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href="#Looking_Forward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Looking Forward</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looking_Forward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociocyberneering,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociocyberneering,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sociocyberneering, Inc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociocyberneering,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Venus_Project_and_later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Venus_Project_and_later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Venus Project and later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Venus_Project_and_later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_appraisals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_appraisals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Critical appraisals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_appraisals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critical appraisals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_appraisals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_Fresco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Fresco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Views on Fresco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Fresco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypothetical_form_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothetical_form_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hypothetical form of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothetical_form_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Question_of_utopianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Question_of_utopianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Question of utopianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Question_of_utopianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments_on_Fresco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_on_Fresco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Comments on Fresco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_on_Fresco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="جاك فريسكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاك فريسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak_Fresko" title="Jak Fresko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jak Fresko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Жак Фрэска – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жак Фрэска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Жак Фреско – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жак Фреско" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BA_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Ζακ Φρέσκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζακ Φρέσκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ژاک فرسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژاک فرسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Ժակ Ֆրեսկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժակ Ֆրեսկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95" title="ז'אק פרסקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אק פרסקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Жак Фреско – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жак Фреско" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaks_Fresko" title="Žaks Fresko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žaks Fresko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="جاك فريسكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاك فريسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Фреско, Жак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фреско, Жак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Жак Фреско – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жак Фреско" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jacque Fresco" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Жак Фреско – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жак Фреско" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jacque Fresco</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacque_Fresco_and_lemon_tree_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jacque_Fresco_and_lemon_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jacque_Fresco_and_lemon_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jacque_Fresco_and_lemon_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jacque_Fresco_and_lemon_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jacque_Fresco_and_lemon_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jacque_Fresco_and_lemon_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-03-13</span>)</span>March 13, 1916<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 18, 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-05-18)</span> (aged 101)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Sebring,_Florida" title="Sebring, Florida">Sebring, Florida</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">Futurist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-futurist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-futurist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-socialeng_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialeng-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_designer" title="Architectural designer">architectural designer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">industrial designer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#The_Venus_Project_and_later_career">The Venus Project</a>, resource-based economy ideas.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Looking Forward</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1969), <i>The Best That Money Can't Buy</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2002)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevenusproject.com">www<wbr />.thevenusproject<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jacque Fresco</b> (March 13, 1916 – May 18, 2017) was an American <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a><sup id="cite_ref-futurist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-futurist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and self-described <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-socialeng_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialeng-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Self-taught</a>, he worked in a variety of positions related to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>. </p><p>Fresco wrote and lectured his views on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">sustainable cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, natural-resource management, <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetic</a> technology, <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, and the role of science in society. He directed the Venus Project<sup id="cite_ref-The_Venus_Project_Inc._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Venus_Project_Inc.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advocated global implementation of a socioeconomic system which he referred to as a "resource-based economy".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Jacque Fresco was born on March 13, 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-1930_Census_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930_Census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grew up in a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> household,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the family's home in <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> borough of New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-orlando_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlando-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco's father was an agriculturist born in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey), while his mother Lena was an emigrant from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_View_from_Venus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_View_from_Venus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later turned his attention to <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_168,_169,_170_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_168,_169,_170-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A teenager during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, he spent time with friends discussing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, science, and the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_168,_169,_170_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_168,_169,_170-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco attended the <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League</a> before being "physically ejected" for loudly stating that "Karl Marx was wrong!" after a discussion with the league president during a meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_158-161_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_158-161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left home at the age of 14, hitchhiking and "jumping" trains as one of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Wild_Boys_of_the_Road" title="Wild Boys of the Road">Wild Boys of the Road</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-The_View_from_Venus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_View_from_Venus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_industry">Aircraft industry</h3></div> <p>Fresco worked at <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> during the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_158-161_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_158-161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presented designs including a <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a disk-shaped aircraft. Some of his designs were considered impractical at the time and Fresco's design ideas were not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-Rejected_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rejected-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco resigned from Douglas because of design disagreements.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_158-161_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_158-161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rejected_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rejected-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, Fresco was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_168,_169,_170_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_168,_169,_170-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacque_Army_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacque_Army-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assigned technical design duties for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Wright_Field#Wright_Field" title="Wilbur Wright Field">Wright Field</a> design laboratories in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_168,_169,_170_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_168,_169,_170-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rejected_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rejected-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scully_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trip_Moon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trip_Moon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One design he produced was a "radical variable camber wing" with which he attempted to optimize flight control by allowing the pilot to adjust the thickness and lift of the wings during flight.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco did not adjust to military life and was discharged.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_168,_169,_170_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_168,_169,_170-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worked for <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a> according to his Talk in Stockholm, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trend_Home">Trend Home</h3></div> <p>Fresco was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Madman_Muntz" title="Madman Muntz">Earl "Madman" Muntz</a>, to design low cost housing. Muntz invested $500,000 seed money in the project. Fresco, 32 years old at the time, along with his associates Harry Giaretto and Eli Catran conceived, designed and engineered a project house called the <i>Trend Home</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brochure_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brochure-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco came closest to traditional career success with this project. Built mostly of aluminum and glass, it was on prominent display at Stage 8 of the Warner Bros. Sunset Lot in Hollywood for three months. The home could be toured for one dollar, with proceeds going to the Cancer Prevention Society. In the summer of 1948, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a> official met Muntz about the project. The official's proposal, according to Muntz, would add a bureaucratic overhead negating the low production costs. Without federal or further private funding the project did not go into mass production. This experience led Fresco to the conclusion that society would have to change for his inventions to reach their potential.<sup id="cite_ref-orlando_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlando-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trend_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trend-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_Research_Laboratories">Scientific Research Laboratories</h3></div> <p>In the late 1940s, Fresco created and was director of Scientific Research Laboratories in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-Trip_Moon_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trip_Moon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_Research_Laboratories_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Research_Laboratories-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he also gave lectures, and taught technical design,<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_158-161_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_158-161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meanwhile researching and working on inventions as a freelance inventor and scientific consultant.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Fresco struggled to get his research funded<sup id="cite_ref-Frustrated_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frustrated-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and faced setbacks and financial difficulties. In 1955, Fresco left California after his laboratory was removed to build the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California" title="Interstate 5 in California">Golden State Freeway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_158-161_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_158-161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midlife">Midlife</h2></div> <p>In 1955 Fresco moved to <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida. He opened a business as a psychological consultant, but had no formal schooling in the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Receiving a "barrage of criticism" from the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> Fresco stopped that business.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a newspaper article from that time period Fresco claimed to have a degree from Sierra University, Los Angeles, California, which is unverified.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fresco described white supremacist organizations he joined to test the feasibility of changing people. He tells of joining a local <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils" title="Citizens' Councils">White Citizens Council</a> in an attempt to change their views about racial discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-TVPmag_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVPmag-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Miami Fresco presented designs of a circular city.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco made his living working as an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial designer</a> for various companies such as <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> and the Major Realty Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, with <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi" title="Pietro Belluschi">Pietro Belluschi</a> and C. Frederick Wise,<sup id="cite_ref-House_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco collaborated on a project known as the Sandwich House.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consisting of mostly prefabricated components, partitions, and aluminum, the project sold houses for $2,950, or $7,500 with foundation and all internal installations.<sup id="cite_ref-House_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Fresco supported his projects by designing prefabricated aluminum devices through Jacque Fresco Enterprises Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1955 to 1969 Fresco named his social ideas "Project Americana". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Looking_Forward"><i>Looking Forward</i></h3></div> <p><i>Looking Forward</i> was published in 1969. Author <a href="/wiki/Ken_Keyes_Jr." title="Ken Keyes Jr.">Ken Keyes Jr.</a>, and Jacque Fresco coauthored the book. <i>Looking Forward</i> is a speculative look at the future. The authors picture an ideal 'cybernetic society in which want has been banished and work and personal possessions no longer exist; individual gratification is the total concern'.<sup id="cite_ref-Lib_Journ_1971_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lib_Journ_1971-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociocyberneering,_Inc."><span id="Sociocyberneering.2C_Inc."></span>Sociocyberneering, Inc.</h3></div> <p>Fresco formed "Sociocyberneering", a membership organization claiming 250 members, according to an interview with Fresco.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hosted lectures in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Coast_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Coast-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco promoted his organization by lecturing at universities<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_Socio_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_Socio-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appearing on radio and television.<sup id="cite_ref-King_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Montage_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montage-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Fresco is presented as a 'Doctor' on the Larry King show there is no evidence of that being the case. Fresco did not complete high school.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco's "sociocyberneering" as a membership group was discontinued and land was purchased at another location in rural <a href="/wiki/Venus,_Florida" title="Venus, Florida">Venus, Florida</a>. He established his home and research center there.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Venus_Project_and_later_career">The Venus Project and later career</h2></div> <p>Fresco, with his partner Roxanne Meadows, founded <a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a> in 1985 and supported it in the 1990s through freelance inventing, industrial engineering, conventional architectural modeling, and invention consultations.<sup id="cite_ref-orlando_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlando-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Joseph" title="Peter Joseph">Peter Joseph</a> featured Fresco in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist_Addendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitgeist Addendum">Zeitgeist Addendum</a></i> where his ideas of the future were given as possible alternatives. Peter Joseph, founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">the Zeitgeist Movement</a> began advocating Fresco's approach. In April 2012, the two groups disassociated due to disagreements regarding goals and objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-orlando_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlando-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout 2010, Fresco traveled with Meadows worldwide to promote interest in the Venus Project.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012, Maja Borg screened her film, <i>Future My Love</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Film Festival">Edinburgh International Film Festival</a> featuring the work of Fresco and Roxanne Meadows.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_family">Personal life and family</h2></div> <p>Fresco was born to immigrants from the Middle East, Isaac and Lena Fresco.<sup id="cite_ref-1930_Census_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930_Census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was born in 1880<sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaac-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 1905 immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> to New York where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulturist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1930_Census_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930_Census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaac-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco's mother was born in 1887<sup id="cite_ref-Lena_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lena-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and also migrated to New York around 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-1930_Census_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930_Census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Lena_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lena-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco was brother to two siblings,<sup id="cite_ref-1930_Census_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930_Census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a sister, Freda, and a brother, David. </p><p>Fresco had two marriages when he lived in Los Angeles and carried his second marriage through his first couple of years in Miami.<sup id="cite_ref-Trip_Moon_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trip_Moon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divorced his second wife in 1957 and remained unmarried thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second wife, Patricia, gave birth to a son, Richard, in 1953 and a daughter, Bambi, in 1956. Richard was an army private<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bambi died of cancer in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fresco died on May 18, 2017, in his sleep at his home in <a href="/wiki/Sebring,_Florida" title="Sebring, Florida">Sebring, Florida</a>, from complications of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> at the age of 101.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Death_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roxanne Meadows assisted Fresco from 1976. As Fresco's <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partner</a> and administrative colleague, she oversees much of the management of the Venus Project.<sup id="cite_ref-orlando_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlando-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_appraisals">Critical appraisals</h2></div> <p>It's a "lack of professional engagement", <a href="/wiki/William_Gazecki" title="William Gazecki">William Gazecki</a> who in 2006 completed <i>Future by Design</i>, a feature-length profile of Jacque Fresco says, that hurt Fresco the most. "The real missing link in Jacque's world is having put Jacque to work," Gazecki says, "[It's] exemplified when people say: 'Well, show me some buildings he's built. And I don't mean the domes out in Venus. I mean, let's see an office building, let's see a manufacturing plant, let's see a circular city.' And that's where he should have been 30 years ago. He should have been applying his work, in the real world ... [but] he's not a collaborator, and I think that's why he's never had great public achievements."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When asked by a reporter why he had such difficulty actualizing his many ideas, Fresco responded, "Because I can't get to anybody."<sup id="cite_ref-7_News_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_News-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Fresco">Views on Fresco</h3></div> <p>Fresco's critical view of modern economics has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>'s concept of "the predatory phase in human development", according to an article in the journal <i>Society and Business Review.</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grønborg has labeled other facets of Fresco's ideology a "<i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a></i> approach".<sup id="cite_ref-According_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-According-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synergetics theorist Arthur Coulter called Fresco's city designs "organic" and "evolutionary", rather than revolutionary.<sup id="cite_ref-Synergetics_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synergetics-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coulter posits such cities as the answer to <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter B. Cannon">Walter B. Cannon</a>'s idea of achieving <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> for society.<sup id="cite_ref-Synergetics_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synergetics-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypothetical_form_of_government">Hypothetical form of government</h3></div> <p>Fresco described his form of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> in this way: "The aims of The Venus Project have no parallel in history, not with communism, socialism, fascism or any other political ideology. This is true because cybernation is of recent origin. With this system, the system of financial influence and control will no longer exist."<sup id="cite_ref-According_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-According-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert P. Murphy</a> has raised the <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">economic calculation problem</a> against a resource-based economy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a resource-based economy, Murphy believes there would be no ability to calculate the availability and desirability of resources because the price mechanism is not utilized. Addressing this aspect, another article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Austrian_Economics" title="Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics">Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics</a></i> states criticism of "central plannings" computation problem applies to the ideas of Fresco.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Question_of_utopianism">Question of utopianism</h3></div> <p>The Venus Project states on its website that it is not <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-about_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Institute_for_Futures_Studies" title="Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies">Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies</a>, Nikolina Olsen-Rule supports this idea, writing: "For most people, the promise of the project sounds like an unattainable utopia, but if you examine it more closely, there are surprisingly many scientifically founded arguments that open up an entire new world of possibilities."<sup id="cite_ref-Spaces_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaces-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morten Grønborg, also of Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies, comments that the Venus Project is "this visionary idea of a future society has many characteristics in common with the utopia. ... the word utopia carries a double meaning, since in Greek it can mean both the good place (eutopia) and the nonexisting place (outopia). A good place is precisely what Fresco has devoted his life to describing and fighting for."<sup id="cite_ref-morten_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morten-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_on_Fresco">Comments on Fresco</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Obrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Ulrich Obrist">Hans-Ulrich Obrist</a> wrote that "Fresco's future may, of course, seem outmoded and his writings have been subject to critique for their fascistic undertones of order and similitude, but his contributions are etched in the popular psyche and his eco-friendly concepts continue to influence our present generation of progressive architects, city planners and designers."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fresco's work gained the attention of science fiction enthusiast and critic <a href="/wiki/Forrest_J_Ackerman" title="Forrest J Ackerman">Forrest J Ackerman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolfe_168,_169,_170_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfe_168,_169,_170-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresco later attracted <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> animator, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Drexler" title="Doug Drexler">Doug Drexler</a>, who worked with Fresco to produce several computer renderings of his designs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commenting on Fresco, physicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Hewitt" title="Paul G. Hewitt">Paul G. Hewitt</a> wrote that Fresco inspired him toward a career in physical science.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3></div> <p>In July 2016, Jacque Fresco received a Novus Summit award for City Design/Community. Novus Summit is supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a> (UN DESA).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Jacque Fresco</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=4187492">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=4187492&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFwith_Keyes1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Keyes_Jr." title="Ken Keyes Jr.">with Keyes, Ken</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/LookingForwardV2/Looking-Forward-v2#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>Looking Forward</i></a>. South Brunswick, New Jersey: A.S. Barnes. (1969). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-498-06752-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-498-06752-1"><bdi>0-498-06752-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21606">21606</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Forward&rft.place=South+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes.+%281969%29&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21606&rft.isbn=0-498-06752-1&rft.aulast=with+Keyes&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FLookingForwardV2%2FLooking-Forward-v2%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbktHAAACAAJ"><i>Introduction to Sociocyberneering</i></a>. Lidiraven Books. 1977. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6036204">6036204</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sociocyberneering&rft.pub=Lidiraven+Books&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6036204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbktHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheVenusProjectTheRedesignOfCulture/1995-TheVenusProject-TheRedesignOfCulturee-book#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>The Venus Project: The Redesign of Culture</i></a>. Venus, Florida: Global Cyber-Visions. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9648806-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9648806-0-1"><bdi>0-9648806-0-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33896367">33896367</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venus+Project%3A+The+Redesign+of+Culture&rft.place=Venus%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Global+Cyber-Visions&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33896367&rft.isbn=0-9648806-0-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheVenusProjectTheRedesignOfCulture%2F1995-TheVenusProject-TheRedesignOfCulturee-book%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestthatmoneycan0000fres"><i>The Best that Money Can't Buy: Beyond Politics, Poverty & War</i></a></span>. Venus, Florida: Global Cyber-Visions. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9648806-7-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9648806-7-9"><bdi>0-9648806-7-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49931422">49931422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+that+Money+Can%27t+Buy%3A+Beyond+Politics%2C+Poverty+%26+War&rft.place=Venus%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Global+Cyber-Visions&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49931422&rft.isbn=0-9648806-7-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestthatmoneycan0000fres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevenusproject.com/downloads/ebooks/designing_the_future/Jacque_Fresco-Designing_the_Future.pdf"><i>Designing the Future</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Venus, Florida: The Venus Project, Inc. 2007. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/568770383">568770383</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+the+Future&rft.place=Venus%2C+Florida&rft.pub=The+Venus+Project%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F568770383&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevenusproject.com%2Fdownloads%2Febooks%2Fdesigning_the_future%2FJacque_Fresco-Designing_the_Future.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">The Zeitgeist Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-futurist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-futurist_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-futurist_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/35738663/entire-issue-instituttet-for-fremtidsforskning/15">"The World According to Fresco"</a>. IFF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+According+to+Fresco&rft.pub=IFF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F35738663%2Fentire-issue-instituttet-for-fremtidsforskning%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-socialeng-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-socialeng_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-socialeng_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotsub.com/view/b0b989f8-f5c8-4de8-96d7-66ab43a16915">"Jacque Fresco – Social Engineer – Legendado Português"</a>. dotsub<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacque+Fresco+%E2%80%93+Social+Engineer+%E2%80%93+Legendado+Portugu%C3%AAs.&rft.pub=dotsub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotsub.com%2Fview%2Fb0b989f8-f5c8-4de8-96d7-66ab43a16915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406143441/http://www.thevenusproject.com/downloads/ebooks/looking_forward/Looking-Forward-v2.pdf">"Looking Forward"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevenusproject.com/downloads/ebooks/looking_forward/Looking-Forward-v2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+Forward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevenusproject.com%2Fdownloads%2Febooks%2Flooking_forward%2FLooking-Forward-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304004823/http://zgm.se/files/Books/The-Best-That-Money-Cant-Buy.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zgm.se/files/Books/The-Best-That-Money-Cant-Buy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzgm.se%2Ffiles%2FBooks%2FThe-Best-That-Money-Cant-Buy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Venus_Project_Inc.-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Venus_Project_Inc._5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220005158/http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResultDetail/EntityName/domnp-n94000000493-3467f9d7-a3a9-440c-9568-0e060272ffd1/The%20Venus%20Project/Page1"><i>Diverse City, Inc.</i></a>, Florida Department of State Division of Corporations, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResultDetail/EntityName/domnp-n94000000493-3467f9d7-a3a9-440c-9568-0e060272ffd1/The%20Venus%20Project/Page1">the original</a> on December 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diverse+City%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=Florida+Department+of+State+Division+of+Corporations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.sunbiz.org%2FInquiry%2FCorporationSearch%2FSearchResultDetail%2FEntityName%2Fdomnp-n94000000493-3467f9d7-a3a9-440c-9568-0e060272ffd1%2FThe%2520Venus%2520Project%2FPage1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzirIG55fkE">"TEDxOjai – Jacque Fresco – Resource Based Economy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TEDxOjai+%E2%80%93+Jacque+Fresco+%E2%80%93+Resource+Based+Economy&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfzirIG55fkE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23799590">"BBC News – Tomorrow's cities: How the Venus Project is redesigning the future"</a>. 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(March 3, 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspaperarchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=35636251&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=3&currentPage=0&fpo=False">"Frustrated Genius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Olean_Times_Herald" title="Olean Times Herald">Olean Times Herald</a></i>. New York. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Olean+Times+Herald&rft.atitle=Frustrated+Genius&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1950-03-03&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Tamara.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspaperarchive.com%2FViewer.aspx%3Fimg%3D35636251%26firstvisit%3Dtrue%26src%3Dsearch%26currentResult%3D3%26currentPage%3D0%26fpo%3DFalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827075657/http://www.thevenusproject.com/images/stories/archived-media/Newspapers/1956%20-%20MiamiHerald/Binder1.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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May 28, 1961. pp. 1R, 8R.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%242%2C950+House+Shell+Made+of+Aluminum&rft.pages=1R%2C+8R&rft.date=1961-05-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorporation1967" class="citation cs2">Corporation, Bonnier (March 1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yADAAAAMBAJ&q=jacque%20fresco%20science&pg=PA215">"We've Changed The Rules"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>, <b>190V</b> (3): 215</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=We%27ve+Changed+The+Rules&rft.volume=190V&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1967-03&rft.aulast=Corporation&rft.aufirst=Bonnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yADAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Djacque%2520fresco%2520science%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>II. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonGuptill1967" class="citation cs2">Watson, Ernest William; Guptill, Arthur Leighton (March 1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVQ9AAAAMAAJ">"Rack 'Em Up"</a>, <i>American Artist</i>, <b>31</b> (3): 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Artist&rft.atitle=Rack+%27Em+Up&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1967-03&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Ernest+William&rft.au=Guptill%2C+Arthur+Leighton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVQ9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>III. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Pamper Your Pipes", <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i>: 163, March 1967</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=Pamper+Your+Pipes&rft.pages=163&rft.date=1967-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>IV. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResultDetail/EntityName/domp-307282-5bb6b9fc-5cf5-4950-bba7-215fcb624850/Jacque%20Fresco%20Enterprises%20Inc/Page1"><i>Jacque Fresco Enterprises Inc.</i></a>, Florida Department of State Division of Corporations<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacque+Fresco+Enterprises+Inc.&rft.pub=Florida+Department+of+State+Division+of+Corporations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.sunbiz.org%2FInquiry%2FCorporationSearch%2FSearchResultDetail%2FEntityName%2Fdomp-307282-5bb6b9fc-5cf5-4950-bba7-215fcb624850%2FJacque%2520Fresco%2520Enterprises%2520Inc%2FPage1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacque+Fresco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lib_Journ_1971-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lib_Journ_1971_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1970" class="citation cs2">Cross, Michael S. 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left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_LKW5byYmw"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Welcome to the Future</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (1998)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBjr-uSEFcI"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Cities in the Sea</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (2002)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3Z9AIAIU_E"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Self-erecting Structures</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (2002)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6_-XT97Yu8"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Designing the Future</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (2006)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KphWsnhZ4Ag"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Paradise or Oblivion</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (2012)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" 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title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Neurocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_theory" title="Catastrophe theory">Catastrophe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">Engineering cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" title="Medical cybernetics">Medical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersemiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersemiotics">Cybersemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberneticist" title="Cyberneticist">Cyberneticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Lyapunov" title="Alexey Lyapunov">Alexey Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacque Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" title="Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Mazur" title="Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">N. Katherine Hayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Bekhtereva" title="Natalia Bekhtereva">Natalia Bekhtereva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" title="Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trappl" title="Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" title="Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" title="Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Valentin Braitenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210315#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000042505833">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4187492">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1524879/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR7rGqrmmM7bywmVfH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/13979610X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95115881">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=324538">Greece</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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