logo"> <a href="/au" class="footer-v3__logo-link"> <div class="footer-v3__logo-image"></div> </a> <div class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info">© 2025. All rights reserved. </div> </div> <div class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright"> <a class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info" href="/au/legal/license">Terms and conditions</a> <a class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info" href="/au/legal/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> <a class="footer-v3__bottom-copyright-info" href="/au/sitemap">Sitemap</a> </div> <ul class="footer-v3__bottom-social-menu"> <li> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/proofpoint" class="icon-facebook" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.twitter.com/proofpoint" class="icon-twitter" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/proofpoint" class="icon-linkedin" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIvtJgsrUzFo90NKeiVozhQ" class="icon-youtube-play" target="_blank"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/proofpoint" class="icon-instagram" target="_blank"></a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='//munchkin.marketo.net/munchkin.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script>Munchkin.init('309-RHV-619');</script><div class="element-invisible" style="clear:both;">  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var google_conversion_id = 950296937; var google_custom_params = window.google_tag_params; var google_remarketing_only = true; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion.js"> </script> <noscript> <div style="display:inline;"> <img height="1" width="1" style="border-style:none;" alt="" src="//googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/viewthroughconversion/950296937/?value=0&guid=ON&script=0"/> </div> </noscript></div> </div> <div id="flyout-container"></div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"au\/","currentPath":"node\/135596","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en-au"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxtkFFuAyEMRC8Ugqr-9DaRYR0WxWsj20TN7UuiKMtK_fQb4xmmgUJRaKvFRXsDOrcPOXduPVG1FZfTwF4zYUwkZZoUYcnat2Q7zMKO7KFBQZ2x4jQ5hATM88ZVxFHD_XtCihhcK9A4x0i7UkjSoEi4DTM7CGagj8CyTIZFpBCGqxyW15F_WDLcj6xymYHKO-wh3AZ6Q5dxU7edKpp0zRiq4z_Ywqgw33bBGuQpp-OvhyzUNx4526V-_XAk4NJHnWFBx-yiT-VtH7fOeb1VfjJD0LzG7pVer30d9USHxJDS61MfJkIJ9GQPGzljAsM_tO7Knw","theme":"particle","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"vwo":{"id":1002484,"timeout_library":2500,"timeout_setting":2000,"usejquery":"false","testnull":null},"pp_i18n":{"language":"au"},"instantsearch":{"indexName":"content","path":"search"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"d2c690dc50aab9a747cb007581c42f03855e8fe2ed922e6706b178b00522f212"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Gj7yAqXw15FtY3sC98x-qfVyvWoUB67ErhAqSc0B41o.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en-au&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="https://geoip-js.com/js/apis/geoip2/v2.1/geoip2.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_dfzxI1kBLIpbsNtAM8XOdI0AdbyzPfJ9AFJNYycoYfA.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en-au&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="//munchkin.marketo.net/munchkin.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_xbrjVWEwfp9YKnqP1VQiMJvuieVubGQeDbhYBBNXsQ8.js?scope=footer&delta=4&language=en-au&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/proofpoint/apps/drupal/../../dist/app-drupal/assets/js/app.js?q=i2DYus-sPBw&v=1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_LrBEJxb0kJ-3vhGGaGpr5iEXHcHS7mlydmiXQ2QU81g.js?scope=footer&delta=6&language=en-au&theme=particle&include=eJxNjFEOwjAMQy_EFPHHbaY0mDZam1RZen-YhASf9vPznLveH0adrS6u2J5ISHrc5twHx4F0GsukHWpXd4JDGq3Ufl45GwYo3Xvhj8SRKh0kHvjDXIxLUau_xfd8e3mMN5xAM9U"></script> <script src="//go.proofpoint.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-dc609d42ed81d429509","applicationID":"981470745","transactionName":"ZAdTbEEEChJRBxFcVl1Nck1AEQsMHwoKUVwdBV1XQBYFE0k=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":639,"atts":"SEBEGgkeGU0SBUcPQk4f","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

What Is an Email Impersonation Attack? | Proofpoint AU