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<li id="toc-1984–1999:_Comeback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984–1999:_Comeback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1984–1999: Comeback </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984–1999:_Comeback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–2020:_Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2020:_Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2000–2020: Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2020:_Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationships_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Relationships and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Drug use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_problems_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_problems_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Health problems and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_problems_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribute_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Tribute in film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Discography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Little Richard</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ليتل ريتشارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليتل ريتشارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litl_Ri%C3%A7ard" title="Litl Riçard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Litl Riçard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لیتل ریچارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیتل ریچارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Літл Рычард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літл Рычард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Литъл Ричард – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литъл Ричард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BB_%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Λιτλ Ρίτσαρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιτλ Ρίτσαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لیتل ریچارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیتل ریچارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%80_%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C" title="리틀 리처드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리틀 리처드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AC_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Լիթլ Ռիչարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիթլ Ռիչարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ליטל ריצ'רד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליטל ריצ'רד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლიტლ რიჩარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიტლ რიჩარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Литл Ричард – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Литл Ричард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Литл Ричард – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Литл Ричард" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ليتل ريتشارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليتل ريتشارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="リトル・リチャード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リトル・リチャード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Литл Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литл Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litl_Ri%C4%8Dard" title="Litl Ričard – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Litl Ričard" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="ลิตเทิล ริชาร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิตเทิล ริชาร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Літл Річард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літл Річард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Little Richard" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American singer. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Little Richard (disambiguation)">Little Richard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Little Richard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_1957_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Little_Richard_1957_%28crop%29.jpg/250px-Little_Richard_1957_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Little_Richard_1957_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Little_Richard_1957_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Little_Richard_1957_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="454" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Richard in 1957</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Wayne Penniman</div> (1932-12-05)December 5, 1932 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 9, 2020(2020-05-09) (aged 87) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma,_Tennessee" title="Tullahoma, Tennessee">Tullahoma, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ballard-Hudson_High_School" title="Ballard-Hudson High School">Hudson High School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakwood College">Oakwood College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singer</li><li>pianist</li><li>songwriter</li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1947–2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ernestine Harvin</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1959; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1964)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (adopted)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" />Musical career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instruments</th><td class="infobox-data note"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Vocals</li><li>piano</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_discography" title="Little Richard discography">Little Richard discography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Records#Beginning_and_history" title="RCA Records">RCA Victor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_Records" title="Specialty Records">Specialty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/End_Records" title="End Records">End</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ronnex_Records" title="Ronnex Records">Ronnex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_Recordings" title="London Recordings">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Goldisc_Records" title="Goldisc Records">Goldisc</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Star_Records" title="Little Star Records">Little Star</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vee-Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vee-Jay">Vee-Jay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Records" title="Modern Records">Modern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Okeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Okeh">Okeh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Records" title="Brunswick Records">Brunswick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/K-Tel" class="mw-redirect" title="K-Tel">K-Tel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Records" title="Warner Records">WBR</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records" title="Walt Disney Records">WDR</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Records" title="Apple Records">Apple</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manticore_Records" title="Manticore Records">Manticore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Richard Wayne Penniman (December 5, 1932 – May 9, 2020), known professionally as Little Richard, was an American singer, pianist, and songwriter. He was an influential figure in popular music and culture for seven decades. Described as the "<a href="/wiki/Architect_of_Rock_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect of Rock and Roll">Architect of Rock and Roll</a>", Richard's most celebrated work dates from the mid-1950s, when his charismatic showmanship and dynamic music, characterized by frenetic piano playing, pounding backbeat and powerful raspy vocals, laid the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>. Richard's innovative emotive vocalizations and uptempo rhythmic music played a key role in the formation of other popular music genres, including <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>. He influenced singers and musicians across musical genres from rock to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>; his music helped shape <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> for generations. "<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>" (1955), one of Richard's <a href="/wiki/Signature_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Signature song">signature songs</a>, became an instant hit, crossing over to the pop charts in the United States and the United Kingdom. His next hit single, "<a href="/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally" title="Long Tall Sally">Long Tall Sally</a>" (1956), hit No. 1 on the <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">Billboard Rhythm and Blues Best-Sellers</a> chart, followed by a rapid succession of fifteen more in less than three years. In 1962, after a five-year period during which Richard abandoned rock and roll music for <a href="/wiki/Born-again_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-again Christianity">born-again Christianity</a>, concert promoter <a href="/wiki/Don_Arden" title="Don Arden">Don Arden</a> persuaded him to tour Europe. During this time, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> opened for Richard on some tour dates. Richard is cited as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Crossover_music" title="Crossover music">crossover</a> black artists, reaching audiences of all races. His music and concerts broke the color line, drawing black and white people together despite attempts to sustain segregation. Many of his contemporaries, including <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Bill Haley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">the Everly Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Vincent" title="Gene Vincent">Gene Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cochran" title="Eddie Cochran">Eddie Cochran</a>, recorded covers of his works. Richard was honored by many institutions. He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> as part of its first group of inductees in 1986. He was also inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame" title="Songwriters Hall of Fame">Songwriters Hall of Fame</a>. He was the recipient of Lifetime Achievement Awards from <a href="/wiki/The_Recording_Academy" title="The Recording Academy">The Recording Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Foundation" title="Rhythm and Blues Foundation">Rhythm and Blues Foundation</a>. In 2015, Richard received a Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_Music" title="National Museum of African American Music">National Museum of African American Music</a>. "Tutti Frutti" was included in the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in 2010, which stated that his "unique vocalizing over the irresistible beat announced a new era in music". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Richard Wayne Penniman was born in <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>, on December 5, 1932,<a href="#cite_note-bare-1">[1]</a> the third of twelve children of Leva Mae (née Stewart) and Charles "Bud" Penniman. His father was a church <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Brick_mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick mason">brick mason</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Weiner-20200509-2">[2]</a> who sold <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegged</a> <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> on the side and owned a nightclub called the Tip in Inn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200930-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200321-4">[4]</a> His mother was a member of Macon's New Hope Baptist Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20033-5">[5]</a> Initially, his first name was supposed to have been "Ricardo", but an error switched it to "Richard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200930-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20034–5-6">[6]</a> The Penniman children were raised in Macon's <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Hill_Historic_District_(Macon,_Georgia)" title="Pleasant Hill Historic District (Macon, Georgia)">Pleasant Hill</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20033-5">[5]</a> In childhood, he was nicknamed "Lil' Richard" by his family because of his small and skinny frame. He was a mischievous child who played pranks on neighbors. He began singing in church and taking piano lessons at a young age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtfinoski2010144-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20037-8">[8]</a> Possibly as a result of complications at birth, he had a slight <a href="/wiki/Deformity" title="Deformity">deformity</a> that left one of his legs shorter than the other. This produced an unusual gait, and he was mocked for his <a href="/wiki/Effeminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effeminate">effeminate</a> appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20036-9">[9]</a> His family was religious and joined various <a href="/wiki/A.M.E." class="mw-redirect" title="A.M.E.">A.M.E.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> churches, with some family members becoming ministers. He enjoyed the Pentecostal churches the most, because of their charismatic worship and live music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200316–17-10">[10]</a> He later recalled that people in his neighborhood sang gospel songs throughout the day during <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> to keep a positive outlook, because "there was so much poverty, so much prejudice in those days".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20037–9-11">[11]</a> He had observed that people sang "to feel their connection with God" and to wash their trials and burdens away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20038-12">[12]</a> Gifted with a loud singing voice, he recalled that he was "always changing the key upwards" and that he was once stopped from singing in church for "screaming and hollering" so loud, earning him the nickname "War Hawk".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200316-13">[13]</a> As a child, he would "beat on the steps of the house, and on tin cans and pots and pans, or whatever" while singing, which annoyed neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200318-14">[14]</a> His initial musical influences were gospel performers such as <a href="/wiki/Brother_Joe_May" title="Brother Joe May">Brother Joe May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Williams" title="Marion Williams">Marion Williams</a>. May, a singing evangelist who was known as "the Thunderbolt of the Middle West" because of his phenomenal range and vocal power, inspired Richard to become a preacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200315–17-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan200477-16">[16]</a> He credited the <a href="/wiki/Clara_Ward_Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clara Ward Singers">Clara Ward Singers</a> for one of his distinctive hollers.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Richard attended Macon's <a href="/wiki/Ballard-Hudson_High_School" title="Ballard-Hudson High School">Hudson High School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> where he was a below-average student. He eventually learned to play <a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">alto saxophone</a>, joining his school's marching band in fifth grade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200318-14">[14]</a> While in high school, he got a part-time job at <a href="/wiki/Macon_City_Auditorium" title="Macon City Auditorium">Macon City Auditorium</a> for local secular and gospel concert promoter Clint Brantley. He sold <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> to crowds during concerts of star performers of the day such as <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Millinder" title="Lucky Millinder">Lucky Millinder</a>, and his favorite singer, <a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200317-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_career">Music career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947–1955:_Beginnings">1947–1955: Beginnings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1947–1955: Beginnings">edit</a>]</div> In October 1947, Sister Rosetta Tharpe overheard the fourteen-year-old Richard singing her songs before a performance at the <a href="/wiki/Macon_City_Auditorium" title="Macon City Auditorium">Macon City Auditorium</a>. She invited him to open her show.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After the show, Tharpe paid him, inspiring him to become a professional performer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200317-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauterbach2011152-21">[21]</a> In 1949, he began performing in Doctor Nubillo's traveling show. Richard was inspired to wear turbans and capes in his career by Nubillo, who also "carried a black stick and exhibited something he called 'the devil's child'—the dried-up body of a baby with claw feet like a bird and horns on its head." Nubillo told Richard he was "gonna be famous".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200321–22-22">[22]</a> Before entering the tenth grade, Richard left his family home and joined Hudson's Medicine Show in 1949, performing <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Caldonia" title="Caldonia">Caldonia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200321–22-22">[22]</a> Richard recalled that the song was the first secular R&B song he learned since his family had strict rules against playing R&B music, which they considered "devil music".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200322:_"It_was_the_only_song_I_knew_that_wasn't_a_church_song"-23">[23]</a> Other sources also indicate that Little Richard was influenced by Jordan. In fact, according to one reliable source, the whoop sound on Jordan's record "Caldonia" sounds eerily like the vocal tone Little Richard would adopt in addition to the "Jordan-style pencil-thin mustache".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Richard also performed in <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a> during this time, performing under the name "Princess LaVonne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200322–25-26">[26]</a> In 1950, Richard joined his first musical band, Buster Brown's Orchestra, where Brown named him Little Richard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200322–23-27">[27]</a> Performing in the <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel show</a> circuit, Richard, in and out of drag, appeared for <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> acts such as Sugarfoot Sam from Alabam, the Tidy Jolly Steppers, the King Brothers Circus, and the Broadway Follies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200324–25-28">[28]</a> Having settled in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> at this point, Richard began listening to rhythm and blues and frequented Atlanta clubs, including the Harlem Theater and the Royal Peacock, where he saw performers such as <a href="/wiki/Roy_Brown_(blues_musician)" title="Roy Brown (blues musician)">Roy Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(musician)" title="Billy Wright (musician)">Billy Wright</a> onstage. Richard was further influenced by Brown's and Wright's flashy showmanship and even more so by Wright's flamboyant persona. Inspired by Brown and Wright, he decided to become a rhythm-and-blues singer. After befriending Wright, he began to learn how to be an entertainer from him, and began adapting a <a href="/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)" title="Pompadour (hairstyle)">pompadour hairdo</a> similar to Wright's, wearing flashier clothes, and using Wright's brand of pancake makeup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200325-29">[29]</a> Impressed by his singing voice, Wright put him in contact with Zenas Sears, a local DJ. Sears recorded Richard at his station, backed by Wright's band. The recordings led to a contract that year with <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200328-30">[30]</a> Richard recorded a total of eight sides for RCA Victor, including the blues ballad, "Every Hour", which became his first single and a hit in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200328-30">[30]</a> The release of "Every Hour" improved his relationship with his father, who began regularly playing the song on his nightclub jukebox.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200328-30">[30]</a> Shortly after the release of "Every Hour", Richard was hired to front Perry Welch and His Orchestra and played at clubs and army bases for $100 a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200329-31">[31]</a> Richard left RCA Victor in February 1952 after his records failed to chart; the recordings were marketed with little promotion, although ads for the records showed up in <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>. After his father's death in 1952, Richard began to find success through RCA Victor's reissue of the recordings on the budget <a href="/wiki/RCA_Camden" title="RCA Camden">RCA Camden</a> label. He continued to perform during this time and Clint Brantley agreed to manage Richard's career. Moving to <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, he formed a band called the Tempo Toppers, performing as part of blues <a href="/wiki/Package_tour" title="Package tour">package tours</a> in Southern clubs such as Club Tijuana in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and Club Matinee in Houston. Richard signed with <a href="/wiki/Don_Robey" title="Don Robey">Don Robey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock Records</a> in February 1953, recording eight sides, including four with <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Otis" title="Johnny Otis">Johnny Otis</a> and his band that were not released at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200336–38-32">[32]</a> Like his venture with RCA Victor, none of his Peacock singles charted, despite his growing reputation for high energy antics onstage.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-33">[33]</a> Richard began complaining of monetary issues with Robey, leading Robey to knock him out during a scuffle. Disillusioned by the record business, Richard returned to Macon in 1954. Struggling with poverty, he settled for work as a dishwasher for <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Greyhound_Lines" title="Southeastern Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a>. While in Macon, he met <a href="/wiki/Esquerita" title="Esquerita">Esquerita</a>, whose flamboyant onstage persona and dynamic piano playing would deeply influence Richard's approach.<a href="#cite_note-esquerita-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-rsobit-35">[35]</a> That year, he disbanded the Tempo Toppers and formed a harder-driving rhythm and blues band, <a href="/wiki/The_Upsetters_(American_band)" title="The Upsetters (American band)">the Upsetters</a>, which included drummer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Connor" title="Charles Connor">Charles Connor</a> and saxophonist Wilbert "Lee Diamond" Smith that toured under Brantley's management. The band supported R&B singer Christine Kittrell on some recordings, then began to tour successfully, even without a bassist, forcing drummer Connor to thump "real hard" on his bass drum to get a "<a href="/wiki/Bass_fiddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass fiddle">bass fiddle</a> effect".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200338–39-36">[36]</a> In 1954, Richard signed on to a Southern tour with <a href="/wiki/Little_Johnny_Taylor" title="Little Johnny Taylor">Little Johnny Taylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200338–39-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allmusic2013a-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Person_%27Lucille%27_Little_Richard_and_his_Orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A poster advertising Little Richard and his orchestra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/In_Person_%27Lucille%27_Little_Richard_and_his_Orchestra.jpg/250px-In_Person_%27Lucille%27_Little_Richard_and_his_Orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/In_Person_%27Lucille%27_Little_Richard_and_his_Orchestra.jpg/330px-In_Person_%27Lucille%27_Little_Richard_and_his_Orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/In_Person_%27Lucille%27_Little_Richard_and_his_Orchestra.jpg/500px-In_Person_%27Lucille%27_Little_Richard_and_his_Orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption>A poster for a Little Richard show, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1956</figcaption></figure> At the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Price" title="Lloyd Price">Lloyd Price</a>, Richard sent a demo to Price's label, <a href="/wiki/Specialty_Records" title="Specialty Records">Specialty Records</a>, in February 1955. Months passed before Richard got a call from the label.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200340–41-39">[39]</a> Finally, in September of that year, Specialty owner <a href="/wiki/Art_Rupe" title="Art Rupe">Art Rupe</a> loaned Richard money to buy out his Peacock contract and set him to work with producer <a href="/wiki/Robert_%22Bumps%22_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert "Bumps" Blackwell">Robert "Bumps" Blackwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENite1982390-40">[40]</a> Upon hearing the demo, Blackwell felt Richard was Specialty's answer to <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, however, Richard told him he preferred the sound of <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>. Blackwell sent him to New Orleans where he recorded at <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Matassa" title="Cosimo Matassa">Cosimo Matassa</a>'s J&M Studios, recording there with several of Domino's session musicians, including drummer <a href="/wiki/Earl_Palmer" title="Earl Palmer">Earl Palmer</a> and saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Lee_Allen_(musician)" title="Lee Allen (musician)">Lee Allen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200344–47-41">[41]</a> Richard's recordings that day failed to produce much inspiration or interest (although Blackwell saw some promise).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200355–56-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allmusic2013b-43">[43]</a> Frustrated, Blackwell and Richard went to relax at the Dew Drop Inn nightclub. According to Blackwell, Richard then launched into a risqué <a href="/wiki/Dirty_blues" title="Dirty blues">dirty blues</a> he titled "<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>". Blackwell said he felt the song had hit potential and hired songwriter <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_LaBostrie" title="Dorothy LaBostrie">Dorothy LaBostrie</a> to replace some of Richard's sexual lyrics with less controversial ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200355–56-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allmusic2013b-43">[43]</a> Recorded in three takes in September 1955, "Tutti Frutti" was released as a single that November<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003264-44">[44]</a> and became an instant hit, reaching No. 2 on <a href="/wiki/Billboard_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard magazine">Billboard</a> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">Rhythm and Blues Best-Sellers</a> chart and crossing over to the pop charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom. It reached No. 21 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Top 100</a> in America and No. 29 on the British singles chart, eventually selling a million copies.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-pc6-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956–1962:_Initial_success_and_conversion">1956–1962: Initial success and conversion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1956–1962: Initial success and conversion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A lot of songs I sang to crowds first to watch their reaction. That's how I knew they'd hit. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Little Richard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Noyer200314-46">[46]</a></cite></div> </div>Richard's next hit single, "<a href="/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally" title="Long Tall Sally">Long Tall Sally</a>" (1956), hit number one on the R&B chart and number 13 on the Top 100, while reaching the top 10 in Britain. Like "Tutti Frutti", it sold more than a million copies. Following his success, Richard built up his backup band, The Upsetters, with the addition of saxophonists Clifford "Gene" Burks and <a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Grady_Gaines" title="Grady Gaines">Grady Gaines</a>, bassist Olsie "Baysee" Robinson and guitarist Nathaniel "Buster" Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200358-47">[47]</a> Richard began performing on package tours across the United States. Art Rupe described the differences between Richard and a similar hitmaker of the early rock and roll period by stating that, while "the similarities between Little Richard and Fats Domino for recording purposes were close", Richard would sometimes stand up at the piano while he was recording, and that onstage, where Domino was "plodding, very slow", Richard was "very dynamic, completely uninhibited, unpredictable, wild. So the band took on the ambience of the vocalist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200374–75-48">[48]</a> Richard's high-energy antics included lifting his leg while playing the piano, climbing on top of his piano, running on and off the stage and throwing souvenirs to the audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayles1996133:_"He'd_be_on_the_stage,_he'd_be_off_the_stage,_he'd_be_jumping_and_yelling,_screaming,_whipping_the_audience_on&nbsp;..."-49">[49]</a> He also began using capes and suits studded with multi-colored stones and sequins. Richard said he became more flamboyant onstage so no one would think he was "after the white girls".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370-50">[50]</a> Richard's performances, like most early rock and roll shows, resulted in <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a> audience reaction during an era where public places were divided into "white" and "colored" domains. In these package tours, Richard and other artists such as Fats Domino and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> would enable audiences of both races to enter the building, albeit still segregated (e.g. blacks on the balcony and whites on the main floor). As his later producer <a href="/wiki/H._B._Barnum" title="H. B. Barnum">H. B. Barnum</a> explained, Richard's performances enabled audiences to come together to dance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg200250:_"Although_they_still_had_the_audiences_together_in_the_building,_they_were_''there''_together._And_most_times,_before_the_end_of_the_night,_they_would_be_all_mixed_together"_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg200250:_"Although_they_still_had_the_audiences_together_in_the_building,_they_were_''there''_together._And_most_times,_before_the_end_of_the_night,_they_would_be_all_mixed_together"-51">[51]</a> Despite broadcasts on television from local <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">supremacist</a> groups such as the North Alabama <a href="/wiki/White_Citizens_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="White Citizens Council">White Citizens Council</a> warning that rock and roll "brings the races together", Richard's popularity was helping to shatter the myth that black performers could not successfully perform at "white-only venues" especially in the South, where racism was most overt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200382–83-52">[52]</a> Richard claims that a show at <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_Theatre_(Baltimore)" title="Royal Theatre (Baltimore)">Royal Theatre</a> in June 1956 led to women throwing their <a href="/wiki/Undergarments" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarments">undergarments</a> onstage at him, resulting in other female fans repeating the action, saying it was "the first time" that had happened to any artist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200366-53">[53]</a> Richard's show would stop several times that night to restrain fans from jumping off the balcony and then rushing to the stage to touch him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200366-53">[53]</a> Overall, Richard produced seven singles in the United States alone in 1956, with five of them also charting in the UK, including "<a href="/wiki/Slippin%27_and_Slidin%27" title="Slippin' and Slidin'">Slippin' and Slidin'</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rip_It_Up_(Little_Richard_song)" title="Rip It Up (Little Richard song)">Rip It Up</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Ready_Teddy" title="Ready Teddy">Ready Teddy</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It_(song)" title="The Girl Can't Help It (song)">The Girl Can't Help It</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Lucille_(Little_Richard_song)" title="Lucille (Little Richard song)">Lucille</a>". Immediately after releasing "Tutti Frutti", "safer" white recording artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a> covered the song, charting in the top twenty, higher than Richard's. His fellow rock and roll peers <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Bill Haley</a> also recorded his songs later that same year. Befriending <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200383–84-54">[54]</a> the disc jockey eventually put him in his "rock and roll" movies such as <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Knock_the_Rock" title="Don't Knock the Rock">Don't Knock the Rock</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200380-55">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mister_Rock_and_Roll_(film)" title="Mister Rock and Roll (film)">Mister Rock and Roll</a>. Richard was given a larger singing role in the film, <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It" title="The Girl Can't Help It">The Girl Can't Help It</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WallStreet-56">[56]</a> That year, he scored more hit success with songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Jenny,_Jenny" title="Jenny, Jenny">Jenny, Jenny</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Keep_A-Knockin%27" title="Keep A-Knockin'">Keep A-Knockin'</a>", the latter becoming his first top ten single on the Billboard Top 100. By the time he left Specialty in 1959, Richard had scored a total of nine top-40 pop singles, as well as seventeen top-40 R&B singles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003241-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003264–265-58">[58]</a> On September 2, 1956, Richard performed at the twelfth <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Jazz" title="Cavalcade of Jazz">Cavalcade of Jazz</a>, held at <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field_(Los_Angeles)" title="Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)">Wrigley Field</a> in Los Angeles, which was produced by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Hefflin,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Hefflin, Sr.">Leon Hefflin, Sr.</a> Also performing that day were <a href="/wiki/Dinah_Washington" title="Dinah Washington">Dinah Washington</a>, The Mel Williams Dots, Julie Stevens, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Higgins" title="Chuck Higgins">Chuck Higgins</a>' Orchestra, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Rhambo" title="Bo Rhambo">Bo Rhambo</a>, Willie Hayden & Five Black Birds, The Premiers, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Wilson" title="Gerald Wilson">Gerald Wilson</a> and His 20-Pc. Recording Orchestra, and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Gray_(arranger)" title="Jerry Gray (arranger)">Jerry Gray</a> and his Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_richard_specialty_624_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Little_richard_specialty_624_a.jpg/250px-Little_richard_specialty_624_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Little_richard_specialty_624_a.jpg/330px-Little_richard_specialty_624_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Little_richard_specialty_624_a.jpg/500px-Little_richard_specialty_624_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>"Good Golly, Miss Molly", 45 rpm recording on Specialty Records</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the release of "Tutti Frutti", Richard relocated to Los Angeles. After achieving success as a recording artist and live performer, Richard moved into a wealthy, formerly-predominantly-white neighborhood, living close to black celebrities such as boxer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200382-61">[61]</a> Richard's first album, <a href="/wiki/Here%27s_Little_Richard" title="Here's Little Richard">Here's Little Richard</a>, was released by Specialty in March 1957 and peaked at number thirteen on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard Top LPs</a> chart. Similar to most albums released during that era, the album featured six released singles, as well as "filler" tracks.<a href="#cite_note-entertainment.time.com-62">[62]</a> In October 1957, Richard embarked on a package tour in Australia with <a href="/wiki/Gene_Vincent" title="Gene Vincent">Gene Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cochran" title="Eddie Cochran">Eddie Cochran</a>. In the middle of the tour, he shocked the public by announcing he was following a life in the <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">ministry</a>. In early 1958, Specialty released his second album, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_(album)" title="Little Richard (album)">Little Richard</a>, which did not chart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200389–92-63">[63]</a> Richard claimed in his autobiography that, during a flight from Melbourne to Sydney, while his plane was experiencing some difficulty, he saw the plane's red-hot engines, and felt angels were "holding it up".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200391-64">[64]</a> At the end of his Sydney performance, Richard saw a bright red fireball flying across the sky above him and claimed he was "deeply shaken".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200391-64">[64]</a> Though he was eventually told that it was the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial Earth satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, Richard took it as a "sign from God" to stop performing secular music and repent for his wild lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200389–92-63">[63]</a> Returning to the States ten days earlier than expected, Richard later read news of his original flight having crashed into the Pacific Ocean, and took it as a further sign to "do as God wanted".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200392-65">[65]</a> After a "farewell performance" at the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a> and a "final" recording session with Specialty later that month, Richard enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Oakwood_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakwood College">Oakwood College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, to study theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200395-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1996248-67">[67]</a> Despite his claims of spiritual rebirth, Richard later admitted his reasons for leaving were more monetary. During his tenure at Specialty, despite earning millions for the label,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Richard complained that he did not know the label had reduced the percentage of royalties he was to earn for his recordings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200388–89-68">[68]</a> Specialty continued to release Richard's recordings, including "<a href="/wiki/Good_Golly,_Miss_Molly" title="Good Golly, Miss Molly">Good Golly, Miss Molly</a>", and his unique version of "<a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_(Leiber_and_Stoller_song)" title="Kansas City (Leiber and Stoller song)">Kansas City</a>", until 1960. Ending his contract with the label, Richard agreed to relinquish <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> for his material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200395–97-69">[69]</a> In 1958, Richard formed the Little Richard Evangelistic Team, traveling across the country to preach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200394–95-70">[70]</a> A month after his decision to leave secular music, Richard met Ernestine Harvin, a secretary from Washington, D.C., and the couple married on July 11, 1959.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200397-71">[71]</a> Richard ventured into gospel music, first recording for <a href="/wiki/End_Records" title="End Records">End Records</a>, before signing with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a> in 1961, where he eventually released King of the Gospel Singers, in 1962, produced by <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, who later remarked that Richard's vocals impressed him more than any other vocalist he had worked with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003102:_"Richard_had_such_a_unique_voice_and_style_that_no_one_has_ever_matched_it_–_even_to_this_day"-72">[72]</a> His childhood heroine, <a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a>, wrote in the liner notes of the album that Richard "sang gospel the way it should be sung".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003103:_"He_sang_gospel_the_way_it_should_be_sung._He_had_that_primitive_beat_and_sound_that_came_so_naturally&nbsp;..._the_soul_in_his_singing_was_not_faked._It_was_real"_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003103:_"He_sang_gospel_the_way_it_should_be_sung._He_had_that_primitive_beat_and_sound_that_came_so_naturally&nbsp;..._the_soul_in_his_singing_was_not_faked._It_was_real"-73">[73]</a> While Richard was no longer charting in the U.S., with pop music, some of his gospel songs such as "He's Not Just a Soldier" and "He Got What He Wanted", and "Crying in the Chapel", reached the pop charts in the U.S. and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003267-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962–1979:_Return_to_secular_music">1962–1979: Return to secular music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1962–1979: Return to secular music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I heard so much about the audience reaction, I thought there must be some exaggeration. But it was all true. He drove the whole house into a complete frenzy ... I couldn't believe the power of Little Richard onstage. He was amazing. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003119-75">[75]</a></cite></div> </div> In 1962, concert promoter <a href="/wiki/Don_Arden" title="Don Arden">Don Arden</a> persuaded Little Richard to tour Europe after telling him his records were selling well there. With soul singer <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a> as an opening act, Richard, who featured a teenage <a href="/wiki/Billy_Preston" title="Billy Preston">Billy Preston</a> in his gospel band, figured it was a gospel tour and, after Cooke's delayed arrival forced him to cancel his show on the opening date, performed only gospel material during the show, leading to boos from the audience expecting Richard to sing his rock and roll hits. The following night, Richard viewed Cooke's well-received performance. Bringing back his competitive drive, Richard and Preston warmed up in darkness before launching into "Long Tall Sally", resulting in frenetic, hysterical responses from the audience. A show at <a href="/wiki/Mansfield" title="Mansfield">Mansfield</a>'s Granada Theatre ended early after fans rushed the stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003112-76">[76]</a> Hearing of Richard's shows, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Epstein" title="Brian Epstein">Brian Epstein</a>, manager of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, asked Don Arden to allow his band to open for Richard on some tour dates, to which he agreed. The first show for which the Beatles opened was at <a href="/wiki/New_Brighton,_Merseyside" title="New Brighton, Merseyside">New Brighton</a>'s Tower Ballroom that October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinn200812-77">[77]</a> The following month they, along with Swedish singer <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Williams_(singer)" title="Jerry Williams (singer)">Jerry Williams</a> and his band The Violents,<a href="#cite_note-liret-78">[78]</a> opened for Richard at the <a href="/wiki/Star-Club" title="Star-Club">Star-Club</a> in Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2000600-79">[79]</a> During this time, Richard advised the group on how to perform his songs and taught <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> his distinctive <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocalizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2000600-79">[79]</a> Back in the United States, Richard recorded six rock and roll songs with his 1950s band, the Upsetters for <a href="/wiki/Little_Star_Records" title="Little Star Records">Little Star Records</a>, under the name "World Famous Upsetters", hoping this would keep his options open in maintaining his position as a minister. In the fall of 1963, Richard was called by a concert promoter to rescue a sagging tour featuring <a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">The Everly Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>. Richard agreed and helped to save the tour from flopping. At the end of that tour, Richard was given his own television special for <a href="/wiki/Granada_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada Television</a> titled The Little Richard Spectacular. The special became a ratings hit and after 60,000 fan letters, was rebroadcast twice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003121-80">[80]</a> In 1964, now openly re-embracing rock and roll, Richard released "Bama Lama Bama Loo" on Specialty Records. Due to his UK exposure, the song reached the top twenty there but only hit 82 in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003248-81">[81]</a> Later in the year, he signed with <a href="/wiki/Vee-Jay_Records" title="Vee-Jay Records">Vee-Jay Records</a>, then on its dying legs, to release his "comeback" album, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Is_Back_(And_There%27s_a_Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin%27_On!)" title="Little Richard Is Back (And There's a Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!)">Little Richard Is Back</a>. Due to the arrival of the Beatles and other British bands as well as the rise of soul labels such as <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>, Richard's new releases were not well promoted or well received by radio stations. However, his first Vee Jay album made number 136 on a major chart. In November/December 1964, <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> joined Richard's Upsetters band as a full member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200913-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In December 1964, Richard brought Hendrix and childhood friend and piano teacher Eskew Reeder to a New York studio to re-record an album's worth of his greatest hits. He went on tour with his new group of Upsetters, to promote the album. In early 1965, Richard took Hendrix and Billy Preston to a New York studio where they recorded the <a href="/wiki/Don_Covay" title="Don Covay">Don Covay</a> soul ballad, "I Don't Know What You've Got (But It's Got Me)", which became a number 12 R&B hit.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Three other songs were recorded during the sessions, "Dance a Go Go" aka "Dancin' All Around the World", "You Better Stop", and "Come See About Me" (possibly an instrumental), but "You Better Stop" was not issued until 1971 and "Come See About Me" has yet to see official release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShadwick200357-85">[85]</a> Around this time, Richard and Jimi appeared in a show starring <a href="/wiki/Soupy_Sales" title="Soupy Sales">Soupy Sales</a> at the Brooklyn Paramount, New York. Richard's flamboyance and drive for dominance reportedly got him thrown off the show. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_(1966)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Little_Richard_%281966%29_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Little_Richard_%281966%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Little_Richard_%281966%29_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Little_Richard_%281966%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Little_Richard_%281966%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Little Richard in 1966</figcaption></figure> Hendrix and Richard clashed over the spotlight, as well as Hendrix's tardiness, wardrobe and stage antics. Hendrix also complained over his pay. In early July 1965, Richard's brother Robert Penniman "fired" Jimi, however, Jimi wrote to his father, Al Hendrix, that he quit Richard as "you can't live on promises when you're on the road, so I had to cut that mess aloose". Hendrix had not been paid "for five-and-a-half weeks" and was owed 1,000 dollars. Hendrix then rejoined <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">the Isley Brothers</a>' band, the IB Specials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShadwick200356–60-86">[86]</a> Richard later signed with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Records" title="Modern Records">Modern Records</a>, releasing a modest charter, "Do You Feel It?" before leaving for <a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh Records</a> in early 1966. His former Specialty labelmate <a href="/wiki/Larry_Williams" title="Larry Williams">Larry Williams</a> produced two albums for Richard on Okeh - the studio release <a href="/wiki/The_Explosive_Little_Richard" title="The Explosive Little Richard">The Explosive Little Richard</a>, which used a <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>-influenced sound and produced the modest charters "Poor Dog" and "Commandments of Love" and <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard%27s_Greatest_Hits:_Recorded_Live!" title="Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!">Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!</a> which returned him to the album charts.<a href="#cite_note-HallofFame1986-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003253–255-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003268–269-89">[89]</a> Richard was later scathing about this period, declaring Larry Williams "the worst producer in the world".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 1967, Richard signed with <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Records" title="Brunswick Records">Brunswick Records</a>, but after clashing with the label over musical direction, he left the following year. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_(1967).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_%281967%29.png/170px-Little_Richard_%281967%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_%281967%29.png/255px-Little_Richard_%281967%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_%281967%29.png/340px-Little_Richard_%281967%29.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Little Richard in 1967</figcaption></figure> Richard felt that producers on his labels did not promote his records during this period. Later, he claimed they kept trying to push him to make records similar to Motown and felt he was not treated with appropriate respect.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Richard often performed in dingy clubs and lounges with little support from his label. While Richard managed to perform in huge venues overseas such as in England and France, in the U.S. Richard had to perform on the <a href="/wiki/Chitlin%27_Circuit" title="Chitlin' Circuit">Chitlin' Circuit</a>. Richard's flamboyant look, while a hit during the 1950s, failed to help his labels to promote him to more conservative black record buyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulla200841-92">[92]</a> Richard later claimed that his decision to "<a href="/wiki/Backslide" class="mw-redirect" title="Backslide">backslide</a>" from his ministry, led religious clergymen to protest his new recordings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003132-93">[93]</a> Making matters worse, Richard said, was his insistence on performing in front of integrated audiences at the time of the black liberation movement, which caused many black radio disk jockeys in certain areas of the country, including Los Angeles, to choose not to play his music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003133-94">[94]</a> Now acting as his manager, Larry Williams convinced Richard to focus on his live shows. By 1968, he had ditched the Upsetters for his new backup band, the Crown Jewels, and performed on the Canadian TV show, Where It's At. Richard was also featured on the <a href="/wiki/Monkees" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkees">Monkees</a> TV special <a href="/wiki/33%E2%85%93_Revolutions_per_Monkee" title="33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee">33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee</a> in April 1969. Williams booked Richard shows in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> casinos and resorts, leading Richard to adopt an even wilder, flamboyant, and androgynous look, inspired by Hendrix's success. Richard was soon booked at rock festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_Pop_Festival" title="Atlantic City Pop Festival">Atlantic City Pop Festival</a> where he stole the show from headliner <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>. Richard produced a similar show stealer at the Toronto Pop Festival with <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> as the headliner. These successes brought Little Richard to talk shows such as the <a href="/wiki/Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Cavett Show">Dick Cavett Show</a>, raising his celebrity status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulla200841–42-95">[95]</a> Responding to his reputation as a successful concert performer, <a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise Records</a> signed Richard in 1970 and he released the album, <a href="/wiki/The_Rill_Thing" title="The Rill Thing">The Rill Thing</a>, with the philosophical single, "Freedom Blues", becoming his biggest single in years. In May 1970, Richard made the cover of <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> magazine. Despite the success of "Freedom Blues", none of Richard's other Reprise singles charted with the exception of "Greenwood, Mississippi", a <a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">swamp rock</a> original by guitar hero, <a href="/wiki/Travis_Wammack" title="Travis Wammack">Travis Wammack</a>, who incidentally played on the track. It charted briefly on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>, Cash Box pop chart, and Billboard Country charts. It made a strong showing on <a href="/wiki/WWRL" title="WWRL">WWRL</a> radio in New York. Richard became a featured guest instrumentalist and vocalist on recordings by acts such as <a href="/wiki/Delaney_and_Bonnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaney and Bonnie">Delaney and Bonnie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joey_Covington" title="Joey Covington">Joey Covington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh" title="Joe Walsh">Joe Walsh</a> and was prominently featured on <a href="/wiki/Canned_Heat" title="Canned Heat">Canned Heat</a>'s 1972 hit single, "Rockin' with the King". To keep up with his finances and bookings, Richard and three of his brothers formed a management company, Bud Hole Incorporated. By 1972, Richard had entered the rock and roll revival circuit, and that year, he co-headlined the <a href="/wiki/London_Rock_and_Roll_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="London Rock and Roll Show">London Rock and Roll Show</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>. When he came on stage he announced himself "the king of rock and roll", also the title of his 1971 album. He was booed during the show when he climbed on top of his piano and stopped singing; he also seemed to ignore the crowd. To make matters worse, he showed up with just five musicians and struggled through low lighting and bad microphones. When the concert film documenting the show came out, his performance was considered generally strong, though his fans noticed a drop in energy and vocal artistry. Two songs he performed did not make film's final cut. The following year, he recorded a charting soul ballad, "In the Middle of the Night", released with proceeds donated to victims of <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornadoes">tornadoes</a> that had caused damage in twelve states.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Richard did no new recordings in 1974, although two "new" albums were released. In the summer, came a major surprise for fans, Talkin' 'bout Soul, a collection of previously released Vee Jay recordings, as well as some unreleased numbers, all never before available on a domestic LP. Two were new to the world: the title tune and "You'd Better Stop", both up tempo. Later that year came a set recorded in one night, early the previous year, called Right Now!, and featuring "roots" material, including a vocal version of an unreleased Reprise instrumental "Mississippi", released in 1972 as "Funky Dish Rag"; his third try at his gospel-rock tune "In the Name"; and a 6-minute plus rocker, "Hot Nuts", based upon a 1936 song by Li'l Johnson ("Get 'Em From The Peanut Man"). 1975 was a big year for Richard, with a world tour and acclaim over high energy performances throughout England and France. His band was perhaps his best to date. He cut a top 40 single (US and Canada), with <a href="/wiki/Bachman-Turner_Overdrive" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachman-Turner Overdrive">Bachman-Turner Overdrive</a>, "Take It Like a Man". He worked on new songs with sideman Seabrun "Candy" Hunter. In 1976, he decided to retire again, physically and mentally exhausted, having experienced family tragedy and the drug culture. He was talked into once again recutting his greatest hits, for Stan Shulman in Nashville. This time, they used original arrangements. Richard re-recorded eighteen of his hits for <a href="/wiki/K-Tel_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="K-Tel Records">K-Tel Records</a> in stereo, with a single featuring the new versions of "Good Golly Miss Molly" and "Rip It Up" reaching the <a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-betts-97">[97]</a> Richard later admitted that at the time he was addicted to drugs and alcohol. By 1977, worn out from years of drug abuse and wild partying as well as a string of personal tragedies, Richard quit rock and roll again and returned to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>, releasing one gospel album, <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Beautiful_City" title="God's Beautiful City">God's Beautiful City</a>, in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003201-98">[98]</a> At the same time, while touring as a minister and returning to talk shows, a controversial album was released by the discount label, Koala, taken from a 1974 concert. It includes an 11-minute discordant version of "Good Golly, Miss Molly". The performances are widely panned as subpar and it gained notoriety among collectors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984–1999:_Comeback">1984–1999: Comeback</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1984–1999: Comeback">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_1998_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Little_Richard_1998_color.jpg/170px-Little_Richard_1998_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Little_Richard_1998_color.jpg/255px-Little_Richard_1998_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Little_Richard_1998_color.jpg/340px-Little_Richard_1998_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption>Little Richard holding a photograph of himself at a <a href="/wiki/Best_Buddies_International" title="Best Buddies International">Best Buddies International</a> event, 1998</figcaption></figure> In 1984, Richard filed a $112 million lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Specialty_Records" title="Specialty Records">Specialty Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Rupe" title="Art Rupe">Art Rupe</a> and his publishing company, Venice Music, and <a href="/wiki/Sony-ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony-ATV Music Publishing">ATV Music</a> for not paying royalties to him after he left the label in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The suit was settled out of court in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to some reports, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> allegedly gave him monetary compensation for his work, which he co-owned with Sony-ATV, songs by the Beatles and Richard.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc-101">[101]</a> In September 1984, <a href="/wiki/Charles_White_(Dr_Rock)" title="Charles White (Dr Rock)">Charles White</a> released the singer's authorized biography, Quasar of Rock: The Life and Times of Little Richard, which returned Richard to the spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-RS13-102">[102]</a> Richard returned to show business in what <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> referred to as a "formidable comeback" following the book's release.<a href="#cite_note-RS13-102">[102]</a> Reconciling his roles as evangelist and rock and roller for the first time, Richard stated that the genre could be used for good or evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003221-103">[103]</a> After accepting a role in the film <a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Beverly_Hills" title="Down and Out in Beverly Hills">Down and Out in Beverly Hills</a>, Richard and Billy Preston penned the faith-based rock and roll song "Great Gosh A'Mighty" for its soundtrack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003221-103">[103]</a> Richard won critical acclaim for his film role and the song found success on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">British</a> charts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003221-103">[103]</a> The hit led to the release of the album <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_Friend" title="Lifetime Friend">Lifetime Friend</a> (1986) on <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Records">Warner Bros. Records</a>, with songs deemed "messages in rhythm", including a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel rap">gospel rap</a> track.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003273-104">[104]</a> In addition to a version of "Great Gosh A'Mighty", cut in England, the album featured two singles that charted in the UK, "Somebody's Comin'" and "Operator". Richard spent much of the rest of the decade as a guest on television shows and appearing in films, winning new fans with what was referred to as his "unique comedic timing."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 1988, he introduced a new song written by his guitarist, Travis Wammack ("King of the Swamp Guitar"), "(There's ) No Place Like Home", a slow, reflective biographical Country ballad, which fans believed would become a major Country hit. It was performed at major musical events and captured on a commercial video from Italy and released in an Australian DVD. (Seven years later, a single was pressed but withdrawn. Richard discovered it was bootlegged.) That same year, he surprised fans with a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a> at his Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony, singing several Redding songs, including "Fa Fa Fa Fa Fa (Sad Song)", "These Arms of Mine", and "<a href="/wiki/(Sittin%27_On)_The_Dock_of_the_Bay" title="(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay">(Sittin' on the) Dock of the Bay</a>". Richard told Redding's story and explained how his 1956 tune "All Around the World" was Redding's reference on his 1963 side, "Hey, Hey Baby". In 1989, Richard provided rhythmic preaching and background vocals on the extended live version of the <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>–<a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/When_Love_Comes_to_Town" title="When Love Comes to Town">When Love Comes to Town</a>". That same year, Richard returned to singing his classic hits following a performance of "Lucille" at an AIDS benefit concert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_greets_musician_Little_Richard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/President_Bill_Clinton_greets_musician_Little_Richard.jpg/250px-President_Bill_Clinton_greets_musician_Little_Richard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/President_Bill_Clinton_greets_musician_Little_Richard.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_greets_musician_Little_Richard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/President_Bill_Clinton_greets_musician_Little_Richard.jpg/500px-President_Bill_Clinton_greets_musician_Little_Richard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5612" data-file-height="3708" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> greets Little Richard at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1994</figcaption></figure> In 1990, Richard contributed a spoken-word rap on <a href="/wiki/Living_Colour" title="Living Colour">Living Colour</a>'s hit song, "<a href="/wiki/Elvis_Is_Dead" title="Elvis Is Dead">Elvis Is Dead</a>", from their album <a href="/wiki/Time%27s_Up_(Living_Colour_album)" title="Time's Up (Living Colour album)">Time's Up</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon2004151-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodman199646-108">[108]</a> That same year he appeared in a cameo for the music video of <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(band)" title="Cinderella (band)">Cinderella</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Shelter_Me_(Cinderella_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelter Me (Cinderella song)">Shelter Me</a>". In 1991, he appeared the home video Detonator Videoaction 1991 by the <a href="/wiki/Hair_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair metal">hair metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Ratt" title="Ratt">Ratt</a>, and the same year, he was one of the featured performers on the hit single and video "<a href="/wiki/Voices_That_Care" title="Voices That Care">Voices That Care</a>" that was produced to boost the morale of U.S. troops involved in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>. The same year, he recorded a version of "<a href="/wiki/The_Itsy_Bitsy_Spider" class="mw-redirect" title="The Itsy Bitsy Spider">The Itsy Bitsy Spider</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Pediatric_AIDS_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric AIDS Foundation">Pediatric AIDS Foundation</a> benefit album For Our Children. The album's success led to a deal with <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records" title="Walt Disney Records">Walt Disney Records</a>, resulting in the release of a hit 1992 children's album, <a href="/wiki/Shake_It_All_About_(album)" title="Shake It All About (album)">Shake It All About</a>. In 1994, Richard sang the theme song to the award-winning <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a> and <a href="/wiki/TLC_(TV_network)" title="TLC (TV network)">TLC</a> animated television series <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(TV_series)" title="The Magic School Bus (TV series)">The Magic School Bus</a>. He also opened <a href="/wiki/Wrestlemania_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestlemania X">Wrestlemania X</a> from Madison Square Garden that year miming to his reworked rendition of "<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>". Throughout the 1990s, Richard performed around the world and appeared on TV, film, and tracks with other artists, including <a href="/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi" title="Jon Bon Jovi">Jon Bon Jovi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Burke" title="Solomon Burke">Solomon Burke</a>. In 1992 he released his final album, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Meets_Masayoshi_Takanaka" title="Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka">Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka</a>, featuring members of Richard's touring band.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2020:_Later_years">2000–2020: Later years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000–2020: Later years">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, Richard's life was dramatized for the biographical film <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_(film)" title="Little Richard (film)">Little Richard</a>, which focused on his early years, including his heyday, his religious conversion and his return to secular music in the early 1960s. Richard was played by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Robinson" title="Leon Robinson">Leon Robinson</a>, who earned an <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="NAACP Image Award">NAACP Image Award</a> nomination for his performance. In 2002, Richard contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribute_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribute album">tribute album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kindred_Spirits:_A_Tribute_to_the_Songs_of_Johnny_Cash" title="Kindred Spirits: A Tribute to the Songs of Johnny Cash">Kindred Spirits: A Tribute to the Songs of Johnny Cash</a>. In 2004–2005, he released two sets of unreleased and rare cuts, from the Okeh label 1966/67 and the Reprise label in 1970/72. Included was the full Southern Child album, produced and composed mostly by Richard, scheduled for release in 1972, but shelved. In 2006, Little Richard was featured in a popular <a href="/wiki/GEICO" title="GEICO">GEICO</a> advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_in_2007_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Little_Richard_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Little_Richard_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Little_Richard_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Little_Richard_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Little_Richard_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Little_Richard_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Little Richard performing in 2007</figcaption></figure> A 2005 recording of his duet vocals with <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a> on a cover of the Beatles' "<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Her_Standing_There" title="I Saw Her Standing There">I Saw Her Standing There</a>" was included on Lewis's 2006 album, <a href="/wiki/Last_Man_Standing_(Jerry_Lee_Lewis_album)" title="Last Man Standing (Jerry Lee Lewis album)">Last Man Standing</a>. The same year, Richard was a guest judge on the TV series <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Duets" title="Celebrity Duets">Celebrity Duets</a>. Richard and Lewis performed alongside <a href="/wiki/John_Fogerty" title="John Fogerty">John Fogerty</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Grammy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Grammy Awards">2008 Grammy Awards</a> in a tribute to the two artists considered to be cornerstones of rock and roll by the <a href="/wiki/NARAS" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAS">NARAS</a>. That same year, Richard appeared on radio host <a href="/wiki/Don_Imus" title="Don Imus">Don Imus</a>' benefit album for sick children, The Imus Ranch Record.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2009, Richard was Inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall Of Fame in a concert in New Orleans. In June 2010, Richard recorded a gospel track for an upcoming tribute album to songwriting legend <a href="/wiki/Dottie_Rambo" title="Dottie Rambo">Dottie Rambo</a>. Throughout the first decade of the new millennium, Richard kept up a vigorous touring schedule, performing primarily in the United States and Europe. However, <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a> pain in his left leg and then replacement of the involved hip began affecting the frequency of his performances by 2010. Despite his health problems, Richard continued to perform to receptive audiences and critics. Rolling Stone reported that at a performance at the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Theater">Howard Theater</a> in Washington, D.C., in June 2012, Richard was "still full of fire, still a master showman, his voice still loaded with deep gospel and raunchy power."<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone.com-112">[112]</a> Richard performed a full 90-minute show at the Pensacola Interstate Fair in <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>, in October 2012, at age 79, and headlined at the Orleans Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a> during Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekend in March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In September 2013, Rolling Stone published an interview with Richard who said that he would be retiring from performing. "I am done, in a sense, because I don't feel like doing anything right now", he told the magazine, adding, "I think my legacy should be that when I started in showbusiness there wasn't no such thing as rock'n'roll. When I started with 'Tutti Frutti', that's when rock really started rocking."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Richard would perform one last concert in Murfreesboro, Tennessee in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In June 2015, Richard appeared before a benefit concert audience, clad in sparkly boots and a brightly colored jacket at the Wildhorse Saloon in Nashville to receive the Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from and raise funds for the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_Music" title="National Museum of African American Music">National Museum of African American Music</a>. It was reported that he charmed the crowd by reminiscing about his early days working in Nashville nightclubs.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-tennessean1-118">[118]</a> In May 2016, the National Museum of African American Music issued a press release indicating that Richard was one of the key artists and music industry leaders that attended its third annual Celebration of Legends Luncheon in Nashville honoring <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Caesar" title="Shirley Caesar">Shirley Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Gamble" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenny Gamble">Kenny Gamble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Huff" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Huff">Leon Huff</a> with Rhapsody & Rhythm Awards.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2016, a new CD was released on Hitman Records, California (I'm Comin') with released and previously unreleased material from the 1970s, including an <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> version of his 1975 single release, "Try to Help Your Brother". On September 6, 2017, Richard participated in a television interview for the Christian <a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">Three Angels Broadcasting Network</a>, appearing in a wheelchair, clean-shaven, without make-up, dressed in a blue paisley coat and tie, where he discussed his Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On October 23, 2019, Richard addressed the audience after appearing to receive the Distinguished Artist Award at the 2019 Tennessee Governor's Arts Awards at the Governor's Residence in Nashville, Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-knoxnews.com-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-musicrow.com-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_and_family">Relationships and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships and family">edit</a>]</div> Around 1956, Richard became involved with Audrey Robinson, a sixteen-year-old college student, originally from <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370–74-123">[123]</a> Richard and Robinson quickly got acquainted even though Robinson was not a rock and roll fan. Richard said in his 1984 autobiography that he invited other men to have sexual encounters with her, including <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>. Robinson denied those statements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200384–85-124">[124]</a> Robinson refused his marriage proposal. Robinson later became known under the name Lee Angel as a stripper and socialite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200399–101-125">[125]</a> Richard reconnected with Robinson in the 1960s, though she left him again over his drug abuse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> Robinson was interviewed for Richard's 1985 documentary on <a href="/wiki/The_South_Bank_Show" title="The South Bank Show">The South Bank Show</a> and denied Richard's statements. According to Robinson, Richard would use her to buy food in white-only fast food stores that he was not allowed to enter because of his skin color. Richard met his only wife, Ernestine Harvin, at an evangelical rally in October 1957. They began dating that year and wed on July 12, 1959, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>. According to Harvin, she and Richard initially enjoyed a happy marriage with "normal" sexual relations. When the marriage ended in divorce in April 1964, Harvin said it was due to her husband's celebrity status, which had made life difficult for her. Richard said the marriage fell apart over his neglect and because of his sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003105-126">[126]</a> Both Robinson and Harvin denied Richard's statements that he was gay, and Richard believed they did not know because he was "such a pumper in those days".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003105-126">[126]</a> During the marriage, Richard and Harvin adopted a one-year-old boy, Danny Jones, from a late church associate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> Richard and his son remained close, with Jones often acting as one of his bodyguards.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> In 1984, Richard said that he just played with girls as a child and was subjected to homosexual jokes and ridicule because of his manner of walking and talking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20039-128">[128]</a> His father <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">brutally punished</a> him whenever he caught him wearing his mother's makeup and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-JetFeb2000-129">[129]</a> The singer said he had been sexually involved with both sexes as a teenager.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200310-130">[130]</a> Because of his effeminate mannerisms, his father kicked him out of their family home when he was fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200321-4">[4]</a> In 1985, on The South Bank Show, Richard explained, "my daddy put me out of the house. He said he wanted seven boys, and I had spoiled it, because I was gay."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> Richard got involved in <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurism</a> in his early twenties. A female friend would drive him around picking up men who would allow him to watch them having sex in the backseat of cars. Richard's activity caught the attention of Macon police in 1955 and he was arrested when caught in the act. Cited on a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">sexual misconduct</a> charge, he spent three days in jail and was temporarily banned from performing in Macon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200341-131">[131]</a> In the early 1950s, Richard became acquainted with openly gay musician <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(musician)" title="Billy Wright (musician)">Billy Wright</a>, who helped in establishing Richard's look, advising him to use pancake makeup and wear his hair in a long-haired pompadour style similar to his.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200325-29">[29]</a> As Richard got used to the makeup, he ordered his band, the Upsetters, to wear makeup too, to gain entry into predominantly white venues. He later stated, "I wore the make-up so that white men wouldn't think I was after the white girls. It made things easier for me, plus it was colorful too."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier198460-132">[132]</a> In 2000, Richard told <a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a> magazine, "I figure if being called a sissy would make me famous, let them say what they want to."<a href="#cite_note-JetFeb2000-129">[129]</a> Richard's look, however, still attracted female audiences, who would send him naked photos and their phone numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370–71-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulla200836-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> During Richard's heyday, his obsession with voyeurism and group sex continued, with Robinson's participation. Richard wrote that Robinson would have sex with men while she sexually stimulated Richard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370-71-137">[137]</a> Despite saying he was "<a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born again</a>" after leaving rock and roll for the church in 1957, Richard left Oakwood College after <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">exposing himself</a> to a male student. The incident was reported to the student's father, and Richard withdrew from the college.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003100–101-138">[138]</a> In 1962, Richard was arrested for spying on men urinating in toilets at a <a href="/wiki/Trailways" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailways">Trailways</a> bus station in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2007137-139">[139]</a> He participated in orgies and continued his voyeurism. On May 4, 1982, on <a href="/wiki/Late_Night_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Night with David Letterman">Late Night with David Letterman</a>, Richard said, "God gave me the victory. I'm not gay now, but, you know, I was gay all my life. I believe I was one of the first gay people to come out. But God let me know that he made Adam be with Eve, not Steve. So, I gave my heart to Christ."<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In his 1984 book, while demeaning homosexuality as "unnatural" and "contagious"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], he told Charles White he was "<a href="/wiki/Omnisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnisexual">omnisexual</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> In 1995, Richard told <a href="/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)" title="Penthouse (magazine)">Penthouse</a> that he always knew he was gay, saying "I've been gay all my life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> In 2007, Mojo Magazine referred to Richard as "<a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In October 2017, Richard once again denounced homosexuality in an interview with the Christian Three Angels Broadcasting Network, calling homosexual and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> identity "unnatural affection" that goes against "the way God wants you to live".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_use">Drug use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drug use">edit</a>]</div> During his initial heyday in the 1950s rock and roll scene, Richard was a <a href="/wiki/Teetotaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Teetotaler">teetotaler</a> abstaining from alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Richard often fined bandmates for drug and alcohol use during this era. By the mid-1960s, however, Richard began drinking heavily and smoking cigarettes and <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddTr_AgAAQBAJpgPT183-143">[143]</a> By 1972, he had developed an addiction to <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>. He later lamented that period, "They should have called me Lil Cocaine, I was sniffing so much of that stuff!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003187–189-144">[144]</a> By 1975, he had developed addictions to both heroin and <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a>, otherwise known as "angel dust". His drug and alcohol use began to affect his career and personal life. "I lost my reasoning", he later recalled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier198460:_"I_used_to_have_standards_in_my_life_and_I_lost_all_of_that"-145">[145]</a> Of his cocaine addiction, he said that he did whatever he could to use cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier198460:_"I_was_one_of_the_biggest_cocaine_addicts,_smoking_it,_snorting_it_and_whatever_cocaine_could_do,_I_did"-146">[146]</a> Richard admitted that his addictions to cocaine, PCP and heroin were costing him as much as $1,000 a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003188-147">[147]</a> In 1977, longtime friend <a href="/wiki/Larry_Williams" title="Larry Williams">Larry Williams</a> once showed up with a gun and threatened to kill him for failing to pay his drug debt. Richard said that this was the most fearful moment of his life; Williams' own drug addiction made him wildly unpredictable. Richard acknowledged that he and Williams were "very close friends" and when reminiscing of the drug-fueled clash, he recalled thinking "I knew he loved me—I hoped he did!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003186-148">[148]</a> Within that same year, Richard had several devastating personal experiences, including his brother Tony's death of a heart attack, the accidental shooting of his nephew whom he loved like a son, and the murder of two close personal friends – one a valet at "the heroin man's house."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003188-147">[147]</a> These experiences convinced the singer to give up drugs and alcohol, along with rock and roll, and return to the ministry.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Richard's family had deep evangelical (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (AME)) Christian roots, including two uncles and a grandfather who were preachers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200316-13">[13]</a> He also took part in Macon's <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> churches, which were his favorites mainly due to their music, charismatic praise, dancing in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">speaking in tongues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200316–17-10">[10]</a> At age ten, influenced by Pentecostalism, he went around saying he was a <a href="/wiki/Faith_healer" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith healer">faith healer</a>, singing gospel music to people who were feeling sick and touching them. He later recalled that they would often indicate that they felt better after he prayed for them and would sometimes give him money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200316–17-10">[10]</a> Richard had aspirations to become a preacher due to the influence of singing evangelist <a href="/wiki/Brother_Joe_May" title="Brother Joe May">Brother Joe May</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200316-13">[13]</a> After he was <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born again</a> in 1957, Richard enrolled at Oakwood College in Huntsville, Alabama, a mostly black <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> (SDA) college, to study theology. He became a vegetarian, which coincided with his return to religion.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> He was ordained a minister in 1970 and resumed evangelical activities in 1977. Richard represented Memorial Bibles International and sold their Black Heritage Bible, which highlighted the Book's many black characters. As a preacher, he evangelized in small churches and packed auditoriums of 20,000 or more. His preaching focused on uniting the races and bringing lost souls to repentance through God's love.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003203–214-152">[152]</a> In 1984, Richard's mother, Leva Mae, died following a period of illness. Prior to her death, Richard promised her that he would remain a Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003221-103">[103]</a> During the 1980s and 1990s, Richard officiated at celebrity weddings. In 2006, in one ceremony, Richard wedded twenty couples who won a contest.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The musician used his experience and knowledge as a minister and elder statesman of rock and roll to preach at funerals of musical friends such as <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Pickett" title="Wilson Pickett">Wilson Pickett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavers2010127-154">[154]</a> At a benefit concert in 2009 to raise funds to help rebuild children's playgrounds that were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, Richard asked guest of honor Fats Domino to pray with him and others. His assistants handed out inspirational booklets at the concert, a common practice at Richard's shows.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Richard told a <a href="/wiki/Howard_Theatre" title="Howard Theatre">Howard Theatre</a>, Washington, D.C., audience in June 2012, "I know this is not Church, but get close to the Lord. The world is getting close to the end. Get close to the Lord."<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone.com-112">[112]</a> In 2013, Richard elaborated on his spiritual philosophies, stating "God talked to me the other night. He said He's getting ready to come. The world's getting ready to end and He's coming, wrapped in flames of fire with a rainbow around his throne." Rolling Stone reported that his apocalyptic prophesies generated snickers from some audience members as well as cheers of support. Richard responded to the laughter by stating: "When I talk to you about [Jesus], I'm not playing. I'm almost 81 years old. Without God, I wouldn't be here."<a href="#cite_note-healthscare-156">[156]</a> In 1986, it was reported that Richard converted to Judaism at the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>—but "Richard saw Judaism as not contradicting his other beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 2017, Richard returned to his SDA spiritual roots and appeared in a televised interview on <a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a> and later he shared his personal testimony at 3ABN Fall Camp Meeting 2017.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_problems_and_death">Health problems and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health problems and death">edit</a>]</div> In October 1985, having finished <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_Friend" title="Lifetime Friend">Lifetime Friend</a>, Richard returned from England to film a guest spot on the show <a href="/wiki/Miami_Vice" title="Miami Vice">Miami Vice</a>. Following the taping, he crashed his sports car into a telephone pole in <a href="/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California" title="West Hollywood, California">West Hollywood, California</a>. He suffered a broken right leg, broken ribs and head and facial injuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003219-163">[163]</a> His recovery took several months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003219-163">[163]</a> preventing him from attending the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> ceremony in January 1986 where he was one of several inductees. He instead supplied a recorded message.<a href="#cite_note-HallofFame1986-87">[87]</a> In 2007, Richard began having problems walking due to <a href="/wiki/Sciatica" title="Sciatica">sciatica</a> in his left leg, requiring him to use crutches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2009192-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In November 2009, he entered a hospital to have replacement surgery on his left hip. Despite returning to performing the following year, Richard's problems with his hip continued and he was brought onstage in a <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a>, able to play only while seated.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> On September 30, 2013, he revealed to <a href="/wiki/CeeLo_Green" title="CeeLo Green">CeeLo Green</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Recording_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording Academy">Recording Academy</a> fundraiser that he had suffered a heart attack the week before. Taking <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and having his son turn on the <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner">air conditioner</a> saved his life according to his doctor. Richard stated, "Jesus had something for me. He brought me through."<a href="#cite_note-healthscare-156">[156]</a> On April 28, 2016, Richard's friend <a href="/wiki/Bootsy_Collins" title="Bootsy Collins">Bootsy Collins</a> stated on his Facebook page that, "he is not in the best of health so I ask all the Funkateers to lift him up." Reports stated that Richard was in grave health and that his family were gathering at his bedside. On May 3, 2016, Rolling Stone provided a health update by Richard and his lawyer; Richard stated, "not only is my family not gathering around me because I'm ill, but I'm still singing. I don't perform like I used to, but I have my singing voice, I walk around, I had hip surgery a while ago but I'm healthy.'" His lawyer said, "He's 83. I don't know how many 83-year-olds still get up and rock it out every week, but in light of the rumors, I wanted to tell you that he's vivacious and conversant about a ton of different things and he's still very active in a daily routine."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Though Richard continued to sing in his eighties, he kept away from the stage.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> On May 9, 2020, after a two-month illness, Richard died at the age of 87 at a home in <a href="/wiki/Tullahoma,_Tennessee" title="Tullahoma, Tennessee">Tullahoma, Tennessee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Weiner-20200509-2">[2]</a> from a cause related to <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cancer">bone cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Weiner-20200509-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> His brother, sister, and son were with him.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Richard received tributes from popular musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IN-20200510-175">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RS-Kreps-20200509-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fogerty" title="John Fogerty">John Fogerty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RS-Browne-20200509-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RS-Kreps-20200509-EJ-178">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz" title="Lenny Kravitz">Lenny Kravitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RS-Spanos-20200509-179">[179]</a> He is interred at <a href="/wiki/Oakwood_University" title="Oakwood University">Oakwood University</a> Memorial Gardens Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> He claims to be "the architect of rock and roll", and history would seem to bear out Little Richard's boast. More than any other performer—save, perhaps, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, Little Richard blew the lid off the Fifties, laying the foundation for rock and roll with his explosive music and charismatic persona. On record, he made spine-tingling rock and roll. His frantically charged piano playing and raspy, shouted vocals on such classics as "<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally" title="Long Tall Sally">Long Tall Sally</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Good_Golly,_Miss_Molly" title="Good Golly, Miss Molly">Good Golly, Miss Molly</a>" defined the dynamic sound of rock and roll. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a><a href="#cite_note-HallofFame1986-87">[87]</a></cite></div> </div>Richard's music and performance style had a pivotal effect on the sound and style of popular 20th century music genres.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allmusic2013b-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulla200827-28-181">[181]</a> Richard embodied the rock and roll spirit more flamboyantly than any other performer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2011180-182">[182]</a> Richard's raspy shouting style gave the genre one of its most identifiable and influential vocal sounds and his fusion of <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie-woogie</a>, New Orleans R&B and gospel music blazed its rhythmic trail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2011180-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2008168–169-183">[183]</a> Richard's emotive vocalizations and uptempo rhythmic music drove the formation of other popular music genres, including <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlewineHarris2020[httpswwwrollingstonecommusicmusic-listslittle-richard-20-essential-songs-15792tutti-frutti-1955-209077_"Tutti-Frutti"_(1955)]-184">[184]</a> He influenced singers and musicians across musical genres from rock to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>; his music helped shape <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> for generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlewineHarris2020-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Richard introduced several of rock music's most characteristic musical features, including its high volume, vocal style emphasizing power, its distinctive <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a>, and innovative visceral <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> He departed from boogie-woogie's <a href="/wiki/Shuffle_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle rhythm">shuffle rhythm</a> and introduced a distinctive rock beat, where the beat division is even at all <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempos</a>. He reinforced this rhythm with a two-handed piano style, playing patterns with his right hand, with the rhythm typically popping out in the piano's high <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">register</a>. His rhythm pattern, which he introduced with "<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>" (1955), became the basis for the standard rock beat, which was later consolidated by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellBrody2007115-189">[189]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Lucille_(Little_Richard_song)" title="Lucille (Little Richard song)">Lucille</a>" (1957) foreshadowed the rhythmic feel of 1960s <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a> in several ways, including its heavy <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a>, slower tempo, strong rock beat played by the entire band, and <a href="/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form" title="Verse–chorus form">verse–chorus form</a> similar to the blues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellBrody2007117-190">[190]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A worm's eye view of Little Richard in a sequined shirt with his arms raised, smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Little_Richard.jpg/250px-Little_Richard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Little_Richard.jpg/330px-Little_Richard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Little_Richard.jpg/500px-Little_Richard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Little Richard in concert</figcaption></figure> Richard's voice was able to generate croons, wails, and screams unprecedented in popular music.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-33">[33]</a> He was cited by two of soul music's pioneers, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>, as contributing to the genre's early development. Redding stated that most of his music was patterned after Richard's, referring to his 1953 recording "Directly From My Heart To You" as the personification of soul, and that he had "done a lot for [him] and [his] soul brothers in the music business."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003231-191">[191]</a> Cooke said in 1962 that Richard had done "so much for our music".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003228-192">[192]</a> Cooke had a top 40 hit in 1963 with his cover of Richard's 1956 hit "Send Me Some Loving".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> and others credited Richard and his mid-1950s backing band, The Upsetters, as the first to put funk in the rock beat.<a href="#cite_note-HallofFame1986-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer2011139-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlewineHarris2020[httpswwwrollingstonecommusicmusic-listslittle-richard-20-essential-songs-15792freedom-blues-1970-207794_"Freedom_Blues"_(1970)]-196">[196]</a> Richard's hits of the mid-1950s, such as "Tutti Frutti", "Long Tall Sally", "Keep A-Knockin'" and "Good Golly, Miss Molly", were generally characterized by playful lyrics with sexually suggestive connotations.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> writer Richie Unterberger stated that Little Richard "merged the fire of gospel with New Orleans R&B, pounding the piano and wailing with gleeful abandon", and that while "other R&B greats of the early 1950s had been moving in a similar direction, none of them matched the sheer electricity of Richard's vocals. With his high-speed deliveries, ecstatic trills, and the overjoyed force of personality in his singing, he was crucial in upping the voltage from high-powered R&B into the similar, yet different, guise of rock and roll."<a href="#cite_note-Allmusic2013b-43">[43]</a> Emphasizing Richard's folk influences, English professor W. T. Lhamon Jr. wrote, "His songs were literally good booty. They were the repressed stuff of underground lore. And in Little Richard they found a vehicle prepared to bear their chocked energy, at least for his capsulated moment."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> introduced him at a concert in 1988 as "a man that started a kind of music that set the pace for a lot of what's happening today."<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Richard's contemporaries, including <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Bill Haley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">the Everly Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Vincent" title="Gene Vincent">Gene Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cochran" title="Eddie Cochran">Eddie Cochran</a>, all recorded covers of his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulla200827-199">[199]</a> As they wrote about him for their Man of the Year – Legend category in 2010, <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ magazine</a> stated that Richard "is, without question, the boldest and most influential of the founding fathers of rock'n'roll."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> In addition to his musical style, Richard was cited as one of the first black <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (music)">crossover</a> artists, reaching audiences of all races. His music and concerts broke the color line,<a href="#cite_note-nmaam1-200">[200]</a> drawing mixed black and white audiences. As H.B. Barnum explained in Quasar of Rock, Little Richard "opened the door. He brought the races together."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200369-201">[201]</a> Barnum described Richard's music as not being "boy-meets-girl-girl-meets-boy things, they were fun records, all fun. And they had a lot to say sociologically in our country and the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370-50">[50]</a> Barnum also stated that Richard's "charisma was a whole new thing to the music business", explaining that "he would burst onto the stage from anywhere, and you wouldn't be able to hear anything but the roar of the audience. He might come out and walk on the piano. He might go out into the audience." Barnum stated that Richard was innovative in that he would wear colorful capes, blouse shirts, makeup and suits studded with multi-colored stones and sequins, and that he also brought flickering stage lighting from his show business experience into performance venues where rock and roll artists performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200368–70-202">[202]</a> In 2015, the National Museum of African American Music honored Richard for helping to shatter the color line on the music charts changing American culture forever.<a href="#cite_note-tennessean1-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-nmaam1-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_%22Lemmy%22_Kilmister" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister">Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister</a> of the heavy metal band <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a> spoke highly of him, stating: "Little Richard was always my main man. How hard must it have been for him: gay, black and singing in the South? But his records are a joyous good time from beginning to end."<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Little_Richard_1984.jpg/220px-Little_Richard_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Little_Richard_1984.jpg/330px-Little_Richard_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Little_Richard_1984.jpg/440px-Little_Richard_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="2553" /></a><figcaption>Little Richard in 1984</figcaption></figure> Richard influenced generations of performers.<a href="#cite_note-WallStreet-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> stated that Richard was "an innovator whose influence spans America's musical diaspora from Gospel, the Blues & R&B, to Rock & Roll, & Hip-Hop."<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a> both idolized him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003231-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Brown allegedly came up with the <a href="/wiki/Famous_Flames" class="mw-redirect" title="Famous Flames">Famous Flames</a> debut hit, "<a href="/wiki/Please,_Please,_Please_(James_Brown_song)" title="Please, Please, Please (James Brown song)">Please, Please, Please</a>", after Richard had written the words on a napkin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerlis2002foreword-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Redding started his professional career with Richard's band, The Upsetters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulla2008398-209">[209]</a> and first entered a talent show performing Richard's "Heeby Jeebies", winning for fifteen consecutive weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuralnick1999164–166-210">[210]</a> Ike Turner claimed most of <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a>'s early vocal delivery was based on Richard, something Richard reiterated in the introduction of Turner's autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Takin%27_Back_My_Name" title="Takin' Back My Name">Takin' Back My Name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2003foreword-211">[211]</a> Richard influenced <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a>; before he broke out, Valens was known as the "Little Richard of <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_California" title="San Fernando, California">San Fernando</a>". <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> performed covers of Richard's songs in high school with his rock and roll group, the Golden Chords; in his high school yearbook, under "Ambition", he wrote: "to join Little Richard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton200339-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> were heavily influenced by Richard. <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> idolized him in school and later used his recordings as inspiration for his uptempo rockers, such as "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Down" title="I'm Down">I'm Down</a>".<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> "Long Tall Sally" was the first song McCartney performed in public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2002509-215">[215]</a> McCartney later stated, "I could do Little Richard's voice, which is a wild, hoarse, screaming thing. It's like an out-of-body experience. You have to leave your current sensibilities and go about a foot above your head to sing it."<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> recalled that upon hearing "Long Tall Sally" in 1956, he was so impressed that he "couldn't speak".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003227-217">[217]</a> During the Beatles' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> commented, "thank you all very much, especially the rock 'n' rollers, an' Little Richard there, if it wasn't for [gesturing to Little Richard], it was all his fault, really."<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> were also profoundly influenced by him, with Jagger citing him as his introduction to R&B and calling him "the originator and my first idol".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003119-75">[75]</a> Richard was the first rock n roll influence on <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wolf" title="Peter Wolf">Peter Wolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwbank20057:_"He_also_had_an_impact_on_the_young_[[Rod_Stewart]]:_'I_remember_trying_to_sound_like_Little_Richard'"-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Others influenced by Richard early on included <a href="/wiki/Bob_Seger" title="Bob Seger">Bob Seger</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fogerty" title="John Fogerty">John Fogerty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> admitted that Richard had been a huge influence on him prior to the release of <a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall" title="Off the Wall">Off the Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> was influenced in appearance and sound by Richard. He was quoted in 1966 saying, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198939-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> bands have cited Richard as an influence. <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(musician)" title="John Kay (musician)">John Kay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)" title="Steppenwolf (band)">Steppenwolf</a> recalls hearing "Tutti Frutti" on a U.S. Armed Forces station in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> in the mid-1950s: "it was unlike anything I ever heard before and it was instant 'chicken skin time' - I mean goosebumps from head to toe. From that time on my focus was to hear as much of that stuff as possible, and after a while it became a kind of adolescent dream that someday [I] would be on the other side of the ocean, would learn how to speak English, and this music is something that I would play."<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plant" title="Robert Plant">Robert Plant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> recalls: "I was a 13-year-old boy in Kidderminster when I heard Little Richard for the first time. My parents shielded me from anything that was worldly. I spent my time searching feverishly through my stamp collection or working on my Meccano, and then someone played me 'Good Golly, Miss Molly'. The sound! It was fantastic, indescribable."<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Lord" title="Jon Lord">Jon Lord</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a> said "There would have been no Deep Purple if there had been no Little Richard."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003230:_[[Jon_Lord]]_–_"There_would_have_been_no_Deep_Purple_if_there_had_been_no_Little_Richard"-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>'s early lead vocalist and co-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Bon_Scott" title="Bon Scott">Bon Scott</a> idolized Richard and aspired to sing like him, its lead guitarist and co-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Angus_Young" title="Angus Young">Angus Young</a> was first inspired to play guitar after listening to Richard, and rhythm guitarist and co-writer <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Young" title="Malcolm Young">Malcolm Young</a> derived his signature sound from playing his guitar like Richard's piano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJake201337-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a> was heavily influenced by Richard; <a href="/wiki/Lemmy_Kilmister" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmy Kilmister">Lemmy Kilmister</a> said Richard should be "Golden God".<a href="#cite_note-goldengod-230">[230]</a> Richard was an influence on <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> called Richard his "inspiration", recalling that upon hearing "Tutti Frutti" he "heard God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003228:_"After_hearing_Little_Richard_on_record,_I_bought_a_saxophone_and_came_into_the_music_business._Little_Richard_was_my_inspiration"-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2007-232">[232]</a> After opening for him with his band <a href="/wiki/Bluesology" title="Bluesology">Bluesology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> was inspired to be a "rock and roll piano player".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell200465:_"when_I_saw_Little_Richard_standing_on_top_of_the_piano,_all_the_stage_lights,_sequins_and_energy,_I_decided_then_and_there_that_I_wanted_to_be_a_rock_and_roll_piano_player"_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell200465:_"when_I_saw_Little_Richard_standing_on_top_of_the_piano,_all_the_stage_lights,_sequins_and_energy,_I_decided_then_and_there_that_I_wanted_to_be_a_rock_and_roll_piano_player"-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a> referred to Richard as his "rock and roll hero", deriving inspiration from "the soulful, primal force" of the sound Richard and his saxophonist made on "Long Tall Sally". Reed later stated, "I don't know why and I don't care, but I wanted to go to wherever that sound was and make a life."<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> performed covers of Richard's songs as a teen, before finding fame with <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodkinson200461-235">[235]</a> The sexuality of Richard's persona has been influential. Rock critics noted similarities between <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>'s androgynous look, music and vocal style and Richard's.<a href="#cite_note-floridian-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003125–126-238">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> said, "To me, Little Richard was a person that was able to focus a certain physical, anarchistic, and spiritual energy into a form which we call rock 'n' roll ... I understood it as something that had to do with my future. When I was a little girl, Santa Claus didn't turn me on. Easter Bunny didn't turn me on. God turned me on. Little Richard turned me on."<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Richard's influence continues. <a href="/wiki/Mystikal" title="Mystikal">Mystikal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_3000" title="André 3000">André "3000" Benjamin</a> were cited by critics as having emulated Richard's style in their own works. Mystikal's vocal delivery was compared to Richard's.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> André 3000's vocals in <a href="/wiki/Outkast" title="Outkast">Outkast</a>'s hit "<a href="/wiki/Hey_Ya!" title="Hey Ya!">Hey Ya!</a>" were compared to an "<a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> Little Richard".<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a> declared that Richard was one of his and his performer-father's early influences.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Mars' song "Runaway Baby" was cited by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as "channeling Little Richard".<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cornell" title="Chris Cornell">Chris Cornell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Audioslave" title="Audioslave">Audioslave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> traced his musical influences back to Richard via the Beatles.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribute_in_film">Tribute in film</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tribute in film">edit</a>]</div> On September 4, 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>-produced documentary Little Richard: I Am Everything premiered following its breakout premier at the <a href="/wiki/2023_Sundance_Film_Festival" title="2023 Sundance Film Festival">2023</a> <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The documentary received a Grammy nomination for Best Music Film in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The late singer's complexities and contributions are explored throughout the film. It digs into the Influence of early blues queens such as <a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a> and early rhythm and blues artists. It portrays his influence and mentoring of artists James Brown, Jimi Hendrix, Prince, and later pop artists whose performances are interpreted as risqué or provocative from <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Notable scholars featured include <a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a>, Jason King, and Fredara Hadley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_1988.jpg/220px-Little_Richard_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_1988.jpg/330px-Little_Richard_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_1988.jpg/440px-Little_Richard_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Little Richard, interviewed during the 60th Annual Academy Awards, 1988</figcaption></figure> In the early 1990s, a portion of Mercer University Drive in Macon was renamed "Little Richard Penniman Boulevard".<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Just south of the renamed boulevard sits Little Richard Penniman Park. In 2007, a panel of renowned recording artists voted "Tutti Frutti" number one on <a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a>'s The Top 100 Records That Changed The World, hailing the recording as "the sound of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>".<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Contactmusic.com-252">[252]</a> In April 2012, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> magazine declared that the song "still has the most inspired rock lyric on record".<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The same recording was inducted to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>' <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> in 2010, with the library claiming the "unique vocalizing over the irresistible beat announced a new era in music".<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine listed Here's Little Richard as one of the 100 Greatest and Most Influential Albums of All Time.<a href="#cite_note-entertainment.time.com-62">[62]</a> Rolling Stone listed his <a href="/wiki/Here%27s_Little_Richard" title="Here's Little Richard">Here's Little Richard</a> at number fifty on the magazine's list of <a href="/wiki/The_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time">the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> He was ranked eighth on its <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time">list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Rolling Stone listed three of Richard's recordings, "The Girl Can't Help It", "Long Tall Sally" and "Tutti Frutti", on their <a href="/wiki/500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="500 Greatest Songs of All Time">500 Greatest Songs of All Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Two of the latter songs and "Good Golly, Miss Molly" were listed on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's <a href="/wiki/500_Songs_that_Shaped_Rock_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll">500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> A 2010 UK issue of <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a> named Richard its Man of the Year in its Legend category.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2012-106">[106]</a> Richard appeared in person to receive an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University" title="Mercer University">Mercer University</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The day before the award ceremony, the mayor of Macon announced that one of Richard's childhood homes, an historic site, would be moved to a rejuvenated section of Pleasant Hill to be restored and named the Little Richard Penniman—Pleasant Hill Resource House. It would serve as a meeting place full of local history and artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> On March 14, 2021, Bruno Mars with <a href="/wiki/Anderson_.Paak" title="Anderson .Paak">Anderson .Paak</a> honored Richard at the 2021 Grammy Award ceremony. The performance was reported in the media to be the highlight of the show.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> ranked Little Richard at No. 11 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Although Richard never won a competitive Grammy, he received the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-lifetime-266">[266]</a> His album Here's Little Richard and three of his songs ("Tutti Frutti", "Lucille" and "Long Tall Sally") are inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame" title="Grammy Hall of Fame">Grammy Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Richard received various awards for his key role in the formation of popular music genres. <ul><li>1956: He received the <a href="/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)" title="Cashbox (magazine)">Cashbox</a> Triple Crown Award for "Long Tall Sally" in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li>1984: He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Georgia Music Hall of Fame">Georgia Music Hall of Fame</a>.</li> <li>1986: He was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees">inducted</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> as a member of the initial class of inductees chosen for that honor.<a href="#cite_note-HallofFame1986-87">[87]</a></li> <li>1990: He received a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>.</li> <li>1994: He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Foundation" title="Rhythm and Blues Foundation">Rhythm and Blues Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li>1997: He received the <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="American Music Award of Merit">American Music Award of Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li>2002: Along with <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>, he was honored as one of the first group of <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">BMI</a> icons at the 50th Annual BMI Pop Awards.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>2002: He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award">Image Award Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li>2003: He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame" title="Songwriters Hall of Fame">Songwriters Hall of Fame</a>.</li> <li>2006: He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a> Hall of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></li> <li>2008: He received a star on Nashville's <a href="/wiki/Music_City_Walk_of_Fame" title="Music City Walk of Fame">Music City Walk of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li>2009: He was inducted to the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Louisiana Music Hall of Fame">Louisiana Music Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li> <li>2010: He received a plaque on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a>'s Walk of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li>2015: He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Blues_Hall_of_Fame" title="Blues Hall of Fame">Blues Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li>2015: He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Music_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame">Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]</li> <li>2015: He received the Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music.<a href="#cite_note-nmaam1-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-tennessean1-118">[118]</a></li> <li>2019: He received the Distinguished Artist Award at the 2019 Tennessee Governor's Arts Awards.<a href="#cite_note-musicrow.com-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-knoxnews.com-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> In 1991, Richard served as the inspiration for the professional wrestling <a href="/wiki/Gimmick_(professional_wrestling)" title="Gimmick (professional wrestling)">gimmick</a> Johnny B. Badd. Active in <a href="/wiki/WCW" class="mw-redirect" title="WCW">WCW</a>, the gimmick was conceived by booker <a href="/wiki/Dusty_Rhodes" title="Dusty Rhodes">Dusty Rhodes</a> and portrayed by wrestler <a href="/wiki/Marc_Mero" title="Marc Mero">Marc Mero</a>. The character was initially a <a href="/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)" title="Heel (professional wrestling)">villain</a> but became beloved by the fans, leading him to become a <a href="/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)" title="Face (professional wrestling)">good guy</a> where he remained a fan favourite in WCW until Mero's departure from the promotion in 1996. Mero would revive the Johnny B. Badd. character while working for the <a href="/wiki/XWF" class="mw-redirect" title="XWF">XWF</a> and <a href="/wiki/TNA_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="TNA Wrestling">TNA Wrestling</a> between 2001-2005.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Robinson" title="Leon Robinson">Leon Robinson</a> portrayed Little Richard in the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> television biopic <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_(film)" title="Little Richard (film)">Little Richard</a>. In 2003, Little Richard voiced a fictionalized version of himself in the <a href="/wiki/Simpsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpsons">Simpsons</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Special_Edna" title="Special Edna">Special Edna</a>";<a href="#cite_note-Valdivia-280">[280]</a> he portrayed a presenter for the Teacher of the Year awards ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, and remarks that he is also a teacher because he "taught <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> to go 'woo!'" In 2014, actor <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Mychal_Smith" title="Brandon Mychal Smith">Brandon Mychal Smith</a> received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Richard in the James Brown biographical drama film <a href="/wiki/Get_on_Up_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Get on Up (film)">Get on Up</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Mick Jagger co-produced.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> During <a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_7)" class="mw-redirect" title="RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)">season 7</a> of <a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race" title="RuPaul's Drag Race">RuPaul's Drag Race</a>, contestant <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Davenport" title="Kennedy Davenport">Kennedy Davenport</a> portrayed Richard during the <a href="/wiki/Snatch_Game" title="Snatch Game">Snatch Game</a> episode, making him the first male character ever impersonated for the challenge. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Alton_Mason" title="Alton Mason">Alton Mason</a> portrayed Little Richard in the movie biopic <a href="/wiki/Elvis_(2022_film)" title="Elvis (2022 film)">Elvis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Discography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_discography" title="Little Richard discography">Little Richard discography</a></div> <dl><dt>Main albums</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Here%27s_Little_Richard" title="Here's Little Richard">Here's Little Richard</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_(album)" title="Little Richard (album)">Little Richard</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Little_Richard" title="The Fabulous Little Richard">The Fabulous Little Richard</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_Along_with_Little_Richard" title="Pray Along with Little Richard">Pray Along with Little Richard</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_Along_with_Little_Richard_(Vol_2)" title="Pray Along with Little Richard (Vol 2)">Pray Along with Little Richard (Vol 2)</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Gospel_Singers" title="The King of the Gospel Singers">The King of the Gospel Singers</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Is_Back_(And_There%27s_A_Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin%27_On!)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Richard Is Back (And There's A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!)">Little Richard Is Back (And There's A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!)</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard%27s_Greatest_Hits" title="Little Richard's Greatest Hits">Little Richard's Greatest Hits</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Little_Richard_Sings_His_Greatest_Hits_-_Live!" class="mw-redirect" title="The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live!">The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live!</a> (1967, live)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_and_Frantic_Little_Richard" title="The Wild and Frantic Little Richard">The Wild and Frantic Little Richard</a> (1967, compilation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Explosive_Little_Richard" title="The Explosive Little Richard">The Explosive Little Richard</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard%27s_Greatest_Hits:_Recorded_Live!" title="Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!">Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!</a> (1967, live)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rill_Thing" title="The Rill Thing">The Rill Thing</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Big_(Little_Richard_album)" title="Mr. Big (Little Richard album)">Mr. Big</a> (1971, compilation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Rock_and_Roll" title="The King of Rock and Roll">The King of Rock and Roll</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_from_the_Beginning_%E2%80%93_Little_Richard_and_Jimi_Hendrix" title="Friends from the Beginning – Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix">Friends from the Beginning – Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix</a> (1972, compilation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Coming_(Little_Richard_album)" title="The Second Coming (Little Richard album)">The Second Coming</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Now!_(Little_Richard_album)" title="Right Now! (Little Richard album)">Right Now!</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkin%27_%27bout_Soul" title="Talkin' 'bout Soul">Talkin' 'bout Soul</a> (1974, compilation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Live" title="Little Richard Live">Little Richard Live</a> (1976, studio re-recreations of Specialty tracks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Beautiful_City" title="God's Beautiful City">God's Beautiful City</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifetime_Friend" title="Lifetime Friend">Lifetime Friend</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_It_All_About_(album)" title="Shake It All About (album)">Shake It All About</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Meets_Masayoshi_Takanaka" title="Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka">Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Child" title="Southern Child">Southern Child</a> (2005, recorded in 1972)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It" title="The Girl Can't Help It">The Girl Can't Help It</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1956), lip-syncing the title number (different version from record), "Ready Teddy" and "She's Got It"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Knock_the_Rock" title="Don't Knock the Rock">Don't Knock the Rock</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1956), lip-syncing "Long Tall Sally" and "Tutti Frutti"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mister_Rock_and_Roll_(film)" title="Mister Rock and Roll (film)">Mister Rock and Roll</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1957), lip-syncing "Lucille" and "Keep A-Knockin'", on original prints</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Caper" title="Catalina Caper">Catalina Caper</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (a.k.a. Never Steal Anything Wet, 1967), Richard lip-syncs an original tune, "Scuba Party", still unreleased on record by 2019.</li> <li>Little Richard: Live at the Toronto Peace Festival<a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1969) – released on DVD in 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Shout!_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout! Factory">Shout! Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_London_Rock_and_Roll_Show_(film)" title="The London Rock and Roll Show (film)">The London Rock & Roll Show</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1973), performing "Lucille", "Rip It Up", "Good Golly Miss Molly", "Tutti Frutti", "I Believe" [a capella, a few lines], and "Jenny Jenny"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix_(film)" title="Jimi Hendrix (film)">Jimi Hendrix</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Good_Times_Roll_(film)" title="Let the Good Times Roll (film)">Let the Good Times Roll</a> (1973) featured performances and behind-the-scenes candid footage of Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Bill Haley, the Five Satins, <a href="/wiki/The_Shirelles" title="The Shirelles">The Shirelles</a>, Chubby Checker, and Danny and the Juniors.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Beverly_Hills" title="Down and Out in Beverly Hills">Down and Out in Beverly Hills</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1986), co-starred as Orvis Goodnight and performed the production number, "Great Gosh A-Mighty"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail!_Hail!_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" title="Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll">Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll</a> TV Documentary (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Love_(film)" title="Goddess of Love (film)">Goddess of Love</a> Made For TV Movie (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_People_Eater_(film)" title="Purple People Eater (film)">Purple People Eater</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_the_Class_Struggle_in_Beverly_Hills" title="Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills">Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills</a> (1989) (uncredited)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventures_(1990_TV_series)" title="Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1990 TV series)">Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures</a> (1990) (voice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_Rock_%27n%27_Rhyme" title="Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme">Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blossom_(American_TV_series)" title="Blossom (American TV series)">Blossom</a> – S1E5 (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbo" title="Columbo">Columbo</a> – S10E3 "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbo_episodes" title="List of Columbo episodes">Columbo and the Murder of a Rock Star</a>" (1991) (Cameo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FernGully:_The_Last_Rainforest" title="FernGully: The Last Rainforest">FernGully: The Last Rainforest</a> (1992) (voice--uncredited)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Truth_(1992_film)" title="The Naked Truth (1992 film)">The Naked Truth</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Heat_(film)" title="Sunset Heat (film)">Sunset Heat</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (aka Midnight Heat) (1992)</li> <li>James Brown: The Man, The Message, The Music TV Documentary (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_(TV_series)" title="Martin (TV series)">Martin</a> S1E12 "Three Men and a Mouse" as The Exterminator (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pickle" title="The Pickle">The Pickle</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Action_Hero" title="Last Action Hero">Last Action Hero</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_House" title="Full House">Full House</a> (1993) (Cameo) – Episode: Too Little Richard Too Late</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baywatch" title="Baywatch">Baywatch</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-287">[287]</a> (1995) as Maurice in Episode: The Runaways</li> <li>Be Cool About Fire Safety (1996) as Himself</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show" title="The Drew Carey Show">The Drew Carey Show</a> (1997) (cameo) – Episode: Drewstock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Do_Fools_Fall_in_Love_(film)" title="Why Do Fools Fall in Love (film)">Why Do Fools Fall in Love</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muppets_Tonight" title="Muppets Tonight">Muppets Tonight</a> (1998) – Episode: The Cameo Show</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery Alaska">Mystery Alaska</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet_of_the_Swan_(film)" title="The Trumpet of the Swan (film)">The Trumpet of the Swan</a> (2001) (voice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> (2002) (voice)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bare-1"><a href="#cite_ref-bare_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEagleLeBlanc2013" class="citation book cs1">Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. 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Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313344237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313344237"><bdi>978-0313344237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+%E2%80%93+A+Regional+Experience&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0313344237&rft.aulast=Eagle&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Weiner-20200509-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Weiner-20200509_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Weiner-20200509_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Weiner-20200509_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2020" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/09/arts/music/little-richard-dead.html">"Little Richard, Flamboyant Wild Man of Rock 'n' Roll, Dies at 87"</a>. 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Retrieved October 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicRow&rft.atitle=Bobby+Karl+Works+The+Room%3A+The+Tennessee+Governor%27s+Arts+Awards&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicrow.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fbobby-karl-works-the-room-the-tennessee-governors-arts-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370–74-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200370–74_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, pp. 70–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200384–85-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200384–85_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200399–101-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200399–101_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, pp. 99–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003105-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003105_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003105_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerchant2014" class="citation web cs1">Merchant, Christopher (August 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/rutherford/2014/08/28/little-richard-murfreesboro-accident/14738937/">"Little Richard's Cadillac struck in Murfreesboro crash"</a>. The Tennessean. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Little+Richard%27s+Cadillac+struck+in+Murfreesboro+crash&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Frutherford%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2Flittle-richard-murfreesboro-accident%2F14738937%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20039-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20039_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-JetFeb2000-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JetFeb2000_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JetFeb2000_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63">"Life Story of Rock 'n' Roll Legend Little Richard Told in NBC Movie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a>. Vol. 97, no. 11. February 2000. pp. 63–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Life+Story+of+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Legend+Little+Richard+Told+in+NBC+Movie&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJz0DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200310-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200310_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200341-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200341_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier198460-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier198460_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollier1984">Collier 1984</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370–71-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200370–71_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulla200836-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulla200836_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGulla2008">Gulla 2008</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2015" class="citation news cs1">Ramsey, David (December 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordamerican.org/magazine/item/719-prayers-for-richard">"Prayers for Richard"</a>. Oxford American. Little Rock AR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509142349/https://www.oxfordamerican.org/magazine/item/719-prayers-for-richard">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020. <q>Or offer up their own: a Little Richard concert in Baltimore in 1956 is supposedly the first incident of female fans throwing their underwear onstage ("a shower of panties," a bandmate remembered).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+American&rft.atitle=Prayers+for+Richard&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordamerican.org%2Fmagazine%2Fitem%2F719-prayers-for-richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1984">White 1984</a>, p. 66. "Charles Connor:... After that it happened lots of places we played. The girls would actually take their panties off and throw them at the bandstand. A shower of panties!" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200370-71-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200370-71_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 70-71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003100–101-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003100–101_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2007137-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2007137_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoser2007">Moser 2007</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=625896146173275">"Little Richard talks rock & roll, overcoming addiction and more"</a>. Late Night with David Letterman. Season 1. May 4, 1982. NBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Late+Night+with+David+Letterman&rft.series=Season+1&rft.date=1982-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fwatch%2F%3Fv%3D625896146173275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breakingnews.ie/showbiz/tutti-frutti-tops-world-changing-hit-list-310948.html#!">"Tutti Frutti tops world-changing hit list"</a>. Breakingnews.ie. May 16, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905234546/http://www.breakingnews.ie/showbiz/tutti-frutti-tops-world-changing-hit-list-310948.html#!">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breakingnews.ie&rft.atitle=Tutti+Frutti+tops+world-changing+hit+list&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingnews.ie%2Fshowbiz%2Ftutti-frutti-tops-world-changing-hit-list-310948.html%23%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRing2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Ring, Trudy (October 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advocate.com/people/2017/10/06/little-richard-once-gay-now-antigay-again">"Little Richard, Once Gay, Is Now Antigay — Again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a>. San Francisco, California. Retrieved April 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=Little+Richard%2C+Once+Gay%2C+Is+Now+Antigay+%E2%80%94+Again&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fpeople%2F2017%2F10%2F06%2Flittle-richard-once-gay-now-antigay-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddTr_AgAAQBAJpgPT183-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddTr_AgAAQBAJpgPT183_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTr_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT183">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003187–189-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003187–189_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, pp. 187–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier198460:_"I_used_to_have_standards_in_my_life_and_I_lost_all_of_that"-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier198460:_"I_used_to_have_standards_in_my_life_and_I_lost_all_of_that"_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollier1984">Collier 1984</a>, p. 60: "I used to have standards in my life and I lost all of that". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier198460:_"I_was_one_of_the_biggest_cocaine_addicts,_smoking_it,_snorting_it_and_whatever_cocaine_could_do,_I_did"-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier198460:_"I_was_one_of_the_biggest_cocaine_addicts,_smoking_it,_snorting_it_and_whatever_cocaine_could_do,_I_did"_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollier1984">Collier 1984</a>, p. 60: "I was one of the biggest cocaine addicts, smoking it, snorting it and whatever cocaine could do, I did". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003188-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003188_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003188_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003186-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003186_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19790817&id=ELsqAAAAIBAJ&pg=4701,765387">"Little Richard Forsakes Rock 'n' Roll For Religion"</a>. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. August 17, 1979. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709125320/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19790817&id=ELsqAAAAIBAJ&pg=4701,765387">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+Forsakes+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+For+Religion&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1979-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1755%26dat%3D19790817%26id%3DELsqAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4701%2C765387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/people/music/richard.html#:~:text=About%2050%25%20of%20SDAs%20are%20vegetarian.&text=The%20apparently%20ageless%20(and%20vegetarian,music%20%2D%20and%20himself%20%2D%20undiminished.">"International Vegetarian Union - Little Richard (1932- )"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805091203/https://ivu.org/people/music/richard.html#:~:text=About%2050%25%20of%20SDAs%20are%20vegetarian.&text=The%20apparently%20ageless%20(and%20vegetarian,music%20%2D%20and%20himself%20%2D%20undiminished.">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Vegetarian+Union+-+Little+Richard+%281932-+%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivu.org%2Fpeople%2Fmusic%2Frichard.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAbout%252050%2525%2520of%2520SDAs%2520are%2520vegetarian.%26text%3DThe%2520apparently%2520ageless%2520%28and%2520vegetarian%2Cmusic%2520%252D%2520and%2520himself%2520%252D%2520undiminished.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-29-he-64587-story.html">"Little Richard"</a>. Los Angeles Times. June 29, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225005433/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-29-he-64587-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Little+Richard&rft.date=1998-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-jun-29-he-64587-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003203–214-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003203–214_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, pp. 203–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contactmusic.com/news/little-richard-weds-20-couples_1017057">"Little Richard Weds 20 Couples"</a>. Contactmusic.com. December 19, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102070222/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/little-richard-weds-20-couples_1017057">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contactmusic.com&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+Weds+20+Couples&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contactmusic.com%2Fnews%2Flittle-richard-weds-20-couples_1017057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavers2010127-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHavers2010127_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHavers2010">Havers 2010</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://6abc.com/archive/6840970/">"Fats Domino Makes Rare Concert Appearance"</a>. abclocal.go.com. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014403/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news%2Fentertainment&id=6840970">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abclocal.go.com&rft.atitle=Fats+Domino+Makes+Rare+Concert+Appearance&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F6abc.com%2Farchive%2F6840970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-healthscare-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-healthscare_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-healthscare_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/little-richard-tells-cee-lo-about-recent-heart-attack-20130930">"Little Richard Tells Cee Lo About Recent Heart Attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. September 30, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001234756/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/little-richard-tells-cee-lo-about-recent-heart-attack-20130930">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+Tells+Cee+Lo+About+Recent+Heart+Attack&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Flittle-richard-tells-cee-lo-about-recent-heart-attack-20130930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1986" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Patrick (December 5, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1986-12-05-8603140687-story.html">"LITTLE RICHARD HIGH ON JUDAISM; PRINCE PROMOTES NEW PROTOGE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="South Florida Sun-Sentinel">South Florida Sun-Sentinel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328020707/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1986-12-05-8603140687-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=LITTLE+RICHARD+HIGH+ON+JUDAISM%3B+PRINCE+PROMOTES+NEW+PROTOGE&rft.date=1986-12-05&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2Fnews%2Ffl-xpm-1986-12-05-8603140687-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIvry2020" class="citation news cs1">Ivry, Benjamin (May 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/446094/he-really-is-jewish-little-richards-lifelong-love-affair-with-judaism/">""He really is Jewish" — Little Richard's lifelong love affair with Judaism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328020707/https://forward.com/culture/446094/he-really-is-jewish-little-richards-lifelong-love-affair-with-judaism/">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=%22He+really+is+Jewish%22+%E2%80%94+Little+Richard%27s+lifelong+love+affair+with+Judaism&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft.aulast=Ivry&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F446094%2Fhe-really-is-jewish-little-richards-lifelong-love-affair-with-judaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2020" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Gabe (May 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishledger.com/2020/05/little-richard-loved-judaism/">"Little Richard loved Judaism"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_New_England_Jewish_Ledger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern New England Jewish Ledger (page does not exist)">Southern New England Jewish Ledger</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724025625/http://www.jewishledger.com/2020/05/little-richard-loved-judaism/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+New+England+Jewish+Ledger&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+loved+Judaism&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishledger.com%2F2020%2F05%2Flittle-richard-loved-judaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThree_Angels_Broadcasting_Network2017" class="citation web cs1">Three Angels Broadcasting Network (September 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/0XldBnWFjB8">"Interview with 'Little Richard'"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XldBnWFjB8">the original</a> on October 28, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+%27Little+Richard%27&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.au=Three+Angels+Broadcasting+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0XldBnWFjB8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThree_Angels_Broadcasting_Network2017" class="citation web cs1">Three Angels Broadcasting Network (October 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTXfx4h4iPs">"Little Richard 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115095147/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTXfx4h4iPs&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Richard+2017&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.au=Three+Angels+Broadcasting+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLTXfx4h4iPs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollin_Dorsey2017" class="citation web cs1">Collin Dorsey (October 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/f8X9l5Sq-Y0">"Little Richard's First TV News Interview in Over Two Decades"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8X9l5Sq-Y0">the original</a> on October 28, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Richard%27s+First+TV+News+Interview+in+Over+Two+Decades&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft.au=Collin+Dorsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Df8X9l5Sq-Y0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003219-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003219_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003219_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2003">White 2003</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2009192-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2009192_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby2009">Kirby 2009</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jambase.com/Articles/14179/Weekend-of-Legends-06.06-06.08-NYC">"Weekend of Legends"</a>. Jambase.com. June 13, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117233854/http://www.jambase.com/Articles/14179/Weekend-of-Legends-06.06-06.08-NYC">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weekend+of+Legends&rft.pub=Jambase.com&rft.date=2008-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jambase.com%2FArticles%2F14179%2FWeekend-of-Legends-06.06-06.08-NYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2020" class="citation news cs1">Browne, David (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/little-richard-dead-48505/">"Little Richard, Founding Father of Rock Who Broke Musical Barriers, Dead at 87"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509160712/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/little-richard-dead-48505/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Little+Richard%2C+Founding+Father+of+Rock+Who+Broke+Musical+Barriers%2C+Dead+at+87&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Flittle-richard-dead-48505%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreene2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Greene, Andy (May 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/little-richard-denies-near-death-rumors-im-still-singing-20160503">"Little Richard Denies Near-Death Rumors: 'I'm Still Singing'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. Retrieved January 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+Denies+Near-Death+Rumors%3A+%27I%27m+Still+Singing%27&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Flittle-richard-denies-near-death-rumors-im-still-singing-20160503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/04/little-richard-denies-claims-of-poor-health-illness-untrue">"Little Richard denies claims that he's 'clinging to life'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. May 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511042056/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/04/little-richard-denies-claims-of-poor-health-illness-untrue">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+denies+claims+that+he%27s+%27clinging+to+life%27&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fmay%2F04%2Flittle-richard-denies-claims-of-poor-health-illness-untrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/celebrity/rock-n-roll-pioneer-little-richard-dies-at-age-87-rolling-stone-2#comments-area">"'Architect of rock 'n' roll' Little Richard dies at age 87, Rolling Stone says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. May 9, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=%27Architect+of+rock+%27n%27+roll%27+Little+Richard+dies+at+age+87%2C+Rolling+Stone+says&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebrity%2Frock-n-roll-pioneer-little-richard-dies-at-age-87-rolling-stone-2%23comments-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElassar2020" class="citation web cs1">Elassar, Alaa (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/play-the-keys-among-the-stars-now-celebrities-pay-tribute-to-little-richard-1.4932441">"'Play the keys among the stars now': Celebrities pay tribute to Little Richard | CTV News"</a>. Ctvnews.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511012847/https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/play-the-keys-among-the-stars-now-celebrities-pay-tribute-to-little-richard-1.4932441">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ctvnews.ca&rft.atitle=%27Play+the+keys+among+the+stars+now%27%3A+Celebrities+pay+tribute+to+Little+Richard+%26%23124%3B+CTV+News&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Elassar&rft.aufirst=Alaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fentertainment%2Fplay-the-keys-among-the-stars-now-celebrities-pay-tribute-to-little-richard-1.4932441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCromelin2020" class="citation news cs1">Cromelin, Richard (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2020-05-09/little-richard-dead">"Little Richard, flamboyant rocker who fused gospel fervor and R&B sexuality, dies at 87"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509185707/https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2020-05-09/little-richard-dead">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2020. 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Retrieved May 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Legendary+Rock+and+Roll+Musician+Little+Richard+Died+of+Bone+Cancer+at+87&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Joelle&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Alexia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fmusic%2Fllittle-richard-dies-at-87%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeopold" class="citation news cs1">Leopold, Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/09/entertainment/little-richard-dead-obituary-trnd/index.html">"Little Richard dies: Flamboyant rock legend was 87"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604061540/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/09/entertainment/little-richard-dead-obituary-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+dies%3A+Flamboyant+rock+legend+was+87&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F05%2F09%2Fentertainment%2Flittle-richard-dead-obituary-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/little-richard-dead-bob-dylan-tribute-influence-album-tutti-frutti-a9507081.html">"Bob Dylan pays moving tribute to Little Richard: 'He was my shining star'"</a>. The Independent. May 10, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510184002/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/little-richard-dead-bob-dylan-tribute-influence-album-tutti-frutti-a9507081.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bob+Dylan+pays+moving+tribute+to+Little+Richard%3A+%27He+was+my+shining+star%27&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Flittle-richard-dead-bob-dylan-tribute-influence-album-tutti-frutti-a9507081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IN-20200510-175"><a href="#cite_ref-IN-20200510_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/magazine/entertainment/2020/05/10/news/paul-mccartney-i-owe-a-lot-of-what-i-do-to-little-richard-and-his-style-1933357">"Paul McCartney: I owe a lot of what I do to Little Richard and his style"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_News" title="The Irish News">The Irish News</a>. May 10, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310145126/https://www.irishnews.com/magazine/entertainment/2020/05/10/news/paul-mccartney-i-owe-a-lot-of-what-i-do-to-little-richard-and-his-style-1933357/">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=Paul+McCartney%3A+I+owe+a+lot+of+what+I+do+to+Little+Richard+and+his+style&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fmagazine%2Fentertainment%2F2020%2F05%2F10%2Fnews%2Fpaul-mccartney-i-owe-a-lot-of-what-i-do-to-little-richard-and-his-style-1933357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-Kreps-20200509-176"><a href="#cite_ref-RS-Kreps-20200509_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKreps2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Kreps, Daniel (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/mick-jagger-little-richard-tribute-996757">"Mick Jagger Pays Tribute to 'Biggest Inspiration' Little Richard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Mick+Jagger+Pays+Tribute+to+%27Biggest+Inspiration%27+Little+Richard&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fmick-jagger-little-richard-tribute-996757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-Browne-20200509-177"><a href="#cite_ref-RS-Browne-20200509_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Browne, David (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/john-fogerty-little-richard-996838">"John Fogerty Remembers Little Richard: 'The Greatest Rock Singer of All Time'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=John+Fogerty+Remembers+Little+Richard%3A+%27The+Greatest+Rock+Singer+of+All+Time%27&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-features%2Fjohn-fogerty-little-richard-996838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-Kreps-20200509-EJ-178"><a href="#cite_ref-RS-Kreps-20200509-EJ_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKreps2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Kreps, Daniel (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/elton-john-little-richard-tribute-996803">"Elton John on Little Richard: 'A True Legend, 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Little Richard: 'His Music Sounds Just as Fresh and Powerful Today'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Lenny+Kravitz+on+Little+Richard%3A+%27His+Music+Sounds+Just+as+Fresh+and+Powerful+Today%27&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Spanos&rft.aufirst=Brittany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-features%2Flenny-kravitz-little-richard-tribute-996900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2020" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Kristin (May 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbs.org/newshour/arts/little-richard-to-be-buried-at-historically-black-college">"Little Richard to be buries at historically black college"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925144246/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/little-richard-to-be-buried-at-historically-black-college">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2020. 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"His influence is incalculable. The Beatles learned their ecstatic falsetto shouts from him; James Brown said he was "the first to put the funk in rhythm." In his yearbook, Bob Dylan listed that his ambition was "to join Little Richard," and nine-year-old David Bowie bought a saxophone hoping to do that as well." </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLhamon1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lhamon, W.T. (1985). "Little Richard as a Folk Performer". 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Retrieved April 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mirror&rft.atitle=My+mate+the+sex+machine%3A+Mick+Jagger+on+his+movie+about+his+%27inspiration%27+James+Brown&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft.aulast=Witheridge&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2F3am%2Fcelebrity-news%2Fmick-jagger-up-movie-3953583%23.U-ZxJ_ldWSo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllaire2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Allaire, Christian (May 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/alton-mason-cannes-film-festival-elvis-premiere">"How Alton Mason Channeled Little Richard at the Cannes Premiere of Elvis"</a>. Vogue. Retrieved September 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=How+Alton+Mason+Channeled+Little+Richard+at+the+Cannes+Premiere+of+Elvis&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=Allaire&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Fslideshow%2Falton-mason-cannes-film-festival-elvis-premiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFI-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFI_287-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026010408/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba3d6bca7">"Little Richard"</a>. British Film Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba3d6bca7">the original</a> on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Richard&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffilms-tv-people%2F4ce2ba3d6bca7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0143367/">"Let the Good Times Roll (1973)"</a>. IMDb. July 19, 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807105113/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0143367/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let+the+Good+Times+Roll+%281973%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=1973-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0143367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayles1996" class="citation book cs1">Bayles, Martha (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmcaVNZNF-cC&pg=PA133">Hole in Our Soul: The Loss of Beauty and Meaning in American Popular Music</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03959-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03959-6"><bdi>978-0-226-03959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hole+in+Our+Soul%3A+The+Loss+of+Beauty+and+Meaning+in+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03959-6&rft.aulast=Bayles&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmcaVNZNF-cC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaWJ8Kd2pG4C&pg=PA65">Brands That Rock: What Business Leaders Can Learn from the World of Rock and Roll (Google eBook)</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-45517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-45517-2"><bdi>978-0-471-45517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brands+That+Rock%3A+What+Business+Leaders+Can+Learn+from+the+World+of+Rock+and+Roll+%28Google+eBook%29&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-45517-2&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaWJ8Kd2pG4C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIZSM3zxNUEC&pg=PA168">Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On</a> (First ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50530-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50530-3"><bdi>978-0-495-50530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+in+America%3A+The+Beat+Goes+On&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50530-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnIZSM3zxNUEC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rK5DMAZsuAgC&pg=PT198">Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-840-02976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-840-02976-8"><bdi>978-0-840-02976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+in+America%3A+The+Beat+Goes+On&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-840-02976-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrK5DMAZsuAgC%26pg%3DPT198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBrody2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael; Brody, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC">Rock and Roll: An Introduction</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-64295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-64295-2"><bdi>978-0-534-64295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+and+Roll%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-534-64295-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brody%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRK-JmVbv4OIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChalmers2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Chalmers, Robert (March 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/gq-men-of-the-year-2010-little-richard-legend">"GQ Legend: Little Richard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GQ_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="GQ Magazine">GQ Magazine</a>. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GQ+Magazine&rft.atitle=GQ+Legend%3A+Little+Richard&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq-magazine.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fgq-men-of-the-year-2010-little-richard-legend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollier1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Collier, Aldore (November 26, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60">"Little Richard Tells Us How He Got What He Wanted But Lost What He Had"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a>. Vol. 67, no. 12. pp. 60–63. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Little+Richard+Tells+Us+How+He+Got+What+He+Wanted+But+Lost+What+He+Had&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1984-11-26&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Aldore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyq4DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollis2003" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iketurnerkingofr0000coll">Ike Turner: King of Rhythm</a>. Do-Not. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904316-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904316-24-4"><bdi>978-1-904316-24-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ike+Turner%3A+King+of+Rhythm&rft.pub=Do-Not&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-904316-24-4&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fiketurnerkingofr0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoggett2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Doggett, Peter (January 2007). "Teenage Wildlife". Mojo Classic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mojo+Classic&rft.atitle=Teenage+Wildlife&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Doggett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDu_Noyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). London: Flame Tree Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904041-96-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904041-96-2"><bdi>978-1-904041-96-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Music&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Flame+Tree+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-904041-96-2&rft.aulast=Du+Noyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErlewineHarris2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas; Harris, Keith (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/little-richard-20-essential-songs-15792/">"Little Richard: 20 Essential Songs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Little+Richard%3A+20+Essential+Songs&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft.au=Harris%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Flittle-richard-20-essential-songs-15792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwbank2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewbank, Tim (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQaEe66cmHYC&pg=PA55">Cliff: An Intimate Portrait</a>. London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-3610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-3610-0"><bdi>978-0-7535-3610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cliff%3A+An+Intimate+Portrait&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-3610-0&rft.aulast=Ewbank&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQaEe66cmHYC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwbank2005" class="citation book cs1">Ewbank, Tim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xot_GxMHqVAC&pg=PA7">Rod Stewart: The New Biography</a>. Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2644-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2644-7"><bdi>978-0-8065-2644-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rod+Stewart%3A+The+New+Biography&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2644-7&rft.aulast=Ewbank&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxot_GxMHqVAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=13">"Big Rock Candy Mountain: Rock 'n' roll in the late fifties"</a> (audio). <a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Big+Rock+Candy+Mountain%3A+Rock+%27n%27+roll+in+the+late+fifties&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuralnick1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Guralnick, Peter</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRycxiRjvKoC&pg=PP1">Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom</a>. Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-33273-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-33273-6"><bdi>978-0-316-33273-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41950519">41950519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+Soul+Music%3A+Rhythm+and+Blues+and+the+Southern+Dream+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41950519&rft.isbn=978-0-316-33273-6&rft.aulast=Guralnick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRycxiRjvKoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulla2008" class="citation book cs1">Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34044-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34044-4"><bdi>978-0-313-34044-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+R%26B+and+Soul%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Artists+Who+Revolutionized+Rhythm&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34044-4&rft.aulast=Gulla&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHavers2010" class="citation book cs1">Havers, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZSeU_rmdxYC&pg=PA127">The Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll</a>. Book Sales Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-2625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-2625-5"><bdi>978-0-7858-2625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.pub=Book+Sales+Inc&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-2625-5&rft.aulast=Havers&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZSeU_rmdxYC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarry2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Harry" title="Bill Harry">Harry, Bill</a> (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0481-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0481-9"><bdi>978-0-7535-0481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+Encyclopedia%3A+Revised+and+Updated&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virgin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-0481-9&rft.aulast=Harry&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarry2002" class="citation book cs1">Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. Virgin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0716-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0716-2"><bdi>978-0-7535-0716-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paul+McCartney+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Virgin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-0716-2&rft.aulast=Harry&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodkinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hodkinson, Mark (2004). Queen: The Early Years. London: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-012-7"><bdi>978-1-84449-012-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84449-012-7&rft.aulast=Hodkinson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJake2013" class="citation book cs1">Jake, Brown (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GS0jRZJMVWgC&pg=PA37">Ac/Dc in the Studio</a>. John Blake Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78219-677-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78219-677-8"><bdi>978-1-78219-677-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ac%2FDc+in+the+Studio&rft.pub=John+Blake+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78219-677-8&rft.aulast=Jake&rft.aufirst=Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGS0jRZJMVWgC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2009" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littlerichardbir00kirb">Little Richard: The Birth of Rock 'n' Roll</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2965-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-2965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Richard%3A+The+Birth+of+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2965-0&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flittlerichardbir00kirb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLauterbach2011" class="citation book cs1">Lauterbach, Preston (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chitlincircuitro00laut">The Chitlin' Circuit: And the Road to Rock 'n' Roll</a>. W. W. Norton & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chitlincircuitro00laut/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08225-8"><bdi>978-0-393-08225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chitlin%27+Circuit%3A+And+the+Road+to+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08225-8&rft.aulast=Lauterbach&rft.aufirst=Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchitlincircuitro00laut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahon2004" class="citation book cs1">Mahon, Maurice (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righttorockblack0000maho">Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coalition and the Cultural Politics of Race</a>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righttorockblack0000maho/page/151">151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3317-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3317-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-3317-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+to+Rock%3A+The+Black+Rock+Coalition+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Race&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3317-3&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighttorockblack0000maho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2009" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ty_6SqPE4C">Ultimate Hendrix: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Live Concerts and Sessions</a>. BackBeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-938-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-938-1"><bdi>978-0-87930-938-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Hendrix%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Live+Concerts+and+Sessions&rft.pub=BackBeat+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-938-1&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6ty_6SqPE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerlis2002" class="citation book cs1">Merlis, Bob (2002). Heart and Soul – A Celebration of Black Music Style in America: 1930–1975. Billboard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-8314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-8314-5"><bdi>978-0-8230-8314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+and+Soul+%E2%80%93+A+Celebration+of+Black+Music+Style+in+America%3A+1930%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-8314-5&rft.aulast=Merlis&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Zell (1996). They Heard Georgia Singing – Little Richard (Richard Penniman). Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-504-5"><bdi>978-0-86554-504-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Heard+Georgia+Singing+%E2%80%93+Little+Richard+%28Richard+Penniman%29&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-504-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Zell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoser2007" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Margaret (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=exdHqRsPWAUC&pg=PT126">Rock Stars Do The Dumbest Things</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-7838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-7838-5"><bdi>978-1-4299-7838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+Stars+Do+The+Dumbest+Things&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-7838-5&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexdHqRsPWAUC%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray1989" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Charles (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crosstowntraffic00murr">Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix and the Rock 'n' Roll Revolution</a> (First US ed.). St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06324-5"><bdi>978-0-312-06324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crosstown+Traffic%3A+Jimi+Hendrix+and+the+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Revolution&rft.edition=First+US&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-312-06324-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrosstowntraffic00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNite1982" class="citation book cs1">Nite, Norm N. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockon02norm">Rock on: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock N' Roll / Vol. 1, The solid gold years</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-181642-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-181642-0"><bdi>978-0-06-181642-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+on%3A+The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Rock+N%27+Roll+%2F+Vol.+1%2C+The+solid+gold+years&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-06-181642-0&rft.aulast=Nite&rft.aufirst=Norm+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockon02norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtfinoski2010" class="citation book cs1">Otfinoski, Steven (2010). African Americans in the Performing Arts. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7838-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7838-7"><bdi>978-0-8160-7838-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+the+Performing+Arts&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7838-7&rft.aulast=Otfinoski&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2011" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx0ZdtoJzc8C&pg=PA139">Blues & Chaos: The Music Writing of Robert Palmer</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9974-6"><bdi>978-1-4165-9974-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+%26+Chaos%3A+The+Music+Writing+of+Robert+Palmer&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-9974-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhx0ZdtoJzc8C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPegg2002" class="citation book cs1">Pegg, Bruce (2002). Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life and Hard Times of Chuck Berry: An Unauthorized Biography. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93748-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93748-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brown+Eyed+Handsome+Man%3A+The+Life+and+Hard+Times+of+Chuck+Berry%3A+An+Unauthorized+Biography&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93748-1&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodman1996" class="citation book cs1">Rodman, Gilbert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elvisafterelvisp0000rodm">Elvis after Elvis: the posthumous career of a living legend</a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elvisafterelvisp0000rodm/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11002-0"><bdi>978-0-415-11002-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elvis+after+Elvis%3A+the+posthumous+career+of+a+living+legend&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11002-0&rft.aulast=Rodman&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felvisafterelvisp0000rodm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Marc (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GK2vfSVwEboC&pg=PA77">Trumpet Records: Diamonds on Farish Street</a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-525-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-525-8"><bdi>978-1-61703-525-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trumpet+Records%3A+Diamonds+on+Farish+Street&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-61703-525-8&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGK2vfSVwEboC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShadwick2003" class="citation book cs1">Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix: Musician. BackBeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-764-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-764-6"><bdi>978-0-87930-764-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimi+Hendrix%3A+Musician&rft.pub=BackBeat+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-764-6&rft.aulast=Shadwick&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShelton2003" class="citation book cs1">Shelton, Robert (2003). No Direction Home: The Life and Music of Bob Dylan. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81287-3"><bdi>978-0-306-81287-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Direction+Home%3A+The+Life+and+Music+of+Bob+Dylan&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81287-3&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite1984" class="citation book cs1">White, Charles (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesoflit00whit/page/66/mode/2up/search/panties?q=%22little+richard%22+panties">"Tutti Frutti"</a>. The life and times of Little Richard: the quasar of rock. New York: Harmony Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517554984" title="Special:BookSources/0517554984"><bdi>0517554984</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tutti+Frutti&rft.btitle=The+life+and+times+of+Little+Richard%3A+the+quasar+of+rock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0517554984&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifetimesoflit00whit%2Fpage%2F66%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fpanties%3Fq%3D%2522little%2Brichard%2522%2Bpanties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation book cs1">White, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTr_AgAAQBAJ">The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorized Biography</a>. Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80552-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80552-3"><bdi>978-0-306-80552-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Little+Richard%3A+The+Authorized+Biography&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80552-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdTr_AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinn2008" class="citation book cs1">Winn, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwvYhxcBr5oC&pg=PA12">Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume One, 1957–1965</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45157-6"><bdi>978-0-307-45157-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Way+Beyond+Compare%3A+The+Beatles%27+Recorded+Legacy%2C+Volume+One%2C+1957%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45157-6&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwvYhxcBr5oC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWynne2021" class="citation book cs1">Wynne, Ben (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mupress.org/Something-in-the-Water-A-History-of-Music-in-Macon-Georgia-1823-1980-P1160.aspx">Something in the Water: A History of Music in Macon, Georgia, 1823-1980</a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881468021" title="Special:BookSources/9780881468021"><bdi>9780881468021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+in+the+Water%3A+A+History+of+Music+in+Macon%2C+Georgia%2C+1823-1980&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780881468021&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mupress.org%2FSomething-in-the-Water-A-History-of-Music-in-Macon-Georgia-1823-1980-P1160.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerry2009" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Jason (2009). Up from the Cradle of Jazz: New Orleans Music since World War II. University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887366-87-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887366-87-8"><bdi>978-1-887366-87-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+from+the+Cradle+of+Jazz%3A+New+Orleans+Music+since+World+War+II&rft.pub=University+of+Louisiana+at+Lafayette+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-887366-87-8&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowman1997" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Rob (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLdsRwpZ9oYC&pg=PA62">Soulsville U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records</a>. Schirmer Trade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8256-7284-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8256-7284-2"><bdi>978-0-8256-7284-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36824884">36824884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soulsville+U.S.A.%3A+The+Story+of+Stax+Records&rft.pub=Schirmer+Trade&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36824884&rft.isbn=978-0-8256-7284-2&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLdsRwpZ9oYC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Geoff (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPjbFitUA0wC&pg=PA10">Otis Redding: Try a Little Tenderness</a>. Canongate U.S. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-316-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-316-8"><bdi>978-1-84195-316-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otis+Redding%3A+Try+a+Little+Tenderness&rft.pub=Canongate+U.S.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84195-316-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPjbFitUA0wC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2008" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, David (2008). 'Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky: Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3434-1"><bdi>978-1-4165-3434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Scuse+Me+While+I+Kiss+the+Sky%3A+Jimi+Hendrix%3A+Voodoo+Child&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3434-1&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinckley1995" class="citation book cs1">Hinckley, David (1995). The Rolling Stones: Black & White Blues. Turner Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57036-150-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57036-150-0"><bdi>978-1-57036-150-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stones%3A+Black+%26+White+Blues&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-57036-150-0&rft.aulast=Hinckley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_MacDonald" title="Ian MacDonald">MacDonald, Ian</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJUWJhIbkccC">Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties</a> (3rd (2007) ed.). Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-733-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-733-3"><bdi>978-1-55652-733-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+the+Head%3A+The+Beatles%27+Records+and+the+Sixties&rft.edition=3rd+%282007%29&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-733-3&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJUWJhIbkccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeidman2011" class="citation book cs1">Weidman, Rich (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjPcWkEPSR8C&q=tutti+frutti+mojo+magazine&pg=PT103">The Doors FAQ: All That's Left to Know about the Kings of Acid Rock</a>. Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61713-110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61713-110-3"><bdi>978-1-61713-110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doors+FAQ%3A+All+That%27s+Left+to+Know+about+the+Kings+of+Acid+Rock&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61713-110-3&rft.aulast=Weidman&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjPcWkEPSR8C%26q%3Dtutti%2Bfrutti%2Bmojo%2Bmagazine%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Little Richard at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard" class="extiw" title="c:Little Richard">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Little_Richard" class="extiw" title="q:Little Richard">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222" class="extiw" title="d:Q82222">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000824022">Little Richard</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222#P1728" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005153/">Little Richard</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/209903031">Little Richard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/223473">Little Richard</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222#P1953" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/little-richard">"Little Richard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Richard&rft.pub=Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockhall.com%2Finductees%2Flittle-richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Richard" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222#P3162" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=5">Little Richard</a> interviewed on the <a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a> (1969)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513034924/http://www.wmeentertainment.com/little_richard/summary/">Little Richard Booking Agency</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Little_Richard" title="Template:Little Richard"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Little_Richard" title="Template talk:Little Richard"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Little_Richard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Little Richard"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Little_Richard81" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Little Richard</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studio albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Here%27s_Little_Richard" title="Here's Little Richard">Here's Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_(album)" title="Little Richard (album)">Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Little_Richard" title="The Fabulous Little Richard">The Fabulous Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_Along_with_Little_Richard" title="Pray Along with Little Richard">Pray Along with Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_Along_with_Little_Richard_(Vol_2)" title="Pray Along with Little Richard (Vol 2)">Pray Along with Little Richard (Vol 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Gospel_Singers" title="The King of the Gospel Singers">The King of the Gospel Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Is_Back_(And_There%27s_a_Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin%27_On!)" title="Little Richard Is Back (And There's a Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!)">Little Richard Is Back (And There's a Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard%27s_Greatest_Hits" title="Little Richard's Greatest Hits">Little Richard's Greatest Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_and_Frantic_Little_Richard" title="The Wild and Frantic Little Richard">The Wild and Frantic Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Explosive_Little_Richard" title="The Explosive Little Richard">The Explosive Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rill_Thing" title="The Rill Thing">The Rill Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Big_(Little_Richard_album)" title="Mr. Big (Little Richard album)">Mr. Big</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Rock_and_Roll" title="The King of Rock and Roll">The King of Rock and Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Coming_(Little_Richard_album)" title="The Second Coming (Little Richard album)">The Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Now!_(Little_Richard_album)" title="Right Now! (Little Richard album)">Right Now!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkin%27_%27bout_Soul" title="Talkin' 'bout Soul">Talkin' 'bout Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Live" title="Little Richard Live">Little Richard Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Beautiful_City" title="God's Beautiful City">God's Beautiful City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifetime_Friend" title="Lifetime Friend">Lifetime Friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_It_All_About_(album)" title="Shake It All About (album)">Shake It All About</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_Meets_Masayoshi_Takanaka" title="Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka">Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Child" title="Southern Child">Southern Child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Little_Richard_Sings_His_Greatest_Hits_%E2%80%93_Live!" title="The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits – Live!">The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard%27s_Greatest_Hits:_Recorded_Live!" title="Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!">Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally" title="Long Tall Sally">Long Tall Sally</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Slippin%27_and_Slidin%27" title="Slippin' and Slidin'">Slippin' and Slidin'</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rip_It_Up_(Little_Richard_song)" title="Rip It Up (Little Richard song)">Rip It Up</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Ready_Teddy" title="Ready Teddy">Ready Teddy</a>"</li> <li>"Heeby-Jeebies"/"<a href="/wiki/She%27s_Got_It" title="She's Got It">She's Got It</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It_(song)" title="The Girl Can't Help It (song)">The Girl Can't Help It</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lucille_(Little_Richard_song)" title="Lucille (Little Richard song)">Lucille</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Send_Me_Some_Lovin%27" title="Send Me Some Lovin'">Send Me Some Lovin'</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jenny,_Jenny" title="Jenny, Jenny">Jenny, Jenny</a>"/"Miss Ann"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Keep_A-Knockin%27" title="Keep A-Knockin'">Keep A-Knockin'</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Golly,_Miss_Molly" title="Good Golly, Miss Molly">Good Golly, Miss Molly</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!" title="Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!">Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ooh!_My_Soul" title="Ooh! My Soul">Ooh! My Soul</a>"/"True Fine Mama"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Baby_Face_(1926_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Face (1926 song)">Baby Face</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Early_One_Morning_(Little_Richard_song)" title="Early One Morning (Little Richard song)">Early One Morning</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_(Leiber_and_Stoller_song)" title="Kansas City (Leiber and Stoller song)">Kansas City</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/By_the_Light_of_the_Silvery_Moon_(song)" title="By the Light of the Silvery Moon (song)">By the Light of the Silvery Moon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Crying_in_the_Chapel" title="Crying in the Chapel">Crying in the Chapel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin%27_On" title="Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On">Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Goodnight,_Irene" title="Goodnight, Irene">Goodnight, Irene</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Twins_(Philip_Bailey_%26_Little_Richard_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twins (Philip Bailey & Little Richard song)">Twins</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious recordings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_from_the_Beginning_%E2%80%93_Little_Richard_and_Jimi_Hendrix" title="Friends from the Beginning – Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix">Friends from the Beginning - Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_discography" title="Little Richard discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(musician)" title="Billy Wright (musician)">Billy Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blackwell" title="Robert Blackwell">Robert Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Rupe" title="Art Rupe">Art Rupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquerita" title="Esquerita">Esquerita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Williams" title="Larry Williams">Larry Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Upsetters_(American_band)" title="The Upsetters (American band)">The Upsetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It" title="The Girl Can't Help It">The Girl Can't Help It</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_On_Rockin%27_(film)" title="Keep On Rockin' (film)">Keep On Rockin'</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard_(film)" title="Little Richard (film)">Little Richard</a> (miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Little_Richard92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Little_Richard92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Little Richard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Music_Award_of_Merit33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Template:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Template talk:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Music_Award_of_Merit33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="American Music Award of Merit">American Music Award of Merit</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)" title="Bill Graham (promoter)">Bill Graham</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a> (1996)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Little Richard</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (American band)">Alabama</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lennox" title="Annie Lennox">Annie Lennox</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template talk:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1963–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li></ul></li> <li>1967 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li></ul></li> <li>1968 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li></ul></li> <li>1972 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></li></ul></li> <li>1987 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._King" title="B. B. King">B. B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan" title="Sarah Vaughan">Sarah Vaughan</a></li></ul></li> <li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Wells" title="Kitty Wells">Kitty Wells</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Waller" title="Fats Waller">Fats Waller</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mancini" title="Henry Mancini">Henry Mancini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bland" title="Bobby Bland">Bobby "Blue" Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">The Everly Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli" title="Stéphane Grappelli">Stéphane Grappelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mills_Brothers" title="The Mills Brothers">The Mills Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Tormé">Mel Tormé</a></li></ul></li> <li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney" title="Rosemary Clooney">Rosemary Clooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cliburn" title="Van Cliburn">Van Cliburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">The Funk Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Jenkins" title="Ella Jenkins">Ella Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins" title="Pinetop Perkins">Pinetop Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Staple_Singers" title="The Staple Singers">The Staple Singers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weavers" title="The Weavers">The Weavers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s" title="Booker T. & the M.G.'s">Booker T. & the M.G.'s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama" title="The Blind Boys of Alabama">The Blind Boys of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">The Four Tops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Jones" title="Hank Jones">Hank Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lee" title="Brenda Lee">Brenda Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Paxton" title="Tom Paxton">Tom Paxton</a></li></ul></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Darin" title="Bobby Darin">Bobby Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_%22Honeyboy%22_Edwards" title="David "Honeyboy" Edwards">David "Honeyboy" Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Terry" title="Clark Terry">Clark Terry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Haynes" title="Roy Haynes">Roy Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet" title="Juilliard String Quartet">Juilliard String Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingston_Trio" title="The Kingston Trio">The Kingston Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Beverly_Shea" title="George Beverly Shea">George Beverly Shea</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band" title="The Allman Brothers Band">The Allman Brothers Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim" title="Antônio Carlos Jobim">Antônio Carlos Jobim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Memphis_Horns" title="The Memphis Horns">The Memphis Horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Haden" title="Charlie Haden">Charlie Haden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins" title="Lightnin' Hopkins">Lightnin' Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Chenier" title="Clifton Chenier">Clifton Chenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Manzanero" title="Armando Manzanero">Armando Manzanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Powell" title="Maud Powell">Maud Powell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Flaco Jiménez">Flaco Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Louvin_Brothers" title="The Louvin Brothers">The Louvin Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brown" title="Ruth Brown">Ruth Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-DMC</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Caesar" title="Shirley Caesar">Shirley Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Pride" title="Charley Pride">Charley Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Simone" title="Nina Simone">Nina Simone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Blaine" title="Hal Blaine">Hal Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Eckstine" title="Billy Eckstine">Billy Eckstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donny_Hathaway" title="Donny Hathaway">Donny Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias" title="Julio Iglesias">Julio Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave" title="Sam & Dave">Sam & Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Flack" title="Roberta Flack">Roberta Flack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prine" title="John Prine">John Prine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy" title="Public Enemy">Public Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa" title="Salt-N-Pepa">Salt-N-Pepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin" title="Bobby McFerrin">Bobby McFerrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Wilson" title="Ann Wilson">Ann Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)" title="Nancy Wilson (rock musician)">Nancy Wilson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clark_Sisters" title="The Clark Sisters">The Clark Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a></li></ul></li> <li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Beverly" title="Frankie Beverly">Frankie Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(singer)" title="Bobby Jones (singer)">Bobby Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)" title="Taj Mahal (musician)">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Shante" title="Roxanne Shante">Roxanne Shante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Valli" title="Frankie Valli">Frankie Valli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award">NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rolle" title="Esther Rolle">Esther Rolle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hopkins" title="Linda Hopkins">Linda Hopkins</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">The O'Jays</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Dells" title="The Dells">The Dells</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_McRae" title="Carmen McRae">Carmen McRae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Butler" title="Jerry Butler">Jerry Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(jazz_singer)" title="Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)">Nancy Wilson</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Battle" title="Kathleen Battle">Kathleen Battle</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (2001)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Little Richard</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Avant" title="Clarence Avant">Clarence Avant</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayans_family" title="Wayans family">Wayans family</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_–_Class_of_1986182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">The Everly Brothers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Everly" title="Don Everly">Don Everly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Everly" title="Phil Everly">Phil Everly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers" title="Jimmie Rodgers">Jimmie Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Yancey" title="Jimmy Yancey">Jimmy Yancey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifetime achievement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hammond_(record_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hammond (record producer)">John Hammond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/15px-Guitar_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/23px-Guitar_1.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3078" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3078" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82222#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114391784">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19865973">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1466898/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfKhPvwVMT9K4MyRCbBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128893346">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83311954">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13896705x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13896705x">BnF data</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV754595">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0025454&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX849259">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071025219">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000079634&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx01tl4136fn31">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810626357505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276599505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000199891">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516401506706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14633885">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/95c2339b-8277-49a6-9aaf-08d8eeeaa0be">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/205886">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/128893346">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078075904">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dv29sz">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&oldid=1281710432">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Richard&oldid=1281710432</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Little_Richard" title="Category:Little Richard">Little Richard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_births" title="Category:1932 births">1932 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020_deaths" title="Category:2020 deaths">2020 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_LGBTQ_people" title="Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people">20th-century American LGBTQ people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_singers" title="Category:20th-century American male singers">20th-century American male singers</a></li><li><a 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