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<span>Marriages and issue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriages and issue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children_outside_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_outside_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Children outside marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_outside_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Possible children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard I of Normandy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_I_Eorl_of_Normandige" title="Ricard I Eorl of Normandige – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ricard I Eorl of Normandige" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ريتشارد الأول دوق نورماندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد الأول دوق نورماندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی ریچارد ، دوک نورماندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی ریچارد ، دوک نورماندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Рычард I Бясстрашны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард I Бясстрашны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ричард I (Нормандия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард I (Нормандия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richarzh_Ia%C3%B1_(dug_Normandi)" title="Richarzh Iañ (dug Normandi) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Richarzh Iañ (dug Normandi)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_I_de_Normandia" title="Ricard I de Normandia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ricard I de Normandia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I._Normandsk%C3%BD" title="Richard I. Normandský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard I. Normandský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_1._af_Normandiet" title="Richard 1. af Normandiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard 1. af Normandiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I._(Normandie)" title="Richard I. (Normandie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard I. (Normandie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ριχάρδος Α΄ της Νορμανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ριχάρδος Α΄ της Νορμανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Ricardo I de Normandía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ricardo I de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikardo_la_1-a_(Normandio)" title="Rikardo la 1-a (Normandio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rikardo la 1-a (Normandio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikardo_I.a_Normandiakoa" title="Rikardo I.a Normandiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rikardo I.a Normandiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ریچارد یکم، دوک نورماندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد یکم، دوک نورماندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ier_de_Normandie" title="Richard Ier de Normandie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Ier de Normandie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Ricardo I de Normandía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ricardo I de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I.,_vojvoda_Normandije" title="Rikard I., vojvoda Normandije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rikard I., vojvoda Normandije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_dari_Normandia" title="Richard I dari Normandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard I dari Normandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADkhar%C3%B0ur_1._af_Normand%C3%AD" title="Ríkharður 1. af Normandí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríkharður 1. af Normandí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_I_di_Normandia" title="Riccardo I di Normandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riccardo I di Normandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="רישאר הראשון, דוכס נורמנדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רישאר הראשון, דוכס נורמנדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Rich%C3%A1rd_normandiai_herceg" title="I. Richárd normandiai herceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Richárd normandiai herceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ريتشارد الاولانى نورماندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد الاولانى نورماندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_van_Normandi%C3%AB" title="Richard I van Normandië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard I van Normandië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E5%85%AC)" title="リシャール1世 (ノルマンディー公) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リシャール1世 (ノルマンディー公)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I_av_Normandie" title="Rikard I av Normandie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rikard I av Normandie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_Ier_Sans-Po%C3%BBr" title="Ricard Ier Sans-Poûr – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ricard Ier Sans-Poûr" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ier_%C3%A9d_Neurmindie" title="Richard Ier éd Neurmindie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Richard Ier éd Neurmindie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_I_Nieustraszony" title="Ryszard I Nieustraszony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryszard I Nieustraszony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_da_Normandia" title="Ricardo I da Normandia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ricardo I da Normandia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Ричард I (герцог Нормандии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ричард I (герцог Нормандии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard I, Duke of Normandy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard I, Duke of Normandy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_od_Normandije" title="Richard I od Normandije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard I od Normandije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I_av_Normandie" title="Rikard I av Normandie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rikard I av Normandie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="รีชาร์ที่ 1 แห่งนอร์ม็องดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รีชาร์ที่ 1 แห่งนอร์ม็องดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Richard_(Normandiya_d%C3%BCk%C3%BC)" title="I. Richard (Normandiya dükü) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Richard (Normandiya dükü)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Річард I (герцог Нормандії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард I (герцог Нормандії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_x%E1%BB%A9_Normandie" title="Richard I xứ Normandie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard I xứ Normandie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Duke of Normandy from 942 to 996</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Richard I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_the_Fearless_of_Normandy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Richard_the_Fearless_of_Normandy.png/220px-Richard_the_Fearless_of_Normandy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Richard_the_Fearless_of_Normandy.png/330px-Richard_the_Fearless_of_Normandy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Richard_the_Fearless_of_Normandy.png/440px-Richard_the_Fearless_of_Normandy.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">Count of Rouen</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 942 – 20 November 996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William Longsword</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 932<br /><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9camp" title="Fécamp">Fécamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 996 (aged 64)<br />Fécamp, Duchy of Normandy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma,_Duchess_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma, Duchess of Normandy">Emma of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnor" title="Gunnor">Gunnor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II of Normandy">Richard II of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_(Archbishop_of_Rouen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert II (Archbishop of Rouen)">Robert II (Archbishop of Rouen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauger,_Count_of_Corbeil" title="Mauger, Count of Corbeil">Mauger, Count of Corbeil</a></li> <li>Robert Danus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Normandy" title="Maud of Normandy">Maud of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawise_of_Normandy" title="Hawise of Normandy">Hawise of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Eu" title="Geoffrey, Count of Eu">Geoffrey, Count of Eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Eu" title="William I, Count of Eu">William I, Count of Eu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William Longsword</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sprota" title="Sprota">Sprota</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard I</b> (28 August 932 – 20 November 996), also known as <b>Richard the Fearless</b> (French: <i>Richard Sans-Peur</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>: <i>Jarl Rikard</i>), was the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">count of Rouen</a> from 942 to 996.<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dudo_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Dudo of Saint-Quentin">Dudo of Saint-Quentin</a>, whom Richard commissioned to write the "<i>De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum</i>" (Latin, "<i>On the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of Normandy</i>"), called him a <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i>. However, this use of the word may have been in the context of Richard's renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard either introduced <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> into <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, the most important <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> landholders held their lands in feudal tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth">Birth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard was born to <a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William Longsword</a>, <i>princeps</i> (chieftain or ruler)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sprota" title="Sprota">Sprota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> concubine bound to William by a <a href="/wiki/More_danico" title="More danico">more danico</a> marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the grandson of the famous <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>. William was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> rebels, but his existence was kept secret until a few years later when William Longsword first met his son Richard. After kissing the boy and declaring him his heir, William sent Richard to be raised in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard was about ten years old when his father was killed on 17 December 942.<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After William was killed, Sprota became the wife of Esperleng, a wealthy miller. <a href="/wiki/Rodulf_of_Ivry" title="Rodulf of Ivry">Rodulf of Ivry</a> was their son and Richard's half-brother.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ric1Norm04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ric1Norm04.jpg/220px-Ric1Norm04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ric1Norm04.jpg/330px-Ric1Norm04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ric1Norm04.jpg/440px-Ric1Norm04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Richard I</figcaption></figure> <p>With the death of Richard's father in 942, <a href="/wiki/King_of_West_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of West Francia">King of West Francia</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a> installed the boy, Richard, in his father's office. Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Arnulf I, Count of Flanders">Arnulf I, Count of Flanders</a>, the king took him into Frankish territory<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1839-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–4">: 32–4 </span></sup> to place him in the custody of the count of <a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a>. However, the king reneged and seized the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then split up the duchy, giving its lands in lower Normandy to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Great" title="Hugh the Great">Hugh the Great</a>. Louis IV thereafter kept Richard in close confinement at <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Lâon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing that Richard was being held in captivity, the boy's foster Osmond de Centville and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_the_Dane" title="Bernard the Dane">Bernard the Dane</a> formed a mob of knights and peasants across town and marched to the King's palace. They threatened the king to force him to return Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-Boydell_and_Brewer_Incorporated_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boydell_and_Brewer_Incorporated-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis protested that he had kept Richard in his domain to train him in courtliness.<sup id="cite_ref-Boydell_and_Brewer_Incorporated_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boydell_and_Brewer_Incorporated-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently appeased the mob by holding Richard up in his arms for the crowd to see and returning him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernard de Senlis and <a href="/wiki/Ives_I_de_Belesme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ives I de Belesme">Ivo de Bellèsme</a> also assisted in Richard's release, along with pagan Norse forces led by <a href="/wiki/Harald_of_Bayeux" title="Harald of Bayeux">Harald of Bayeux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 946, at the age of 14, Richard allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> and Viking leaders in France and with men sent by <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harold of Denmark</a>. A battle was fought after which Louis IV was captured. Hostages were taken and held until King Louis recognised Richard as Duke, returning Normandy to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1839-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–41">: 37–41 </span></sup> Richard agreed to "commend" himself to Hugh, the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Paris" title="Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a>, Hugh resolved to form a permanent alliance with Richard and promised his daughter Emma, who was little more than a girl, as a bride; the marriage would take place in 960.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1839-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–2">: 41–2 </span></sup> </p><p>Louis, working with Arnulf, persuaded <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> to attack Richard and Hugh. The combined armies of Otto, Arnulf, and Louis were driven from the gates of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> and being decisively defeated in 947.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1839-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–2">: 41–2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A period of peace ensued, Louis dying in 954, 13 year old <a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a> becoming king. The middle-aged Hugh appointed Richard as guardian of his 15-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a> in 955.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1839-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>In 962, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="Theobald I, Count of Blois">Theobald I, Count of Blois</a>, attempted a renewed invasion of Rouen, Richard's stronghold, but his troops were summarily routed by Normans under Richard's command, and forced to retreat before ever having crossed the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lothair, the king of the West Franks, was fearful that Richard's retaliation could destabilize a large part of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> so he stepped in to prevent any further war between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 987, Hugh Capet became King of the Franks. </p><p>For the last 30 years of his reign, Richard concentrated on Normandy itself, and participated less in <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> politics and its petty wars. In lieu of building up the Norman Empire by expansion, he stabilized the realm and reunited the Normans, forging the reclaimed Duchy of his father and grandfather into West Francia's most cohesive and formidable <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Normandie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Normandie.JPG/170px-Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Normandie.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Normandie.JPG/255px-Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Normandie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Normandie.JPG/340px-Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Normandie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Richard's supposed tomb at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9camp_Abbey" title="Fécamp Abbey">Fécamp Abbey</a>, but which was discovered in 2016 to not contain his remains</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard died of natural causes in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9camp" title="Fécamp">Fécamp</a> on 20 November 996.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9camp_Abbey" title="Fécamp Abbey">Fécamp Abbey</a>, which he had founded.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2016, what was believed to be his tomb was opened by Norwegian researchers who discovered that the interred remains could not have been those of Richard, as testing revealed that they were much older.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Courrier_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courrier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is not in doubt that Richard was buried in the Abbey in 996, it is known that his remains were moved within the Abbey several times after his burial.<sup id="cite_ref-Courrier_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courrier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_with_France,_England_and_the_Church"><span id="Relationships_with_France.2C_England_and_the_Church"></span>Relationships with France, England and the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationships with France, England and the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard used marriage to build strong alliances. His marriage to <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Paris,_Duchess_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Paris, Duchess of Normandy">Emma of Paris</a> connected him directly to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>. His second wife, <a href="/wiki/Gunnor" title="Gunnor">Gunnor</a>, from a rival Viking group in the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>, formed an alliance to that group, while her sisters formed the core group that were to provide loyal followers to him and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-CAW27_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAW27-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His daughters forged valuable marriage alliances with powerful neighboring counts as well as to the king of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAW27_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAW27-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma</a> married firstly <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> and after his death in 1016, the invader, <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>. Her children included <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling" title="Alfred Aetheling">Alfred Aetheling</a> and with Cnut, <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a>, so completing a major link between the Duke of Normandy and the Crown of England that would add validity to the claim by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> to the throne of England. </p><p>Richard also built on his relationship with the church, undertaking acts of piety,<sup id="cite_ref-TS1840_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1840-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: lv">: lv </span></sup> restoring their lands and ensuring the great monasteries flourished in Normandy. His further reign was marked by an extended period of peace and tranquility.<sup id="cite_ref-CAW27_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAW27-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg/220px-Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg/330px-Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg/440px-Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Family tree</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_I_Tree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Richard_I_Tree.JPG/220px-Richard_I_Tree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Richard_I_Tree.JPG/330px-Richard_I_Tree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Richard_I_Tree.JPG/440px-Richard_I_Tree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Richard and his children, from a 13th-century genealogical tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard's first marriage in 960 was to <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Paris,_Duchess_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Paris, Duchess of Normandy">Emma</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Great" title="Hugh the Great">Hugh the Great</a><sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ES10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hedwige_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedwige of Saxony">Hedwige of Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ES10_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard and Emma were betrothed when both were very young. She died after 19 March 968, with no issue.<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Torigni" title="Robert of Torigni">Robert of Torigni</a>, not long after Emma's death, Duke Richard went out hunting and stopped at the house of a local forester. He became enamored with the forester's wife, Seinfreda, but she was a virtuous woman and suggested he court her unmarried sister, <a href="/wiki/Gunnor" title="Gunnor">Gunnor</a>, instead. Gunnor became his mistress and her family rose to prominence. Her brother, <a href="/wiki/Herfast_de_Crepon" class="mw-redirect" title="Herfast de Crepon">Herfast de Crepon</a>, may have been involved in a controversial heresy trial. Gunnor was, like Richard, of Viking descent, being part Danish by blood.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard finally married her to legitimize their children:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a> "the Good", Duke of Normandy<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_(archbishop_of_Rouen)" title="Robert II (archbishop of Rouen)">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rouen">Archbishop of Rouen</a>, Count of <a href="/wiki/Evreux" class="mw-redirect" title="Evreux">Evreux</a><sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_Houts_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Houts-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauger,_Count_of_Corbeil" title="Mauger, Count of Corbeil">Mauger, Count of Corbeil</a><sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>another son<sup id="cite_ref-van_Houts_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Houts-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>, wife of two kings of England, mother of two kings of England, and step-mother of another two kings of England<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Normandy" title="Maud of Normandy">Maud of Normandy</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Odo_II_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo II of Blois">Odo II of Blois</a>, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawise_of_Normandy" title="Hawise of Normandy">Hawise of Normandy</a> m. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_outside_marriage">Children outside marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Children outside marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard was known to have had several other mistresses and had children with many of them. Known children are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Eu" title="Geoffrey, Count of Eu">Geoffrey, Count of Eu</a><sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ENC140_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENC140-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Eu" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume d'Eu">William, Count of Eu</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 972</span> – 26 January 1057 or 58),<sup id="cite_ref-ENC140_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENC140-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> m. Lasceline de Turqueville (d. 26 January 1057 or 1058).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_of_Normandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice of Normandy (page does not exist)">Beatrice of Normandy</a>, Abbess of Montivilliers d.1034 m. Ebles of Turenne<sup id="cite_ref-ES79_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (d.1030 (divorced)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_children">Possible children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Possible children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Guimara (Wimarc(a)) (b. ca. 986), died <a href="/wiki/Montivilliers_Abbey" title="Montivilliers Abbey">Montivilliers Abbey</a>, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, wife of Ansfred (Ansfroi) II "le Dane" le Goz, vicomte of Exmes and Falaise, mother of <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzWimarc" title="Robert FitzWimarc">Robert FitzWimarc</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Papia</li></ul> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Normandy_family_tree" title="Template:House of Normandy family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Normandy_family_tree" title="Template talk:House of Normandy family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Normandy_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Normandy family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a> Family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">Count of Rouen</a>, 911</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> between 928 and 933</span><br /><b>1st Norman count of Rouen <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 911–927</span></b><br />House of Normandy</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William</a><br />"Longsword"<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 893</span>–942<br /><b>2nd Norman count of Rouen <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 927–942</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>, 942</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I</a><br />"the Fearless"<br />932–996<br /><b>1st Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 942–996</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a><br />"the Good"<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1026</span><br /><b>2nd Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 996–1027</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_(archbishop_of_Rouen)" title="Robert II (archbishop of Rouen)">Robert</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Count of Évreux">Count of Évreux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rouen">Archbishop of Rouen</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mauger,_Count_of_Corbeil" title="Mauger, Count of Corbeil">Mauger</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 988</span>–1032<br />m. Germain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Countess_of_Corbeil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Countess of Corbeil (page does not exist)">Countess of Corbeil</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Eu" title="Geoffrey, Count of Eu">Geoffrey</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1010</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Eu" title="Counts of Eu">Count of Eu</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Eu" title="William I, Count of Eu">William I</a><br />978–after 1057<br /><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Eu" title="Counts of Eu">Count of Eu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Hi%C3%A9mois" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Hiémois">Hiémois</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/De_Clare" title="De Clare">House of Clare</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Richard III</a><br />997/1001–1027<br /><b>3rd Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1026–1027</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy">Robert I</a><br />"the Magnificent"<br />1000–1035<br /><b>4th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1027–1035</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard,_Count_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Richard, Count of Évreux">Richard</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1015</span>–1067<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Count of Évreux">Count of Évreux</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Gac%C3%A9" title="Ralph de Gacé">Ralph de Gacé</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1051</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Gac%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Gacé">Lord of Gacé</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Illegitimate</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_of_Normandy" title="Nicolas of Normandy">Nicolas of Normandy</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1027</span>–1092<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen_Abbey,_Rouen" title="Saint-Ouen Abbey, Rouen">Abbot of Saint Ouen</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William II (of Normandy)</a><br />"the Conqueror"<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1028</span>–1087<br /><b>5th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1035–1087</span></b>, King of England as "William I" <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1066–1087</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_%C3%89vreux" title="William, Count of Évreux">William</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1015</span>–1067<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Count of Évreux">Count of Évreux</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert II</a><br />"Curthose"<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1051</span>–1134<br /><b>6th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1087–1106</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_(son_of_William_the_Conqueror)" title="Richard (son of William the Conqueror)">Richard</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1054</span>–1070</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Normandy" title="Adela of Normandy">Adela</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1067</span>–1137<br />m. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_II,_Count_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen II, Count of Blois">Stephen II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Blois">Count of Blois</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II (of England)</a><br />"Rufus"<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1057</span>–1100<br />King of England <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1087–1100</span><br /><i>Ducal Regent <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1096–1100</span></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a><br />"Beauclerc"<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1068</span>–1135<br />King of England <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1100–1135</span>, <b>7th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1106–1135</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Illegitimate→</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Clito" title="William Clito">William Clito</a><br />1102–1128<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a><br /><i>Ducal claimant</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a><br />1092/1096–1154<br />King of England <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1135–1154</span>, <b>8th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1135–1144</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a><br />1081/1086–1125<br />King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda I</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1102</span>–1167<br />Lady of the English "Empress Matilda"</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a><br />1113–1151<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a>, <b>9th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1144–1150</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Adelin" title="William Adelin">William III Adelin</a><br />1103–<a href="/wiki/White_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ship">1120</a><br />Duke of Normandy 1120<br /><i>in his father's lifetime</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester">Robert I</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1090</span>–1147<br />1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Earl of Gloucester">Earl of Gloucester</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Lincoln_(illegitimate_son_of_Henry_I_of_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Lincoln (illegitimate son of Henry I of England)">Richard of Lincoln</a><br />before 1101–1120</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_de_Dunstanville,_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Reginald de Dunstanville, Earl of Cornwall">Reginald</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>–1175<br />1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Earl of Cornwall">Earl of Cornwall</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_fitzEdith" title="Robert fitzEdith">Robert FitzEdith</a><br />1093–1172<br />m. Matilda d'Avranches, <a href="/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Okehampton" title="Feudal barony of Okehampton">Baroness of Okehampton</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_FitzRoy" title="Gilbert FitzRoy">Gilbert FitzRoy</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy_(d._1158)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry FitzRoy (d. 1158)">Henry FitzRoy</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100/1104–1158</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fulk_FitzRoy" title="Fulk FitzRoy">Fulk FitzRoy</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1092</span>–1132<br />Monk at Abingdon?</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">House of Salians</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Illegitimate→</td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a><br />"Curtmantle"<br />1133–1189<br /><b>10th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1150–1189</span></b><br />King of England <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1154–1189</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_FitzRobert,_2nd_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="William FitzRobert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester">William FitzRobert</a><br />1116–1183<br />2nd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Earl of Gloucester">Earl of Gloucester</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Worcester" title="Roger of Worcester">Roger of Worcester</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1134</span>–1179<br /><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Gloucester_(bishop_of_Bayeux)" title="Richard of Gloucester (bishop of Bayeux)">Richard</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1142</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bayeux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Bayeux">Bishop of Bayeux</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Meiler_Fitzhenry" title="Meiler Fitzhenry">Meiler Fitzhenry</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1220</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chief Justice of Ireland">Lord Chief Justice of Ireland</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry</a><br />"the Young King"<br />1155–1183<br />Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1170–1183</span> <i>in his father's lifetime</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard IV</a><br />"Lionheart"<br />1157–1199<br /><b>11th Duke of Normandy</b>, King of England as "Richard I" <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1189–1199</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a><br />"Lackland"<br />1166–1216<br /><b>12th Duke of Normandy</b>, King of England <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1199–1216</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a><br />1207–1272<br /><b>13th Duke of Normandy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1216–1259</span></b><br />King of England <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1216–1272</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> renounced at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>, 1259</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the article by Todd A. Farmerie: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~medieval/gunnor.htm">Robert de Torigny and the family of Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ES79-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES79_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Detlev Schwennicke, <i><a href="/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Stammtafeln" title="Europäische Stammtafeln">Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten</a></i>, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Searle, <i>Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), pp. 125–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For different meanings of Latin word <i>dux</i> (pl. <i>duces</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Zack Tabuteau, 'Ownership and Tenure in Eleventh-Century Normandy', <i>The American Journal of Legal History</i>, Vol. 21, No. 2, (April 1977), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 916–966</i>, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning and Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Normans in Europe</i>, edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_van_Houts" title="Elisabeth van Houts">Elisabeth van Houts</a> (Manchester University Press, 2000), page 47 n. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Searle, <i>Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detlev Schwennicke, <i>Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten</i>, Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 4 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1989), Tafel 694A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan1839-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1839_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1839" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Jonathan (1839). <i>The Dukes of Normandy from the time of King Rollo to the expulsion of King John</i>. Joseph Rickerby and Harvey & Darton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dukes+of+Normandy+from+the+time+of+King+Rollo+to+the+expulsion+of+King+John&rft.pub=Joseph+Rickerby+and+Harvey+%26+Darton&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Riché, <i>The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe</i>, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993) pp. 262–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Searle, <i>Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boydell_and_Brewer_Incorporated-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boydell_and_Brewer_Incorporated_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boydell_and_Brewer_Incorporated_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The History of the Norman People: Wace's Roman de Rou</i>. Boydell and Brewer Incorporated. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Norman+People%3A+Wace%27s+Roman+de+Rou&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer+Incorporated&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudo,<i>Historia Normannorum</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vatalis, and Robert of Torigni</i>, Vol. I, ed. & trans. Elisabeth M.C. van Houts (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992) pp. 103, 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flodoard, Annales, s.a. 943, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Searle, <i>Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), pp. 85–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Searle, <i>Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 916–966</i>, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning and Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Riché, <i>The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe</i>, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993), p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor Searle, <i>Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Neveux. <i>A Brief History of The Normans</i> (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2007" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Leonie V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FBw-RDcmKcC&dq=%22Richard+I%22+tomb+Fecamp&pg=PA149"><i>Religious Life in Normandy, 1050-1300: Space, Gender, and Social Pressure</i></a>. Boydell Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-329-1"><bdi>978-1-84383-329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Life+in+Normandy%2C+1050-1300%3A+Space%2C+Gender%2C+and+Social+Pressure&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-329-1&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Leonie+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FBw-RDcmKcC%26dq%3D%2522Richard%2BI%2522%2Btomb%2BFecamp%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norwaytoday.info/culture/skeletal-shock-norwegian-researchers-viking-hunting">"Skeletal shock for Norwegian researchers at Viking hunting"</a>. 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skeletal+shock+for+Norwegian+researchers+at+Viking+hunting&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorwaytoday.info%2Fculture%2Fskeletal-shock-norwegian-researchers-viking-hunting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courrier-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courrier_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courrier_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecourriercauchois.fr/actualite-107657-fecamp-recherches-sur-la-descendance-de-rollon-une-desagreable-surprise">"Fécamp : recherches sur la descendance de Rollon, "une désagréable surprise"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Courrier Cauchois</i>. 25 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Courrier+Cauchois&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9camp+%3A+recherches+sur+la+descendance+de+Rollon%2C+%22une+d%C3%A9sagr%C3%A9able+surprise%22&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecourriercauchois.fr%2Factualite-107657-fecamp-recherches-sur-la-descendance-de-rollon-une-desagreable-surprise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAW27-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAW27_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAW27_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAW27_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill, Elisabeth Van Houts (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2007), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS1840-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS1840_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton1840" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Thomas (1840). <i>Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magni+rotuli+scaccarii+Normanni%C3%A6+sub+regibus+Angli%C3%A6&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Neveux. <i>A Brief History of The Normans</i> (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), pp. 73. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ES10-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ES10_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES10_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Detlev Schwennicke, <i>Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten</i>, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonnor (or Gunnor), name of Scandinavian origin (<i>Gunnvör</i> > Old Danish <i>Gunnur</i>, Norwegian <i>Gonnor</i>) well attested in ducal Normandy, notably in the genealogy of the dukes. It is also sometimes found in Norman toponymy, for example La Haie-Gonnor (or la Haie-Gonnord): <i>Haia-Gonnor</i> 1172; <i>Haiam Gonnor</i> 1199; <i>le Haie-Gonnor</i> 1762; <i>La Haie-Gonnor</i> 1953)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Houts-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Houts_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Houts_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth van Houts, <i>The Normans in Europe</i>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENC140-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENC140_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENC140_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Douglas, 'The Earliest Norman Counts', <i>The English Historical Review</i>, Vol.61, No. 240 (May 1946), p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K.S.B., Keats-Rohan. Domesday People: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents 1066–1166 vol I. Boydell Press, 1999.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbaldw.home.mindspring.com/hproject/prov/richa000.htm">The Henry Project: Richard I of Normandy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek" class="citation web cs1">Marek, Miroslav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.euweb.cz/normandy/normandy.html">"Genealogy of the Dukes of Normandy"</a>. Genealogy.EU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genealogy+of+the+Dukes+of+Normandy&rft.pub=Genealogy.EU&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.euweb.cz%2Fnormandy%2Fnormandy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_I_Longsword" class="mw-redirect" title="William I Longsword">William I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">Count of Rouen</a> </b><br />942–996 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norman Dukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Normandy325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Dukes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a> <br />911–1135</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William I</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adelin" title="William Adelin">William (III)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois</a> <br />1135–1144</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a>**</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a> <br />1144–1259</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard IV</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> <br />(French appanage)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John</a> (1332–1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles</a> (1355–1364)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry">Charles</a> (1465–1469)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* As <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">count of Rouen</a> • ** Also <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">king of England</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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