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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Oorsprong_van_de_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oorsprong_van_de_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Oorsprong van de term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oorsprong_van_de_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Componenten_van_de_staat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Componenten_van_de_staat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Componenten van de staat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Componenten_van_de_staat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Componenten van de staat-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Componenten_van_de_staat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bevolking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bevolking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bevolking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grondgebied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grondgebied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grondgebied</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grondgebied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politieke_en_wettelijke_organisatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politieke_en_wettelijke_organisatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Politieke en wettelijke organisatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politieke_en_wettelijke_organisatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morele_persoonlijkheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morele_persoonlijkheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Morele persoonlijkheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morele_persoonlijkheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soevereiniteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soevereiniteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Soevereiniteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soevereiniteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitoefening_van_de_machten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitoefening_van_de_machten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Uitoefening van de machten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uitoefening_van_de_machten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontstaan_en_evolutie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontstaan_en_evolutie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ontstaan en evolutie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontstaan_en_evolutie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uiteenlopende_perspectieven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uiteenlopende_perspectieven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uiteenlopende perspectieven</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uiteenlopende_perspectieven-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uiteenlopende perspectieven-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uiteenlopende_perspectieven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marxistisch_perspectief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxistisch_perspectief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Marxistisch perspectief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxistisch_perspectief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberale_democratie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberale_democratie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liberale democratie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberale_democratie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Staat (politiek)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 179 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="አገር ግዛት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አገር ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܬܪܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܬܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="دوله – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u" title="Estáu – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Пачалихъ – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пачалихъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Dövlət – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دؤولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Дәүләт – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valst%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Valstībė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Valstībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri" title="Negeri – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Negeri" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Държава – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="রাষ্ট্র – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Estat (política) – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat (política)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Пачхьалкх – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пачхьалкх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دەوڵەت – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t" title="Stát – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stw%C3%B2" title="Państwò – Kasjoebisch" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Państwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kasjoebisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Патшалăх – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladwriaeth" title="Gwladwriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwladwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlete" title="Dewlete – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dewlete" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Nedersorbisch" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity) – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="State (polity)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctato" title="Ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu" title="Estatu – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydi" title="Leydi – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Leydi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtio" title="Valtio – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A2t" title="Stât – Friulisch" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steat" title="Steat – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t_(polait%C3%AD)" title="Stát (polaití) – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stát (polaití)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ta" title="Léta – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léta" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3" title="Tetã – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaha" title="Jaha – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jaha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moku%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Mokuʻāina – Hawaïaans" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokuʻāina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaïaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדינה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta" title="Eta – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llam" title="Állam – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պետություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(pemerintahan)" title="Negara (pemerintahan) – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara (pemerintahan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Паччахьалкхе – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Паччахьалкхе" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADki" title="Ríki – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახელმწიფო – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1mleket" title="Mámleket – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mámleket" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awanak" title="Awanak – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Awanak" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Къэрал – Kabardisch" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэрал" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewiya%C9%A3_%C9%9Bja%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мемлекет – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B" title="រដ្ឋ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="국가 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму – Komi-Permjaaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permjaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кърал – Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кърал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet" title="Dewlet – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewlet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мамлекет – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мамлекет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%A1" title="Letá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Letá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ລັດ – Laotiaans" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laotiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstyb%C4%97" title="Valstybė – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts" title="Valsts – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Negara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кирдемасторсь – Moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кирдемасторсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana" title="Fanjakana – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кугыжаныш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രാഷ്ട്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Улс – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(politik)" title="Negara (politik) – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara (politik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado" title="Stado – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stado" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кирдимастор – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кирдимастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Napolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Napolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat" title="Estat – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Паддзахад – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Паддзахад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7)" title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_(politica)" title="Estado (politica) – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estado (politica)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Paltsisch" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Paltsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος – Pontisch" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_llaqta" title="Mama llaqta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mama llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadi" title="Stadi – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Stadi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – Aroemeens" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aroemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Государство – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Штат – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ил – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadu" title="Istadu – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="رياست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA)" title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය) – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%A1t" title="Štát – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat%C3%A2" title="Staatâ – Inari-Samisch" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Staatâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlad" title="Dowlad – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dowlad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti" title="Shteti – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola" title="Dola – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Давлат – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="รัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri" title="Kantri – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kantri" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet" title="Devlet – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiko" title="Tiko – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tiko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Дәүләт – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Кун – Oedmoerts" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кун" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Oedmoerts" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Держава – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat" title="Davlat – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdkund" title="Valdkund – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Valdkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Nhà nước – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ew" title="Réew – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réew" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%EF%BC%89" title="国（政治） – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国（政治）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახენწჷფო – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სახენწჷფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדינה – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מדינה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%BD" title="ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94)" title="國 (政治實體) – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國 (政治實體)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" title="國 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-kok" title="Pang-kok – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pang-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" title="國 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-woordenboek" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="tpl_Woordenboek"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/staat" title="Zoek dit woord op in WikiWoordenboek"><img alt="Zoek dit woord op in WikiWoordenboek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Een <b>staat</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%ABrarchie" title="Hiërarchie">hiërarchische</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek">politieke</a> organisatie die <a href="/wiki/Gezag" title="Gezag">gezag</a> uitoefent over een land. Het staatsgezag is <a href="/wiki/Legitimiteit_(politiek)" title="Legitimiteit (politiek)">gelegitimeerd</a> door een vorm van <a href="/wiki/Recht" title="Recht">recht</a>, waarvan de naleving wordt afgedwongen met het <a href="/wiki/Geweldsmonopolie" title="Geweldsmonopolie">geweldsmonopolie</a>, het alleenrecht van de <a href="/wiki/Overheid" title="Overheid">overheid</a> op het gebruik van geweld. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Politicologie" title="Politicologie">politicologie</a> wordt aan deze definitie het <a href="/wiki/Moderne_tijd" title="Moderne tijd">moderne</a> begrip <a href="/wiki/Soevereiniteit" title="Soevereiniteit">soevereiniteit</a> toegevoegd, maar in de geschiedenis en antropologie wordt dit niet als wezenskenmerk beschouwd, zodat ook van staten kan worden gesproken vóór de moderne tijd.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Political_map_of_the_World_(November_2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Political_map_of_the_World_%28November_2011%29.png/400px-Political_map_of_the_World_%28November_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Political_map_of_the_World_%28November_2011%29.png/600px-Political_map_of_the_World_%28November_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Political_map_of_the_World_%28November_2011%29.png/800px-Political_map_of_the_World_%28November_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4572" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Staatkundige kaart van de Wereld</figcaption></figure> <p>Een gebruikelijk synoniem is <b>land</b>, maar dat woord heeft meer betekenissen zoals: stuk landbouwgrond, persoonlijk onroerend goed, tegengestelde van zee. Het komt voor dat een staat (gedwongen of vrijwillig) een deel van zijn machtsmiddelen overdraagt aan een andere staat, of dat staten, via een <a href="/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme">federaal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Confederatie" title="Confederatie">confederaal</a>-verband, een deel van hun machtsmiddelen overdragen aan een overkoepelende staat. In het laatste geval worden ze <a href="/wiki/Deelstaat" title="Deelstaat">deelstaten</a> van het overkoepelende verband. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oorsprong_van_de_term">Oorsprong van de term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Oorsprong van de term" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Oorsprong van de term"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het woord staat verkreeg zijn algemeen gebruik dankzij de verspreiding en het aanzien van <i><a href="/wiki/De_vorst" title="De vorst">De vorst</a></i> van <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, dat als volgt begint: <i>Alle staten en domeinen die de mensheid beheersten of beheersen, zijn republieken of monarchieën.</i> Op dat moment werd het woord al gebruikt; sinds de 15de en de 16de eeuw was de betekenis van het Latijnse <i>status</i> al verschoven van "toestand" tot de huidige betekenis van staat - anders had Machiavelli het woord niet zonder verklaring in die betekenis kunnen gebruiken. Tot dan was de hoogste organisatievorm van een groep mensen op een territorium aangeduid met de termen <i>civitas</i>, als vertaling van het Griekse <i>polis,</i> en <i>res publica</i> (vgl. "republiek"), wat bij <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rome" title="Oude Rome">Romeinse</a> auteurs sloeg op het geheel van alle politieke instellingen.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Componenten_van_de_staat">Componenten van de staat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Componenten van de staat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Componenten van de staat"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De moderne staat is samengesteld uit een aantal specifieke elementen die hem zijn voornaamste karakteristieken geven. Deze elementen zijn (volgens het <a href="/wiki/Internationaal_recht" title="Internationaal recht">internationale recht</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="#Bevolking">Bevolking</a></li> <li><a href="#Grondgebied">Grondgebied</a></li> <li><a href="#Politieke_en_wettelijke_organisatie">Politieke en wettelijke organisatie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bevolking">Bevolking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bevolking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bevolking"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De bevolking bestaat uit onderdanen van de staat. Deze onderdanen vormen één of meer volk(eren) of <a href="/wiki/Natie" title="Natie">naties</a>. Hoewel we het in de 21e eeuw in de <a href="/wiki/Westerse_wereld" title="Westerse wereld">Westerse wereld</a> bijna als vanzelfsprekend beschouwen dat een staat één natie samenbindt en vertegenwoordigt, is dit niet altijd het geval. Er bestaan ook plurinationale staten of meervolkerenstaten. Als een staat één natie samenbindt en vertegenwoordigt, wordt ook wel van een nationale staat of <a href="/wiki/Natiestaat" title="Natiestaat">natiestaat</a> gesproken. Het begrip <a href="/wiki/Nationaliteit" title="Nationaliteit">nationaliteit</a> wordt soms gebruikt om aan te duiden dat iemand een onderdaan is van een bepaalde staat, ook al strekt het gezag van deze staat zich uit over meer volken of naties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grondgebied">Grondgebied</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Grondgebied" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Grondgebied"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het grondgebied bepaalt de geografische zone waarin de staat zijn bevoegdheden kan uitoefenen. Hieruit volgt een van de voornaamste zorgen van de staat, namelijk het afbakenen van zijn <a href="/wiki/Territorium_(afhankelijk_gebied)" title="Territorium (afhankelijk gebied)">territorium</a>, zowel ter land, ter zee als in de lucht. Deze bepaling heet ook wel het <a href="/wiki/Territorialiteitsbeginsel" title="Territorialiteitsbeginsel">territorialiteitsbeginsel</a>. </p><p>Voor de oude staten stelt het bepalen van grenzen geen problemen. Voor de jongere staten die bijvoorbeeld hun grenzen na de koloniale periode hebben gekregen, of nog recenter wat de voormalige <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjetstaten</a> betreft, is dat echter niet zo voor de hand liggend. Bovendien staan enkele elementen van de afbakening geregeld ter discussie. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politieke_en_wettelijke_organisatie">Politieke en wettelijke organisatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Politieke en wettelijke organisatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Politieke en wettelijke organisatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De politieke en wettelijke organisatie is bedoeld om het behoud en de continuïteit van de natie op haar grondgebied te garanderen. Deze organisatie vertoont drie kenmerken: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morele_persoonlijkheid">Morele persoonlijkheid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Morele persoonlijkheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Morele persoonlijkheid"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De staat is een entiteit, voorzien van machten en rechten met een eigen en onafhankelijk bestaan t.o.v. zijn leden, en in het bijzonder van zijn bestuurders. De staat is permanent: de veranderingen die opduiken bij zijn samenstelling hebben geen invloed op zijn bestaan, noch op de duur van zijn beslissingen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soevereiniteit">Soevereiniteit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Soevereiniteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Soevereiniteit"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Soevereine_staat" title="Soevereine staat">Soevereine staat</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Een staat is soeverein als hij zijn gezag niet ontvangt van een andere sociale organisatie en er geen enkele andere sociale groep bestaat die superieur is aan de staat. De staat is soeverein zowel in het internationale als in het interne bestel. Soevereiniteit kan echter wel vrijwillig worden beperkt. Dit gebeurt door o.a. <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Cookeilanden" title="Cookeilanden">Cookeilanden</a>, die aan <a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Zeeland" title="Nieuw-Zeeland">Nieuw-Zeeland</a> vragen hun buitenlandse zaken te regelen. </p><p>Om zich te doen respecteren heeft de staat het <a href="/wiki/Geweldsmonopolie" title="Geweldsmonopolie">monopolie van de georganiseerde dwang</a> in handen (gerechtsapparaat, politie, leger). Volgens <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_(socioloog)" title="Max Weber (socioloog)">Max Weber</a> wordt de staat trouwens gedefinieerd door het monopolie van de wettelijke toepassing van geweld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uitoefening_van_de_machten">Uitoefening van de machten</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Uitoefening van de machten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Uitoefening van de machten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men kan de machten van de staat in twee grote categorieën verdelen: </p> <ul><li>De macht om de samenleving te organiseren: de staat kan aan de hand van wettelijke bepalingen de activiteiten van zijn burgers reglementeren.</li> <li>De macht om op bepaalde vlakken initiatieven te nemen: zo levert de staat aan de gemeenschap diensten en goederen (deze functie is momenteel belangrijker dan in de 19e eeuw).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontstaan_en_evolutie">Ontstaan en evolutie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontstaan en evolutie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontstaan en evolutie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De oudste voorbeelden van staten zijn de <a href="/wiki/Stadstaat" title="Stadstaat">stadstaten</a> van de klassieke oudheid (in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Oude_Egypte" title="Oude Egypte">Oude Egypte</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Oude_Griekenland" title="Oude Griekenland">Oude Griekenland</a>) en van <a href="/wiki/Meso-Amerika" title="Meso-Amerika">Meso-Amerika</a>. In het 4de millennium v.Chr. brachten de landbouwgronden in Mesopotamië en in Egypte een voldoende hoog overschot op om staatsvorming mogelijk te maken, door de bouw en het systematische onderhoud van een uitgebreid <a href="/wiki/Irrigatie" title="Irrigatie">irrigatiesysteem</a>. Die activiteiten vereisten op hun beurt een vorm van centraal gezag. Een bevoorrechte priesterklasse oefende de macht uit en nam de verantwoordelijkheid voor het juiste contact met de goden. In <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerië</a> was de monarch (de <a href="/wiki/Lugal" title="Lugal">lugal</a>) de vertegenwoordiger van God op aarde; in Egypte was de <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao</a> zelf een god. <a href="/wiki/Klimaatverandering" title="Klimaatverandering">Klimaatveranderingen</a>, en met name langdurige droogtes, luidden niet alleen hongersnood in, maar ook politieke onrust.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imperiumstaten, zoals het <a href="/wiki/Babyloni%C3%AB" title="Babylonië">Babylonische</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Rijk" title="Romeinse Rijk">Romeinse Rijk</a>, ontstonden door geleidelijke veroveringen vanuit een stadstaat. Ook in de late <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">Middeleeuwen</a> en in de <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Tijd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuwe Tijd">Nieuwe Tijd</a> zijn stadstaten de eerste soevereine eenheden die zich onttrekken aan het feodale gezag.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De moderne staat, gebaseerd op het legitiem geweldmonopolie binnen een welomschreven grondgebied, ontstond als begrip in het internationale recht in de 19e eeuw. Sinds het einde van de 18de eeuw bestaat er een sterk verband tussen de staat en de <a href="/wiki/Natie" title="Natie">natie</a>: de natiestaat ontleent zijn legitimiteit aan het zelfbeschikkingsrecht der volkeren (<a href="/wiki/Nationalisme" title="Nationalisme">nationalisme</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uiteenlopende_perspectieven">Uiteenlopende perspectieven</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Uiteenlopende perspectieven" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Uiteenlopende perspectieven"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debatten over de rol van de staat worden vaak bemoeilijkt door onenigheid over wat de staat precies is. Wetenschappers hebben bovendien gewezen op de tweezijdige natuur van de staat: enerzijds naar binnen, als houder van het gezag, en anderzijds naar buiten, als legitieme speler in een internationale context.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxistisch_perspectief">Marxistisch perspectief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Marxistisch perspectief" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Marxistisch perspectief"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het <a href="/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme">communisme</a> heeft de staat al vroeg, in de geschriften van <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> en <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, beschouwd als nauw verweven met het <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a>. Historisch is de relatie tussen de staat en het kapitaal door marxisten vanuit verschillende perspectieven beschreven:<sup id="cite_ref-barrow_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrow-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalisme" title="Instrumentalisme">instrumentalisme</a>: de moderne staat is het instrument waarmee de leidende klasse de stabiliteit van het klassensysteem handhaaft;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralisme_(sociale_wetenschappen)" title="Structuralisme (sociale wetenschappen)">structuralisme</a>: de staat moet de sociale structuur van de kapitalistische maatschappij (de productieverhoudingen) beschermen en herstellen in zoverre dit niet vanzelf bereikt wordt door economische processen;</li> <li>derivationisme: de diverse staatsvormen in de geschiedenis weerspiegelen de onderliggende logica van de ontwikkeling van het kapitalisme.</li></ul> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Bolsjewiek" title="Bolsjewiek">bolsjewistische</a> leiders in de <a href="/wiki/Russische_Revolutie" title="Russische Revolutie">Russische Revolutie</a> waren dan ook aanvankelijk niet van plan een socialistische staat te stichten; hun streven naar een internationale arbeidersopstand mondde uit in dure gewapende conflicten met de anticommunistische regeringen in de buurlanden en grootmachten zoals het <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a>. Dit streven eindigde formeel in 1924 toen <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Stalin" title="Jozef Stalin">Jozef Stalin</a> de doctrine aannam van het <i>socialisme in één land,</i> feitelijk de oprichting van de <a href="/wiki/Marxistisch-leninistische_staat" title="Marxistisch-leninistische staat">socialistische staat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberale_democratie">Liberale democratie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Liberale democratie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Liberale democratie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volgens David Held<sup id="cite_ref-held_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-held-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wordt het staatsbegrip vaak verbonden met de notie van een onpersoonlijke en bevoorrechte juridische of constitutionele orde die de mogelijkheid bezit een gegeven grondgebied te beheren en te beheersen. De <a href="/wiki/Wereldbank" title="Wereldbank">Wereldbank</a> publiceerde in 1997 de volgende definitie:<sup id="cite_ref-lee_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>[...] een verzameling instellingen die de middelen tot legitieme dwang bezitten, uitgeoefend over een welbepaald grondgebied en zijn bevolking, maatschappij genoemd. De staat eist het alleenrecht op tot het vestigen van regels op zijn grondgebied door middel van een georganiseerde regering.</i></dd></dl> <p>De liberaal-democratische traditie interpreteert de rol van de staat in termen van een instelling die haar legitimiteit ontleent aan het feit dat ze verantwoording aflegt aan de bevolking door een systeem van representatieve democratie. De democratische staat geniet soevereiniteit over zijn grondgebied, maar is op zijn beurt onderworpen aan de volkssoevereiniteit van de kiezers van wie ze het openbaar belang moet verdedigen.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68175564">.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ul,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5714285em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.6em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst figure{break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{clear:both}}</style><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:20em; column-count:4; max-width:83em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_landen_van_de_wereld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van landen van de wereld">Lijst van landen van de wereld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgische_Staat" title="Belgische Staat">Belgische Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staat_der_Nederlanden" title="Staat der Nederlanden">Staat der Nederlanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Staten van de Verenigde Staten">Staten van de Verenigde Staten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federale_staat" class="mw-redirect" title="Federale staat">Federale staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statenbond" class="mw-redirect" title="Statenbond">Statenbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisme" title="Centralisme">Centralisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrijstaat_(staatsvorm)" title="Vrijstaat (staatsvorm)">Vrijstaat (staatsvorm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadstaat" title="Stadstaat">Stadstaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maatschappelijke_instorting" title="Maatschappelijke instorting">Maatschappelijke instorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufferstaat" title="Bufferstaat">Bufferstaat</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Charles S. Maier, <i>Leviathan 2.0: Inventing Modern Statehood</i>, 2014. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780674281325" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780674281325">ISBN 9780674281325</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staat_(politiek)&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Noten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2000_p._12_e.v."><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. H. Hansen</span> (2000). <cite><i>A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures</i></cite>. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, p. 12 e.v. "Sociologists, anthropologists, archaeologists and historians (...) avail themselves of a broader concept of state according to which the term applies to, e.g., ancient Egypt, China since antiquity, France since the Middle Ages, the Inca empire before the Spanish conquest, and Kuba in Congo before the Belgian colonisation."</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBobbio1989_57-58"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bobbio, Norberto</span> (1989). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracydictato0000bobb">Democracy and Dictatorship: The Nature and Limits of State Power (vert. van Stato, governo, società: Per una teoria generale della politica)</a></i></cite>. Polity Press, Minneapolis, "Hoofdstuk 3, State, Power and Government: The name and the thing", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracydictato0000bobb/page/57">57</a>-58.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFNelson2006_10-12"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Nelson, Brian R.</span> (2006). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmodernstat00nels">The Making of the Modern State</a></i></cite>. Palgrave MacMillan, New York, "Hoofdstuk 2: State Formations", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmodernstat00nels/page/n20">10</a>-12. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/1%E2%80%934039%E2%80%937189%E2%80%937" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/1–4039–7189–7">ISBN 1–4039–7189–7</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lee_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lee, Simon</span>, lemma <i>state, the</i> in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jones, R.J. Barry</span> (red.), "Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy," Routledge 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barrow-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-barrow_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBarrow1993"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barrow, Clyde W.</span> (1993). <cite><i>Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist</i></cite>. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-299-13710-4" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-299-13710-4">ISBN 0-299-13710-4</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-held-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-held_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Held, David</span>, <i>Introduction: Central perspectives on the modern state,</i> in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Held, David</span> <i>et al.</i> (reds.), "States and Societies," Blackwell 1983.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output 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monarchie">constitutionele monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_monarchie" title="Islamitische monarchie">islamitische monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kiesmonarchie" title="Kiesmonarchie">kiesmonarchie</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Oligarchie" title="Oligarchie">oligarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plutocratie" title="Plutocratie">plutocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republiek_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republiek (hoofdbetekenis)">republiek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directoriaal_systeem" title="Directoriaal systeem">directoriale republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parlementaire_republiek" title="Parlementaire republiek">parlementaire republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Presidentieel_systeem" title="Presidentieel systeem">presidentiële republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Semipresidentieel_systeem" title="Semipresidentieel systeem">semipresidentiële republiek</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Theocratie" title="Theocratie">theocratie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">kalifaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pontificaat" title="Pontificaat">pontificaat</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie">Ideologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bi-nationale_staat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-nationale staat">bi-nationale staat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directe_democratie" title="Directe democratie">directe democratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ochlocratie" title="Ochlocratie">ochlocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parlementaire_democratie" title="Parlementaire democratie">parlementaire democratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meerpartijenstelsel" title="Meerpartijenstelsel">meerpartijenstelsel</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_republiek" title="Islamitische republiek">islamitische republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meritocratie" title="Meritocratie">meritocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenpartijstelsel" title="Eenpartijstelsel">eenpartijstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plutocratie" title="Plutocratie">plutocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Technocratie" title="Technocratie">technocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek" title="Volksrepubliek">volksrepubliek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radenrepubliek" title="Radenrepubliek">radenrepubliek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Socialistische_sovjetrepubliek" title="Socialistische sovjetrepubliek">socialistische sovjetrepubliek</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Regeringsvorm" title="Regeringsvorm">Regeringsvorm</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Centralisme" title="Centralisme">centralisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenheidsstaat" title="Eenheidsstaat">eenheidsstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme">federalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(staatsvorm)" title="Condominium (staatsvorm)">condominium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Confederatie" title="Confederatie">confederatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vazalstaat" title="Vazalstaat">vazalstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Natiestaat" title="Natiestaat">natiestaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschavingsstaat" title="Beschavingsstaat">beschavingsstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Supranationalisme" title="Supranationalisme">supranationalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Superstaat" title="Superstaat">superstaat</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Zie ook:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Diarchie" title="Diarchie">diarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Driemanschap" title="Driemanschap">driemanschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchie" title="Tetrarchie">tetrarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pseudocratie" title="Pseudocratie">pseudocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gerontocratie" title="Gerontocratie">gerontocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kleptocratie" title="Kleptocratie">kleptocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Personele_unie" title="Personele unie">personele unie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/staat" class="extiw" 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