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<li id="toc-Minister_under_Peel_(1841–1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_under_Peel_(1841–1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Minister under Peel (1841–1846)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_under_Peel_(1841–1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_backbenches_(1846–1851)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_backbenches_(1846–1851)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Return to the backbenches (1846–1851)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_backbenches_(1846–1851)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1852–1855)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1852–1855)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852–1855)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1852–1855)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_(1855–1859)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_(1855–1859)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Opposition (1855–1859)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_(1855–1859)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1859–1866)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1859–1866)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1859–1866)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1859–1866)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chancellor of the Exchequer (1859–1866) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1859–1866)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Electoral reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party,_from_1867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party,_from_1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Leader of the Liberal Party, from 1867</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party,_from_1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_premiership_(1868–1874)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_premiership_(1868–1874)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>First premiership (1868–1874)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_premiership_(1868–1874)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_(1874–1880)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_(1874–1880)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Opposition (1874–1880)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_(1874–1880)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition (1874–1880) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_(1874–1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Anti-Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Opposition to socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian_Horrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian_Horrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bulgarian Horrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian_Horrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_premiership_(1880–1885)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_premiership_(1880–1885)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Second premiership (1880–1885)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_premiership_(1880–1885)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second premiership (1880–1885) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_premiership_(1880–1885)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franchise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franchise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Franchise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franchise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_premiership_(1886)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_premiership_(1886)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Third premiership (1886)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_premiership_(1886)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_(1886–1892)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_(1886–1892)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Opposition (1886–1892)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_(1886–1892)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_premiership_(1892–1894)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_premiership_(1892–1894)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Fourth premiership (1892–1894)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_premiership_(1892–1894)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_(1894–1898)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_(1894–1898)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Final years (1894–1898)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_(1894–1898)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_towards_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_towards_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Attitude towards slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriage and family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_Disraeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_Disraeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Rivalry with Disraeli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_Disraeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streets_in_Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streets_in_Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Streets in Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streets_in_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Monuments and collections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monuments_and_collections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monuments and collections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Statues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>Namesakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Portrayal in film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27.2</span> <span>Special studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midlothian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midlothian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27.3</span> <span>Midlothian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midlothian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27.4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27.5</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">28</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="وليم غلادستون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليم غلادستون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Qladston" title="Vilyam Qladston – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Qladston" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="উইলিয়াম ইওয়ার্ট গ্ল্যাডস্টোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইলিয়াম ইওয়ার্ট গ্ল্যাডস্টোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уільям Гладстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Гладстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%AE%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ўільям Юўарт Гладстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўільям Юўарт Гладстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уилям Гладстон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Гладстон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD" title="Γουίλιαμ Γκλάντστοουν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουίλιαμ Γκλάντστοουν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویلیام یوئرت گلدستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام یوئرت گلدستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%9C%A0%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%98%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4" title="윌리엄 유어트 글래드스턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 유어트 글래드스턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ուիլյամ Գլադստոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Գլադստոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="विलियम ग्लैडस्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम ग्लैडस्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ויליאם גלאדסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם גלאדסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ გლადსტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ გლადსტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Gulielmus Ewart Gladstone – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Gledstons" title="Viljams Gledstons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Gledstons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вилијам Гладстон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам Гладстон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="विल्यम इवार्ट ग्लॅडस्टोन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्यम इवार्ट ग्लॅडस्टोन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ გლადსტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უილიამ გლადსტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="وليام جلادستون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليام جلادستون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီလျံ အီးဝတ် ဂလက်စတုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီလျံ အီးဝတ် ဂလက်စတုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="विलियम इवार्ट ग्याडस्टोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विलियम इवार्ट ग्याडस्टोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ウィリアム・グラッドストン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・グラッドストン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%AB%D9%84%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ويليم ايوارت ګلېډستون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويليم ايوارت ګلېډستون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" title="William Gladstone – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Гладстон, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гладстон, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="ویلیام گۆڵدستۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلیام گۆڵدستۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вилијам Гледстон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Гледстон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வில்லியம் கிளாட்ஸ்டோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லியம் கிளாட்ஸ்டோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="วิลเลียม แกลดสตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม แกลดสตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уилям Юарт Гладстон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уилям Юарт Гладстон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вільям Гладстон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Гладстон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="威廉·格萊斯頓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="威廉·格莱斯顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·格莱斯顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="William Ewart Gladstone" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉格萊斯頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉格萊斯頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·格萊斯頓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160852#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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searchaux" style="display:none">19th-century British prime minister (1809–1898)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gladstone" and "William Gladstone" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gladstone (disambiguation)">Gladstone (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Gladstone (disambiguation)">William Gladstone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Ewart Gladstone</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society">FSS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone,_1892_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2932" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Gladstone in 1892</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 August 1892 – 2 March 1894</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 February 1886 – 21 July 1886</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Marquess of Salisbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Marquess of Salisbury</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 April 1880 – 9 June 1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Marquess of Salisbury</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 December 1868 – 17 February 1874</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Disraeli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Disraeli</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 April 1880 – 16 December 1882</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Stafford Northcote</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Hugh Childers</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 August 1873 – 17 February 1874</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Robert Lowe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stafford Northcote</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 June 1859 – 26 June 1866</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">The Earl Russell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Disraeli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Disraeli</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 December 1852 – 28 February 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Disraeli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">George Cornewall Lewis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands">Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 January 1859 – 17 February 1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Young,_1st_Baron_Lisgar" title="John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar">Sir John Young</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knight_Storks" title="Henry Knight Storks">Sir Henry Knight Storks</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="#William_Ewart_Gladstone_succession_boxes">Additional positions</a></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1809-12-29</span>)</span>29 December 1809<br />62 <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Street,_Liverpool" title="Rodney Street, Liverpool">Rodney Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 1898<span style="display:none">(1898-05-19)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Castle_(18th_century)" title="Hawarden Castle (18th century)">Hawarden Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>, Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> (1859–1898)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> (1828–1834)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> (1834–1846)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a> (1846–1859)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gladstone" title="Catherine Gladstone">Catherine Glynne</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 July 1839">1839</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8; including <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Gladstone" title="William Henry Gladstone">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gladstone" title="Helen Gladstone">Helen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gladstone,_1st_Baron_Gladstone_of_Hawarden" title="Henry Gladstone, 1st Baron Gladstone of Hawarden">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Herbert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gladstone,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet">Sir John Gladstone</a></li> <li>Anne MacKenzie Robertson</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Gladstone_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Gladstone Ministry">I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gladstone_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Gladstone Ministry">II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gladstone_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Gladstone Ministry">III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Gladstone_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Gladstone Ministry">IV</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Ewart Gladstone's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/William_Ewart_Gladstone_Signature_2.svg/128px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/William_Ewart_Gladstone_Signature_2.svg/192px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/William_Ewart_Gladstone_Signature_2.svg/256px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="87" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Liberalism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism#Green_Liberal_Democrats" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammond" title="Barbara Hammond">Hammond (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond (John Lawrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan (George Macaulay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Thomas_Bass" title="Michael Thomas Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Clegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simon,_1st_Baron_Simon_of_Wythenshawe" title="Ernest Simon, 1st Baron Simon of Wythenshawe">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Thorpe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberals_for_Independence" title="Scottish Liberals for Independence">Scottish Liberals for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">Socialism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fff800; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Ewart Gladstone</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society">FSS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">GLAD-stən</i></a>; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman, starting as Conservative MP for Newark and later becoming the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. In a career lasting over 60 years, he was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> for 12 years, spread over four non-consecutive terms (the most of any British prime minister) beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also was <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> four times, for over 12 years. He was a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for 60 years, from 1832 to 1845 and from 1847 to 1895; during that time he represented a total of five <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">constituencies</a>. </p><p>Gladstone was born in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> parents. He first entered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in 1832, beginning his political career as a <a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a>, a grouping that became the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> in 1834. Gladstone served as a minister in both of Peel's governments, and in 1846 joined the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a> faction, which eventually merged into the new <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> in 1859. He was chancellor under <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a> (1852–1855), <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> (1859–1865) and <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord Russell</a> (1865–1866). Gladstone's own political doctrine – which emphasised <a href="/wiki/Equality_of_opportunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality of opportunity">equality of opportunity</a> and opposition to trade <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> – came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian liberalism</a>. His popularity amongst the <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> earned him the sobriquet "The People's William". </p><p>In 1868, Gladstone became prime minister for the first time. Many reforms were passed during his first ministry, including the disestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Ballot_Act_1872" title="Ballot Act 1872">secret voting</a>. After electoral defeat in <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a>, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party. From 1876 he began a comeback based on opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s reaction to the <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Bulgarian April Uprising</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Midlothian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlothian Campaign">Midlothian Campaign</a> of 1879–1880 was an early example of many modern political campaigning techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiesner2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiesner2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880 general election</a>, Gladstone formed his second ministry (1880–1885), which saw the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1884" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Act 1884">Third Reform Act</a> as well as crises in Egypt (culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">Fall of Khartoum</a>) and Ireland, where his government passed repressive measures but also improved the legal rights of Irish tenant farmers. </p><p>Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">home rule for Ireland</a> but was defeated in the House of Commons. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep them out of office – with one short break – for 20 years. Gladstone formed his last government in <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a>, at the age of 82. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">Government of Ireland Bill 1893</a> passed through the Commons but was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in 1893, after which Irish Home Rule became a lesser part of his party's agenda. Gladstone left office in March 1894, aged 84, as both the oldest person to serve as prime minister and the only prime minister to have served four non-consecutive terms. He left Parliament in <a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a> and died three years later. </p><p>Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as "The People's William" or the "G.O.M." ("Grand Old Man", or, to political rivals "God's Only Mistake").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians often rank Gladstone as one of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">greatest prime ministers in British history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born on 29 December 1809<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, at 62 <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Street,_Liverpool" title="Rodney Street, Liverpool">Rodney Street</a>, William Ewart Gladstone was the fourth son of the wealthy merchant, planter and Tory politician <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gladstone,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet">John Gladstone</a>, and his second wife, Anne MacKenzie Robertson.<sup id="cite_ref-burke_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named after a close friend of his father, William Ewart, another Liverpool merchant and the father of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_(British_politician)" title="William Ewart (British politician)">William Ewart</a>, later a Liberal politician.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, the family name was changed from Gladstones to Gladstone by royal licence. His father was made a <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_baronets" title="Gladstone baronets">baronet</a>, of Fasque and Balfour, in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-burke_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although born and raised in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather Thomas Gladstones was a prominent merchant from <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, and his maternal grandfather, Andrew Robertson, was <a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dingwall" title="Dingwall">Dingwall</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sheriff-Substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff-Substitute">Sheriff-Substitute</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ross-shire" title="Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burke_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a> described him as "a highlander in the custody of a lowlander", and an adversary as "an ardent Italian in the custody of a Scotsman". One of his earliest childhood memories was being made to stand on a table and say "Ladies and gentlemen" to the assembled audience, probably at a gathering to promote the election of <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> as MP for Liverpool in 1812. In 1814, young "Willy" visited <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> for the first time, as he and his brother <a href="/wiki/John_Neilson_Gladstone" title="John Neilson Gladstone">John</a> travelled with their father to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biggar,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Biggar, South Lanarkshire">Biggar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dingwall" title="Dingwall">Dingwall</a> to visit their relatives. Willy and his brother were both made <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">freemen</a> of the burgh of Dingwall.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1815, Gladstone also travelled to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> for the first time with his parents. Whilst in London, he attended a service of thanksgiving with his family at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, where he saw the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince Regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Gladstone was educated from 1816 to 1821 at a <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory school</a> at the vicarage of St. Thomas' Church at <a href="/wiki/Seaforth,_Merseyside" title="Seaforth, Merseyside">Seaforth</a>, close to his family's residence, <a href="/wiki/Seaforth_House" title="Seaforth House">Seaforth House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, William followed in the footsteps of his elder brothers and attended <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> before <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculating</a> in 1828 at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>, where he read <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, although he had no great interest in the latter subject. In December 1831, he achieved the <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">double first-class degree</a> he had long desired. Gladstone served as President of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>, where he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. At university, Gladstone was a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> and denounced <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> proposals for parliamentary reform in a famous debate at the Oxford Union in May 1831. On the second day of the three-day debate on the Whig Reform Bill Gladstone moved the motion: </p> <blockquote><p>That the Ministry has unwisely introduced, and most unscrupulously forwarded, a measure which threatens not only to change the form of our Government, but ultimately to break up the very foundations of social order, as well as materially to forward the views of those who are pursuing the project throughout the civilised world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg/170px-Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg/255px-Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg/340px-Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in the 1830s</figcaption></figure> <p>Gladstone's 45-minute speech made a great impression on those present and his Amendment carried 94 votes to 38. Among those impressed was Lord Lincoln, who told his father the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_4th_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">Duke of Newcastle</a> about it, and it was through this recommendation that the Duke offered Gladstone the safe seat of <a href="/wiki/Newark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newark (UK Parliament constituency)">Newark</a> which he then controlled. </p><p>Following the success of his double first, William travelled with his brother <a href="/wiki/John_Neilson_Gladstone" title="John Neilson Gladstone">John</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> of western Europe. </p><p>Although Gladstone entered <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> in 1833, with intentions of becoming a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, by 1839 he had requested that his name should be removed from the list because he no longer intended to be called to <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Call to the Bar">the Bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1842 he lost the <a href="/wiki/Forefinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Forefinger">forefinger</a> of his left hand in an accident while reloading a gun. Thereafter he wore a glove or finger sheath (stall). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Commons">House of Commons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: House of Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Gladstone was 22 the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_4th_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">Duke of Newcastle</a>, a Conservative party activist, provided him with one of two seats at <a href="/wiki/Newark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newark (UK Parliament constituency)">Newark</a> where he controlled about a fourth of the very small electorate. The Duke spent thousands of pounds entertaining the voters. Gladstone displayed remarkably strong technique as a campaigner and stump speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won his seat at the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832 United Kingdom general election</a> with 887 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After new bills to protect child workers were proposed following the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Sadler_report" title="Sadler report">Sadler report</a>, he voted against the 1833 <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a> that would regulate the hours of work and welfare of minors employed in cotton mills.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_opium_trade">Opposition to the opium trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition to the opium trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gladstone was an intense opponent of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">opium trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lodwick2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodwick2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to the opium trade between <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>, Gladstone described it as "infamous and atrocious".<sup id="cite_ref-Chouvy2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chouvy2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone emerged as a fierce critic of the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a>, which Britain waged to re-legalise the British opium trade into China, which had been made illegal by the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-QuinaultWindscheffel2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuinaultWindscheffel2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He publicly lambasted the wars as "<a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston's</a> Opium War" and said that he felt "in dread of the judgements of God upon England for our national iniquity towards China" in May 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Foxcroft2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foxcroft2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous speech was made by Gladstone in Parliament against the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HanesSanello2004_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanesSanello2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IIISanello2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIISanello2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone criticised it as "a war more unjust in its origin, a war more calculated in its progress to cover this country with permanent disgrace".<sup id="cite_ref-Fay2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His hostility to opium stemmed from the effects of opium upon his sister <a href="/wiki/Helen_Jane_Gladstone" title="Helen Jane Gladstone">Helen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isba2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isba2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1841, Gladstone was reluctant to join the Peel government because of the First Opium War, which Palmerston had brought on.<sup id="cite_ref-Bebbington1993_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebbington1993-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_under_Peel_(1841–1846)"><span id="Minister_under_Peel_.281841.E2.80.931846.29"></span>Minister under Peel (1841–1846)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minister under Peel (1841–1846)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gladstone was re-elected in 1841. In the second ministry of Robert Peel, he served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> (1843–1845).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Regulation_Act_1844" title="Railway Regulation Act 1844">Railway Regulation Act 1844</a> (<a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Vict.">7 & 8 Vict.</a> c. 85), regarded by historians as the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_state" title="Regulatory state">regulatory state</a>, of network industry regulation, of rate of return regulation, and telegraph regulation. Examples of its foresight are the clauses empowering the government to take control of railways in times of war, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_train" title="Parliamentary train">Parliamentary trains</a>, limited in cost to a penny a mile, of universal service, and of control of the recently invented electric telegraph which ran alongside railway lines. Railways were the largest investment (as a percentage of GNP) in human history<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:William_Ewart_Gladstone#Dubious" title="Talk:William Ewart Gladstone">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and this bill the most heavily lobbied in parliamentary history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:William_Ewart_Gladstone#Dubious" title="Talk:William Ewart Gladstone">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Gladstone succeeded in guiding the Act through Parliament at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway bubble">railway bubble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone became concerned with the situation of "coal whippers". These were the men who worked on London docks, "whipping" in baskets from ships to barges or wharves all incoming coal from the sea. They were called up and relieved through public houses, so a man could not get this job unless he had the favourable opinion of the publican, who looked most favourably upon those who drank. The man's name was written down and the "score" followed. Publicans issued employment solely on the capacity of the man to pay, and men were often drunk when they left the pub to work. They spent their savings on drinks to secure the favourable opinion of publicans and further employment. </p><p>Gladstone initiated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_Vendors_Act_1843&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal Vendors Act 1843 (page does not exist)">Coal Vendors Act 1843</a> (<a href="/wiki/6_%26_7_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="6 & 7 Vict.">6 & 7 Vict.</a> c. 2), which set up a central office for employment. When that act expired in 1856, a select committee was appointed by the Lords in 1857 to look into the question. Gladstone gave evidence to the committee, stating: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I approached the subject in the first instance as I think everyone in Parliament of necessity did, with the strongest possible prejudice against the proposal [to interfere]; but the facts stated were of so extraordinary and deplorable a character, that it was impossible to withhold attention from them. Then the question being whether legislative interference was required I was at length induced to look at a remedy of an extraordinary character as the only one I thought applicable to the case ... it was a great innovation".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Looking back in 1883, Gladstone wrote that "In principle, perhaps my Coalwhippers Act of 1843 was the most Socialistic measure of the last half century".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He resigned in 1845 over the <a href="/wiki/Maynooth_Grant" title="Maynooth Grant">Maynooth Grant</a> issue, which was a matter of conscience for him.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve relations with the Catholic Church, Peel's government proposed increasing the annual grant paid to the <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Maynooth" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick's College, Maynooth">Maynooth Seminary</a> for training Catholic priests in Ireland. Gladstone, who had previously argued in a book that a Protestant country should not pay money to other churches, nevertheless supported the increase in the Maynooth grant and voted for it in Commons, but resigned rather than face charges that he had compromised his principles to remain in office. After accepting Gladstone's resignation, Peel confessed to a friend, "I really have great difficulty sometimes in exactly comprehending what he means".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1845, Gladstone returned to Peel's government as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> notes: "As such, he had to stand for re-election, but the strong protectionism of the Duke of Newcastle, his patron in Newark, meant that he could not stand there and no other seat was available. Throughout the corn law crisis of 1846, therefore, Gladstone was in the highly anomalous and possibly unique position of being a secretary of state without a seat in either house and thus unanswerable to parliament."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_the_backbenches_(1846–1851)"><span id="Return_to_the_backbenches_.281846.E2.80.931851.29"></span>Return to the backbenches (1846–1851)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to the backbenches (1846–1851)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Peel's government fell in 1846, Gladstone and other Peel loyalists followed their leader in separating from the protectionist Conservatives; instead offering tentative support to the new Whig prime minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a>, with whom Peel had cooperated over the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>. After Peel's death in 1850, Gladstone emerged as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Peelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelites">Peelites</a> in the House of Commons. He was re-elected for the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)">University of Oxford</a> (i.e. representing the MA graduates of the university) at the General Election in 1847 – Peel had once held this seat but had lost it because of his espousal of Catholic Emancipation in 1829. Gladstone became a constant critic of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1847 Gladstone helped to establish <a href="/wiki/Glenalmond_College" title="Glenalmond College">Glenalmond College</a>, then The Holy and Undivided Trinity College at Glenalmond. The school was set up as an episcopal foundation to spread the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> in Scotland, and to educate the sons of the gentry.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a young man Gladstone had treated his father's estate, <a href="/wiki/Fasque_House" title="Fasque House">Fasque</a>, in Kincardineshire, southwest of Aberdeen, as home, but as a younger son he would not inherit it. Instead, from the time of his marriage, he lived at his wife's family's estate at <a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a> in Flintshire, Wales. He never actually owned Hawarden, which belonged first to his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stephen_Glynne,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet">Sir Stephen Glynne</a>, and was then inherited by Gladstone's eldest son in 1874. During the late 1840s, when he was out of office, he worked extensively to turn Hawarden into a viable business.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Church_penitentiary" title="Church penitentiary">Church Penitentiary</a> Association for the Reclamation of <a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen Women</a>. In May 1849 he began his most active "rescue work" and met prostitutes late at night on the street, in his house or in their houses, writing their names in a private notebook. He aided the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mercy" title="House of Mercy">House of Mercy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clewer" title="Clewer">Clewer</a> near <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a> (which exercised extreme in-house discipline) and spent much time arranging employment for ex-prostitutes. In a "Declaration" signed on 7 December 1896 and only to be opened after his death, Gladstone wrote, "I desire to record my solemn declaration and assurance, as in the sight of God and before His Judgement Seat, that at no period of my life have I been guilty of the act which is known as that of infidelity to the marriage bed."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850–51 Gladstone visited <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy, for the benefit of his daughter Mary's eyesight. Giacomo Lacaita, a legal adviser to the British embassy, was at the time imprisoned by the Neapolitan government, as were other political dissidents. Gladstone became concerned about the political situation in Naples and the arrest and imprisonment of Neapolitan liberals. In February 1851 Gladstone visited the prisons where thousands of them were held and was extremely outraged. In April and July, he published two <i>Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen</i> against the Neapolitan government and responded to his critics in <i>An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government</i> in 1852. Gladstone's first letter described what he saw in Naples as "the negation of God erected into a system of government".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1852–1855)"><span id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_.281852.E2.80.931855.29"></span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852–1855)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852–1855)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg/220px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg/330px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>A pensive Gladstone, from the book <i>Great Britain and Her Queen</i>, by Anne E. Keeling</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1852, following the appointment of <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a> as prime minister, head of a coalition of <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a> and Peelites, Gladstone became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. The Whig Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood</a> and the Tory Disraeli had both been perceived to have failed in the office and so this provided Gladstone with a great political opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first budget in 1853 almost completed the work begun by Peel eleven years before in simplifying Britain's tariff of duties and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 123 duties were abolished and 133 duties were reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The income tax had legally expired but Gladstone proposed to extend it for seven years to fund tariff reductions: </p> <blockquote><p>We propose, then, to re-enact it for two years, from April 1853 to April 1855, at the rate of 7d. in the £; from April 1855, to enact it for two more years at 6d. in the £; and then for three years more ... from April 1857, at 5d. Under this proposal, on 5 April 1860, the income tax will by law expire.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gladstone wanted to maintain a balance between direct and indirect taxation and to abolish income tax. He knew that its abolition depended on a considerable retrenchment in government expenditure. He therefore increased the number of people eligible to pay it by lowering the threshold from £150 to £100. The more people that paid income tax, Gladstone believed, the more the public would pressure the government into abolishing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew,_p._127_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew,_p._127-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone argued that the £100 line was "the dividing line ... between the educated and the labouring part of the community" and that therefore the income taxpayers and the electorate were to be the same people, who would then vote to cut government expenditure.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew,_p._127_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew,_p._127-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The budget speech (delivered on 18 April), nearly five hours long, raised Gladstone "at once to the front rank of financiers as of orators".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Colin Matthew</a> has written that Gladstone "made finance and figures exciting, and succeeded in constructing budget speeches epic in form and performance, often with lyrical interludes to vary the tension in the Commons as the careful exposition of figures and argument was brought to a climax".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary diarist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Greville_(diarist)" title="Charles Greville (diarist)">Charles Greville</a> wrote of Gladstone's speech: </p> <blockquote><p>... by universal consent it was one of the grandest displays and most able financial statement that ever was heard in the House of Commons; a great scheme, boldly, skilfully, and honestly devised, disdaining popular clamour and pressure from without, and the execution of it absolute perfection. Even those who do not admire the Budget, or who are injured by it, admit the merit of the performance. It has raised Gladstone to a great political elevation, and, what is of far greater consequence than the measure itself, has given the country assurance of a man equal to great political necessities, and fit to lead parties and direct governments.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During wartime, he insisted on raising taxes and not borrowing funds to pay for the war. The goal was to turn wealthy Britons against expensive wars. Britain entered the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in February 1854, and Gladstone introduced his budget on 6 March. He had to increase expenditure on the military and a vote of credit of £1,250,000 was taken to send a force of 25,000 to the front. The deficit for the year would be £2,840,000 (estimated revenue £56,680,000; estimated expenditure £59,420,000). Gladstone refused to borrow the money needed to rectify this deficit and instead increased income tax by half, from sevenpence to tenpence-halfpenny in the pound (from 2.92% to 4.38%). By May another £6,870,000 was needed for the war and Gladstone raised the income tax from tenpence halfpenny to fourteen pence in the pound to raise £3,250,000. Spirits, malt, and sugar were taxed to raise the rest of the money needed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proclaimed: </p> <dl><dd>The expenses of a war are the moral check which it has pleased the Almighty to impose upon the ambition and lust of conquest that are inherent in so many nations ... The necessity of meeting from year to year the expenditure which it entails is a salutary and wholesome check, making them feel what they are about, and making them measure the cost of the benefit upon which they may calculate.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>He served until 1855, a few weeks into Lord Palmerston's first premiership, and resigned along with the rest of the Peelites after a motion was passed to appoint a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_(1855–1859)"><span id="Opposition_.281855.E2.80.931859.29"></span>Opposition (1855–1859)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opposition (1855–1859)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/220px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/330px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/440px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2890" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in 1859, painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts" title="George Frederic Watts">George Frederic Watts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Conservative Leader <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> became Prime Minister in 1858, but Gladstone – who like the other Peelites was still nominally a Conservative – declined a position in his government, opting not to sacrifice his free-trade principles. </p><p>Between November 1858 and February 1859, Gladstone, on behalf of Lord Derby's government, was made Extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands">Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands</a> embarking via Vienna and Trieste on a twelve-week mission to the southern Adriatic entrusted with complex challenges that had arisen in connection with the future of the British protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">United States of the Ionian Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1858, Gladstone took up the hobby of tree felling, mostly of oak trees, an exercise he continued with enthusiasm until he was 81 in 1891. Eventually, he became notorious for this activity, prompting <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> to observe: </p><blockquote><p>For the purposes of recreation he has selected the felling of trees; and we may usefully remark that his amusements, like his politics, are essentially destructive. Every afternoon the whole world is invited to assist at the crashing fall of some beech or elm or oak. The forest laments in order that Mr Gladstone may perspire."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Less noticed at the time was his practice of replacing the trees felled by planting new saplings. </p><p>Gladstone was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Bibliophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliophile">bibliophile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his lifetime, he read around 20,000 books, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Gladstone%27s_Library" title="Gladstone's Library">owned a library</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of over 32,000.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1859–1866)"><span id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_.281859.E2.80.931866.29"></span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1859–1866)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chancellor of the Exchequer (1859–1866)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_CDV_1861_for_infobox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Ewart_Gladstone_CDV_1861_for_infobox.jpg/220px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_CDV_1861_for_infobox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Ewart_Gladstone_CDV_1861_for_infobox.jpg/330px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_CDV_1861_for_infobox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Ewart_Gladstone_CDV_1861_for_infobox.jpg/440px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_CDV_1861_for_infobox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in 1861, photographed by <a href="/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall" title="John Jabez Edwin Mayall">John Mayall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1859, Lord Palmerston formed a new mixed government with Radicals included, and Gladstone again joined the government (with most of the other remaining Peelites) as Chancellor of the Exchequer, to become part of the new <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. </p><p>Gladstone inherited a deficit of nearly £5,000,000, with income tax now set at 5d (fivepence). Like Peel, Gladstone dismissed the idea of borrowing to cover the deficit. Gladstone argued that "In time of peace nothing but dire necessity should induce us to borrow".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the money needed was acquired through raising the income tax to 9d. Usually, not more than two-thirds of a tax imposed could be collected in a financial year so Gladstone therefore imposed the extra four pence at a rate of 8d. during the first half of the year so that he could obtain the additional revenue in one year. Gladstone's dividing line set up in 1853 had been abolished in 1858 but Gladstone revived it, with lower incomes to pay 6½d. instead of 9d. For the first half of the year, the lower incomes paid 8d. and the higher incomes paid 13d. in income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 September 1859 the Radical MP <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> visited Gladstone, who recorded it in his diary: "... further conv. with Mr. Cobden on Tariffs & relations with France. We are closely & warmly agreed".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cobden was sent as Britain's representative to the negotiations with France's <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chevalier" title="Michel Chevalier">Michel Chevalier</a> for a free trade treaty between the two countries. Gladstone wrote to Cobden: </p> <blockquote><p>... the great aim – the moral and political significance of the act, and its probable and desired fruit in binding the two countries together by interest and affection. Neither you nor I attach for the moment any superlative value to this Treaty for the sake of the extension of British trade. ... What I look to is the social good, the benefit to the relations of the two countries, and the effect on the peace of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gladstone's budget of 1860 was introduced on 10 February along with the <a href="/wiki/Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty" title="Cobden–Chevalier Treaty">Cobden–Chevalier Treaty</a> between Britain and France that would reduce tariffs between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This budget "marked the final adoption of the Free Trade principle, that taxation should be levied for Revenue purposes alone, and that every protective, differential, or discriminating duty ... should be dislodged".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of 1859, there were 419 duties in existence. The 1860 budget reduced the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue. To finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, was raised to 10d. for incomes above £150 and at 7d. for incomes above £100.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860 Gladstone intended to abolish the duty on paper – a controversial policy – because the duty traditionally inflated the cost of publishing and hindered the dissemination of radical working-class ideas. Although Palmerston supported the continuation of the duty, using it and income tax revenue to buy arms, a majority of his Cabinet supported Gladstone. The Bill to abolish duties on paper narrowly passed the Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords. No <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bill</a> had been rejected by the Lords for over 200 years, and a furore arose over this vote. The next year, Gladstone included the abolition of paper duty in a consolidated <a href="/wiki/Finance_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Bill">Finance Bill</a> (the first ever) to force the Lords to accept it and accept it they did. The proposal in the Commons of one bill only per session for the national finances was a precedent uniformly followed from that date until 1910, and it has been ever since the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone steadily reduced Income tax over the course of his tenure as Chancellor. In 1861 the tax was reduced to ninepence (£0–0s–9d), in 1863 to sevenpence, in 1864 to fivepence and in 1865 to fourpence.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone believed that government was extravagant and wasteful with taxpayers' money and so sought to let money "fructify in the pockets of the people" by keeping taxation levels down through "peace and retrenchment". In 1859 he wrote to his brother, who was a member of the Financial Reform Association at Liverpool: "Economy is the first and great article (economy such as I understand it) in my financial creed. The controversy between direct and indirect taxation holds a minor, though important place".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to his wife on 14 January 1860: "I am <i>certain</i>, from experience, of the immense advantage of strict account-keeping in early life. It is just like learning the grammar then, which when once learned need not be referred to afterwards".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (March 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his actions as Chancellor, Gladstone earned the reputation as the liberator of British trade and the working man's breakfast table, the man responsible for the emancipation of the popular press from "taxes upon knowledge" and for placing a duty on the succession of the estates of the rich.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone's popularity rested on his taxation policies which meant to his supporters balance, social equity and political justice.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant expression of working-class opinion was at Northumberland in 1862 when Gladstone visited. <a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a> recalled in 1865: </p> <blockquote><p>When Mr Gladstone visited the North, you well remember when word passed from the newspaper to the workman that it circulated through mines and mills, factories and workshops, and they came out to greet the only British minister who ever gave the English people a right because it was just they should have it ... and when he went down the Tyne, all the country heard how twenty miles of banks were lined with people who came to greet him. Men stood in the blaze of chimneys; the roofs of factories were crowded; colliers came up from the mines; women held up their children on the banks that it might be said in after life that they had seen the Chancellor of the People go by. The river was covered like the land. Every man who could ply an oar pulled up to give Mr Gladstone a cheer. When Lord Palmerston went to Bradford the streets were still, and working men imposed silence upon themselves. When Mr Gladstone appeared on the Tyne he heard cheer no other English minister ever heard ... the people were grateful to him, and rough pitmen who never approached a public man before, pressed round his carriage by thousands ... and thousands of arms were stretched out at once, to shake hands with Mr Gladstone as one of themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When Gladstone first joined Palmerston's government in 1859, he had opposed further electoral reform, but he changed his position during Palmerston's last premiership, and by 1865 he was firmly in favour of enfranchising the working classes in towns. The policy caused friction with Palmerston, who strongly opposed enfranchisement. At the beginning of each <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary session">session</a>, Gladstone would passionately urge the Cabinet to adopt new policies, while Palmerston would fixedly stare at a paper before him. At a lull in Gladstone's speech, Palmerston would smile, rap the table with his knuckles, and interject pointedly, "Now, my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he personally was not a Nonconformist, and rather disliked them in person, he formed a coalition with the Nonconformists that gave the Liberals a powerful base of support.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmerston's government adopted a position of British neutrality throughout the war while declining to recognise the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. In October 1862 Gladstone made a speech in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> in which he said that <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and the other Confederate leaders had "made a nation", and that the Confederacy seemed certain to succeed in asserting its independence from the North, and that the time might come when it would be the duty of the European powers to "offer friendly aid in compromising the quarrel."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech caused consternation on both sides of the Atlantic and led to speculation that Britain might be about to recognise the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone was accused of sympathising with the South, a charge he rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone was forced to clarify in the press that his comments in Newcastle had not been intended to signal a change in Government policy, but to express his belief that the North's efforts to defeat the South would fail, due to the strength of Southern resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_reform">Electoral reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electoral reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1864 Gladstone said that he saw no reason in principle why all mentally able men could not be enfranchised, but admitted that this would only come about once the working classes themselves showed more interest in the subject. Queen Victoria was not pleased with this statement, and an outraged Palmerston considered it a seditious incitement to agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone's support for electoral reform and disestablishment of the (Anglican) <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> won support from Nonconformists but alienated him from constituents in his Oxford University seat, and he lost it in the <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865 general election</a>. A month later he stood as a candidate in <a href="/wiki/South_Lancashire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)">South Lancashire</a>, where he was elected third MP (South Lancashire at this time elected three MPs). Palmerston campaigned for Gladstone in Oxford because he believed that his constituents would keep him "partially muzzled"; many Oxford graduates were Anglican clergymen at that time. A victorious Gladstone told his new constituency, "At last, my friends, I am come among you; and I am come – to use an expression which has become very famous and is not likely to be forgotten – I am come 'unmuzzled'."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Palmerston's death in October, Earl Russell formed his second ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell and Gladstone (now the senior Liberal in the House of Commons) attempted to pass a reform bill, which was defeated in the Commons because the "<a href="/wiki/Adullamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adullamite">Adullamite</a>" Whigs, led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Robert Lowe</a>, refused to support it. The Conservatives then formed a ministry, in which after a long Parliamentary debate Disraeli passed the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Second Reform Act of 1867</a>; Gladstone's proposed bill had been totally outmanoeuvred; he stormed into the Chamber, but too late to see his arch-enemy pass the bill. Gladstone was furious; his animus commenced a long rivalry that would only end on Disraeli's death and Gladstone's encomium in the Commons in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party,_from_1867"><span id="Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party.2C_from_1867"></span>Leader of the Liberal Party, from 1867</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leader of the Liberal Party, from 1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lord Russell retired in 1867 and Gladstone became leader of the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868 the Irish Church Resolutions were proposed as a measure to reunite the Liberal Party in government (on the issue of disestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> – this would be done during Gladstone's First Government in 1869 and meant that Irish Roman Catholics did not need to pay their <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> to the Anglican Church of Ireland).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was passed, Disraeli took the hint and called <a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">a General Election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_premiership_(1868–1874)"><span id="First_premiership_.281868.E2.80.931874.29"></span>First premiership (1868–1874)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First premiership (1868–1874)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_premiership_of_William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="First premiership of William Gladstone">First premiership of William Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Gladstone_ministry" title="First Gladstone ministry">First Gladstone ministry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone">Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gladstone%27s_Cabinet_of_1868_by_Lowes_Cato_Dickinson.jpg/300px-Gladstone%27s_Cabinet_of_1868_by_Lowes_Cato_Dickinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gladstone%27s_Cabinet_of_1868_by_Lowes_Cato_Dickinson.jpg/450px-Gladstone%27s_Cabinet_of_1868_by_Lowes_Cato_Dickinson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gladstone%27s_Cabinet_of_1868_by_Lowes_Cato_Dickinson.jpg/600px-Gladstone%27s_Cabinet_of_1868_by_Lowes_Cato_Dickinson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1535" usemap="#ImageMap_c44d445fd273a19c" resource="/wiki/File:Gladstone%27s_Cabinet_of_1868_by_Lowes_Cato_Dickinson.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_c44d445fd273a19c"><area href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe,_1st_Viscount_Sherbrooke" shape="circle" coords="30,99,15" alt="Robert Lowe – Chancellor" title="Robert Lowe – Chancellor" /><area href="/wiki/John_Bright" shape="circle" coords="65,96,14" alt="John Bright – Board of Trade" title="John Bright – Board of Trade" /><area href="/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" shape="circle" coords="96,95,10" alt="George Campbell, Duke of Argyll – India" title="George Campbell, Duke of Argyll – India" /><area href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" shape="circle" coords="131,89,11" alt="George Villiers, Earl of Clarendon – Foreign Affairs" title="George Villiers, Earl of Clarendon – Foreign Affairs" /><area href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" shape="circle" coords="150,87,10" alt="Henry Bruce, Baron Aberdare – Home Secretary" title="Henry Bruce, Baron Aberdare – Home Secretary" /><area href="/wiki/William_Wood,_1st_Baron_Hatherley" shape="circle" coords="172,90,8" alt="William Wood, Baron Hatherley – Lord Chancellor" title="William Wood, Baron Hatherley – Lord Chancellor" /><area href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" shape="circle" coords="187,87,9" alt="George Robinson, Earl de Grey and Ripon – Lord President of the Council" title="George Robinson, Earl de Grey and Ripon – Lord President of the Council" /><area href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" shape="circle" coords="241,97,12" alt="Granville Leveson-Gower, Earl Granville – Colonies" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, Earl Granville – Colonies" /><area href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" shape="circle" coords="261,95,10" alt="John Wodehouse, Earl of Kimberley – Privy Seal" title="John Wodehouse, Earl of Kimberley – Privy Seal" /><area href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" shape="circle" coords="276,102,13" alt="George Goschen – Poor Law" title="George Goschen – Poor Law" /><area href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" shape="poly" coords="181,141,197,120,197,117,198,114,198,113,198,110,198,109,196,108,196,107,198,104,198,103,197,102,199,98,203,95,212,95,218,99,219,107,216,113,215,114,216,117,222,124,227,133,228,135,219,138,205,138,199,138,195,153,195,165,194,169,173,169,145,169,147,162,151,160,160,159,164,160,162,157,162,152,165,153,163,151,164,150,171,153,175,154,179,149,173,148,171,143,169,143,169,143,171,140,177,140" alt="William Ewart Gladstone – Prime Minister" title="William Ewart Gladstone – Prime Minister" /><area href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" shape="circle" coords="53,59,15" alt="Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington – Postmaster General" title="Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington – Postmaster General" /><area href="/wiki/Chichester_Parkinson-Fortescue,_1st_Baron_Carlingford" shape="circle" coords="109,66,12" alt="Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, Baron Carlingford – Ireland" title="Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, Baron Carlingford – Ireland" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Cardwell,_1st_Viscount_Cardwell" shape="circle" coords="215,67,12" alt="Edward Cardwell – Secretary for War" title="Edward Cardwell – Secretary for War" /><area href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" shape="circle" coords="237,63,14" alt="Hugh Childers – First Lord of the Admiralty" title="Hugh Childers – First Lord of the Admiralty" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="rect" coords="0,0,299,191" alt="Use your cursor to explore (or click icon to enlarge)" title="Use your cursor to explore (or click icon to enlarge)" /></map><figcaption>Gladstone's Cabinet of 1868, painted by <a href="/wiki/Lowes_Cato_Dickinson" title="Lowes Cato Dickinson">Lowes Cato Dickinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use a cursor to see who is who.<sup id="cite_ref-shannon_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shannon-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">next general election in 1868</a>, the South Lancashire constituency had been broken up by the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Second Reform Act</a> into two: <a href="/wiki/South_East_Lancashire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South East Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)">South East Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Lancashire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South West Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)">South West Lancashire</a>. Gladstone stood for South West Lancashire and for <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Greenwich (UK Parliament constituency)">Greenwich</a>, it being quite common then for candidates to stand in two <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a> simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-1868_list_of_candidates_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1868_list_of_candidates-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To his great surprise he was defeated in South West Lancashire but, by winning in Greenwich, was able to remain in Parliament. He became prime minister for the first time and remained in office until 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Ashley" title="Evelyn Ashley">Evelyn Ashley</a> recorded that he had been felling a tree at Hawarden when brought the news that he was about to be appointed prime minister. He broke off briefly to declare "My mission is to pacify Ireland" before resuming his exertions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1860s and 1870s, Gladstonian Liberalism was characterised by a number of policies intended to improve individual liberty and loosen political and economic restraints. First was the minimisation of public expenditure on the premise that the economy and society were best helped by allowing people to spend as they saw fit. Secondly, his foreign policy aimed at promoting peace to help reduce expenditures and taxation and enhance trade. Thirdly, laws that prevented people from acting freely to improve themselves were reformed. When an unemployed miner (Daniel Jones) wrote to him to complain of his unemployment and low wages, Gladstone gave what H. C. G. Matthew has called "the classic mid-Victorian reply" on 20 October 1869: </p> <blockquote><p>The only means which have been placed in my power of 'raising the wages of colliers' has been by endeavouring to beat down all those restrictions upon trade which tend to reduce the price to be obtained for the product of their labour, & to lower as much as may be the taxes on the commodities which they may require for use or for consumption. Beyond this I look to the forethought not yet so widely diffused in this country as in Scotland, & in some foreign lands; & I need not remind you that in order to facilitate its exercise the Government have been empowered by Legislation to become through the Dept. of the P.O. the receivers & guardians of savings.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gladstone's first premiership instituted reforms in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, civil service, and local government to cut restrictions on individual advancement. The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Board" title="Local Government Board">Local Government Board Act 1871</a> put the supervision of the Poor Law under the Local Government Board (headed by <a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">G. J. Goschen</a>) and Gladstone's "administration could claim spectacular success in enforcing a dramatic reduction in supposedly sentimental and unsystematic outdoor poor relief, and in making, in co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Organization_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Organization Society">Charity Organization Society</a> (1869), the most sustained attempt of the century to impose upon the working classes the Victorian values of providence, self-reliance, foresight, and self-discipline".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone was associated with the Charity Organization Society's first annual report in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some leading Conservatives at this time were contemplating an alliance between the aristocracy and the working class against the capitalist class, an idea called the <a href="/wiki/New_Social_Alliance" title="New Social Alliance">New Social Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a speech at Blackheath on 28 October 1871, he warned his constituents against these social reformers: </p> <blockquote><p>... they are not your friends, but they are your enemies in fact, though not in intention, who teach you to look to the Legislature for the radical removal of the evils that afflict human life. ... It is the individual mind and conscience, it is the individual character, on which mainly human happiness or misery depends. (Cheers.) The social problems that confront us are many and formidable. Let the Government labour to its utmost, let the Legislature labour days and nights in your service; but, after the very best has been attained and achieved, the question whether the English father is to be the father of a happy family and the centre of a united home is a question which must depend mainly upon himself. (Cheers.) And those who ... promise to the dwellers in towns that every one of them shall have a house and garden in free air, with ample space; those who tell you that there shall be markets for selling at wholesale prices retail quantities – I won't say are impostors, because I have no doubt they are sincere; but I will say they are quacks (cheers); they are deluded and beguiled by a spurious philanthropy, and when they ought to give you substantial, even if they are humble and modest boons, they are endeavouring, perhaps without their own consciousness, to delude you with fanaticism, and offering to you a fruit which, when you attempt to taste it, will prove to be but ashes in your mouths. (Cheers.)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WE_Gladstone,_Vanity_Fair,_1869-02-06,_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/WE_Gladstone%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-02-06%2C_crop.jpg/220px-WE_Gladstone%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-02-06%2C_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/WE_Gladstone%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-02-06%2C_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone as caricatured by <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> in 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>Gladstone instituted the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of commissions">sale of commissions</a> in the army: he also instituted the <a href="/wiki/Cardwell_Reforms" title="Cardwell Reforms">Cardwell Reforms</a> in 1869 that made peacetime <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a> illegal. In 1870, his government passed the <a href="/wiki/Landlord_and_Tenant_(Ireland)_Act_1870" title="Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870">Irish Land Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870" title="Elementary Education Act 1870">Forster's Education Act</a>. In 1871 his government passed the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Act_1871" title="Trade Union Act 1871">Trade Union Act</a> allowing trade unions to organise and operate legally for the first time (although picketing remained illegal). Gladstone later counted this reform as one of the most significant of the previous half-century, saying that before its passage the law had effectively "compelled the British workman to work...in chains."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_1886_p._11_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_1886_p._11-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, he instituted the <a href="/wiki/Universities_Tests_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities Tests Act">Universities Tests Act</a>. He secured passage of the <a href="/wiki/Ballot_Act_1872" title="Ballot Act 1872">Ballot Act</a> for secret ballots, and the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_Act_1872" title="Licensing Act 1872">Licensing Act 1872</a>. In foreign affairs, his over-riding aim was to promote peace and understanding, characterised by his settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a> in 1872 in favour of the Americans. During this time, his government gave the approval to launch the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">expedition of HMS <i>Challenger</i></a> at a time when public interest had turned away from scientific explorations.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His leadership also led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1873" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873</a> restructuring the courts to create the modern <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a>. </p><p>Gladstone unexpectedly dissolved Parliament in January 1874 and called <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">a general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone's proposals went some way to meet working-class demands, such as the realisation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_breakfast_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Free breakfast table">free breakfast table</a> through repealing duties on tea and sugar, and reform of local taxation which was increasing for the poorer ratepayers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the working-class financial reformer Thomas Briggs, writing in the trade unionist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bee-Hive_(journal)" title="The Bee-Hive (journal)">The Bee-Hive</a></i>, the manifesto relied on "a much higher authority than Mr. Gladstone...viz., the late Richard Cobden".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissolution itself was reported in <i>The Times</i> on 24 January. On 30 January, the names of the first fourteen MPs for uncontested seats were published. By 9 February a Conservative victory was apparent. In contrast to 1868 and 1880 when the Liberal campaign lasted several months, only three weeks separated the news of the dissolution and the election. The working-class newspapers were so taken by surprise they had little time to express an opinion on Gladstone's manifesto before the election was over.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the efforts of the Conservatives, the organisation of the Liberal Party had declined since 1868 and they had also failed to retain Liberal voters on the electoral register. <a href="/wiki/George_Howell_(trade_unionist)" title="George Howell (trade unionist)">George Howell</a> wrote to Gladstone on 12 February: "There is one lesson to be learned from this Election, that is Organization. ... We have lost not by a change of sentiment so much as by want of organised power".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberals received a majority of the vote in each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom and 189,000 more votes nationally than the Conservatives. However, they obtained a minority of seats in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_(1874–1880)"><span id="Opposition_.281874.E2.80.931880.29"></span>Opposition (1874–1880)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opposition (1874–1880)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_(1874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281874%29.jpg/220px-Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281874%29.jpg/330px-Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281874%29.jpg/440px-Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in 1874, painted by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach" title="Franz von Lenbach">Franz von Lenbach</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli,_1st_Earl_of_Beaconsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield">Benjamin Disraeli</a>'s victory, Gladstone retired from the leadership of the Liberal party, although he retained his seat in the House. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anti-Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Gladstone had a complex ambivalence about Catholicism. He was attracted by its international success in majestic traditions. More important, he was strongly opposed to the authoritarianism of its pope and bishops, its profound public opposition to liberalism, and its supposed refusal to distinguish between secular allegiance on the one hand and spiritual obedience on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1874, he published the pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vatican_Decrees_in_their_Bearing_on_Civil_Allegiance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance">The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance</a></i>, directed at the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>'s dogmatising <a href="/wiki/Papal_Infallibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Infallibility">Papal Infallibility</a> in 1870, which had outraged him.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone claimed that this decree had placed British Catholics in a dilemma over conflicts of loyalty to the Crown. He urged them to reject papal infallibility as they had opposed the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> of 1588. The pamphlet sold 150,000 copies by the end of 1874. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Cardinal Manning</a> denied that the council had changed the relation of Catholics to their civil governments, and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_Bayley" title="James Roosevelt Bayley">James Roosevelt Bayley</a>, in a letter which was obtained by the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> and published without Bayley's express permission, called Gladstone's declaration "a shameful calumny" and attributed his "monomania" to the "political <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">hari-kari</a>" he had committed by dissolving Parliament, accusing him of "putting on 'the <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_bells" title="Cap and bells">cap and bells</a>' and attempting to play the part of <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Gordon" title="Lord George Gordon">Lord George Gordon</a>" in order to restore his political fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-nyherald-infallibility_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyherald-infallibility-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Letter to the Duke of Norfolk">Letter to the Duke of Norfolk</a></i> in reply to Gladstone's charges that Catholics have "no mental freedom" and cannot be good citizens. </p><p>A second pamphlet followed in Feb 1875, a defence of the earlier pamphlet and a reply to his critics, entitled <i>Vaticanism: an Answer to Reproofs and Replies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the Catholic Church as "an Asian monarchy: nothing but one giddy height of despotism, and one dead level of religious subservience". He further claimed that the Pope wanted to destroy the rule of law and replace it with arbitrary tyranny, and then to hide these "crimes against liberty beneath a suffocating cloud of incense".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Hawarden_1877_William_Gladstone_(4672759)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Hawarden_1877_William_Gladstone_%284672759%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Hawarden_1877_William_Gladstone_%284672759%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Hawarden_1877_William_Gladstone_%284672759%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Hawarden_1877_William_Gladstone_%284672759%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Hawarden_1877_William_Gladstone_%284672759%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Hawarden_1877_William_Gladstone_%284672759%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Gladstone at Hawarden in 1877</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_socialism">Opposition to socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition to socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gladstone was opposed to socialism after 1842 when he heard a socialist lecturer.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Godley,_1st_Baron_Kilbracken" title="Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken">Lord Kilbracken</a>, one of Gladstone's secretaries, commented: </p> <blockquote><p>The Liberal doctrines of that time, with their violent anti-socialist spirit and their strong insistence on the gospel of thrift, self-help, settlement of wages by the higgling of the market, and non-interference by the State.... I think that Mr. Gladstone was the strongest anti-socialist that I have ever known....It is quite true, as has been often said, that "we are all socialists up to a certain point"; but Mr. Gladstone fixed that point lower, and was more vehement against those who went above it, than any other politician or official of my acquaintance. I remember his speaking indignantly to me of the budget of 1874 as "That socialistic budget of Northcote's," merely because of the special relief which it gave to the poorer class of income-tax payers. His strong belief in Free Trade was only one of the results of his deep-rooted conviction that the Government's interference with the free action of the individual, whether by taxation or otherwise, should be kept at an irreducible minimum. It is, indeed, not too much to say that his conception of Liberalism was the negation of Socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgarian_Horrors">Bulgarian Horrors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bulgarian Horrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a></div> <p>A pamphlet Gladstone published on 6 September 1876, <i>Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attacked the Disraeli government for its indifference to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s violent repression of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_April_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian April uprising">Bulgarian April uprising</a>. Gladstone made clear his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkism">hostility focused on the Turkish people</a>, rather than on the Muslim religion. The Turks he said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>were, upon the whole, from the black day when they first entered Europe, the one great anti-human specimen of humanity. Wherever they went, a broad line of blood marked the track behind them; and as far as their dominion reached, civilisation disappeared from view. They represented everywhere government by force, as opposed to government by law. For the guide of this life they had a relentless fatalism: for its reward hereafter, a sensual paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acgladstone2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/220px-Acgladstone2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/330px-Acgladstone2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/440px-Acgladstone2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in 1879, painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Alderman" title="Geoffrey Alderman">Geoffrey Alderman</a> has described Gladstone as "unleashing the full fury of his oratorical powers against Jews and Jewish influence" during the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%9388)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–88)">Bulgarian Crisis (1885–88)</a>, telling a journalist in 1876 that: "I deeply deplore the manner in which, what I may call Judaic sympathies, beyond as well as within the circle of professed Judaism, are now acting on the question of the East". Gladstone similarly refused to speak out against the persecution of Romanian Jews in the 1870s and Russian Jews in the early 1880s.< In response, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Chronicle">Jewish Chronicle</a></i> attacked Gladstone in 1888, arguing that "Are we, because there was once a Liberal Party, to bow down and worship Gladstone – the great Minister who was too Christian in his charity, too Russian in his proclivities, to raise voice or finger" to defend <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Jews</a>...<sup id="cite_ref-Alderman,_Geoffrey_1992,_p.100_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alderman,_Geoffrey_1992,_p.100-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1879 election campaign, called the <a href="/wiki/Midlothian_campaign" title="Midlothian campaign">Midlothian campaign</a>, he rousingly denounced Disraeli's foreign policies during the ongoing <a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan#Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> in Afghanistan (see <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>). He saw the war as "great dishonour" and also criticised British conduct in the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu War">Zulu War</a>. Gladstone also (on 29 November) condemned what he saw as the Conservative government's profligate spending: </p> <blockquote><p>...the Chancellor of the Exchequer shall boldly uphold economy in detail; and it is the mark ... of ... a chicken-hearted Chancellor of the Exchequer, when he shrinks from upholding economy in detail, when, because it is a question of only £2,000 or £3,000, he says that is no matter. He is ridiculed, no doubt, for what is called saving candle-ends and cheese-parings. No Chancellor of the Exchequer is worth his salt who is not ready to save what are meant by candle-ends and cheese-parings in the cause of his country. No Chancellor of the Exchequer is worth his salt who makes his own popularity either his first consideration, or any consideration at all, in administrating the public purse. You would not like to have a housekeeper or steward who made her or his popularity with the tradesmen the measure of the payments that were to be delivered to them. In my opinion the Chancellor of the Exchequer is the trusted and confidential steward of the public. He is under a sacred obligation with regard to all that he consents to spend.... I am bound to say hardly ever in the six years that Sir Stafford Northcote has been in office have I heard him speak a resolute word on behalf of economy.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_premiership_(1880–1885)"><span id="Second_premiership_.281880.E2.80.931885.29"></span>Second premiership (1880–1885)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second premiership (1880–1885)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_premiership_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Second premiership of William Ewart Gladstone">Second premiership of William Ewart Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Gladstone_ministry" title="Second Gladstone ministry">Second Gladstone ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cabinet_Council,_1883._(BM_1925,0701.129).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Cabinet_Council%2C_1883._%28BM_1925%2C0701.129%29.jpg/220px-The_Cabinet_Council%2C_1883._%28BM_1925%2C0701.129%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Cabinet_Council%2C_1883._%28BM_1925%2C0701.129%29.jpg/330px-The_Cabinet_Council%2C_1883._%28BM_1925%2C0701.129%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Cabinet_Council%2C_1883._%28BM_1925%2C0701.129%29.jpg/440px-The_Cabinet_Council%2C_1883._%28BM_1925%2C0701.129%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><i>The Cabinet Council, 1883</i> by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9obald_Chartran" title="Théobald Chartran">Théobald Chartran</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 27 November 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1880, the Liberals won again and the Liberal leaders, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Lord Hartington</a> (leader in the House of Commons) and Lord Granville, retired in Gladstone's favour. Gladstone won his constituency election in <a href="/wiki/Midlothian_(UK_Parliament_constituency)_(1708%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency) (1708–1918)">Midlothian</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Leeds_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leeds (UK Parliament constituency)">Leeds</a>, where he had also been adopted as a candidate. As he could lawfully only serve as MP for one constituency, Leeds was passed to his son <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Gladstone">Herbert</a>. One of his other sons, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Gladstone" title="William Henry Gladstone">Henry</a>, was also elected as an MP. Queen Victoria asked Lord Hartington to form a ministry, but he persuaded her to send for Gladstone. Gladstone's second administration – both as Prime Minister and again as Chancellor of the Exchequer until 1882 – lasted from June 1880 to June 1885. He originally intended to retire at the end of 1882, the 50th anniversary of his entry into politics, but did not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone">Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> <p>Historians have debated the wisdom of Gladstone's foreign policy during his second ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Hayes says it "provides one of the most intriguing and perplexing tales of muddle and incompetence in foreign affairs, unsurpassed in modern political history until the days of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone opposed himself to the "<a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial lobby</a>" pushing for the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">scramble for Africa</a>. His term saw the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Mahdi</a> in Sudan. </p><p>On 11 July 1882, Gladstone ordered the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Alexandria" title="Bombardment of Alexandria">bombardment of Alexandria</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/1882_Anglo-Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1882 Anglo-Egyptian War">short, Anglo-Egyptian War of 1882</a>. The British won decisively, and although they repeatedly promised to depart in a few years, the actual result was British control of Egypt for four decades, largely ignoring Ottoman nominal ownership. France was seriously unhappy, having lost control of the canal that it built and financed and had dreamed of for decades. Gladstone's role in the decision to invade was described as relatively hands-off, and the ultimate responsibility was borne by certain members of his cabinet such as Lord Hartington, Secretary of State for India; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook</a>, First Lord of the Admiralty; <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Hugh Childers</a>, Secretary of State for War; and <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville</a>, the Foreign Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> says that the seizure of Egypt "was a great event; indeed, the only real event in international relations between the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a> and the defeat of Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Japanese war">Russo-Japanese war</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor emphasizes long-term impact: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The British occupation of Egypt altered the balance of power. It not only gave the British security for their route to India, it made them masters of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. It made it unnecessary for them to stand on the front line against Russia at the Straits....And thus prepared the way for the Franco-Russian Alliance ten years later.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gladstone and the Liberals had a reputation for strong opposition to imperialism, so historians have long debated the explanation for this reversal of policy. The most influential was a study by John Robinson and Ronald Gallagher, <i><a href="/wiki/Africa_and_the_Victorians" title="Africa and the Victorians">Africa and the Victorians</a></i> (1961), which focused on <a href="/wiki/The_Imperialism_of_Free_Trade" title="The Imperialism of Free Trade">The Imperialism of Free Trade</a> and was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_of_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge School of historiography">Cambridge School of historiography</a>. They argue there was no long-term Liberal plan in support of imperialism. Instead, they saw the urgent necessity to act to protect the Suez Canal in the face of what appeared to be a radical collapse of law and order, and a nationalist revolt focused on expelling the Europeans, regardless of the damage it would do to international trade and the British Empire. Gladstone's decision came against strained relations with France and manoeuvring by "men on the spot" in Egypt. Critics such as Cain and Hopkins have stressed the need to protect large sums invested by British financiers and Egyptian bonds while downplaying the risk to the viability of the Suez Canal. Unlike the Marxists, they stress "gentlemanly" financial and commercial interests, not the industrial capitalism that Marxists believe was always central.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, specialists on Egypt have been interested primarily in the internal dynamics among Egyptians that produce the failed <a href="/wiki/Urabi_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Urabi Revolt">Urabi Revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_issue_in_British_politics" title="Irish issue in British politics">Irish issue in British politics</a></div> <p>In 1881 he established the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Coercion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coercion Act">Irish Coercion Act</a>, which permitted the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> to detain people for as "long as was thought necessary", as there was rural disturbance in Ireland between landlords and tenants as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish" title="Lord Frederick Cavendish">Cavendish</a>, the Irish Secretary, had been <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Murders" title="Phoenix Park Murders">assassinated by Irish rebels in Dublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also passed the Second Land Act (the <a href="/wiki/Landlord_and_Tenant_(Ireland)_Act_1870" title="Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870">First</a>, in 1870, had entitled Irish tenants, if evicted, to compensation for improvements which they had made on their property, but had little effect) which gave Irish tenants the "3Fs" – fair rent, fixity of tenure and free sale.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1881">Fellow of the Royal Society in 1881</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franchise">Franchise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Franchise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_Rupert_Potter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_Rupert_Potter.jpg/220px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_Rupert_Potter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_Rupert_Potter.jpg/330px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_Rupert_Potter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_Rupert_Potter.jpg/440px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_Rupert_Potter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in 1884, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter#Early_life" title="Beatrix Potter">Rupert Potter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gladstone extended the vote to agricultural labourers and others in the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">1884 Reform Act</a>, which gave the counties the same franchise as the boroughs – adult male householders and £10 lodgers – and added six million to the total number of people who could vote in parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliamentary reform continued with the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885" title="Redistribution of Seats Act 1885">Redistribution of Seats Act 1885</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone was increasingly uneasy about the direction in which British politics was moving. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Lord Acton</a> on 11 February 1885, Gladstone criticised <a href="/wiki/Tory_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory Democracy">Tory Democracy</a> as "demagogism" that "put down pacific, law-respecting, economic elements that ennobled the old Conservatism" but "still, in secret, as obstinately attached as ever to the evil principle of class interests". He found contemporary Liberalism better, "but far from being good". Gladstone claimed that this Liberalism's "pet idea is what they call construction, – that is to say, taking into the hands of the state the business of the individual man". Both Tory Democracy and this new Liberalism, Gladstone wrote, had done "much to estrange me, and had for many, many years".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure">Failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Sneh Mahajan has concluded that "Gladstone's second ministry remained barren of any achievement in the domestic sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His downfall came in Africa, where he delayed the mission to rescue <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">General Gordon</a>'s force which had been <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">under siege in Khartoum for 10 months</a>. It arrived in January 1885 two days after a massacre killed approximately 7,000 British and Egyptian soldiers and 4,000 civilians. The disaster proved a major blow to Gladstone's popularity. Queen Victoria sent him a telegram of rebuke which found its way into the press. Critics said Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon. Critics inverted his acronym, "G.O.M." (for "Grand Old Man"), to "M.O.G." (for "Murderer of Gordon"). He resigned as prime minister in June 1885 and declined Queen Victoria's offer of an earldom.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_premiership_(1886)"><span id="Third_premiership_.281886.29"></span>Third premiership (1886)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Third premiership (1886)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Third_premiership_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Third premiership of William Ewart Gladstone">Third premiership of William Ewart Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Gladstone_ministry" title="Third Gladstone ministry">Third Gladstone ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_being_kicked_in_the_air_by_angry_men_Wellcome_V0050369.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gladstone_being_kicked_in_the_air_by_angry_men_Wellcome_V0050369.jpg/220px-Gladstone_being_kicked_in_the_air_by_angry_men_Wellcome_V0050369.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gladstone_being_kicked_in_the_air_by_angry_men_Wellcome_V0050369.jpg/330px-Gladstone_being_kicked_in_the_air_by_angry_men_Wellcome_V0050369.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gladstone_being_kicked_in_the_air_by_angry_men_Wellcome_V0050369.jpg/440px-Gladstone_being_kicked_in_the_air_by_angry_men_Wellcome_V0050369.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3412" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon depicting Gladstone "kicked out of office" in 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Kite" title="Hawarden Kite">Hawarden Kite</a> was a December 1885 press release by Gladstone's son and aide <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a> announcing that he had become convinced that Ireland needed a separate parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombshell announcement resulted in the fall of Lord Salisbury's Conservative government. Irish Nationalists, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Parnell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>, held the balance of power in Parliament. Gladstone's conversion to Home Rule convinced them to switch away from the Conservatives and support the Liberals using the 86 seats in Parliament they controlled. The main purpose of this administration was to deliver Ireland a reform that would give it a devolved assembly, similar to those which would eventually be put in place in Scotland and Wales in 1999. In 1886 Gladstone's party allied with Irish Nationalists to defeat <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>'s government. Gladstone regained his position as prime minister and combined the office with that of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>. During this administration, he first introduced his <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Bill">Home Rule Bill</a> for Ireland. The issue split the Liberal Party (a breakaway group went on to create the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionist">Liberal Unionist</a> party) and the bill was thrown out on the second reading, ending his government after only a few months and inaugurating another headed by Lord Salisbury. </p><p>Gladstone, says his biographer, "totally rejected the widespread English view that the Irish had no taste for justice, common sense, moderation or national prosperity and looked only to perpetual strife and dissension".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem for Gladstone was that his rural English supporters would not support Home Rule for Ireland. A large faction of Liberals, led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, formed a Unionist faction that supported the Conservative party. Whenever the Liberals were out of power, Home Rule proposals languished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_(1886–1892)"><span id="Opposition_.281886.E2.80.931892.29"></span>Opposition (1886–1892)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Opposition (1886–1892)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_(1886).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281886%29.jpg/220px-Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281886%29.jpg/330px-Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281886%29.jpg/440px-Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone_%281886%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in 1886, as painted by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach" title="Franz von Lenbach">Franz von Lenbach</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gladstone supported the London dockers in their <a href="/wiki/London_Dock_Strike_of_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="London Dock Strike of 1889">strike of 1889</a>. After their victory he gave a speech at Hawarden on 23 September in which he said: "In the common interests of humanity, this remarkable strike and the results of this strike, which have tended somewhat to strengthen the condition of labour in the face of capital, is the record of what we ought to regard as satisfactory, as a real social advance [that] tends to a fair principle of division of the fruits of industry".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This speech has been described by <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Biagini" title="Eugenio Biagini">Eugenio Biagini</a> as having "no parallel in the rest of Europe except in the rhetoric of the toughest socialist leaders".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors at Hawarden in October were "shocked...by some rather wild language on the Dock labourers question".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone was impressed with workers unconnected with the dockers' dispute who "intended to make common cause" in the interests of justice. </p><p>On 23 October at <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, Gladstone delivered a speech where he said that the right to combination, which in London was "innocent and lawful, in Ireland would be penal and...punished by imprisonment with hard labour". Gladstone believed that the right to combination used by British workers was in jeopardy when it could be denied to Irish workers.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1890 Gladstone at Midlothian claimed that competition between capital and labour, "where it has gone to sharp issues, where there have been strikes on one side and lock-outs on the other, I believe that in the main and as a general rule, the labouring man has been in the right".<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 December 1891 Gladstone said that: "It is a lamentable fact if, in the midst of our civilisation, and at the close of the nineteenth century, the workhouse is all that can be offered to the industrious labourer at the end of a long and honourable life. I do not enter into the question now in detail. I do not say it is an easy one; I do not say that it will be solved in a moment; but I do say this, that until society is able to offer to the industrious labourer at the end of a long and blameless life something better than the workhouse, society will not have discharged its duties to its poorer members".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 March 1892 Gladstone said that the Liberals had: </p> <blockquote><p>...come generally...to the conclusion that there is something painful in the condition of the rural labourer in this great respect, that it is hard even for the industrious and sober man, under ordinary conditions, to secure a provision for his own old age. Very large propositions, involving, some of them, very novel and very wide principles, have been submitted to the public, for the purpose of securing such a provision by means independent of the labourer himself....our duty [is] to develop in the first instance, every means that we may possibly devise whereby, if possible, the labourer may be able to make this provision for himself, or to approximate towards making such provision far more efficaciously and much more closely than he can now do.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Gladstone wrote on 16 July 1892 in <i>autobiographica</i> that "In 1834 the Government...did themselves high honour by the new <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Act</a>, which rescued the English peasantry from the total loss of their independence".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were many who disagreed with him. </p><p>Gladstone wrote to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, who contributed the introduction to a collection of anti-socialist essays (<i>A Plea for Liberty</i>, 1891), that "I ask to make reserves, and of one passage, which will be easily guessed, I am unable even to perceive the relevancy. But speaking generally, I have read this masterly argument with warm admiration and with the earnest hope that it may attract all the attention which it so well deserves".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage Gladstone alluded to was one where Spencer had spoken of "the behaviour of the so-called Liberal party".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_premiership_(1892–1894)"><span id="Fourth_premiership_.281892.E2.80.931894.29"></span>Fourth premiership (1892–1894)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fourth premiership (1892–1894)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_premiership_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth premiership of William Ewart Gladstone">Fourth premiership of William Ewart Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Gladstone_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Gladstone ministry">Fourth Gladstone ministry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone">Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_pushing_pillars_representing_the_House_of_Lords_Wellcome_V0050358.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gladstone_pushing_pillars_representing_the_House_of_Lords_Wellcome_V0050358.jpg/220px-Gladstone_pushing_pillars_representing_the_House_of_Lords_Wellcome_V0050358.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gladstone_pushing_pillars_representing_the_House_of_Lords_Wellcome_V0050358.jpg/330px-Gladstone_pushing_pillars_representing_the_House_of_Lords_Wellcome_V0050358.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gladstone_pushing_pillars_representing_the_House_of_Lords_Wellcome_V0050358.jpg/440px-Gladstone_pushing_pillars_representing_the_House_of_Lords_Wellcome_V0050358.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon depicting Gladstone as a radical bent on abolishing the House of Lords</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1892</a> resulted in a minority Liberal government with Gladstone as prime minister. The electoral address had promised Irish Home Rule and the disestablishment of the Scottish and Welsh Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1893 he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government_Bill_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government Bill 1893">Second Home Rule Bill</a>, which was passed in the Commons at the second reading on 21 April by 43 votes and the third reading on 1 September by 34 votes. The House of Lords defeated the bill by voting against it by 419 votes to 41 on 8 September. </p><p>The Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act, passed in 1893, required local authorities to provide separate education for blind and deaf children.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Conservative MP Colonel <a href="/wiki/Howard_Vincent" title="Howard Vincent">Howard Vincent</a> questioned Gladstone in the Commons on what his government would do about unemployment on 1 September 1893. Gladstone replied: </p><blockquote><p>I cannot help regretting that the honourable and gallant Gentleman has felt it his duty to put the question. It is put under circumstances that naturally belong to one of those fluctuations in the condition of trade which, however unfortunate and lamentable they may be, recur from time to time. Undoubtedly I think that questions of this kind, whatever be the intention of the questioner, have a tendency to produce in the minds of people or to suggest to the people, that these fluctuations can be corrected by the action of the Executive Government. Anything that contributes to such an impression inflicts an injury upon the labouring population.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In December 1893, an Opposition motion proposed by <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a> called for an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Gladstone opposed increasing public expenditure on the naval estimates, in the tradition of free trade liberalism of his earlier political career as Chancellor. All his Cabinet colleagues believed in some expansion of the navy. He declared in the Commons on 19 December that naval rearmament would commit the government to expenditure over a number of years and would subvert "the principle of annual account, annual proposition, annual approval by the House of Commons, which...is the only way of maintaining regularity, and that regularity is the only talisman which will secure Parliamentary control".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1894, Gladstone wrote that he would not "break to pieces the continuous action of my political life, nor trample on the tradition received from every colleague who has ever been my teacher" by supporting naval rearmament.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone also opposed Chancellor Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Vernon Harcourt (politician)">William Harcourt</a>'s proposal to implement a graduated <a href="/wiki/Death_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death duty">death duty</a>. In a fragment of autobiography dated 25 July 1894, Gladstone denounced the tax as </p> <blockquote><p>...by far the most Radical measure of my lifetime. I do not object to the principle of graduated taxation: for the just principle of the ability to pay is not determined simply by the amount of income.... But, so far as I understand the present measure of finance from the partial reports I have received, I find it too violent. It involves a great departure from the methods of political action established in this country, where reforms, and especially financial reforms, have always been considerate and even tender.... I do not yet see the ground on which it can be justly held that any one description of <i>property</i> should be more heavily burdened than others unless moral and social grounds can be shown first: but in this case, the reasons drawn from those sources seem rather to verge in the opposite direction, for real property has more of presumptive connection with the discharge of duty than that which is ranked as personal...the aspect of the measure is not satisfactory to a man of my traditions (and these traditions lie near the roots of my being).... For the sudden introduction of such change, there is I think no precedent in the history of this country. And the severity of the blow is greatly aggravated in moral effect by the fact that it is dealt only to a handful of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gladstone had his last audience with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> on 28 February 1894 and chaired his last Cabinet on 1 March – the last of 556 he had chaired. On that day he gave his last speech to the House of Commons, saying that the government would withdraw opposition to the Lords' amendments to the Local Government Bill "under protest" and that it was "a controversy which, when once raised, must go forward to an issue".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned from the premiership on 2 March. The Queen did not ask Gladstone who should succeed him but sent for <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> (Gladstone would have advised on <a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Lord Spencer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retained his seat in the House of Commons until 1895. He was not offered a <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a>, having earlier declined an <a href="/wiki/Earldom" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom">earldom</a>. </p><p>Gladstone is both the oldest person to form a government – aged 82 at his appointment – and the oldest person to occupy the Premiership – being 84 at his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_(1894–1898)"><span id="Final_years_.281894.E2.80.931898.29"></span>Final years (1894–1898)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Final years (1894–1898)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_E_Gladstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/W_E_Gladstone.jpg/220px-W_E_Gladstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/W_E_Gladstone.jpg/330px-W_E_Gladstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/W_E_Gladstone.jpg/440px-W_E_Gladstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2899" data-file-height="3919" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in old age</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1895, at the age of 85, Gladstone bequeathed <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>40,000 (equivalent to approximately £5.84 million today)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much of his 32,000 volume library to found <a href="/wiki/St_Deiniol%27s_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="St Deiniol's Library">St Deiniol's Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a>, Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had begun with just 5,000 items at his father's home Fasque, which were transferred to Hawarden for research in 1851. </p><p>On 8 January 1896, in conversation with L. A. Tollemache, Gladstone explained that: "I am not so much afraid of Democracy or of Science as of the love of money. This seems to me to be a growing evil. Also, there is a danger from the growth of that dreadful military spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 January, Gladstone claimed he had strong Conservative instincts and that "In all matters of custom and tradition, even the Tories look upon me as the chief Conservative that is".<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January Gladstone wrote to <a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a>, describing himself as "a dead man, one fundamentally a Peel–Cobden man".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, in his last noteworthy speech, he denounced <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Armenian</a> massacres by Ottomans in a talk delivered at Liverpool. On 2 January 1897, Gladstone wrote to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hirst" title="Francis Hirst">Francis Hirst</a> on being unable to draft a preface to a book on liberalism: "I venture on assuring you that I regard the design formed by you and your friends with sincere interest, and in particular wish well to all the efforts you may make on behalf of individual freedom and independence as opposed to what is termed Collectivism".<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early months of 1897, Gladstone and his wife stayed in <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>. Gladstone met Queen Victoria, and she shook hands with him for (to his recollection) the first time in the 50 years he had known her.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Gladstones' neighbours observed that "He and his devoted wife never missed the morning service on Sunday ... One Sunday, returning from the altar rail, the old, partially blind man stumbled at the chancel step. One of the clergy sprang involuntarily to his assistance but retreated with haste, so withering was the fire which flashed from those failing eyes."<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gladstones returned to <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Castle_(18th_century)" title="Hawarden Castle (18th century)">Hawarden Castle</a> at the end of March and he received the Colonial Premiers in their visit for the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Queen's Jubilee</a>. At a dinner in November with Edward Hamilton, his former private secretary, Hamilton noted that "What is now uppermost in his mind is what he calls the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a> under the name of Imperialism which is now so prevalent". Gladstone riposted "It was enough to make Peel and Cobden turn in their graves".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the advice of his doctor Samuel Habershon in the aftermath of an attack of facial <a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">neuralgia</a>, Gladstone stayed at Cannes from the end of November 1897 to mid-February 1898. He gave an interview for <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, where a swelling on his palate was diagnosed as cancer by the leading cancer surgeon Sir Thomas Smith on 18 March. On 22 March, he retired to Hawarden Castle. Despite being in pain he received visitors and quoted hymns, especially <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Cardinal Newman</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius_(poem)" title="The Dream of Gerontius (poem)">Praise to the Holiest in the Height</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstonegrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gladstonegrave.jpg/220px-Gladstonegrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gladstonegrave.jpg/330px-Gladstonegrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gladstonegrave.jpg/440px-Gladstonegrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone's grave in Westminster Abbey</figcaption></figure><p> His last public statement was dictated to his daughter Helen in reply to receiving the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford's "sorrow and affection": "There is no expression of Christian sympathy that I value more than that of the ancient University of Oxford, the God-fearing and God-sustaining University of Oxford. I served her perhaps mistakenly, but to the best of my ability. My most earnest prayers are hers to the uttermost and to the last".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the house for the last time on 9 April. After 18 April he did not come down to the ground floor but still came out of bed to lie on the sofa. The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews,_Dunkeld_and_Dunblane" title="Bishop of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane">Bishop of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Wilkinson_(bishop)" title="George Wilkinson (bishop)">George Wilkinson</a> recorded when he ministered to him along with Stephen Gladstone: </p><blockquote><p>Shall I ever forget the last Friday in Passion Week, when I gave him the last Holy Communion that I was allowed to administer to him? It was early in the morning. He was obliged to be in bed, and he was ordered to remain there, but the time had come for the confession of sin and the receiving of absolution. Out of his bed he came. Alone he knelt in the presence of his God till the absolution has been spoken, and the sacred elements received.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_in_1898.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_Empire_in_1898.png/330px-British_Empire_in_1898.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_Empire_in_1898.png/495px-British_Empire_in_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_Empire_in_1898.png/660px-British_Empire_in_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>The British Empire in 1898, the year of Gladstone's death</figcaption></figure> <p>Gladstone died on 19 May 1898 at Hawarden Castle aged 88. He had been cared for by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gladstone" title="Helen Gladstone">Helen</a> who had resigned from her job to care for her father and mother.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of death is officially recorded as "Syncope, Senility". "Syncope" meant failure of the heart and "senility" in the 19th century was an infirmity of advanced old age, rather than a loss of mental faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Commons adjourned on the afternoon of Gladstone's death, with <a href="/wiki/A._J._Balfour" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Balfour">A. J. Balfour</a> giving notice for an Address to the Queen praying for a public funeral and a public memorial in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The day after, both Houses of Parliament approved the Address and Herbert Gladstone accepted a public funeral on behalf of the Gladstone family.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His coffin was transported on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> before his <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="State funerals in the United Kingdom">state funeral</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, at which the Prince of Wales (the future King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>) and the Duke of York (the future King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>) acted as pallbearers.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife, Catherine Gladstone (<i>née</i> Glynne), died two years later on 14 June 1900 and was buried next to him. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gladstone's intensely religious mother was an evangelical of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal</a> origins,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his father joined the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, having been a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Presbyterian</a> when he first settled in Liverpool. As a boy, William was baptised into the Church of England. He rejected a call to enter the ministry, and on this his conscience always tormented him. In compensation, he aligned his politics with the evangelical faith in which he fervently believed.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838 Gladstone nearly ruined his career when he tried to force a religious mission upon the Conservative Party. His book <i>The State in its Relations with the Church</i> argued that England had neglected its great duty to the Church of England. He announced that since that church possessed a monopoly of religious truth, nonconformists and Roman Catholics ought to be excluded from all government positions. The historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a> and other critics ridiculed his arguments and refuted them. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a>, Gladstone's chief, was outraged because this would upset the delicate political issue of Catholic Emancipation and anger the Nonconformists. Since Peel greatly admired his protégé, he redirected his focus from theology to finance.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone altered his approach to religious problems, which always held first place in his mind. Before entering Parliament he had already substituted a <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> Anglican attitude, with its dependence on authority and tradition, for the evangelical outlook of his boyhood, with its reliance upon the direct inspiration of the Bible. In middle life, he decided that the individual conscience would have to replace authority as the inner citadel of the Church. That view of the individual conscience affected his political outlook and changed him gradually from a Conservative into a Liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitude_towards_slavery">Attitude towards slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Attitude towards slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially a disciple of <a href="/wiki/High_Tories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Tories">High Toryism</a>, Gladstone's maiden speech as a young <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> was a defence of the rights of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean"> West Indian sugar plantation magnates</a> (slave owners) among whom his father was prominent. He immediately came under attack from anti-slavery elements. He also surprised the duke by urging the need to increase pay for unskilled factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone's early attitude towards slavery was highly shaped by his father, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gladstone,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet">Sir John Gladstone</a>, one of the largest slave owners in the British Empire. Gladstone wanted gradual rather than immediate emancipation, and proposed that slaves should serve a period of apprenticeship after being freed.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also opposed the international slave trade (which lowered the value of the slaves the father already owned).<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-slavery movement demanded the immediate abolition of slavery. Gladstone opposed this and said in 1832 that emancipation should come after moral emancipation through the adoption of education and the inculcation of "honest and industrious habits" among the slaves. Then "with the utmost speed that prudence will permit, we shall arrive at that exceedingly desired consummation, the utter extinction of slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1831, when the Oxford Union considered a motion in favour of the immediate emancipation of the slaves in the West Indies, Gladstone moved an amendment in favour of gradual <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> along with better protection for the personal and civil rights of the slaves and better provision for their Christian education.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early Parliamentary speeches followed a similar line: in June 1833, Gladstone concluded his speech on the 'slavery question' by declaring that though he had dwelt on "the dark side" of the issue, he looked forward to "a safe and gradual emancipation".<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, when slavery was abolished across the British Empire, the owners were paid full value for the slaves. Gladstone helped his father obtain £106,769 (equivalent to £12,960,000 in 2023) in official reimbursement by the government for the 2,508 slaves he owned across nine plantations in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later years Gladstone's attitude towards slavery became more critical as his father's influence over his politics diminished. In 1844 Gladstone broke with his father when, as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>, he advanced proposals to halve duties on foreign sugar not produced by slave labour, in order to "secure the effectual exclusion of slave-grown sugar" and to encourage Brazil and Spain to end slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir John Gladstone, who opposed any reduction in duties on foreign sugar, wrote a letter to <i>The Times</i> criticizing the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking back late in life, Gladstone named the abolition of slavery as one of ten great achievements of the previous sixty years where the masses had been right and the upper classes had been wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_1886_p._11_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_1886_p._11-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> Gladstone wrote to his friend the <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_Duchess_of_Sutherland" title="Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland">Duchess of Sutherland</a> that "the <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">principle announced</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">vice-president of the South</a>...which asserts the <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">superiority of the white man</a>, and therewith founds on it his right to hold the black in slavery, I think that principle detestable, and I am wholly with the opponents of it" but that he felt that the North was wrong to try to restore the Union by military force, which he believed would end in failure.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a memorandum to the Cabinet later that month Gladstone wrote that, although he believed the Confederacy would probably win the war, it was "seriously tainted by its connection with slavery" and argued that the European powers should use their influence on the South to effect the "mitigation or removal of slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_William_Harold_Cubley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_William_Harold_Cubley.jpg/220px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_William_Harold_Cubley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_William_Harold_Cubley.jpg/330px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_William_Harold_Cubley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_William_Harold_Cubley.jpg/440px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_William_Harold_Cubley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1835</span>, painted by <a href="/wiki/William_Cubley" title="William Cubley">William Cubley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gladstone's early attempts to find a wife proved unsuccessful; he was rejected in 1835 by Caroline Eliza Farquhar (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Harvie_Farquhar,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Harvie Farquhar, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Harvie Farquhar, 2nd Baronet</a>) and again in 1837 by Lady Frances Harriet Douglas (daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_Douglas,_17th_Earl_of_Morton" title="George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton">George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, having met <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gladstone" title="Catherine Gladstone">Catherine Glynne</a> in 1834 at the London home of Old Etonian friend and then fellow-Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/James_Milnes_Gaskell" title="James Milnes Gaskell">James Milnes Gaskell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Weyman_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weyman-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he married her on 25 July 1839 – a joint wedding shared with Catherine's sister Mary Glynne and betrothed <a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_4th_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton">George Lyttelton</a>. Catherine and William remained married until Gladstone's death 59 years later and had eight children together: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Gladstone" title="William Henry Gladstone">William Henry Gladstone</a> MP (1840–1891); married Hon. Gertrude Stuart (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_12th_Lord_Blantyre" title="Charles Stuart, 12th Lord Blantyre">Charles Stuart, 12th Lord Blantyre</a>) in 1875. They had three children.</li> <li>Agnes Gladstone (1842–1931); she married Very Rev. Edward Wickham in 1873. They had four children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Rev. Stephen Edward Gladstone (1844–1920); married Annie Wilson in 1885. They had five children: their eldest son <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gladstone" title="Albert Gladstone">Albert</a>, inherited the <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_baronets" title="Gladstone baronets">Gladstone baronetcy</a> in 1945.</li> <li>Catherine Jessy Gladstone (1845–1850); died aged 5 on 9 April 1850 from <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gladstone" title="Mary Gladstone">Mary Gladstone</a> (1847–1927); she married Reverend Harry Drew in 1886. They had one daughter, Dorothy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gladstone" title="Helen Gladstone">Helen Gladstone</a> (1849–1925), Vice-Principal of <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Neville_Gladstone,_1st_Baron_Gladstone_of_Hawarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Neville Gladstone, 1st Baron Gladstone of Hawarden">Henry Neville Gladstone, 1st Baron Gladstone of Hawarden</a> (1852–1935); he married Hon. Maud Rendel in 1890.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone</a>, MP (1854–1930), 1st <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">governor-general of South Africa</a> (1910–1914); he married Dorothy Paget in 1901.</li></ul> <p>Gladstone's eldest son <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Gladstone" title="William Henry Gladstone">William</a> (known as "Willy" to distinguish him from his father), and youngest, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Herbert</a>, both became Members of Parliament. Henry and Herbert became Peers (a Baron and a Viscount) and so members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. William Henry predeceased his father by seven years. Gladstone's private secretary was his nephew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spencer_Lyttelton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spencer Lyttelton (page does not exist)">Spencer Lyttelton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienholz2008_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienholz2008-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg/170px-W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg/255px-W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg/340px-W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone at Hawarden with his grandchild Dorothy Drew (1890–1982),<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gladstone" title="Mary Gladstone">Mary Gladstone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Two of Gladstone's sons and a grandson, <a href="/wiki/William_Glynne_Charles_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Glynne Charles Gladstone">William Glynne Charles Gladstone</a>, followed him into parliament, making for four generations of MPs in total. One of his <a href="/wiki/Collateral_descendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Collateral descendant">collateral descendants</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Freeman_(politician)" title="George Freeman (politician)">George Freeman</a>, has been the Conservative Member of Parliament for Mid Norfolk since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-fttoryactivistsplan_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fttoryactivistsplan-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gladstone" title="Albert Gladstone">Sir Albert Gladstone, 5th baronet</a>, an Olympic Games rowing champion, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gladstone" title="Charles Gladstone">Sir Charles Gladstone, 6th baronet</a> (from whom the <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gladstone,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Gladstone, 7th Baronet">7th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_baronets" title="Gladstone baronets">8th</a> baronets are descended) were also grandsons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian H. C. G. Matthew states that Gladstone's chief legacy lay in three areas: his financial policy, his support for Home Rule (devolution) that modified the view of the unitary state of the United Kingdom and his idea of a progressive, reforming party broadly based and capable of accommodating and conciliating varying interests, along with his speeches at mass public meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Arnstein" title="Walter L. Arnstein">Walter L. Arnstein</a> concludes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Notable as the Gladstonian reforms had been, they had almost all remained within the 19th-century Liberal tradition of gradually removing the religious, economic and political barriers that prevented men of varied creeds and classes from exercising their individual talents in order to improve themselves and their society. As the third quarter of the century drew to a close, the essential bastions of Victorianism still held firm: respectability; a government of aristocrats and gentlemen now influenced not only by middle-class merchants and manufacturers but also by industrious working people: a prosperity that seemed to rest largely on the tenets of laissez-faire economics; and a Britannia that ruled the waves and many a dominion beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lord Acton wrote in 1880 that he considered Gladstone one "of the three greatest Liberals" (along with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909 the Liberal Chancellor <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> introduced his "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>", the first budget which aimed to redistribute wealth. The Liberal statesman <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> ridiculed it by asserting Gladstone would reject it, "Because in his eyes, and in my eyes, too as his humble disciple, Liberalism and Liberty were cognate terms; they were twin-sisters."<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lloyd George had written in 1913 that the Liberals were "carving the last few columns out of the Gladstonian quarry".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lloyd George said of Gladstone in 1915: "What a man he was! Head and shoulders above anyone else I have ever seen in the House of Commons. I did not like him much. He hated Nonconformists and Welsh Nonconformists in particular and he had no real sympathy with the working classes. But he was far and away the best Parliamentary speaker I have ever heard. He was not so good in exposition."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asquithian Liberals continued to advocate traditional Gladstonian policies of sound finance, peaceful foreign relations and the better treatment of Ireland. They often compared Lloyd George unfavourably with Gladstone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Writing in 1944, the classical liberal economist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> said of the change in political attitudes that had occurred since the Great War: "Perhaps nothing shows this change more clearly than that, while there is no lack of sympathetic treatment of Bismarck in contemporary English literature, the name of Gladstone is rarely mentioned by the younger generation without a sneer over his Victorian morality and naive utopianism."<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherite</a> Conservatives began to claim association with Gladstone and his economic policies. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> proclaimed in 1983: "We have a duty to make sure that every penny piece we raise in taxation is spent wisely and well. For it is our party which is dedicated to good housekeeping – indeed, I would not mind betting that if Mr. Gladstone were alive today he would apply to join the Conservative Party."<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, she said: "The kind of Conservatism which he and I...favoured would be best described as 'liberal', in the old-fashioned sense. And I mean the liberalism of Mr Gladstone, not of the latter-day collectivists."<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>, one of Thatcher's Chancellors, called Gladstone the "greatest Chancellor of all time".<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> William Ewart Gladstone was the greatest political figure of the nineteenth century. I do not mean by that that he was necessarily the greatest statesman, certainly not the most successful. What I mean is that he dominated the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_Disraeli">Rivalry with Disraeli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Disraeli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical writers have often played Disraeli and Gladstone against each other as great rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roland Quinault, however, cautions us not to exaggerate the confrontation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>they were not direct antagonists for most of their political careers. Indeed initially they were both loyal to the Tory party, the Church and the landed interest. Although their paths diverged over the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> in 1846 and later over fiscal policy more generally, it was not until the later 1860s that their differences over parliamentary reform, Irish and Church policy assumed great partisan significance. Even then their personal relations remained fairly cordial until their dispute over the Eastern Question in the later 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streets_in_Bulgaria">Streets in Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Streets in Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Streets in Sofia, Plovdiv, Kazanlak Bulgaria named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments_and_collections">Monuments and collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Monuments and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections">Collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> holds Gladstone's diaries.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> holds the Gladstone Papers, which contains Gladstone's political correspondence and papers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone%27s_Library" title="Gladstone's Library">Gladstone's Library</a> holds Gladstone's personal collection of books used to found the Library in its Foundation Collection and the Glynne-Gladstone Archive, which contains Gladstone's personal papers and correspondence. They also hold copies of the papers, on <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a>, related to Gladstone and held by the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a> holds many pamphlets that were sent to Gladstone during his political career. These pamphlets show the concerns of people from all strands of society and together form a historical resource of the social and economic conditions of mid- to late nineteenth-century Britain. Many of the pamphlets bear the handwriting of Gladstone, which provides direct evidence of Gladstone's interest in various topics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s European agent, Colonel Gouraud, recorded Gladstone's voice several times on <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>. A wax cylinder of one of the recordings is held by the BBC Sound Archive. According to H. C. G. Matthew, the voice on the recording has a "slight North Welsh accent".<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statues">Statues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Statues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A statue of Gladstone stands prominently in the front grounds of the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Gladstone%27s_Library" title="Gladstone's Library">Gladstone's Library</a> (formerly known as St. Deiniol's), near the start of Gladstone Way in Hawarden.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Gladstone,_Bow_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Gladstone%2C_Bow_Church.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Gladstone%2C_Bow_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Gladstone%2C_Bow_Church.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Gladstone%2C_Bow_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Gladstone%2C_Bow_Church.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Gladstone%2C_Bow_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Gladstone at <a href="/wiki/Bow_Church" title="Bow Church">Bow Church</a>, London. Note the hands, painted red by activists.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A statue of Gladstone by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bruce-Joy" title="Albert Bruce-Joy">Albert Bruce-Joy</a>, erected in 1882, stands near the front gate of <a href="/wiki/Bow_Church" title="Bow Church">St. Marys Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a>, London. Paid for by the industrialist Theodore Bryant, it is viewed as a symbol of the later <a href="/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888" class="mw-redirect" title="London matchgirls strike of 1888">1888 match girls strike</a>, which took place at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bow_Quarter" title="Bow Quarter">Bryant & May Match Factory</a>. Led by the socialist <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, hundreds of women working in the factory, where many sickened and died from poisoning from the <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> used in the matches, went on strike to demand improved working conditions and pay, eventually winning their cause. In recent years, the statue of Gladstone has been repeatedly daubed with red paint, suggesting that it was paid for with the "blood of the match girls".<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A statue of Gladstone in bronze by Sir Thomas Brock, erected in 1904, stands in <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Gardens,_Liverpool" title="St John's Gardens, Liverpool">St John's Gardens</a>, Liverpool.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_Memorial,_London" title="Gladstone Memorial, London">Gladstone Memorial</a>, erected in 1905, stands at <a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a>, London, near the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Grade II listed statue of Gladstone stands in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square</a>, Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-albertsquare_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albertsquare-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A monument to Gladstone, Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Midlothian_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)">Midlothian</a> 1880–1895, was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> in 1917 (and moved to its present location in 1955). It stands in Atholl Crescent Gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-GlastoneMemorial_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlastoneMemorial-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculptor was <a href="/wiki/James_Pittendrigh_Macgillivray" title="James Pittendrigh Macgillivray">James Pittendrigh MacGillivray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A statue to Gladstone, who was <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> 1877–1880, was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in 1902. It stands in <a href="/wiki/George_Square" title="George Square">George Square</a>. The sculptor was Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Hamo_Thornycroft" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hamo Thornycroft">William Hamo Thornycroft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A bust of Gladstone is in the Hall of Heroes of the <a href="/wiki/National_Wallace_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="National Wallace Monument">National Wallace Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>.</li> <li>Near <a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Mancot" title="Mancot">Mancot</a>, there is a small hospital named after <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gladstone" title="Catherine Gladstone">Catherine Gladstone</a>.</li> <li>A statue of Gladstone stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/National_and_Kapodistrian_University_of_Athens" title="National and Kapodistrian University of Athens">Kapodistrian University</a> building in the centre of Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A statue of Gladstone was unveiled in Front Quad at <a href="/wiki/Glenalmond_College" title="Glenalmond College">Glenalmond College</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Gladstone memorial was unveiled on 23 February 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Seaforth,_Merseyside" title="Seaforth, Merseyside">Seaforth</a>, Liverpool, by MP <a href="/wiki/Frank_Field_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Field (British politician)">Frank Field</a>. It is in the grounds of Our Lady Star of the Sea Church facing the former site of St Thomas's Church where Gladstone was educated from 1816 to 1821. The Seaglam (Seaforth Gladstone Memorial) Project, whose chairman is local historian Brenda Murray (<a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Medal" title="British Empire Medal">BEM</a>), was started to raise the profile of Seaforth Village by installing a memorial to Gladstone. Funds for the memorial were raised by voluntary effort and the Heritage Lottery Fund provided additional funding. Sculptor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Murphy_(artist)" title="Tom Murphy (artist)">Tom Murphy</a> created the bronze bust.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A statue of Gladstone was unveiled on the Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, Lancashire on 4 November 1899 by the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Aberdeen">Earl of Aberdeen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams-Acton" title="John Adams-Acton">John Adams-Acton</a> at a cost of £3,000, bears the inscription "The most brilliant intellect that has been placed at the service of the state since parliamentary government began – Salisbury". It was later moved to Blakey Moor and in 1983 was moved again to Northgate.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 there were calls for the statue to be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Namesakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dollis_Hill_House2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dollis_Hill_House2.jpg/220px-Dollis_Hill_House2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dollis_Hill_House2.jpg/330px-Dollis_Hill_House2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dollis_Hill_House2.jpg/440px-Dollis_Hill_House2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dollis House, Gladstone Park, as seen from the gardens</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone_Park,_London" title="Gladstone Park, London">Gladstone Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Willesden" title="Municipal Borough of Willesden">Municipal Borough of Willesden</a>, London, was named after him in 1899. <a href="/wiki/Dollis_Hill_House" title="Dollis Hill House">Dollis Hill House</a>, within what later became the park, was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Marjoribanks,_1st_Baron_Tweedmouth" title="Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth">Sir Dudley Coutts Marjoribanks</a>, who subsequently became Lord Tweedmouth. In 1881 Lord Tweedmouth's daughter and her husband, <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">Lord Aberdeen</a>, took up residence. They often had Gladstone to stay as a guest. In 1897 Lord Aberdeen was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> and the Aberdeens moved out. When Willesden acquired the house and land in 1899, they named the park Gladstone Park after the old Prime Minister.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Gladstone Rock, a large boulder about 12 ft high in Cwm Llan on the Watkin Path on the south side of <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> where Gladstone made a speech in 1892, was named for him. A plaque on the rock states that he "addressed the people of Eryri upon justice to Wales".<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Oregon" title="Gladstone, Oregon">Gladstone, Oregon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_New_Jersey" title="Gladstone, New Jersey">Gladstone, New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Michigan" title="Gladstone, Michigan">Gladstone, Michigan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone, Missouri; and <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_New_Mexico" title="Gladstone, New Mexico">Gladstone, New Mexico</a>, in the United States are named for him. The city of <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone, Queensland</a>, Australia, was named after him and has a 19th-century marble statue on display in its town museum.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Manitoba" title="Gladstone, Manitoba">Gladstone, Manitoba</a>, was named after him in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Streets in the cities of Athens, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> (including a school), <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springs,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Springs, Gauteng">Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newark-on-Trent" title="Newark-on-Trent">Newark-on-Trent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterford_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterford City">Waterford City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonmel" title="Clonmel">Clonmel</a>, Baltimore, MD., <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merton_Park" title="Merton Park">Merton Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Acton,_London" title="South Acton, London">South Acton</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> (including a school), <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Queensland">Brisbane</a> are named for him. There is also Gladstone Avenue and adjoining Ewart Road in his hometown of Liverpool in a part of the city where he was a landowner.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is an imposing 'Arts and Crafts' pub in <a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Hill" title="Dulwich Hill">Dulwich Hill</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, named for him on the corner of Marrickville Road and New Canterbury Road;<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also a street is named for him in Dulwich Hill (Ewart Street) which crosses into the adjoining suburb of Marrickville. On Ewart Street there is a mansion called 'Gladstone Hall' built in 1870 by William Starkey, founder of Starkey's Ginger Beer and cordial factory in 1838 which became the largest of its type in the southern hemisphere for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone Park is in the Sydney suburb of <a href="/wiki/Balmain,_New_South_Wales" title="Balmain, New South Wales">Balmain</a>. The Lord Gladstone Hotel is on the corner of Meagher and Regent Street in <a href="/wiki/Chippendale,_New_South_Wales" title="Chippendale, New South Wales">Chippendale, Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, there is Gladstone Hall of Residence,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_Professor_of_Greek" title="Gladstone Professor of Greek">Gladstone Professor of Greek</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_bag" title="Gladstone bag">Gladstone bag</a>, a light travelling bag, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Gladstone Theatre is in Port Sunlight, Wirral, across the Mersey from Liverpool, where Gladstone was born.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/LB%26SCR_B1_class" title="LB&SCR B1 class">London, Brighton and South Coast Railway B1 Class</a> steam locomotives were known as the "Gladstones", after the first member of its class.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_Statue,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue at Aldwych, London, near to the Royal Courts of Justice and opposite Australia House"><img alt="Statue at Aldwych, London, near to the Royal Courts of Justice and opposite Australia House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gladstone_Statue%2C_London.jpg/100px-Gladstone_Statue%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gladstone_Statue%2C_London.jpg/150px-Gladstone_Statue%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gladstone_Statue%2C_London.jpg/199px-Gladstone_Statue%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue at <a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a>, London, near to the Royal Courts of Justice and opposite <a href="/wiki/Australia_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia House">Australia House</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_statue,_Albert_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue in Albert Square, Manchester, Manchester"><img alt="Statue in Albert Square, Manchester, Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Ewart_Gladstone_statue%2C_Albert_Square.jpg/80px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_statue%2C_Albert_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Ewart_Gladstone_statue%2C_Albert_Square.jpg/120px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_statue%2C_Albert_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Ewart_Gladstone_statue%2C_Albert_Square.jpg/160px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_statue%2C_Albert_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square, Manchester</a>, Manchester</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_Monument_statue,_Coates_Crescent_Gardens,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue on the Gladstone Monument in Coates Crescent Gardens, Edinburgh"><img alt="Statue on the Gladstone Monument in Coates Crescent Gardens, Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gladstone_Monument_statue%2C_Coates_Crescent_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/90px-Gladstone_Monument_statue%2C_Coates_Crescent_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gladstone_Monument_statue%2C_Coates_Crescent_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/135px-Gladstone_Monument_statue%2C_Coates_Crescent_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gladstone_Monument_statue%2C_Coates_Crescent_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/180px-Gladstone_Monument_statue%2C_Coates_Crescent_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue on the Gladstone Monument in Coates Crescent Gardens, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:From_Vladaya_to_Chalite_b_20090407_010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A high school named after Gladstone in Sofia, Bulgaria"><img alt="A high school named after Gladstone in Sofia, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/From_Vladaya_to_Chalite_b_20090407_010.JPG/120px-From_Vladaya_to_Chalite_b_20090407_010.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/From_Vladaya_to_Chalite_b_20090407_010.JPG/180px-From_Vladaya_to_Chalite_b_20090407_010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/From_Vladaya_to_Chalite_b_20090407_010.JPG/240px-From_Vladaya_to_Chalite_b_20090407_010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="2866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A high school named after Gladstone in <a href="/wiki/Sofia,_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia, Bulgaria">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Gladstone_Statue_Blackburn_Lancashire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A statue of William Gladstone, erected in 1899 in Blackburn, Lancashire"><img alt="A statue of William Gladstone, erected in 1899 in Blackburn, Lancashire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Gladstone_Statue_Blackburn_Lancashire.jpg/90px-William_Gladstone_Statue_Blackburn_Lancashire.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Gladstone_Statue_Blackburn_Lancashire.jpg/135px-William_Gladstone_Statue_Blackburn_Lancashire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Gladstone_Statue_Blackburn_Lancashire.jpg/180px-William_Gladstone_Statue_Blackburn_Lancashire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A statue of William Gladstone, erected in 1899 in <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, Lancashire</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gladstone was popularly known in his later years as the "Grand Old Man" or "G.O.M.". The term was used occasionally during the Midlothian election campaign, first became widely associated with him during the 1880 general election, and was ubiquitous in the press by 1882. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re" title="Henry Labouchère">Henry Labouchère</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote" class="mw-redirect" title="Stafford Northcote">Stafford Northcote</a> have both been credited with coining it; it appears to have been in use before either of them used it publicly, though they may have helped popularise it. While it was originally used to show affectionate reverence, it was quickly adopted more sarcastically by his opponents, using it to emphasise his age. The acronym was sometimes satirised as "God's Only Mistake", or after the fall of Khartoum, inverted to "M.O.G.", "Murderer of Gordon". (Disraeli is often credited with the former, but Lord Salisbury is a more likely origin.) The term is still widely used today and is virtually synonymous with Gladstone.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone's burial in 1898 was commemorated in a poem by <a href="/wiki/William_McGonagall" title="William McGonagall">William McGonagall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_film_and_television">Portrayal in film and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Portrayal in film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1937, Gladstone has been portrayed some 37 times in film and television.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portrayals include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_Love" title="Montagu Love">Montagu Love</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Parnell_(film)" title="Parnell (film)">Parnell</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Young_(actor)" title="Arthur Young (actor)">Arthur Young</a> in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_the_Great" title="Victoria the Great">Victoria the Great</a></i> (1937) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_with_a_Lamp" title="The Lady with a Lamp">The Lady with a Lamp</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Keen" title="Malcolm Keen">Malcolm Keen</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Glorious_Years" title="Sixty Glorious Years">Sixty Glorious Years</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Murray_(actor)" title="Stephen Murray (actor)">Stephen Murray</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prime_Minister_(film)" title="The Prime Minister (film)">The Prime Minister</a></i> (1941)</li> <li>Gordon Richards in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imperfect_Lady_(1947_film)" title="The Imperfect Lady (1947 film)">The Imperfect Lady</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khartoum (film)">Khartoum</a></i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i> episode <i>Sex and Violence</i> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Gray" title="Willoughby Gray">Willoughby Gray</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Winston" title="Young Winston">Young Winston</a></i> (1972)</li> <li>David Steuart in the television serial <i><a href="/wiki/Jennie:_Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill">Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hordern" title="Michael Hordern">Michael Hordern</a> in the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Seventh" title="Edward the Seventh">Edward the Seventh</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carlisle_(actor)" title="John Carlisle (actor)">John Carlisle</a> in the television serial <i><a href="/wiki/Disraeli_(TV_serial)" title="Disraeli (TV serial)">Disraeli</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(actor)" title="John Phillips (actor)">John Phillips</a> in the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Lillie_(TV_series)" title="Lillie (TV series)">Lillie</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Culver" title="Roland Culver">Roland Culver</a> in the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_David_Lloyd_George" title="The Life and Times of David Lloyd George">The Life and Times of David Lloyd George</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Quilley" title="Denis Quilley">Denis Quilley</a> in the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Number_10_(TV_series)" title="Number 10 (TV series)">Number 10</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1841" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a583227200gladuoft"><i>The State in its relations with the Church</i></a> (4th ed.). London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+in+its+relations+with+the+Church&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa583227200gladuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1858" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesonhomerho02glad"><i>Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age</i></a>. Oxford: At The University Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Homer+and+the+Homeric+Age&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=At+The+University+Press&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesonhomerho02glad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesonhomerho01gladuoft">volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesonhomerho02gladuoft">volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesonhomerho03glad">volume 3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1868" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a622065100gladuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>A Chapter of Autobiography</i></a>. London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chapter+of+Autobiography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fa622065100gladuoft%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1870" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/juventusmundigod00glad_1"><i>Juventus Mundi: The Gods and Men of the Heroic Age</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juventus+Mundi%3A+The+Gods+and+Men+of+the+Heroic+Age&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjuventusmundigod00glad_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1876" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgarianhorrors00gladiala/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i></a> (1st ed.). London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Horrors+and+the+Question+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulgarianhorrors00gladiala%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1879" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gleaningsofpasty01gladuoft"><i>Gleanings of Past Years, 1848–1878, 7 vols</i></a> (1st ed.). London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gleanings+of+Past+Years%2C+1848%E2%80%931878%2C+7+vols.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgleaningsofpasty01gladuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1890" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onbooksandhousi00gladgoog"><i>On books and the Housing of them</i></a>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+books+and+the+Housing+of+them&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonbooksandhousi00gladgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> A treatise on the storing of books and the design of bookshelves as employed in his personal library.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1890" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a583189400gladuoft"><i>The impregnable rock of Holy Scripture (Revised and Enlarged from Good Words)</i></a>. London: Isbister and Company – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+impregnable+rock+of+Holy+Scripture+%28Revised+and+Enlarged+from+Good+Words%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Isbister+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa583189400gladuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstoneHamilton-Gordon1961" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart; Hamilton-Gordon, Arthur (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEMeAQAAIAAJ"><i>Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871695147" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871695147"><bdi>978-0871695147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone-Gordon+correspondence%2C+1851%E2%80%931896%3A+selections+from+the+private+correspondence+of+a+British+Prime+Minister+and+a+colonial+Governor%2C+Volume+51&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0871695147&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft.au=Hamilton-Gordon%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEMeAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> (Volume 51, Issue 4 of new series, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society) (Original from the University of California)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Austrian economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> described Gladstonian finance in his <i>History of Economic Analysis</i>: <blockquote><p>... there was one man who not only united high ability with unparalleled opportunity but also knew how to turn budgets into political triumphs and who stands in history as the greatest English financier of economic liberalism, Gladstone. ... The greatest feature of Gladstonian finance ... was that it expressed with ideal adequacy both the whole civilisation and the needs of the time, <i>ex visu</i> of the conditions of the country to which it was to apply; or, to put it slightly differently, that it translated a social, political, and economic vision, which was comprehensive as well as historically correct, into the clauses of a set of co-ordinated fiscal measures. ... Gladstonian finance was the finance of the system of 'natural liberty,' laissez-faire, and free trade ... the most important thing was to remove fiscal obstructions to private activity. And for this, in turn, it was necessary to keep public expenditure low. Retrenchment was the victorious slogan of the day ... it means the reduction of the functions of the state to a minimum ... retrenchment means rationalisation of the remaining functions of the state, which among other things implies as small a military establishment as possible. The resulting economic development would in addition, so it was believed, make social expenditures largely superfluous. ... Equally important was it ... to raise the revenue that would still have to be raised in such a way as to deflect economic behaviour as little as possible from what it would have been in the absence of all taxation ('taxation for revenue only'). And since the profit motive and the propensity to save were considered of paramount importance for the economic progress of <i>all</i> classes, this meant in particular that taxation should as little as possible interfere with the net earnings of a business. ... As regards indirect taxes, the principle of least interference was interpreted by Gladstone to mean that taxation should be concentrated on a few important articles, leaving the rest free. ... Last, but not least, we have the principle of the balanced budget.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In his election address to his constituents on 23 January, Gladstone said: <blockquote><p>Upon a review of the finance of the last five years, we are enabled to state that, notwithstanding the purchase of the telegraphs for a sum exceeding 9,000,000<i>l</i>., the aggregate amount of the national debt has been reduced by more than 20,000,000<i>l</i>.; that taxes have been lowered or abolished (over and above any amount imposed) to the extent of 12,500,000<i>l</i>.; that during the present year the Alabama Indemnity has been paid, and the charge of the Ashantee War will be met out of revenue; and that in estimating, as we can now venture to do, the income of the coming year (and, for the moment assuming the general scale of charge to continue as it was fixed during the last Session), we do not fear to anticipate as the probable balance a surplus exceeding rather than falling short of 5,000,000<i>l</i>. ... The first item ... which I have to set down in the financial arrangements proper for the first year is relief, but relief coupled with reform, of local taxation. ... It has ... been the happy fortune of Mr. Lowe to bring it [the income tax] down, first from 6d. to 4d., and then from 4d. to 3d., in the pound. The proceeds of the Income Tax for the present year are expected to be between 5,000,000<i>l</i>. and 6,000,000<i>l</i>., and at a sacrifice for the financial year of something less than 5,500,000<i>l</i>. the country may enjoy the advantage and relief of its total repeal. I do not hesitate to affirm that an effort should now be made to attain this advantage, nor to declare that, according to my judgment, it is in present circumstances practicable ... we ought not to aid the rates, and remove the Income Tax, without giving to the general consumer, and giving him simultaneously, some marked relief in the class of articles of popular consumption. ... I for one could not belong to a Government which did not on every occasion seek to enlarge its resources by a wise economy.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wiesner2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiesner2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesner-HanksEvansWheelerRuff2014" class="citation book cs1">Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.; Evans, Andrew D.; Wheeler, William Bruce; Ruff, Julius (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbwTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT351"><i>Discovering the Western Past, Volume II: Since 1500</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111837174" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111837174"><bdi>978-1111837174</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313180646/https://books.google.com/books?id=bbwTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT351">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Western+Past%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1500&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1111837174&rft.aulast=Wiesner-Hanks&rft.aufirst=Merry+E.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Andrew+D.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+William+Bruce&rft.au=Ruff%2C+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbwTCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1999" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oqY4cFsaK7AC&pg=PA289"><i>British Society 1680–1880: Dynamism, Containment and Change</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521657013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521657013"><bdi>978-0521657013</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205701/https://books.google.com/books?id=oqY4cFsaK7AC&pg=PA289">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Society+1680%E2%80%931880%3A+Dynamism%2C+Containment+and+Change&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521657013&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoqY4cFsaK7AC%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardham2008" class="citation news cs1">Gardham, Duncan (12 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2116935/David-Daviss-Victorian-inspiration-William-Gladstone.html">"David Davis's Victorian inspiration: William Gladstone"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630091007/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2116935/David-Daviss-Victorian-inspiration-William-Gladstone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=David+Davis%27s+Victorian+inspiration%3A+William+Gladstone&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.aulast=Gardham&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2116935%2FDavid-Daviss-Victorian-inspiration-William-Gladstone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2013" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, J. F. C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8HEGNOvE4sC&pg=PT31"><i>Late Victorian Britain 1875–1901</i></a>. Routledge. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136116445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136116445"><bdi>978-1136116445</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924174610/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8HEGNOvE4sC&pg=PT31">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Victorian+Britain+1875%E2%80%931901&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136116445&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=J.+F.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8HEGNOvE4sC%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldous2007" class="citation book cs1">Aldous, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zeCAYRWqPe4C&pg=PP4"><i>The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone Vs Disraeli</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393065701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393065701"><bdi>978-0393065701</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703103015/https://books.google.com/books?id=zeCAYRWqPe4C&pg=PP4">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+and+the+Unicorn%3A+Gladstone+Vs+Disraeli&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0393065701&rft.aulast=Aldous&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeCAYRWqPe4C%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrighton2016" class="citation book cs1">Brighton, Paul (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kCgzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT193"><i>Original Spin: Downing Street and the Press in Victorian Britain</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760599" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760599"><bdi>978-1780760599</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924174612/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCgzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT193">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Spin%3A+Downing+Street+and+the+Press+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1780760599&rft.aulast=Brighton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkCgzCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2016" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Paul; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDyeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c. 1851–1964</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107572966" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107572966"><bdi>978-1107572966</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630124949/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDyeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+and+Transformation%3A+Britain%2C+c.+1851%E2%80%931964&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107572966&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDyeDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._E._Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. E. Russell">Russell, George William Erskine</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gladstone, William Ewart"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gladstone,_William_Ewart">"Gladstone, William Ewart" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gladstone%2C+William+Ewart&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=George+William+Erskine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burke-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burke_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burke_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burke_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Burke" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mosley_(genealogist)" title="Charles Mosley (genealogist)">Mosley, Charles</a>, ed. (2003). <a href="/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage" title="Burke's Peerage"><i>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood</i></a> (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0971196629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0971196629"><bdi>978-0971196629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage%2C+Baronetage+%26+Knighthood&rft.edition=107&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+%26+Gentry&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0971196629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnus 1954, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shannon-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheckland1971" class="citation book cs1">Checkland, Sydney (1971). <i>The Gladstones: A Family Biography, 1764–1851</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gladstones%3A+A+Family+Biography%2C+1764%E2%80%931851&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Checkland&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Checkland, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrah1923" class="citation book cs1">Morrah, Herbert Arthur (1923). <i>The Oxford Union 1823–1923</i>. London: Cassell and Company. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Union+1823%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Morrah&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley 1:92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partridge, (2003) p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Hansard's Parliamentary Debates</i>. Hansard: Great Britain. Parliament. 1833. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9hbAAAAQAAJ&dq=gladstone+objects+Althorp+Act+1833&pg=PA481">482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hansard%27s+Parliamentary+Debates&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Hansard%3A+Great+Britain.+Parliament&rft.date=1833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1975" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Bruce D. (1975). "Righteousness before revenue: The forgotten moral crusade against the Indo-Chinese opium trade". <i>Journal of Drug Issues</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">304–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002204267500500404">10.1177/002204267500500404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Drug+Issues&rft.atitle=Righteousness+before+revenue%3A+The+forgotten+moral+crusade+against+the+Indo-Chinese+opium+trade&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002204267500500404&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodwick2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lodwick2015_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodwick2015" class="citation book cs1">Lodwick, Kathleen L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrAeBgAAQBAJ&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA86"><i>Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874–1917</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813149684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813149684"><bdi>978-0813149684</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115137/https://books.google.com/books?id=DrAeBgAAQBAJ&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusaders+Against+Opium%3A+Protestant+Missionaries+in+China%2C+1874%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0813149684&rft.aulast=Lodwick&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrAeBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chouvy2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chouvy2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouvy2009" class="citation book cs1">Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGl4TN_qIsgC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA9"><i>Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674051348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674051348"><bdi>978-0674051348</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115718/https://books.google.com/books?id=qGl4TN_qIsgC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium%3A+Uncovering+the+Politics+of+the+Poppy&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674051348&rft.aulast=Chouvy&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Arnaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGl4TN_qIsgC%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuinaultWindscheffel2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuinaultWindscheffel2013_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinaultClayton_WindscheffelSwift2013" class="citation book cs1">Quinault, Roland; Clayton Windscheffel, Ruth; Swift, Roger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hve4IOulDlwC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PT238"><i>William Gladstone: New Studies and Perspectives</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483274" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483274"><bdi>978-1409483274</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418130622/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hve4IOulDlwC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PT238">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Gladstone%3A+New+Studies+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409483274&rft.aulast=Quinault&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Clayton+Windscheffel%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Swift%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHve4IOulDlwC%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPT238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foxcroft2013-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foxcroft2013_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxcroft2013" class="citation book cs1">Foxcroft, Louise (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPosEno3uNYC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA66"><i>The Making of Addiction: The 'Use and Abuse' of Opium in Nineteenth-Century Britain</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409479840" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409479840"><bdi>978-1409479840</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418132231/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPosEno3uNYC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Addiction%3A+The+%27Use+and+Abuse%27+of+Opium+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409479840&rft.aulast=Foxcroft&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPosEno3uNYC%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HanesSanello2004-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HanesSanello2004_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanesSanello2004" class="citation book cs1">Hanes, William Travis; Sanello, Frank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYmFAAAAQBAJ&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA78"><i>Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another</i></a>. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402201493" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402201493"><bdi>978-1402201493</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115711/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYmFAAAAQBAJ&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium+Wars%3A+The+Addiction+of+One+Empire+and+the+Corruption+of+Another&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Sourcebooks%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1402201493&rft.aulast=Hanes&rft.aufirst=William+Travis&rft.au=Sanello%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYmFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIISanello2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIISanello2004_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanes_IIISanello2004" class="citation book cs1">Hanes III, W. Travis; Sanello, Frank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXiiAAAAQBAJ&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PT88"><i>The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another</i></a>. Sourcebooks. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402252051" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402252051"><bdi>978-1402252051</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115129/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXiiAAAAQBAJ&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PT88">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opium+Wars%3A+The+Addiction+of+One+Empire+and+the+Corruption+of+Another&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1402252051&rft.aulast=Hanes+III&rft.aufirst=W.+Travis&rft.au=Sanello%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXiiAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay2000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fay2000_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay2000" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Peter Ward (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgSs61pjvS8C&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PT290"><i>The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by which They Forced Her Gates Ajar</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807861363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807861363"><bdi>978-0807861363</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418102541/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgSs61pjvS8C&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PT290">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opium+War%2C+1840%E2%80%931842%3A+Barbarians+in+the+Celestial+Empire+in+the+Early+Part+of+the+Nineteenth+Century+and+the+War+by+which+They+Forced+Her+Gates+Ajar&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0807861363&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgSs61pjvS8C%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iow-chs.org/island-people/helen-jane-gladstone-1814-80/">"Isle of Wight Catholic History Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isle+of+Wight+Catholic+History+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiow-chs.org%2Fisland-people%2Fhelen-jane-gladstone-1814-80%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isba2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isba2006_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsba2006" class="citation book cs1">Isba, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaxDs8_oz_QC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA224"><i>Gladstone and Women</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-471-3"><bdi>978-1-85285-471-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418115715/https://books.google.com/books?id=gaxDs8_oz_QC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA224">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+and+Women&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-471-3&rft.aulast=Isba&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaxDs8_oz_QC%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bebbington1993-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bebbington1993_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBebbington1993" class="citation book cs1">Bebbington, David William (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEzV7PYYe5kC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA108"><i>William Ewart Gladstone: Faith and Politics in Victorian Britain</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802801524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802801524"><bdi>978-0802801524</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418134251/https://books.google.com/books?id=jEzV7PYYe5kC&q=William+Gladstone+opium&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Ewart+Gladstone%3A+Faith+and+Politics+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0802801524&rft.aulast=Bebbington&rft.aufirst=David+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEzV7PYYe5kC%26q%3DWilliam%2BGladstone%2Bopium%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanFoster1992" class="citation journal cs1">McLean, Iain; Foster, Christopher (1992). "The political economy of regulation: interests, ideology, voters, and the UK Regulation of Railways Act 1844". <i>Public Administration</i>. <b>70</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9299.1992.tb00941.x">10.1111/j.1467-9299.1992.tb00941.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration&rft.atitle=The+political+economy+of+regulation%3A+interests%2C+ideology%2C+voters%2C+and+the+UK+Regulation+of+Railways+Act+1844&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9299.1992.tb00941.x&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Foster%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viscount Gladstone, <i>After Thirty Years</i> (Macmillan, 1928), pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew1995" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, H. C. G. (1995). <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone.+1875%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2010" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, John-Paul (2010). "History and pluralism: Gladstone and the Maynooth grant controversy". <i><span></span>'Gladstone and Ireland</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+and+pluralism%3A+Gladstone+and+the+Maynooth+grant+controversy&rft.btitle=%27Gladstone+and+Ireland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=John-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Robert Peel, George Peel (Hon.), George Peel Sir Robert Peel: from his private papers, Volume 3 Spottiswoode and Co London p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10787">"William Gladstone"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10787">10.1093/ref:odnb/10787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Gladstone&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10787&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F10787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnus, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, 1:230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnus, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon1999" class="citation book cs1">Shannon, Richard (1999). <i>Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865–1898</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">583–</span>584.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone%3A+Heroic+Minister%2C+1865%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E583-%3C%2Fspan%3E584&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1809–1874</i>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew1979" class="citation journal cs1">Matthew, H. C. G. (1979). "Disraeli, Gladstone, and the politics of mid-Victorian budgets". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">615–</span>643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00017015">10.1017/S0018246X00017015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Disraeli%2C+Gladstone%2C+and+the+politics+of+mid-Victorian+budgets&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E643&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00017015&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1903" class="citation book cs1">Morley, John (1903). <i>The Life of William Ewart Gladstone</i>. Vol. I. Macmillan. p. 461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1899" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Sir Wemyss, ed. (1899). <i>The Life of William Ewart Gladstone</i>. Cassell. p. 412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew,_p._127-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew,_p._127_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew,_p._127_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone, 1809–1874</i>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton1888" class="citation book cs1">Buxton, Sydney (1888). <i>Finance and Politics: An Historical Study, 1783–1885</i>. Vol. I. John Murray. pp. <span class="nowrap">108–</span>109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Politics%3A+An+Historical+Study%2C+1783%E2%80%931885&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1809–1874</i>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buxton, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton1888" class="citation book cs1">Buxton, Sydney (1888). <i>Finance and Politics: An Historical Study, 1783–1885</i>. Vol. I. John Murray. pp. <span class="nowrap">150–</span>151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Politics%3A+An+Historical+Study%2C+1783%E2%80%931885&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olive_Anderson" title="Olive Anderson">Anderson, Olive</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623161719/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2598643">"Loans versus taxes: British financial policy in the Crimean War"</a>. <i>Economic History Review</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">314–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2598643">10.2307/2598643</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2598643">2598643</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2598643">the original</a> on 23 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Loans+versus+taxes%3A+British+financial+policy+in+the+Crimean+War&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2598643&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2598643%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Olive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2598643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> However, he did float £6 million in bonds, and his successor borrowed much more.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandMarkides2006" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Robert; Markides, Diana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HGRx8ZotiUC&q=Gladstone's+extraordinary+mission&pg=PA13"><i>The British and the Hellenes</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199249961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199249961"><bdi>978-0199249961</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Gladstone on the Keeping of Books"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library & Information History</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">182–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17583489.2017.1334860">10.1080/17583489.2017.1334860</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326164249/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherhowse/6270133/William-Gladstone-A-prime-minister-who-read-books.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=William+Gladstone%3A+A+prime+minister+who+read+books&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft.aulast=Howse&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fchristopherhowse%2F6270133%2FWilliam-Gladstone-A-prime-minister-who-read-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buxton, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buxton, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shannon_(historian)" title="Richard Shannon (historian)">Shannon, Richard</a> (1982). <i>Gladstone. 1809–1865</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone.+1809%E2%80%931865&rft.place=London&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1809–1874</i>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliasu1971" class="citation journal cs1">Iliasu, Asaana A. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021508/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637902">"The Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty of 1860"</a>. <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00007408">10.1017/S0018246X00007408</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637902">2637902</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637902">the original</a> on 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Cobden-Chevalier+commercial+treaty+of+1860&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00007408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2637902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Iliasu&rft.aufirst=Asaana+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2637902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buxton, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKechnie, <i>The reform of the House of Lords</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaman1973" class="citation book cs1">Seaman, L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span> – via History Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=Gladstone%2C+Disraeli+and+the+Bulgarian+Horrors&rft.volume=50&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Rathbone&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fgladstone-disraeli-and-bulgarian-horrors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1876" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bulgarianhorrors00gladiala#page/9/mode/2up"><i>Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i></a> (1 ed.). London : J. Murray. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Horrors+and+the+Question+of+the+East&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=London+%3A+J.+Murray&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbulgarianhorrors00gladiala%23page%2F9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alderman,_Geoffrey_1992,_p.100-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alderman,_Geoffrey_1992,_p.100_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlderman1992" class="citation book cs1">Alderman, Geoffrey (1992). <i>Modern British Jewry</i>. 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(1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandunderglad00mcca/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>England under Gladstone, 1880–1885</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+under+Gladstone%2C+1880%E2%80%931885&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglandunderglad00mcca%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_John2016" class="citation book cs1">St John, Ian (2016). <i>The Historiography of Gladstone and Disraeli</i>. Anthem Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">188–</span>209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+Gladstone+and+Disraeli&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=St+John&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Knaplund's <i>Gladstone's foreign policy</i> (1935) is favourable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1978" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Paul (1978). <i>Modern British Foreign Policy: The Twentieth Century: 1880–1939</i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+British+Foreign+Policy%3A+The+Twentieth+Century%3A+1880%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, <i>Gladstone</i> 2: 298–307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He adds, "All the rest were manoeuvres which left the combatants at the close of the day exactly where they had started. Taylor, A. J. P. "International Relations" in Hinsley, F. H. ed., <i>The New Cambridge Modern History: XI: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98</i> (1962): 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, "International Relations" p. 554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCainHopkins1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cain, Peter J.; Hopkins, Anthony G. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308103419/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596293">"Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas II: new imperialism, 1850–1945"</a>. <i>Economic History Review</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2596293">10.2307/2596293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596293">2596293</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596293">the original</a> on 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Gentlemanly+capitalism+and+British+expansion+overseas+II%3A+new+imperialism%2C+1850%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2596293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2596293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Anthony+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2596293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Reid, Donald Malcolm (1998). "The 'Urabi revolution and the British conquest, 1879–1882"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Daly, M. W. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt</i>. Vol. 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Urabi+revolution+and+the+British+conquest%2C+1879%E2%80%931882%22&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt&rft.pages=219&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Donald+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraithal-Sayyid-Marsot1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Galbraith" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Galbraith">Galbraith, John S.</a>; al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (1978). "The British occupation of Egypt: another view". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">471–</span>488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800030658">10.1017/S0020743800030658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+British+occupation+of+Egypt%3A+another+view&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800030658&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=al-Sayyid-Marsot%2C+Afaf+Lutfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James; Shadle, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA271"><i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i></a>. Greenwood. pp. <span class="nowrap">271–</span>272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313293665" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313293665"><bdi>978-0313293665</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101213007/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA271">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313293665&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-X-XYB_ZkIC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollis2001" class="citation book cs1">Hollis, Daniel Webster (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofireland00holl"><i>The History of Ireland</i></a></span>. Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofireland00holl/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313312816" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313312816"><bdi>978-0313312816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ireland&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0313312816&rft.aulast=Hollis&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofireland00holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frs_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">the original</a> on 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, 487–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2003" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Michael (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone0000part"><i>Gladstone</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone0000part/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134606382" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134606382"><bdi>978-1134606382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134606382&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgladstone0000part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, <i>Life of Gladstone: III</i>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2003" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, Sneh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jniBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>British Foreign Policy 1874–1914: The Role of India</i></a>. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134510559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134510559"><bdi>978-1134510559</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101213007/https://books.google.com/books?id=jniBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+1874%E2%80%931914%3A+The+Role+of+India&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134510559&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=Sneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjniBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Brook (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515014633/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-208109718/our-abdiel-the-british-press-and-the-lionization">"Our Abdiel: The British Press and the Lionization of 'Chinese' Gordon"</a>. <i>Nineteenth-Century Prose</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 127ff. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-208109718/our-abdiel-the-british-press-and-the-lionization">the original</a> on 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Prose&rft.atitle=Our+Abdiel%3A+The+British+Press+and+the+Lionization+of+%27Chinese%27+Gordon&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127ff&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Brook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fjournal%2F1G1-208109718%2Four-abdiel-the-british-press-and-the-lionization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, pp. 523–532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot1998" class="citation journal cs1">Foot, M. R. D. (Autumn 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054711/https://liberalhistory.org.uk/journal-articles/the-hawarden-kite/">"The Hawarden Kite"</a>. <i>Journal of Liberal Democrat History</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">26–</span>32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalhistory.org.uk/journal-articles/the-hawarden-kite/">the original</a> on 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liberal+Democrat+History&rft.atitle=The+Hawarden+Kite&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberalhistory.org.uk%2Fjournal-articles%2Fthe-hawarden-kite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Roy (1997). <i>Gladstone: A Biography</i>. p. 553.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=553&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1975" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Michael (1975). <i>Gladstone and Radicalism. The Reconstruction of Liberal Policy in Britain. 1885–1894</i>. The Harvester Press. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+and+Radicalism.+The+Reconstruction+of+Liberal+Policy+in+Britain.+1885%E2%80%931894&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biagini, <i>Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform</i>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (12 December 1891), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1892/mar/24/small-agricultural-holdings-bill-no-183#column_1711">"Small Agricultural Holdings Bill – (No. 183.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 24 March 1892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625221532/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1892/mar/24/small-agricultural-holdings-bill-no-183#column_1711">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Small+Agricultural+Holdings+Bill+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B%28No.+183.%29&rft.date=1892-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1892%2Fmar%2F24%2Fsmall-agricultural-holdings-bill-no-183%23column_1711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookeSorensen1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brooke, John; Sorensen, Mary, eds. (1971). <i>The Prime Ministers' Papers: W.E. Gladstone</i>. Vol. I: Autobiographica. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prime+Ministers%27+Papers%3A+W.E.+Gladstone&rft.place=London&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1908" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, David (1908). <i>The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer</i>. Methuen. p. 302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+Herbert+Spencer&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE7fykwlOl8C&q=Elementary+Education+(Blind+and+Deaf+Children)+Act,+1893&pg=PT232"><i>Sociology in Perspective</i></a>. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435331603" title="Special:BookSources/9780435331603"><bdi>9780435331603</bdi></a> – via google.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Perspective&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780435331603&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE7fykwlOl8C%26q%3DElementary%2BEducation%2B%28Blind%2Band%2BDeaf%2BChildren%29%2BAct%2C%2B1893%26pg%3DPT232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1893/sep/01/the-unemployed">"The Unemployed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 1 September 1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719132129/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1893/sep/01/the-unemployed">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=The+Unemployed&rft.date=1893-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1893%2Fsep%2F01%2Fthe-unemployed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2000" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, David (2000). "Gladstone's Fourth Administration, 1892–1894". In Bebbington, David; Swift, Roger (eds.). <i>Gladstone Centenary Essays</i>. Liverpool University Press. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gladstone%27s+Fourth+Administration%2C+1892%E2%80%931894&rft.btitle=Gladstone+Centenary+Essays&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2000" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Anthony (2000). "Gladstone and Cobden". In Bebbington, David; Swift, Roger (eds.). <i>Gladstone Centenary Essays</i>. Liverpool University Press. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gladstone+and+Cobden&rft.btitle=Gladstone+Centenary+Essays&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke and Sorensen, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnus, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2004" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Daisy (2004). <i>The Politics Companion</i>. London: Robson Books Ltd. pp. 80, 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80%2C+91&rft.pub=Robson+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew1997" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, H. C. G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHfBV9mB_v4C&pg=PA620"><i>Gladstone 1809–1898</i></a>. Clarendon Press. p. 620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191584275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191584275"><bdi>978-0191584275</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101213007/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHfBV9mB_v4C&pg=PA620">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+1809%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=620&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0191584275&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHfBV9mB_v4C%26pg%3DPA620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollemache, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tollemache, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst1947" class="citation book cs1">Hirst, F. W. (1947). <i>In the Golden Days</i>. Frederick Muller. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Golden+Days&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Frederick+Muller&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSix_Oxford_Men1897" class="citation book cs1">Six Oxford Men (1897). <i>Essays in Liberalism</i>. Cassell. p. x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Liberalism&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Six+Oxford+Men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, <i>Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865–1898</i>, p. 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published on 5 January 1898 as <i>Personal Recollections of Arthur H. Hallam</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fletcher, Sheila (2004). "Gladstone, Helen (1849–1925)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924174615/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-38639;jsessionid=7A73F2D9236319D2E90D1034ADA0E6DE"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38639">10.1093/ref:odnb/38639</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38639">the original</a></span> on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38639&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F38639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 382, n. ‡.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510212200/http://www.cardinalbook.com/creelman/highway/iso8859/chap11.htm">"Cardinal Book History of Peace and War"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Mr Freeman – a descendant of the Liberal prime minister William Gladstone and a former biotechnology investor – said he envisions the Conservative Ideas Festival as a "cross between Hay-on-Wye and the Latitude festival".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Tory+activists+plan+Conservative+answer+to+Glastonbury&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.aulast=Mance&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ff67fe45c-7909-11e7-a3e8-60495fe6ca71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430160505/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10787"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10787">10.1093/ref:odnb/10787</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10787">the original</a></span> on 30 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10787&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F10787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Arnstein, Qalter L. (1992). <i>Britain Yesterday and Today: 1832 the Present</i> (6th ed.). p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Yesterday+and+Today%3A+1832+the+Present&rft.pages=125&rft.edition=6th&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Arnstein&rft.aufirst=Qalter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1904" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Herbert, ed. (1904). <i>Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone</i>. George Allen. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Lord+Acton+to+Mary+Gladstone&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=George+Allen&rft.date=1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Rosebery, <i>The Budget. Its Principles and Scope. A Speech Delivered to the Commercial Community of Glasgow, 10 September 1909</i> (London: Arthur L. Humphreys, 1909), pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrigley2000" class="citation book cs1">Wrigley, Chris (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Carving the Last Few Columns out of the Gladstonian Quarry': The Liberal Leaders and the Mantle of Gladstone, 1898–1929". In Bebbington, David; Swift, Roger (eds.). <i>Gladstone Centenary Essays</i>. Liverpool University Press. p. 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Carving+the+Last+Few+Columns+out+of+the+Gladstonian+Quarry%27%3A+The+Liberal+Leaders+and+the+Mantle+of+Gladstone%2C+1898%E2%80%931929&rft.btitle=Gladstone+Centenary+Essays&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wrigley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2001" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, F. A. (2001). <i>The Road to Serfdom</i>. Routledge. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1983" class="citation web cs1">Thatcher, Margaret (14 October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704103921/http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=105454">"Speech to the Conservative Party Conference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=105454">the original</a> on 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+to+the+Conservative+Party+Conference&rft.date=1983-10-14&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaretthatcher.org%2Fspeeches%2Fdisplaydocument.asp%3Fdocid%3D105454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1996" class="citation web cs1">Thatcher, Margaret (11 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329122851/http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108353">"Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108353">the original</a> on 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keith+Joseph+Memorial+Lecture&rft.date=1996-01-11&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaretthatcher.org%2Fspeeches%2Fdisplaydocument.asp%3Fdocid%3D108353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1992" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Nigel (1992). <i>The View From No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical</i>. Bantam. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+View+From+No.+11%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Tory+Radical&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2003" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Michael (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone0000part"><i>Gladstone</i></a></span>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone0000part/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415216265" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415216265"><bdi>978-0415216265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415216265&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgladstone0000part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dick Leonard, <i>The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli</i> (2013) is popular, while Richard Aldous, <i>The Lion and The Unicorn: Gladstone and Disraeli</i> (2007) is scholarly. For the historiography see Roland Quinault, "Gladstone and Disraeli: a Reappraisal of their Relationship." <i>History</i> 91#304 (2006): 557–576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinault2013" class="citation journal cs1">Quinault, Roland (November 2013). "The Great Rivalry". <i>History Today</i>. <b>63</b> (11): 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Great+Rivalry&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Quinault&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1875–1898</i>, p. 300, n. §.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002529/http://www.moderngent.com/history_of_london/hiddenhistorybow.php">"London's Hidden History Bow Church"</a>. Modern Gent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moderngent.com/history_of_london/hiddenhistorybow.php">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London%27s+Hidden+History+Bow+Church&rft.pub=Modern+Gent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moderngent.com%2Fhistory_of_london%2Fhiddenhistorybow.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liverpool.gov.uk/leisure-parks-and-events/parks-and-greenspaces/st-johns-gardens/">"St John's Garden"</a>. Liverpool City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110419034633/http://liverpool.gov.uk/leisure%2Dparks%2Dand%2Devents/parks%2Dand%2Dgreenspaces/st%2Djohns%2Dgardens/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+John%27s+Garden&rft.pub=Liverpool+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliverpool.gov.uk%2Fleisure-parks-and-events%2Fparks-and-greenspaces%2Fst-johns-gardens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/conway/ee855fb0.html">"Statue, W.E. Gladstone Monument"</a>. Art and architecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228000250/http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/conway/ee855fb0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statue%2C+W.E.+Gladstone+Monument&rft.pub=Art+and+architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artandarchitecture.org.uk%2Fimages%2Fconway%2Fee855fb0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-albertsquare-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-albertsquare_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1197823" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1197823?section=official-list-entry">"Gladstone's Statue, Albert Square (1197823)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Gladstone%27s+Statue%2C+Albert+Square+%281197823%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1197823%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlastoneMemorial-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlastoneMemorial_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_Environment_Scotland" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canmore.org.uk/site/146163">"Edinburgh, Coates Crescent, Gladstone Memorial (146163)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canmore_(database)" title="Canmore (database)">Canmore</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canmore&rft.atitle=Edinburgh%2C+Coates+Crescent%2C+Gladstone+Memorial+%28146163%29&rft.au=Historic+Environment+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanmore.org.uk%2Fsite%2F146163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/leisure/local_history_and_heritage/monuments/memorials/cec_the_gladstone_memorial">"City of Edinburgh Council"</a>. City of Edinburgh Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Edinburgh+Council&rft.pub=City+of+Edinburgh+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk%2Finternet%2Fleisure%2Flocal_history_and_heritage%2Fmonuments%2Fmemorials%2Fcec_the_gladstone_memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisbet" class="citation web cs1">Nisbet, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glasgowsculpture.com/pg_biography.php?sub=thornycroft_wh">"Sir William Hamo Thornycroft (1850–1925), sculptor, a biography"</a>. <i>www.glasgowsculpture.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116190443/http://www.glasgowsculpture.com/pg_biography.php?sub=thornycroft_wh">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.glasgowsculpture.com&rft.atitle=Sir+William+Hamo+Thornycroft+%281850%E2%80%931925%29%2C+sculptor%2C+a+biography&rft.aulast=Nisbet&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glasgowsculpture.com%2Fpg_biography.php%3Fsub%3Dthornycroft_wh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athens-greece.us/athens-guide/university-of-athens/">"Old National University of Athens"</a>. <i>www.athens-greece.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070853/http://www.athens-greece.us/athens-guide/university-of-athens/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.athens-greece.us&rft.atitle=Old+National+University+of+Athens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athens-greece.us%2Fathens-guide%2Funiversity-of-athens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glenalmondcollege.co.uk/AboutGlenalmond/History/SchoolHistory.aspx">"History of Glenalmond College – Scottish Independent Schools"</a>. <i>glenalmondcollege.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102182135/http://www.glenalmondcollege.co.uk/AboutGlenalmond/History/SchoolHistory.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glenalmondcollege.co.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+Glenalmond+College+%E2%80%93+Scottish+Independent+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glenalmondcollege.co.uk%2FAboutGlenalmond%2FHistory%2FSchoolHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liverpoolsculptures.co.uk/liverpool-heroes/william-gladstone/">"William Gladstone | Tom Murphy – Liverpool Sculptor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162502/http://liverpoolsculptures.co.uk/liverpool-heroes/william-gladstone/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Gladstone+%7C+Tom+Murphy+%E2%80%93+Liverpool+Sculptor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliverpoolsculptures.co.uk%2Fliverpool-heroes%2Fwilliam-gladstone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cottontown.org/Names%20of%20Note/Pages/Notable-Names-of-Blackburn-and-Darwen.aspx#1">"William Ewart Gladstone"</a>. <i>cottontown.org</i>. Blackburn with Darwen Council. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cottontown.org&rft.atitle=William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cottontown.org%2FNames%2520of%2520Note%2FPages%2FNotable-Names-of-Blackburn-and-Darwen.aspx%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2022" class="citation news cs1">Anson, John (9 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/20055613.blackburns-gladstone-statue-found-new-home-town-centre/">"Blackburn's Gladstone statue found new home in town centre"</a>. <i>Lancashire Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancashire+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Blackburn%27s+Gladstone+statue+found+new+home+in+town+centre&rft.date=2022-04-09&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F20055613.blackburns-gladstone-statue-found-new-home-town-centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffitt2020" class="citation web cs1">Moffitt, Dominic (10 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/doubts-over-future-blackburns-william-18396506">"Doubts over future of Blackburn's William Gladstone statue"</a>. <i>LancsLive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LancsLive&rft.atitle=Doubts+over+future+of+Blackburn%27s+William+Gladstone+statue&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Moffitt&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.live%2Fnews%2Flancashire-news%2Fdoubts-over-future-blackburns-william-18396506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2010" class="citation web cs1">Stephen, Graham (31 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geotopoi.wordpress.com/2010/05/31/gladstone-rock-watkin-path-snowdon/">"Gladstone Rock, Watkin Path, Snowdon"</a>. <i>GeoTopoi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031160210/https://geotopoi.wordpress.com/2010/05/31/gladstone-rock-watkin-path-snowdon/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeoTopoi&rft.atitle=Gladstone+Rock%2C+Watkin+Path%2C+Snowdon&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeotopoi.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F05%2F31%2Fgladstone-rock-watkin-path-snowdon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomig1986" class="citation book cs1">Romig, Walter (1986). <i>Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and Naming of More than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities</i>. Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814318386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814318386"><bdi>978-0814318386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michigan+Place+Names%3A+The+History+of+the+Founding+and+Naming+of+More+than+Five+Thousand+Past+and+Present+Michigan+Communities&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0814318386&rft.aulast=Romig&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallerymuseum.gladstonerc.qld.gov.au/heritage.cfm">"Gladstone Regional Art Gallery and Museum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603131346/http://gallerymuseum.gladstonerc.qld.gov.au/heritage.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gladstone+Regional+Art+Gallery+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallerymuseum.gladstonerc.qld.gov.au%2Fheritage.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/01/manitobaname.shtml">"History of Manitoban Names"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801065057/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/01/manitobaname.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Manitoban+Names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhs.mb.ca%2Fdocs%2Fpageant%2F01%2Fmanitobaname.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElson2009" class="citation news cs1">Elson, Peter (26 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/one-liverpools-most-influential-sons-3437442">"One of Liverpool's most influential sons – William Gladstone"</a>. <i>Liverpool Echo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204172403/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/one-liverpools-most-influential-sons-3437442">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=One+of+Liverpool%27s+most+influential+sons+%E2%80%93+William+Gladstone&rft.date=2009-12-26&rft.aulast=Elson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnostalgia%2Fone-liverpools-most-influential-sons-3437442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gladstone+Hotel/@-33.9036,151.14232,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x6b12b078254bdee7:0xcf1d60c54775659f!8m2!3d-33.9036!4d151.14232!16s%2Fg%2F1tr7cz72?entry=ttu">"Gladstone Hotel, 572 Marrickville Rd, Dulwich Hill NSW 2203"</a>. <i>Google Maps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Gladstone+Hotel%2C+572+Marrickville+Rd%2C+Dulwich+Hill+NSW+2203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FGladstone%2BHotel%2F%40-33.9036%2C151.14232%2C15z%2Fdata%3D%214m6%213m5%211s0x6b12b078254bdee7%3A0xcf1d60c54775659f%218m2%213d-33.9036%214d151.14232%2116s%252Fg%252F1tr7cz72%3Fentry%3Dttu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeader2008" class="citation web cs1">Meader, Chrys (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/dulwich_hill">"Dulwich Hill"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Sydney</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=The+Lord+Gladstone+Hotel%2C+115+Regent+St%2C+Chippendale+NSW+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FThe%2BLord%2BGladstone%2BHotel%2F%40-33.8899583%2C151.1608493%2C13z%2Fdata%3D%213m1%215s0x6b12b1d87d76107d%3A0x7d7fc620f37175cd%214m10%211m2%212m1%211sgladstone%2Bhotel%213m6%211s0x6b12b1d87cd9707d%3A0xbd1d383bc2352fae%218m2%213d-33.8877797%214d151.201413%2115sCg9nbGFkc3RvbmUgaG90ZWxaESIPZ2xhZHN0b25lIGhvdGVskgEDcHVi4AEA%2116s%252Fg%252F11b6qgdyxs%3Fentry%3Dttu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2020" class="citation news cs1">Clements, Max (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/university-rename-student-halls-named-18387566">"University will rename student halls named after former Prime Minister William Gladstone"</a>. <i>Liverpool Echo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610100018/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/university-rename-student-halls-named-18387566">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>Greenbank Student Village, on Greenbank Lane, home to Gladstone Hall</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=University+will+rename+student+halls+named+after+former+Prime+Minister+William+Gladstone&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fliverpool-news%2Funiversity-rename-student-halls-named-18387566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad2010" class="citation book cs1">Conrad, Joseph (2010). <i>The Secret Agent</i>. Penguin Books. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141194394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141194394"><bdi>978-0141194394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Agent&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0141194394&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully2014" class="citation journal cs1">Scully, R. J. (21 January 2014). "The Origins of William Ewart Gladstone's Nickname, 'The Grand Old Man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Notes and Queries</i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjt270">10.1093/notesj/gjt270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+William+Ewart+Gladstone%27s+Nickname%2C+%27The+Grand+Old+Man%27&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjt270&rft.aulast=Scully&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonagall1898" class="citation web cs1">McGonagall, William (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk/gems/the-burial-of-mr-gladstone">"The Burial of Mr Gladstone – The Great Political Hero"</a>. <i>McGonagall Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318191344/http://www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk/gems/the-burial-of-mr-gladstone">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McGonagall+Online&rft.atitle=The+Burial+of+Mr+Gladstone+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Political+Hero&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=McGonagall&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgonagall-online.org.uk%2Fgems%2Fthe-burial-of-mr-gladstone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are 29 films cited in Denis Gifford, <i>British Film Catalogue</i> (2 vol. 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2014" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhawAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT223"><i>Visions of Yesterday</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317928607" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317928607"><bdi>978-1317928607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Yesterday&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317928607&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhawAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opper-Bismarck-Gladstone-Puck_Feb_20_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Opper-Bismarck-Gladstone-Puck_Feb_20_1895.jpg/300px-Opper-Bismarck-Gladstone-Puck_Feb_20_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Opper-Bismarck-Gladstone-Puck_Feb_20_1895.jpg/450px-Opper-Bismarck-Gladstone-Puck_Feb_20_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Opper-Bismarck-Gladstone-Puck_Feb_20_1895.jpg/600px-Opper-Bismarck-Gladstone-Puck_Feb_20_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Caricature by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Burr_Opper" title="Frederick Burr Opper">Opper</a> 1895 of Germany's Bismarck & Britain's Gladstone as performers on the political stage</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?78745-1/gladstone-biography">Presentation by Roy Jenkins on <i>Gladstone: A Biography</i> at the Library of Congress, February 10, 1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?80137-1/gladstone-biography">Interview with Roy Jenkins on <i>Gladstone: A Biography</i>, March 20, 1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Bebbington, D.W. <i>William Ewart Gladstone</i> (1993).</li> <li>Biagini, Eugenio F. <i>Gladstone</i> (2000).</li> <li>Brand, Eric. <i>William Gladstone</i> (1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877545286" title="Special:BookSources/0877545286">0877545286</a>.</li> <li>Feuchtwanger, E.J. <i>Gladstone</i> (1975). 272 pp.</li> <li>Feuchtwanger, E.J. "Gladstone and the Rise and Fall of Victorian Liberalism" <i>History Review</i> (Dec 1996) v. 26 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-20206464/gladstone-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-victorian-liberalism">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924174618/https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-20206464/gladstone-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-victorian-liberalism">Archived</a> 24 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone00feuc">also online</a></li> <li>Jagger, Peter J., ed. <i>Gladstone</i> (2007), 256 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins,_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins, Roy">Jenkins, Roy</a>. <i>Gladstone: A Biography</i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Magnus_(historian)" title="Philip Magnus (historian)">Magnus, Philip</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstoneabiogra010087mbp">Gladstone: A biography</a></i> (1954) London, John Murray.</li> <li>Matthew, H.C.G. "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,</i> (2004; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10787">online edition, May 2006.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430160505/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10787">Archived</a> 30 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Matthew, H.C.G. <i>Gladstone, 1809–1874</i> (1988); <i>Gladstone, 1875–1898</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3244728/gladstone-1809-1874">online complete</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628193107/https://www.questia.com/library/3244728/gladstone-1809-1874">Archived</a> 28 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li>Matthew, <i>Gladstone: 1809–1898</i> (1997) is an unabridged one-volume version. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone180918700matt_0">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">Morley, John</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176101"><i>The Life of William Ewart Gladstone</i></a>. London & New York: Macmillan and CO. Limited and The Macmillan Company – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+CO.+Limited+and+The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.176101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a595216101morluoft">volume I</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a595216102morluoft">volume II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a595216102morluoft">volume III</a>.</li> <li>Partridge, M. <i>Gladstone</i> (2003)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid,_Sir_Wemyss1899" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Sir Wemyss, ed. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99884/2015.99884.The-Life-Of-William-Ewart-Gladstone#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Life of William Ewart Gladstone</i></a>. London, Paris, New York, Melbourne: Cassell and Company. Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.place=London%2C+Paris%2C+New+York%2C+Melbourne&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company.+Limited&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.99884%2F2015.99884.The-Life-Of-William-Ewart-Gladstone%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._E._Russell" title="George W. E. Russell">Russell, George W.E</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righthonourable02russgoog"><i>The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone</i></a>. London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Honourable+William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson%2C+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=George+W.E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighthonourable02russgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Russell, Michael. <i>Gladstone: A Bicentenary Portrait</i> (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859553179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859553179">978-0859553179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shannon_(historian)" title="Richard Shannon (historian)">Shannon, Richard.</a> <i>Gladstone: Peel's Inheritor, 1809–1865</i> (1985), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807815918" title="Special:BookSources/0807815918">0807815918</a>; <i>Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865–1898</i> (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807824860" title="Special:BookSources/0807824860">0807824860</a>, a scholarly biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone01shan">vol 1 online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShut2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shut, M.L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">206–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n123">10.4135/9781412965811.n123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070314/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gladstone%2C+William+Ewart+%281809%E2%80%931898%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n123&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Shut&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_studies">Special studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Special studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldous, Richard. <i>The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs Disraeli</i> (2007).</li> <li>Barker, Michael. <i>Gladstone and Radicalism. The Reconstruction of Liberal Policy in Britain. 1885–1894</i> (The Harvester Press, 1975).</li> <li>Beales, Derek. <i>From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885</i> (1969), survey of political history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcastlereaght00beal">online</a></li> <li>Bebbington, D.W. <i>The Mind of Gladstone: Religion, Homer and Politics</i> (2004).</li> <li>Bebbington, David and Roger Swift (eds.), <i>Gladstone Centenary Essays</i> (Liverpool University Press, 2000).</li> <li>Biagini, E.F. <i>Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform. Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860–1880</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1992).</li> <li>Biagini, Eugenio. and Alastair Reid (eds.), <i>Currents of Radicalism. Popular Radicalism, Organised Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850–1914</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1991).</li> <li>Boyce, D. George and Alan O'Day, eds. <i>Gladstone and Ireland: Politics, Religion, and Nationality in the Victorian Age</i> (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011), 307 pp.</li> <li>Bright, J. Franck. <i>A History Of England. Period 4: Growth Of Democracy: Victoria 1837–1880</i> (1902)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CJAAQAAMAAJ">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305090418/https://books.google.com/books?id=9CJAAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 5 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 608pp; highly detailed older political narrative <ul><li><i>A History of England: Period V. Imperial Reaction, Victoria, 1880‒1901</i> (1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofengland05brig/page/n5">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Butler, P. <i>Gladstone, church, state, and Tractarianism: a study of his religious ideas and attitudes, 1809–1859</i> (1982).</li> <li>Dewey, Clive. "Celtic Agrarian Legislation and the Celtic Revival: Historicist Implications of Gladstone's Irish and Scottish Land Acts 1870–1886." <i>Past & Present</i>, no. 64, (1974), pp. 30–70, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/650316">online</a>.</li> <li>Gopal, S. "Gladstone and the Italian Question." <i>History</i> 41#141 (1956): 113–121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24402911">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329123913/http://www.jstor.org/stable/24402911">Archived</a> 29 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guedalla,_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Guedalla, Philip">Guedalla, Philip</a>. <i>Queen and Mr. Gladstone</i> (2 vols, 1933) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820012831/http://library.du.ac.in/xmlui/handle/1/3938">online edition</a></li> <li>Hirst, F.W. <i>Gladstone as Financier and Economist</i> (1931).</li> <li>Hirst, F.W. <i>In the Golden Days</i> (Frederick Muller, 1947).</li> <li>Isba, Anne. <i>Gladstone and Women</i> (2006), London: Hambledon Continuum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852854715" title="Special:BookSources/1852854715">1852854715</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond, J.L.</a> <i>Gladstone and the Irish nation</i> (1938) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505221">online edition.</a></li> <li>Jenkins, T.A. <i>Gladstone, whiggery and the liberal party, 1874–1886</i> (1988).</li> <li>Keith A. P. Sandiford. "W. E. Gladstone and Liberal-Nationalist Movements." <i>Albion</i> 13#1 (1981), pp. 27–42, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/4049112">online</a>.</li> <li>Langer, William L. <i>The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902</i> (2nd ed. 1950), a standard diplomatic history of Europe</li> <li>Loughlin, J. <i>Gladstone, home rule and the Ulster question, 1882–1893</i> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstonehomerul00loug">online</a></li> <li>Machin, G. I. T. "Gladstone and Nonconformity in the 1860s: The Formation of an Alliance." <i>Historical Journal</i> 17, no. 2 (1974): 347–364. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638302">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809013014/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638302">Archived</a> 9 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>O'Day, Alan. "Gladstone and Irish Nationalism: Achievement and Reputation." in <i>Gladstone Centenary Essays,</i> edited by David Bebbington and Roger Swift, (Liverpool University Press, 2000), pp. 163–183, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5vjbqc.16">online</a>.</li> <li>Parry, J. P. <i>Democracy and religion: Gladstone and the liberal party, 1867–1875</i> (1986).</li> <li>Quinault, Roland, et al. eds <i>William Gladstone: New Studies and Perspectives</i> (2012).</li> <li>Quinault, Roland. "Chamberlain and Gladstone: An Overview of Their Relationship." in <i>Joseph Chamberlain: International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon</i> ed. by I. Cawood, C. Upton, (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). 97–115.</li> <li>Quinault, Roland. "Gladstone and slavery." <i>The Historical Journal</i> 52.2 (2009): 363–383. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X0900750X">Gladstone and Slavery</a></li> <li>Schreuder, D. M. <i>Gladstone and Kruger: Liberal government and colonial 'home rule', 1880–85</i> (1969).</li> <li>Schreuder, D. M. "Gladstone and Italian unification, 1848–70: the making of a Liberal?", <i>The English historical review</i>, (1970) vol. 85 (n. 336), pp. 475–501 . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/563192">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329123027/http://www.jstor.org/stable/563192">Archived</a> 29 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Schumpeter, Joseph A. <i>History of Economic Analysis</i> (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1954).</li> <li>Seton-Watson, R.W. <i>Disraeli, Gladstone and the eastern question: a study in diplomacy and party politics</i> (1935).</li> <li>Shannon, Richard. <i>The crisis of imperialism, 1865–1915</i> (1976), pp. 76–100, 142–198.</li> <li>Shannon, Richard. <i>Gladstone and the Bulgarian agitation, 1876</i> (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstonebulgari0000shan">online</a></li> <li>Taylor, Michael. "The British West India interest and its allies, 1823–1833." <i>English Historical Review</i> 133.565 (2018): 1478–1511. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cey336">The British West India Interest and Its Allies, 1823–1833*</a>, focus on slavery</li> <li>Vincent, J. <i>Gladstone and Ireland</i> (1978).</li> <li>Vincent, J. <i>The Formation of the Liberal Party, 1857–1868</i> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofbriti0000vinc">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midlothian_campaign">Midlothian campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Midlothian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blair, Kirstie. "The People's William and the People's Poets: William Gladstone and the Midlothian Campaign." <i>The People's Voice</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepeoplesvoice.glasgow.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Blair.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325113306/https://thepeoplesvoice.glasgow.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Blair.pdf">Archived</a> 25 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Brooks, David. "Gladstone and Midlothian: The Background to the First Campaign," <i>Scottish Historical Review</i> (1985) 64#1 pp 42–67.</li> <li>Fitzsimons, M. A. "Midlothian: the Triumph and Frustration of the British Liberal Party," <i>Review of Politics</i> (1960) 22#2 pp 187–201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405317">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309053829/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405317">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kelley, Robert. "Midlothian: A Study In Politics and Ideas," <i>Victorian Studies</i> (1960) 4#2 pp 119–140.</li> <li>Matthew, H. C. G <i>Gladstone: 1809–1898</i> (1997) pp 293–313</li> <li>Whitehead, Cameron Ean Alfred. "The Bulgarian Horrors: culture and the international history of the Great Eastern Crisis, 1876–1878" (PhD. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/24/1.0167317/1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227181653/https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/24/1.0167317/1">Archived</a> 27 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Yildizeli, Fahriye Begum. "W.E. Gladstone and British Policy Towards the Ottoman Empire." (PhD dissertation, University of Exeter, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/25455/YildizeliF.pdf?sequence=1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616095721/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/25455/YildizeliF.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 16 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>St. John, Ian. <i>The Historiography of Gladstone and Disraeli</i> (Anthem Press, 2016) 402 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybo1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226090839/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ybo1DgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=IcL5VXce3k&sig=WzQebEyOba7DeJ2n6qdfICzxOwk">Archived</a> 26 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gladstone, W.E. <i>Midlothian Speeches. 1879</i> (Leicester University Press, 1971).</li> <li>Gladstone, William E. <i>Midlothian Speeches 1884</i> with an Introduction by M. R. D. Foot, (New York: Humanities Press, 1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdmidlothianc00glad/page/n2/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Guedalla, Philip, ed. <i>Gladstone and Palmerston: Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone, 1851–1865</i> (1928)</li> <li>Guedalla, Philip, ed. <i>Queen And Mr. Gladstone</i> (1933) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51993">online</a></li> <li>Lord Kilbracken, <i>Reminiscences of Lord Kilbracken</i> (Macmillan, 1931).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1911" class="citation book cs1">Russell, G.W.E. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onelookback00russuoft"><i>One Look Back</i></a>. London: Wells Gardner, Darton and Co., LTD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Look+Back&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wells+Gardner%2C+Darton+and+Co.%2C+LTD&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=G.W.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonelookback00russuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTollemache1898" class="citation book cs1">Tollemache, Lionel A. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a583231400tolluoft"><i>Talks with Mr. Gladstone</i></a> (1 ed.). London: Edward Arnold<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talks+with+Mr.+Gladstone&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Tollemache&rft.aufirst=Lionel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa583231400tolluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Matthew, H.C.G. and M.R.D. Foot, eds. <i>Gladstone Diaries. With Cabinet Minutes & Prime-Ministerial Correspondence</i> (13 vol; vol 14 is the index; 1968–1994); includes diaries, important selections from cabinet minutes and key political correspondence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/82041640/the-gladstone-diaries">online, vol 1, 4, 6, 7, and 11–14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025208/https://www.questia.com/library/82041640/the-gladstone-diaries">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; vol 14, pp. 1–284 includes brief identification of the 20,000+ people mentioned by Gladstone.</li> <li>Partridge, Michael, and Richard Gaunt, eds. <i>Lives of Victorian Political Figures Part 1: Palmerston, Disraeli and Gladstone</i> (4 vol. Pickering & Chatto. 2006) reprints 27 original pamphlets on Gladstone.</li> <li>Ramm, Agatha, ed. <i>The Political Correspondence of Gladstone and Lord Granville 1876–1886.</i> (2 vol Clarendon, 1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27The%20Political%20Correspondence%20of%20Gladstone%20and%20Lord%20Granville%201876-1886.%27%27">online</a></li> <li>Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. <i>Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902)</i> (1938), primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2629">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Ewart_Gladstone" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William Ewart Gladstone">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160852" class="extiw" title="d:Q160852">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F256969">"Archival material relating to William Ewart Gladstone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF256969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Ewart+Gladstone" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160852#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/gramophones_grooves.shtml">BBC Radio – Programme Two contains a recording of Gladstone's voice.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-we-gladstone">contributions in Parliament by William Gladstone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070420212246/http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page145.asp">More about William Ewart Gladstone</a> on the Downing Street website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/reviews/glad1.php">Mr. Gladstone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152739/http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/reviews/glad1.php">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (character sketch by <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">W.T. Stead</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Reviews" title="Review of Reviews">Review of Reviews</a></i>, 1892).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01789">Portraits of William Ewart Gladstone</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160852#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054337/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=7&item=biography">William Ewart Gladstone 1809–98</a> biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/from-the-parliamentary-collections/furniss1/furniss2/">William Gladstone – Harry Furniss Caricatures – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1195">Works by William Ewart Gladstone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%20Ewart%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20W%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Ewart%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Ewart%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Ewart%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%20Ewart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20W%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20W%2E%20Ewart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Ewart%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Ewart%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20E%2E%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%20Ewart%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%20E%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Gladstone%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gladstone%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221809-1898%22%20AND%20Gladstone%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Ewart Gladstone</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/7184">Works by William Ewart Gladstone</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Ewart_Gladstone_succession_boxes107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="William_Ewart_Gladstone_succession_boxes107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">William Ewart Gladstone succession boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Farnworth_Handley" title="William Farnworth Handley">William Farnworth Handley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilde,_1st_Baron_Truro" title="Thomas Wilde, 1st Baron Truro">Thomas Wilde</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Newark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newark (UK Parliament constituency)">Newark</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1846_Newark_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1846 Newark by-election (page does not exist)">1845</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/William_Farnworth_Handley" title="William Farnworth Handley">William Farnworth Handley</a> 1832–1835<br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilde,_1st_Baron_Truro" title="Thomas Wilde, 1st Baron Truro">Thomas Wilde</a> 1835–1841<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_7th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland">Lord John Manners</a> 1841–1845 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_7th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland">Lord John Manners</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_(judge)" title="John Stuart (judge)">John Stuart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grimston_Estcourt" title="Thomas Grimston Estcourt">Thomas Estcourt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Inglis,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Inglis, 2nd Baronet">Sir Robert Inglis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxford University</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a>–<a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Inglis,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Inglis, 2nd Baronet">Sir Robert Inglis</a> 1847–1854<br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Heathcote,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir William Heathcote, 5th Baronet">Sir William Heathcote</a> 1854–1865 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Heathcote,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir William Heathcote, 5th Baronet">Sir William Heathcote</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathorne Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Gathorne Hardy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Egerton" title="Algernon Egerton">Algernon Egerton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Legh,_1st_Baron_Newton" title="William Legh, 1st Baron Newton">William Legh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_(1803%E2%80%931875)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Turner (1803–1875)">Charles Turner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/South_Lancashire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)">South Lancashire</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a>–<a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Egerton" title="Algernon Egerton">Algernon Egerton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_(1803%E2%80%931875)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Turner (1803–1875)">Charles Turner</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright" title="Charles Tilston Bright">Charles Tilston Bright</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Salomons" title="David Salomons">David Salomons</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Greenwich (UK Parliament constituency)">Greenwich</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a>–<a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/David_Salomons" title="David Salomons">David Salomons</a> 1868–1873<br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boord" title="Thomas Boord">Thomas Boord</a> 1873–1880 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boord" title="Thomas Boord">Thomas Boord</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Worms,_1st_Baron_Pirbright" title="Henry de Worms, 1st Baron Pirbright">Baron Henry de Worms</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Montagu-Douglas-Scott,_6th_Duke_of_Buccleuch" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch">Earl of Dalkeith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Midlothian_(UK_Parliament_constituency)_(1708-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency) (1708-1918)">Midlothian</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a>–<a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gibson-Carmichael,_1st_Baron_Carmichael" title="Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael">Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart-Wortley,_2nd_Baron_Wharncliffe" title="John Stuart-Wortley, 2nd Baron Wharncliffe">John Stuart-Wortley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> </b><br />1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Grey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fox_Maule-Ramsay,_11th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie">Fox Maule</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the Board of Trade">Vice-President of the Board of Trade</a> </b><br />1841–1843 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">The Earl of Dalhousie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/F.J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" class="mw-redirect" title="F.J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">The Earl of Ripon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Enterprise_and_Regulatory_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform">President of the Board of Trade</a> </b><br />1843–1845 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Lord Stanley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> </b><br />1845–1846 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_3rd_Earl_Grey" title="Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey">The Earl Grey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1852–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Cornewall_Lewis,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Cornewall Lewis, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Lewis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Young,_1st_Baron_Lisgar" title="John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar">Sir John Young</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lord_High_Commissioners_of_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lord High Commissioners of the Ionian Islands">Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands</a> </b><br />1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knight_Storks" title="Henry Knight Storks">Sir Henry Knight Storks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1859–1866 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1865–1866 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />3 December 1868 – 17 February 1874 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Robert Lowe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1873–1874 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">The Earl of Beaconsfield</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />23 April 1880 – 9 June 1885 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1880–1882 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Hugh Childers</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1880–1885 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks-Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Hicks-Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Sir Michael Hicks-Beach</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1 February 1886 – 20 July 1886 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks-Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Hicks-Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Sir Michael Hicks-Beach</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1886 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_3rd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 3rd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1886 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Cadogan,_5th_Earl_Cadogan" title="George Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan">The Earl Cadogan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />15 August 1892 – 2 March 1894 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1892–1894 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Vernon Harcourt (politician)">Sir William Harcourt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Cadogan,_5th_Earl_Cadogan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Henry Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan">The Earl Cadogan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1892–1894 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Marjoribanks,_2nd_Baron_Tweedmouth" title="Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth">The Lord Tweedmouth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">The Earl Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Leader of the British Liberal Party</a> </b><br />1866–1875 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_George_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Leader of the British Liberal Party</a> </b><br />1880–1894 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)#Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_in_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Leader in the Commons</a> </b><br />1865–1875 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)#Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_in_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Leader in the Commons</a> </b><br />1880–1894 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Vernon Harcourt (politician)">William Vernon Harcourt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New institution</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Rector of the University of Edinburgh">Rector of the University of Edinburgh</a> </b><br />1859–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">The Earl of Beaconsfield</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> </b><br />1877–1880 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_3rd_Earl_Grey" title="Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey">The Earl Grey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Senior Privy Counsellor </b><br />1894–1898 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_7th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland">The Duke of Rutland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Spencer Horatio Walpole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cust" title="Edward Cust">Edward Cust</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Society_of_Lancashire_and_Cheshire" title="Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire">Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire</a> </b><br />1863–66 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mayer_(antiquary)" title="Joseph Mayer (antiquary)">Joseph Mayer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Ewart_Gladstone_navigational_boxes109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="William_Ewart_Gladstone_navigational_boxes109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">William Ewart Gladstone navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Template:Chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_England" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic:</i> Interim chancellor of the exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Template:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">Presidents of the Board of Trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton,_3rd_Earl_of_Bridgewater" title="John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Earl_of_Stamford" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_1st_Viscount_Weymouth" title="Thomas Thynne, 1st Viscount Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Earl_of_Stamford" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Finch,_4th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Charles Finch, 4th Earl of Winchilsea">Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_North,_2nd_Baron_Guilford" title="Francis North, 2nd Baron Guilford">Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton" title="William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_6th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Henry Howard, 6th Earl of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_3rd_Earl_of_Holderness" title="Robert Darcy, 3rd Earl of Holderness">Holderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mildmay,_1st_Earl_FitzWalter" title="Benjamin Mildmay, 1st Earl FitzWalter">FitzWalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Monson,_1st_Baron_Monson" title="John Monson, 1st Baron Monson">Monson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nugent,_1st_Earl_Nugent" title="Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jenkinson,_1st_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_3rd_Duke_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eden,_1st_Baron_Auckland" title="William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">Clancarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant,_1st_Baron_Glenelg" title="Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vesey-FitzGerald,_2nd_Baron_FitzGerald_and_Vesey" title="William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey">Vesey-Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Labouchere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Ripon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Labouchere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Henley" title="J. W. Henley">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cardwell,_1st_Viscount_Cardwell" title="Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell">Cardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Henley" title="J. W. Henley">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hely-Hutchinson,_4th_Earl_of_Donoughmore" title="Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 4th Earl of Donoughmore">Donoughmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson" title="Thomas Milner Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Parkinson-Fortescue,_1st_Baron_Carlingford" title="Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford">Parkinson-Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adderley,_1st_Baron_Norton" title="Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton">Adderley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_3rd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 3rd Earl of Harrowby">Sandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanhope" title="Edward Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Mundella" title="A. J. Mundella">Mundella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Mundella" title="A. J. Mundella">Mundella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Balfour,_2nd_Earl_of_Balfour" title="Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Buxton,_1st_Earl_Buxton" title="Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton">Buxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burns" title="John Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Ashfield" title="Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes" title="Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes">Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Cunliffe-Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Cunliffe-Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(businessman)" title="Andrew Duncan (businessman)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(businessman)" title="Andrew Duncan (businessman)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Llewellin,_1st_Baron_Llewellin" title="John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin">Llewellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Shawcross" title="Hartley Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Erroll,_1st_Baron_Erroll_of_Hale" title="Frederick Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale">Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jay" title="Douglas Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Noble,_Baron_Glenkinglas" title="Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(British_businessman)" title="John Davies (British businessman)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Worcester" title="Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nott" title="John Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cockfield,_Baron_Cockfield" title="Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield">Cockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Channon" title="Paul Channon">Channon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Graffham" title="David Young, Baron Young of Graffham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley,_Baron_Ridley_of_Liddesdale" title="Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Heseltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Lang,_Baron_Lang_of_Monkton" title="Ian Lang, Baron Lang of Monkton">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Byers" title="Stephen Byers">Byers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt" title="Patricia Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness" title="John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Clark" title="Greg Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Trevelyan" title="Anne-Marie Trevelyan">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reynolds" title="Jonathan Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masters_of_the_Royal_Mint_(1331–1879)477" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Template:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Template talk:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masters_of_the_Royal_Mint_(1331–1879)477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint" title="Master of the Mint">Masters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> (1331–1879)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a><br />(1216–1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Richard de Snowshill/Richard of Grimsby (1331)</li> <li>Henry de Bruselee and John Chichester (1351–?)</li> <li>Walter dei Bardi (1361–1361)</li> <li>John Chichester (1365–1367)</li> <li>Walter dei Bardi (1375–1391)</li> <li>John Wildeman (1391–1391)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br />(1399–1485)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Richard Garner (1411–1414)</li> <li>Sir Lewis John (1413–1414)</li> <li>Sir Lewis John (1418–1420)</li> <li>Bartholomew Goldbeter (1421–1432)</li> <li>John Paddesley (1435–1446)</li> <li>Robert Manfield (1446–1459)</li> <li>Sir Richard Tonstall (1459–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings</a> (1461–April 1483)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a> (April–June 1483)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a> (June 1483–1485)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a><br />(1485–1603)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir Giles Daubeney (1485–1490)</li> <li>Sir Bartholomew Reed and Robert Fenrother (1492–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy">4th Baron Mountjoy</a> (1509–1534)</li> <li>Ralph Rowlet/Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bowes" title="Martin Bowes">Martin Bowes</a> (1543)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bowes" title="Martin Bowes">Martin Bowes</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_York_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="John York (Master of the Mint)">Sir John York</a> (1547–1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton_(mercer)" title="Thomas Egerton (mercer)">Thomas Egerton</a> (1553–1555)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_(Royal_Mint)" title="Thomas Stanley (Royal Mint)">Thomas Stanley</a> (1560–1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lonyson" title="John Lonyson">John Lonyson</a> (1571–1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir Richard Martin</a> (1582–1603)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a><br />(1603–1649)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir Richard Martin</a> (1603–1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Villiers_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Edward Villiers (Master of the Mint)">Sir Edward Villiers</a> (1617–1623)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randal_Cranfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randal Cranfield (page does not exist)">Randal Cranfield</a> (1623–1626)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a> (1626–1635)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a>/Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Aylesbury,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Aylesbury, 1st Baronet">Thomas Aylesbury</a> (1635–1643)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a> (1643–1649)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a><br />(1649–1660)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Guerdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Guerdon (page does not exist)">Aaron Guerdon</a> (1649–1653)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a><br />(1660–1714)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a> (1660–1662)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Slingsby_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Henry Slingsby (Master of the Mint)">Henry Slingsby</a> (1662–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slingsby_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Henry Slingsby (Master of the Mint)">Henry Slingsby</a> (1667–1680)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Buckworth-Herne-Soame_baronets" title="Buckworth-Herne-Soame baronets">John Buckworth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(English_banker)" title="Charles Duncombe (English banker)">Charles Duncombe</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hoare_(gold_merchant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hoare (gold merchant) (page does not exist)">James Hoare</a> (1680–1684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neale" title="Thomas Neale">Thomas Neale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Duncombe (Lord Mayor of the City of London)">Charles Duncombe</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hoare_(gold_merchant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hoare (gold merchant) (page does not exist)">James Hoare</a> (1684–1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neale" title="Thomas Neale">Thomas Neale</a> (1686–1699)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1700–1714)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a><br />(1714–1901)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1714–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conduitt" title="John Conduitt">John Conduitt</a> (1727–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arundell_(died_1758)" title="Richard Arundell (died 1758)">Hon. Richard Arundell</a> (1737–1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chetwynd,_3rd_Viscount_Chetwynd" title="William Chetwynd, 3rd Viscount Chetwynd">3rd Viscount Chetwynd</a> (1745–1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cadogan,_1st_Earl_Cadogan" title="Charles Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan">1st Earl Cadogan</a> (1769–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Effingham" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham">3rd Earl of Effingham</a> (1784–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_5th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield">5th Earl of Chesterfield</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Townshend,_2nd_Marquess_Townshend" title="George Townshend, 2nd Marquess Townshend">2nd Marquess Townshend</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet">Sir George Yonge</a> (1794–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">2nd Earl of Liverpool</a> (1799–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perceval,_2nd_Baron_Arden" title="Charles Perceval, 2nd Baron Arden">2nd Baron Arden</a> (1801–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(1748%E2%80%931811)" title="John Smyth (1748–1811)">John Smyth</a> (1802–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">3rd Earl Bathurst</a> (1804–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Spencer" title="Lord Charles Spencer">Lord Charles Spencer</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bathurst" title="Charles Bathurst">Charles Bathurst</a> (1806–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">3rd Earl Bathurst</a> (1807–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">2nd Earl of Clancarty</a> (1812–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wellesley-Pole,_3rd_Earl_of_Mornington" title="William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington">3rd Earl of Mornington</a> (1814–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wallace,_1st_Baron_Wallace" title="Thomas Wallace, 1st Baron Wallace">1st Baron Wallace</a> (1823–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">George Tierney</a> (1827–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a> (1828–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">1st Earl of Auckland</a> (1830–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Abercromby,_1st_Baron_Dunfermline" title="James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline">1st Baron Dunfermline</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">1st Baron Ashburton</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">1st Baron Taunton</a> (1835–1841)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Ewart Gladstone</a> (1841–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Clerk,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir George Clerk, 6th Baronet">Sir George Clerk</a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lalor_Sheil" title="Richard Lalor Sheil">Richard Lalor Sheil</a> (1846–1850)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1850–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1855–1869)</li> <li>Vacant (1869–1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Office abolished in 1879 with duties given to the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party221" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Leaders of the Liberal Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">The Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">The Earl of Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">The Marquess of Crewe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Sir William Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Overall Leader</a> (1916–1988)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Sir Donald Maclean</a> <small><i>(Acting Leader)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Sir Herbert Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Davies" title="Clement Davies">Clement Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Jeremy Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Statistical_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Statistical Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Statistical_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Statistical Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Statistical_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Statistical Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1834–1836 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li>1836–1838 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lemon" title="Charles Lemon">Sir Charles Lemon, Bt</a></li> <li>1838–1840 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1840–1842 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">Viscount Sandon</a></li> <li>1842–1843 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li>1843–1845 <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Ashley</a></li> <li>1845–1847 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">The Lord Monteagle of Brandon</a></li> <li>1847–1849 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1849–1851 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a></li> <li>1851–1853 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jones-Loyd,_1st_Baron_Overstone" title="Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st Baron Overstone">The Lord Overstone</a></li> <li>1853–1855 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1855–1857 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a></li> <li>1857–1859 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a></li> <li>1859–1861 <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li>1861–1863 <a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li> <li>1863–1865 <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Sykes" title="William Henry Sykes">William Henry Sykes</a></li> <li>1865–1867 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Monckton_Milnes,_1st_Baron_Houghton" title="Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton">The Lord Houghton</a></li> <li>1867–1869 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li>1869–1871 <a href="/wiki/William_Newmarch" title="William Newmarch">William Newmarch</a></li> <li>1871–1873 <a href="/wiki/William_Farr" title="William Farr">William Farr</a></li> <li>1873–1875 <a href="/wiki/William_Guy" title="William Guy">William Guy</a></li> <li>1875–1877 <a href="/wiki/James_Heywood_(philanthropist)" title="James Heywood (philanthropist)">James Heywood</a></li> <li>1877–1879 <a href="/wiki/George_Shaw-Lefevre,_1st_Baron_Eversley" class="mw-redirect" title="George Shaw-Lefevre, 1st Baron Eversley">George Shaw-Lefevre</a></li> <li>1879–1880 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_1st_Earl_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey">Thomas Brassey</a></li> <li>1880–1882 <a href="/wiki/James_Caird_(1816-1892)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Caird (1816-1892)">James Caird</a></li> <li>1882–1884 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Giffen" title="Robert Giffen">Robert Giffen</a></li> <li>1884–1886 <a href="/wiki/Rawson_W._Rawson" title="Rawson W. Rawson">Rawson W. Rawson</a></li> <li>1886–1888 <a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a></li> <li>1888–1890 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_Balfour" title="Thomas Graham Balfour">Thomas Graham Balfour</a></li> <li>1890–1892 <a href="/wiki/Frederic_J._Mouat" title="Frederic J. Mouat">Frederic J. Mouat</a></li> <li>1892–1894 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li>1894–1896 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrer,_1st_Baron_Farrer" title="Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer">The Lord Farrer</a></li> <li>1896–1897 <a href="/wiki/John_Biddulph_Martin" title="John Biddulph Martin">John Biddulph Martin</a></li> <li>1897 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Edmund_Bateman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Edmund Bateman">Alfred Edmund Bateman</a></li> <li>1897–1899 <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Courtney,_1st_Baron_Courtney_of_Penwith" title="Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith">Leonard Courtney</a></li> <li>1899–1900 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fowler,_1st_Viscount_Wolverhampton" title="Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton">Henry Fowler</a></li> <li>1900–1902 <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">The Lord Avebury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902–1904 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_George_Craigie" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick George Craigie">Patrick George Craigie</a></li> <li>1904–1905 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Powell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Powell, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Powell, Bt</a></li> <li>1905–1906 <a href="/wiki/William_Onslow,_4th_Earl_of_Onslow" title="William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow">The Earl of Onslow</a></li> <li>1906–1907 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Martin,_1st_Baronet,_of_Overbury_Court" title="Sir Richard Martin, 1st Baronet, of Overbury Court">Richard Martin</a></li> <li>1907–1909 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Dilke,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Dilke, Bt</a></li> <li>1909–1910 <a href="/wiki/Jervoise_Athelstane_Baines" title="Jervoise Athelstane Baines">Jervoise Athelstane Baines</a></li> <li>1910–1912 <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li>1912–1914 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Francis Ysidro Edgeworth</a></li> <li>1914–1915 <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Welby,_1st_Baron_Welby" title="Reginald Welby, 1st Baron Welby">The Lord Welby</a></li> <li>1915–1916 <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li>1916–1918 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mallet" title="Bernard Mallet">Bernard Mallet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General">Registrar General</a></li> <li>1918–1920 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a></li> <li>1920–1922 <a href="/wiki/R._Henry_Rew" title="R. Henry Rew">R. Henry Rew</a></li> <li>1922–1924 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Emmott,_1st_Baron_Emmott" title="Alfred Emmott, 1st Baron Emmott">The Lord Emmott</a></li> <li>1924–1926 <a href="/wiki/Udny_Yule" title="Udny Yule">Udny Yule</a></li> <li>1926–1928 <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Vincent,_1st_Viscount_D%27Abernon" title="Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount D'Abernon">The Viscount D'Abernon</a></li> <li>1928–1930 <a href="/wiki/A._William_Flux" class="mw-redirect" title="A. William Flux">A. William Flux</a></li> <li>1930–1932 <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Stamp,_1st_Baron_Stamp" title="Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp">Sir Josiah Stamp</a></li> <li>1932–1934 <a href="/wiki/James_Meston,_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">The Lord Meston</a></li> <li>1934–1936 <a href="/wiki/Major_Greenwood" title="Major Greenwood">Major Greenwood</a></li> <li>1936–1938 <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young,_1st_Baron_Kennet" title="Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet">The Lord Kennet</a></li> <li>1938–1940 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li>1940–1941 <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Macrosty" title="Henry William Macrosty">Henry William Macrosty</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Hector_Leak" title="Hector Leak">Hector Leak</a></li> <li>1941–1943 <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li> <li>1943–1945 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Snow" title="Ernest Charles Snow">Ernest Charles Snow</a></li> <li>1945–1947 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">The Lord Woolton</a></li> <li>1947–1949 <a href="/wiki/David_Heron_(statistician)" title="David Heron (statistician)">David Heron</a></li> <li>1949–1950 <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Heyworth,_1st_Baron_Heyworth" title="Geoffrey Heyworth, 1st Baron Heyworth">Sir Geoffrey Heyworth</a></li> <li>1950–1952 <a href="/wiki/Austin_Bradford_Hill" title="Austin Bradford Hill">Austin Bradford Hill</a></li> <li>1952–1954 <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a></li> <li>1954–1955 <a href="/wiki/William_Piercy,_1st_Baron_Piercy" title="William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy">The Lord Piercy</a></li> <li>1955–1957 <a href="/wiki/Egon_Pearson" title="Egon Pearson">Egon Pearson</a></li> <li>1957–1959 <a href="/wiki/Harry_Campion" title="Harry Campion">Harry Campion</a></li> <li>1959–1960 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Beaver" title="Hugh Beaver">Hugh Beaver</a></li> <li>1960–1962 <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kendall" title="Maurice Kendall">Maurice Kendall</a></li> <li>1962–1964 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oscar_Irwin" title="Joseph Oscar Irwin">Joseph Oscar Irwin</a></li> <li>1964–1965 <a href="/wiki/Paul_Chambers_(industrialist)" title="Paul Chambers (industrialist)">Sir Paul Chambers</a></li> <li>1965–1966 <a href="/wiki/L._H._C._Tippett" title="L. H. C. Tippett">L. H. C. Tippett</a></li> <li>1966–1967 <a href="/wiki/M._S._Bartlett" title="M. S. Bartlett">M. S. Bartlett</a></li> <li>1967–1968 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a></li> <li>1968–1969 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cockfield,_Baron_Cockfield" title="Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield">Arthur Cockfield</a></li> <li>1969–1970 <a href="/wiki/R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">R. G. D. Allen</a></li> <li>1970–1971 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Benjamin" title="Bernard Benjamin">Bernard Benjamin</a></li> <li>1971–1972 <a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">George Alfred Barnard</a></li> <li>1972–1973 <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li>1973–1974 <a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">D. J. Finney</a></li> <li>1974–1975 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniels_(statistician)" title="Henry Daniels (statistician)">Henry Daniels</a></li> <li>1975–1977 <a href="/wiki/Stella_Cunliffe" title="Stella Cunliffe">Stella Cunliffe</a></li> <li>1977–1978 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wynn" title="Henry Wynn">Henry Wynn</a></li> <li>1978–1980 <a href="/wiki/Claus_Moser,_Baron_Moser" title="Claus Moser, Baron Moser">Sir Claus Moser</a></li> <li>1980–1982 <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a></li> <li>1982–1984 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a></li> <li>1984–1985 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bodmer" title="Walter Bodmer">Walter Bodmer</a></li> <li>1985–1986 <a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a></li> <li>1986–1987 <a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a></li> <li>1987–1989 <a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a></li> <li>1989–1991 <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Moore" title="Peter G. Moore">Peter G. Moore</a></li> <li>1991–1993 <a href="/wiki/T._M._F._Smith" title="T. M. F. Smith">T. M. F. Smith</a></li> <li>1993–1995 <a href="/wiki/D._J._Bartholomew" title="D. J. Bartholomew">D. J. Bartholomew</a></li> <li>1995–1997 <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a></li> <li>1997–1999 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nicholas_Curnow" title="Robert Nicholas Curnow">Robert Nicholas Curnow</a></li> <li>1999–2001 <a href="/wiki/Denise_Lievesley" title="Denise Lievesley">Denise Lievesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001–2003 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(statistician)" title="Peter Green (statistician)">Peter Green</a></li> <li>2003–2005 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Grieve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Grieve (page does not exist)">Andy Grieve</a></li> <li>2005–2007 <a href="/wiki/Tim_Holt_(statistician)" title="Tim Holt (statistician)">Tim Holt</a></li> <li>2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/David_Hand_(statistician)" title="David Hand (statistician)">David Hand</a></li> <li>2010–2010 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">Bernard Silverman</a> (resigned Feb 2010; replaced <i>pro tem</i> by David Hand)</li> <li>2011–2012 <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Isham" title="Valerie Isham">Valerie Isham</a></li> <li>2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/John_Pullinger" title="John Pullinger">John Pullinger</a></li> <li>2014–2016 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggle" title="Peter Diggle">Peter Diggle</a></li> <li>2017–2018 <a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a></li> <li>2019– <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Ashby" title="Deborah Ashby">Deborah Ashby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Category:Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Victorian_era296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victorian_era" title="Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_era" title="Template talk:Victorian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victorian_era296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">← Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_and_diplomatic_history_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era">Politics and diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era" title="British Army during the Victorian Era">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#Britain's_imperial_century_(1815–1914)" title="British Empire">British empire</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_London" class="mw-redirect" title="19th century London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era#Late_18th_century_and_19th_century" title="Scotland in the modern era">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Britannia">Pax Britannia</a></li> <li>Prime ministers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy, society and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Demographics of the Victorian era">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy,_industry,_and_trade_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era">Economy, industry, and trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics,_science,_technology_and_engineering_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era">Mathematics, science, technology and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Society and culture of the Victorian era">Society and culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian-era_cosmetics" title="Victorian-era cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_erotica" title="Victorian erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_house" title="Victorian house">Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_jewellery" title="Victorian jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_masculinity" title="Victorian masculinity">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Theatre in the Victorian era">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">Burlesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Women in the Victorian era">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Bibliography of the Victorian era">Bibliography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160852#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5016" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160852#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5016" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160852#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121387062">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71411983">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31373/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWQdXdvdW8kyW8yqTyh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118695207">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018726">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gladstone, William Ewart"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120594880">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Scrutator"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13292470j">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gladstone, William Ewart"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120594880">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Scrutator"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13292470j">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620736">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gladstone, William Ewart"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV187089">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36554814">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720084&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000101164&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4578784">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/152488">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06847881X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90140296">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004852&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000075522&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000754408">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=138624">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpps1t4h5nk7l">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810634297505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/76101">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261737905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512787606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14158639">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0221464X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102299">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1289550">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118695207.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118695207">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028843363">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18514968">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jj4bcw">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tt4pkz">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/56407">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&oldid=1275034965">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Ewart_Gladstone&oldid=1275034965</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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