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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shochet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shochet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Shochet</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shochet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forbidden_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forbidden_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Forbidden techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forbidden_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_knife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_knife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The knife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_knife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-procedure_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-procedure_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-procedure requirements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-procedure_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-procedure requirements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-procedure_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bedikah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedikah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Bedikah</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedikah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glatt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glatt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span><i>Glatt</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glatt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikkur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikkur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Nikkur</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikkur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kashering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giving_of_the_Gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giving_of_the_Gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Giving of the Gifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giving_of_the_Gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covering_of_the_blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covering_of_the_blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Covering of the blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covering_of_the_blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Animal welfare controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animal_welfare_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animal welfare controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Gutachten_(expert_reports)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gutachten_(expert_reports)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The Gutachten (expert reports)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gutachten_(expert_reports)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_description_of_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_description_of_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General description of controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_description_of_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_improve_conditions_in_shechita_slaughterhouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_improve_conditions_in_shechita_slaughterhouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Efforts to improve conditions in <i>shechita</i> slaughterhouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_improve_conditions_in_shechita_slaughterhouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriprocessors_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriprocessors_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Agriprocessors controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriprocessors_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A4chten" title="Schächten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schächten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%87" title="شحيطه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شحيطه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0chita" title="Šchita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šchita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A6chtning" title="Schæchtning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Schæchtning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A4chten" title="Schächten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schächten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shojet" title="Shojet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shojet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Co%C4%A5tado" title="Ŝoĥtado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝoĥtado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%D9%87" title="شحیطه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شحیطه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehita" title="Shehita – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shehita" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shechita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shec%E1%B8%A5itah" title="Shecḥitah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shecḥitah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_(%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94)" title="שחיטה (הלכה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחיטה (הלכה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syekhita" title="Syekhita – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Syekhita" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%87" title="شحيطه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شحيطه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="シェヒーター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シェヒーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sje%E1%B8%A5it%C3%A1" title="Sjeḥitá – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjeḥitá" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szechita" title="Szechita – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szechita" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шхита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шхита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ehita" title="Šehita – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šehita" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shechita" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehita" title="Şehita – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şehita" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шхита – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шхита" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%DB%81" title="شحیطہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شحیطہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="שחיטה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שחיטה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q861258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ritual slaughter of an animal in Jewish law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">shekhinah</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Shechita</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schect.jpg/250px-Schect.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schect.jpg/375px-Schect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schect.jpg/500px-Schect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="445" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 15th-century depiction of <i>shechita</i> and <i><a href="#Bedikah">bedikah</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakhic</a> texts relating to this article</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0512.htm#21">Deuteronomy 12:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0514.htm#21">Deuteronomy 14:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0411.htm#22">Numbers 11:22</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hullin" title="Hullin">Hullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Talmud_Bavli_(Babylonian_Talmud)" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hullin" title="Hullin">Hullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Sefer Kodashim, Hilchot shechita</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoreh_De%27ah" title="Yoreh De'ah">Yoreh De'ah</a> 1:27</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rabbinic_legal_texts_and_responsa" title="Category:Rabbinic legal texts and responsa">Other rabbinic codes</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Chinuch" title="Sefer ha-Chinuch">Sefer ha-Chinuch</a> mitzvah 451</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Judaism, <i><b>shechita</b></i> (anglicized: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:שחיטה">שחיטה</a></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʃχiˈta]</a></span>; also <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">transliterated</a> <i>shehitah, shechitah, shehita</i>) is ritual slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i>. One who practices this, a <b>kosher butcher</b> is called a <i><b>shochet</b></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_sources">Biblical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0512.htm#21">Deuteronomy 12:21</a> states that sheep and cattle should be slaughtered "as I have instructed you", but nowhere in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> are any of the practices of <i>shechita</i> described.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they have been handed down in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>, and codified in <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashrut#Permitted_and_forbidden_animals" title="Kashrut">Kashrut § Permitted and forbidden animals</a></div> <p>The animal must be of a permitted species. For mammals, this is restricted to <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> which have <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">split hooves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For birds, although biblically any species of bird not specifically excluded in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2014:12–18&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 14:12–18</a> would be permitted,<sup id="cite_ref-Zivotofsky1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zivotofsky1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> doubts as to the identity and scope of the species on the biblical list led to <a href="/wiki/De-%27oraita_and_de-rabbanan" class="mw-redirect" title="De-'oraita and de-rabbanan">rabbinical law</a> permitting only birds with a tradition of being permissible.<sup id="cite_ref-Zivotofsky3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zivotofsky3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish do not require kosher slaughter to be considered <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a>, but are subject to other laws found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2011:9–12&version=nrsv">Leviticus 11:9–12</a> which determine whether or not they are kosher (having both fins and scales). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shochet"><i>Shochet</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shochet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosher_slaughterer" title="Kosher slaughterer">Kosher slaughterer</a></div> <p>A <i>shochet</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%97%D7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:שוחט">שוחט</a></span></span>, "slaughterer", plural <i>shochtim</i>) is a person who performs <i>shechita</i>. To become a <i>shochet</i>, one must study which slaughtered animals are kosher, what disqualifies them from being kosher, and how to prepare animals according to the laws of <i>shechita</i>. Subjects of study include the preparation of slaughtering tools, ways to interpret which foods follow the laws of <i>shechita</i>, and types of <i><a href="/wiki/Terefah" title="Terefah">terefot</a></i> (deformities which make an animal non-kosher).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> era (beginning in 200 CE with the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> and 300 CE with the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> and extending through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> started to debate and define kosher laws. As the laws increased in number and complexity, following <a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">ritual slaughter</a> laws became difficult for Jews who were not trained in those laws. This resulted in the need for a <i>shochet</i> (someone who has studied <i>shechita</i> extensively) to perform the slaughtering in the communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shochtim</i> studied under rabbis to learn the laws of <i>shechita</i>. Rabbis acted as the academics who, among themselves, debated how to apply laws from the Torah to the preparation of animals. Rabbis also conducted experiments to determine under which <i>terefot</i> animals were no longer kosher. <i>Shochtim</i> studied under these rabbis, as rabbis were the officials who first interpret, debate, and determine the laws of <i>shechita</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Shochtim</i> are essential to every Jewish community, so they earn elevated social status. In the Middle Ages, the <i>shochtim</i> were treated as second in social status, just underneath rabbis. <i>Shochtim</i> were respected for committing their time to studying and for their importance to their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inspection (Heb. <i>bedikah</i>) of the animal is required for it to be declared kosher, and a <i>shochet</i> has a double title: <i>Shochet u'bodek</i> (slaughterer and inspector), for which qualification considerable study as well as practical training is required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalom_Koboshvili._Slaughtering_poultry_according_to_religious_rules._Oil_on_canvas._70.5%C3%97101_cm._1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shalom_Koboshvili._Slaughtering_poultry_according_to_religious_rules._Oil_on_canvas._70.5%C3%97101_cm._1940.jpg/220px-Shalom_Koboshvili._Slaughtering_poultry_according_to_religious_rules._Oil_on_canvas._70.5%C3%97101_cm._1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shalom_Koboshvili._Slaughtering_poultry_according_to_religious_rules._Oil_on_canvas._70.5%C3%97101_cm._1940.jpg/330px-Shalom_Koboshvili._Slaughtering_poultry_according_to_religious_rules._Oil_on_canvas._70.5%C3%97101_cm._1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shalom_Koboshvili._Slaughtering_poultry_according_to_religious_rules._Oil_on_canvas._70.5%C3%97101_cm._1940.jpg/440px-Shalom_Koboshvili._Slaughtering_poultry_according_to_religious_rules._Oil_on_canvas._70.5%C3%97101_cm._1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Slaughtering poultry according to religious rules, <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Koboshvili" title="Shalom Koboshvili">Shalom Koboshvili</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>shechita</i> procedure, which must be performed by a <i>shochet</i>, is described in the <a href="/wiki/Yoreh_De%27ah" title="Yoreh De'ah">Yoreh De'ah</a> section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> only as severing the wind pipe and food pipe (<a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>). Nothing is mentioned about veins or arteries. </p><p>However, in practice, as a very long sharp knife is used, in cattle the soft tissues in the neck are sliced through without the knife touching the spinal cord, in the course of which four major blood vessels, two of which transport oxygenated blood to the brain (the <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">carotid arteries</a>) the other two transporting blood back to the heart (<a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular veins</a>) are severed. The <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> is also cut in this operation. With fowl, the same procedure is followed, but a smaller knife is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="#The_knife">special knife</a> of considerable length is used; no undue pressure may be applied to the knife, which must be very sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure may be performed with the animal either lying on its back (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שחיטה מונחת</span></span>, <i>shechita munachat</i>) or standing (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שחיטה מעומדת</span></span>, <i>shechita me'umedet</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of fowl (with the exception of large fowl like turkey) the bird is held in the non-dominant hand in such a way that the head is pulled back and the neck exposed, while the cut made with the dominant hand.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sch%C3%A4chtbewilligung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sch%C3%A4chtbewilligung.jpg/220px-Sch%C3%A4chtbewilligung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sch%C3%A4chtbewilligung.jpg/330px-Sch%C3%A4chtbewilligung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sch%C3%A4chtbewilligung.jpg/440px-Sch%C3%A4chtbewilligung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><i>Shechita</i> permit from Rome, 1762. Today in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>'s collection.</figcaption></figure> <p>The procedure is done with the intention of causing a rapid drop in blood pressure in the brain and <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">loss of consciousness</a>, to render the animal insensitive to pain and to <a href="/wiki/Exsanguination" title="Exsanguination">exsanguinate</a> in a prompt and precise action.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that eliminating blood flow through the carotid arteries does not cut blood flow to the brain of a bovine because the brain is also supplied with blood by <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral arteries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other authorities note the distinction between severing the carotid versus merely blocking it.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If one did not sever the entirety of both the trachea and esophagus then an animal may still be considered kosher as long as one severed the majority of the trachea and esophagus (windpipe and food pipe) of a mammal, or the majority of either one of these in the case of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cut must be incised with a back-and-forth motion without employing any of the five major prohibited techniques,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or various other detailed rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forbidden_techniques">Forbidden techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forbidden techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Shehiyah</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שהייה</span>‎; delay or pausing) – Pausing during the incision and then starting to cut again makes the animal's flesh unkosher.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The knife must be moved across the neck in an uninterrupted motion until the trachea and esophagus are sufficiently severed to avoid this.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some disagreement among legal sources as to the exact length of time needed to constitute <i>shehiyah</i>, but today the normative practice is to disqualify a kosher cut as a result of any length of pausing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Derasah</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דרסה</span>‎; pressing/chopping) – The knife must be drawn across the throat by a back and forth movement, not by chopping, hacking, or pressing without moving the knife back and forth.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are those<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who assert that it is forbidden to have the animal in an upright position during <i>shechita</i> due to the prohibition of <i>derasah</i>. They maintain that the animal must be on its back or lying on its side, and some also allow for the animal to be suspended upside down.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Rambam explicitly permits upright slaughter,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Orthodox Union as well as all other major kosher certifiers in the United States accept upright slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Haladah</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חלדה</span>‎; covering, digging, or burying) – The knife must be drawn over the throat so that the back of the knife is at all times visible while <i>shechita</i> is being performed. It must not be stabbed into the neck or buried by fur, hide, feathers, the wound itself, or a foreign object (such as a scarf) which may cover the knife.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hagramah</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הגרמה</span>‎; cutting in the wrong location) – <i>Hagramah</i> refers to the location on the neck on which a kosher cut may be performed; cutting outside this location will in most cases disqualify a kosher cut.<sup id="cite_ref-24:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to today's normative Orthodox practice, any cutting outside this area will in all cases disqualify a kosher cut.<sup id="cite_ref-24:12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limits within which the knife may be applied are from the large ring in the windpipe to the top of the upper lobe of the lung when it is inflated, and corresponding to the length of the pharynx. Slaughtering above or below these limits renders the meat non-kosher.</li> <li><i>Iqqur</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עיקור</span>‎; tearing) – If either the esophagus or the trachea is torn during the <i>shechita</i> incision, the carcass is rendered non-kosher. <i>Iqqur</i> can occur if one tears out the esophagus or trachea while handling an animal's neck or if the esophagus or trachea is torn by a knife with imperfections on the blade, such as nicks or serration.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to avoid tearing, the kosher slaughter knife is expertly maintained and regularly checked with the <i>shochet's</i> fingernail to ensure that no nicks are present.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Breaching any of these five rules renders the animal <i><a href="/wiki/Nevelah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevelah">nevelah</a></i>; the animal is regarded in Jewish law as if it were <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a> has observed that "if the rules (of the five forbidden techniques) are disobeyed, the animal will struggle. If these rules are obeyed, the animal has little reaction."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shechita_knife.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shechita_knife.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Shechita_knife.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shechita_knife.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Shechita_knife.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shechita_knife.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Shechita_knife.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>This <i>chalaf</i> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Musem_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Musem of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a> dates back to the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_knife">The knife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The knife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shechita.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shechita.JPG/220px-Shechita.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shechita.JPG/330px-Shechita.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shechita.JPG/440px-Shechita.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><i>Shechita</i> slaughter of a <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The knife used for <i>shechita</i> is called a <i>sakin</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סכין</span>‎), or alternatively a <i>chalaf</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חלף</span>‎)<sup id="cite_ref-sword_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sword-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. By biblical law the knife may be made from anything not attached directly or indirectly to the ground and capable of being sharpened and polished to the necessary level of sharpness and smoothness required for <i>shechita</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">tradition</a> nowadays is to use a very sharp metal knife.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The knife must be at least slightly longer than the neck width but preferably at least twice as long as the animal's neck is wide, but not so long that the weight of the knife is deemed excessive. If the knife is too large, it is assumed to cause <i>derasah</i>, excessive pressing. Kosher knife makers sell knives of differing sizes depending on the animal. Shorter blades may technically be used depending on the number of strokes employed to slaughter the animal, but the normative practice today is that shorter blades are not used. The knife must not have a point. It is feared a point may slip into the wound during slaughter and cause <i>haladah</i>, covering, of the blade. The blade may also not be serrated, as serrations cause <i>iqqur,</i> tearing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blade cannot have imperfections in it. All blades are assumed by Jewish law to be imperfect, so the knife must be checked before each session. In the past the knife was checked through a variety of means. Today the common practice is for the <i>shochet</i> to run their fingernail up and down both sides of the blade and on the cutting edge to determine if they can feel any imperfections. They then use a number of increasingly fine abrasive stones to sharpen and polish the blade until it is perfectly sharp and smooth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the slaughter, the <i>shochet</i> must check the knife again in the same way to be certain the first inspection was properly done, and to ensure the blade was not damaged during <i>shechita</i>. If the blade is found to be damaged, the meat may not be eaten by Jews. If the blade falls or is lost before the second check is done, the first inspection is relied on and the meat is permitted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In previous centuries, the <i>chalaf </i> was made of forged steel, which was not reflective and was difficult to make both smooth and sharp. <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a>, fearing that <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a> were scratching the knives in a way not detectable by normal people, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <i>hallaf</i>  (<span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">hasidishe hallaf</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It differs from the previously used knife design because it is made of molten steel and polished to a mirror gloss in which scratches could be seen as well as felt. The new knife was controversial and one of the reasons for the 1772 <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">excommunication</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hasidim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidim">Hasidim</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of present time, the "Hassidic hallef" is universally accepted and is the only permitted blade allowed in religious communities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_rules">Other rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The animal may not be <a href="/wiki/Stunning" title="Stunning">stunned</a> prior to the procedure,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as is common practice in non-kosher modern <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">animal slaughter</a> since the early 20th century. </p><p>It is forbidden to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_against_slaughtering_an_animal_and_its_offspring_on_the_same_day" title="Prohibition against slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day">slaughter an animal and its young on the same day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An animal's "young" is defined as either its own offspring, or another animal that follows it around. </p><p>The animal's blood may not be collected in a bowl, a pit, or a body of water, as these resemble ancient forms of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idol worship</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If the <i>shochet</i> accidentally slaughters with a knife dedicated to idol worship, he must remove an amount of meat equivalent to the value of the knife and destroy it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The knife or the meat? (October 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If he slaughtered with such a knife on purpose, the animal is forbidden as not kosher.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-procedure_requirements">Post-procedure requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-procedure requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bedikah"><i>Bedikah</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bedikah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The carcass must be checked to see if the animal had any of a specific list of internal injuries that would have rendered the animal a <a href="/wiki/Terefah" title="Terefah"><i>treifah</i></a> before the slaughter. These injuries were established by the Talmudic rabbis as being likely to cause the animal to die within 12 months time. </p><p>Today all mammals are inspected for lung <a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">adhesions</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bedikat ha-reah</i></span> "examination of the lung") and other disqualifying signs of the lungs, and most kosher birds will have their intestines inspected for infections. </p><p>Further inspection of other parts of the body may be performed depending on the stringency applied and also depending on whether any signs of sickness were detected before slaughter or during the processing of the animal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glatt"><i>Glatt</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glatt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Glatt</i> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">גלאַט</span>) and <i>halak</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חלק</span>) both mean "smooth". In the context of kosher meat, they refer to the "smoothness" (lack of blemish) in the internal organs of the animal. In the case of an <a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">adhesion</a> on cattle's lungs specifically, there is debate between <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> customs and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> customs. While there are certain areas of the lung where an adhesion is allowed, the debate revolves around adhesions which do not occur in these areas. </p><p>Ashkenazic Jews rule that if the adhesion can be removed (there are various methods of removing the adhesion, and not all of them are acceptable even according to the Ashkenazic custom) and the lungs are still airtight (a process that is tested by filling the lungs with air and then submerging them in water and looking for escaping air), then the animal is still kosher but not <i>glatt</i>. </p><p>If, in addition, there were two or fewer adhesions, and they were small and easily removable, then these adhesions are considered a lesser type of adhesion, and the animal is considered <i>glatt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashkenazi custom permits eating non-<i>glatt kosher</i> meat, but it is often considered praiseworthy to only eat <i>glatt kosher</i> meat.<sup id="cite_ref-yhb_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yhb-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sephardic Jews rule that if there is any sort of adhesion on the forbidden areas of the lungs, then the animal is not kosher. This standard is commonly known as <i>halak <a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></i>. It is the strictest in terms of which adhesions are allowed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Rema</a> (an Ashkenazi authority) had an additional stringency, of checking adhesions on additional parts of the lung which Sephardi practice does not require. Some Ashkenazi Jews keep this stringency.<sup id="cite_ref-yhb_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yhb-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikkur"><i>Nikkur</i> <span class="anchor" id="Porging"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nikkur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nikkur" title="Nikkur">Nikkur</a></div> <p><i>Porging</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a></i> requirement to remove the carcass's <a href="/wiki/Veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Veins">veins</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chelev" title="Chelev">chelev</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Caul_fat" title="Caul fat">caul fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">suet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sinews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinews">sinews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> prohibits the eating of certain fats, so they must be removed from the animal. These fats are typically known as <i>chelev</i>. There is also a biblical prohibition against eating the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gid_hanasheh" title="Gid hanasheh">gid hanasheh</a></i>), so that, too, is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The removal of the <i>chelev</i> and the <i>gid hanasheh</i>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Nikkur" title="Nikkur">nikkur</a></i>, is considered complicated and tedious, and hence labor-intensive, and even more specialized training is necessary to perform the act properly. </p><p>While the small amounts of <i>chelev</i> in the front half of the animal are relatively easy to remove, the back half of the animal is far more complicated, and it is where the sciatic nerve is located. </p><p>In countries such as the United States, where there exists a large non-kosher meat market, the <a href="/wiki/Cut_of_beef#Hindquarter_cuts" title="Cut of beef">hindquarters</a> of the animal (where many of these forbidden meats are located) is often sold to non-Jews, rather than trouble with the process. </p><p>This tradition goes back for centuries<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where local Muslims accept meat slaughtered by Jews as consumable; however, the custom was not universal throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, and some Muslims (particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>) did not accept these hindquarters as <i><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, on the other hand, specially trained men are hired to prepare the hindquarters for sale as kosher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashering">Kashering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kashering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the biblical prohibition of eating blood,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all blood must be promptly removed from the carcass. </p><p>All large arteries and veins are removed, as well as any bruised meat or coagulated blood. Then the meat is <i><a href="/wiki/Dry_brining" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry brining">kashered</a></i>, a process of soaking and salting the meat to draw out all the blood. A special large-grained salt, called <a href="/wiki/Kosher_salt" title="Kosher salt">kosher salt</a>, is used for the kashering process. </p><p>If this procedure is not performed promptly, the blood is considered to have "set" in the meat, and the meat is no longer considered kosher except when prepared through broiling with appropriate drainage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giving_of_the_Gifts">Giving of the Gifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Giving of the Gifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreleg,_cheeks_and_maw" title="Foreleg, cheeks and maw">Foreleg, cheeks and maw</a></div> <p>The Torah requires a <i>shochet</i> to give the <a href="/wiki/Foreleg,_cheeks_and_maw" title="Foreleg, cheeks and maw">foreleg, cheeks and maw</a> to a <i><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a></i> even though he does not own the meat. Thus, it is desirable that the <i>shochet</i> refuse to perform the <i>shechita</i> unless the animal's owner expresses their agreement to give the gifts. <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Rabbinical courts</a> have the authority to <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">excommunicate</a> a <i>shochet</i> who refuses to perform this commandment. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></i> pointed out that the <i>shochet</i> cannot claim that, since the animal does not belong to him, he cannot give the gifts without the owner's consent. On the contrary, since the average <i>shochet</i> is reputed to be well versed and knowledgeable in the laws of <i>shechitah</i> ("Dinnei Shechita"), the rabbinical court relies on him to withhold his <i>shechita</i> so long as the owner refuses to give the gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Covering_of_the_blood">Covering of the blood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Covering of the blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a positive commandment incumbent upon the <i>shochet</i> to cover the blood of <i>chayot</i> (non-domesticated animals) and <i>ufot</i> (birds) but not <i>b'heimot</i> (domesticated animals).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>shochet</i> is required to place dirt on the ground before the slaughter, and then to perform the cut over that dirt, in order to drop some of the blood on to the prepared dirt. When the <i>shechita</i> is complete, the <i>shochet</i> grabs a handful of dirt, says a blessing and then covers the blood. </p><p>The meat is still kosher if the blood does not get covered; covering the blood is a separate <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> which does not affect the kosher status of the meat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_welfare_controversies">Animal welfare controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Animal welfare controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</a></div> <p>"Opposition to the Jewish methods of slaughter has a long history, starting at least as far back as the mid-<a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gutachten_(expert_reports)"><span id="The_Gutachten_.28expert_reports.29"></span>The Gutachten (expert reports)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Gutachten (expert reports)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <i>shechita</i> came under attack in the 19th century, Jewish communities resorted to expert scientific opinions which were published in pamphlets called <i> Gutachten</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these authorities was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a>, who introduced the concept of sterility in surgery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_description_of_controversy">General description of controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General description of controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practices of handling, restraining, and unstunned slaughter have been criticized by, among others, animal welfare organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Compassion_in_World_Farming" title="Compassion in World Farming">Compassion in World Farming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK <a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Welfare_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm Animal Welfare Council">Farm Animal Welfare Council</a> said that the method by which kosher and <i><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a></i> meat is produced causes "significant pain and distress" to animals and should be banned.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to FAWC it can take up to two minutes after the incision for cattle to become insensible. <a href="/wiki/Compassion_in_World_Farming" title="Compassion in World Farming">Compassion in World Farming</a> also supported the recommendation saying "We believe that the law must be changed to require all animals to be stunned before slaughter."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mr Bradshaw said the Government had maintained its position in not accepting FAWC's recommendation that slaughter without prior stunning should be banned, as they respected the rights of communities in Britain to slaughter animals in accordance with the requirements of their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Veterinarians_of_Europe" title="Federation of Veterinarians of Europe">Federation of Veterinarians of Europe</a> has issued a position paper on slaughter without prior stunning, calling it "unacceptable."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a> has no such qualms, as leading US meat scientists support <i>shechita</i> as a humane slaughtering method as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Humane_Slaughter_Act" title="Humane Slaughter Act">Humane Slaughter Act</a>. </p><p>A 1978 study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Veterinary_Medicine_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover">University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover</a> indicates that <i>shechita</i> gave results which proved "pain and suffering to the extent as has since long been generally associated in public with this kind of slaughter cannot be registered" and that "[a complete loss of consciousness] occurred generally within considerably less time than during the slaughter method after captive bolt stunning."<sup id="cite_ref-schulze_halastudy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulze_halastudy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the lead of the study William Schulze warned in his report that the results may have been due to the captive bolt device they used being defective.<sup id="cite_ref-schulze_halastudy_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulze_halastudy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Nick Cohen</a>, writing for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>, discusses research papers collected by Compassion in World Farming which indicate that the animal suffers pain during the process.<sup id="cite_ref-TNS_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNS-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Craig Johnson and colleagues showed that calves that have not been stunned feel pain from the cut in their necks,<sup id="cite_ref-GibsonEtAl2009_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibsonEtAl2009-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they may take at least 10–30 seconds to lose consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Coghlan2009_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coghlan2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temple Grandin says that the experiment needs to be repeated using a qualified <i>shochet</i> and knives of the correct size sharpened in the proper way.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish and Muslim commentators cite studies that show <i>shechita</i> is humane and that criticism is at least partially motivated by <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> committee announced (January, 2012) that it would call on European parliaments and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to put a stop to attempts to outlaw kosher slaughter. "The pretext [for this legislation] is preventing cruelty to animals or animal rights—but there is sometimes an element of anti-Semitism and there is a hidden message that Jews are cruel to animals," said Committee Chair MK <a href="/wiki/Danny_Danon" title="Danny Danon">Danny Danon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies done in 1994 by Temple Grandin, and another in 1992 by Flemming Bager, showed that when the animals were slaughtered in a comfortable position they appeared to give no resistance and none of the animals attempted to pull away their head. The studies concluded that a shechita cut "probably results in minimal discomfort" because the cattle stand still and do not resist a comfortable head restraint device.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temple Grandin gives various times for loss of consciousness via kosher ritual slaughter, ranging from 15 to 90 seconds depending on measurement type and individual kosher slaughterhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She elaborates on what parts of the process she finds may or may not be cause for concern.<sup id="cite_ref-TG1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Grandin stated that kosher slaughter, no matter how well it is done, is not instantaneous, whereas stunning properly with a captive bolt is instantaneous.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_to_improve_conditions_in_shechita_slaughterhouses">Efforts to improve conditions in <i>shechita</i> slaughterhouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Efforts to improve conditions in shechita slaughterhouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a> is opposed to shackling and hoisting as a method of handling animals and wrote, on visiting a <i>shechita</i> slaughterhouse, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will never forget having nightmares after visiting the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Foods">Spencer Foods</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Iowa" title="Spencer, Iowa">Spencer, Iowa</a>, fifteen years ago. Employees wearing football helmets attached a nose tong to the nose of a writhing beast suspended by a chain wrapped around one back leg. Each terrified animal was forced with an <a href="/wiki/Cattle_prod" title="Cattle prod">electric prod</a> to run into a small stall which had a slick floor on a forty-five-degree angle. This caused the animal to slip and fall so that workers could attach the chain to its rear leg [in order to raise it into the air]. As I watched this nightmare, I thought, 'This should not be happening in a civilized society.' In my diary I wrote, 'If hell exists, I am in it.' I vowed that I would replace the plant from hell with a kinder and gentler system.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Efforts are made to improve the techniques used in slaughterhouses. Temple Grandin has worked closely with Jewish slaughterers to design handling systems for cattle, and has said: "When the cut is done correctly, the animal appears not to feel it. From an animal-welfare standpoint, the major concern during ritual slaughter are the stressful and cruel methods of restraint (holding) that are used in some plants."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When shackling and hoisting is used, it is recommended<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that cattle not be hoisted clear of the floor until they have had time to bleed out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriprocessors_controversy">Agriprocessors controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriprocessors controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prohibition of stunning and the treatment of the slaughtered animal expressed in <i>shechita</i> law limit the extent to which Jewish slaughterhouses can industrialize their procedures. </p><p>The most industrialized attempt at a kosher <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriprocessors" title="Agriprocessors">Agriprocessors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Postville" class="mw-redirect" title="Postville">Postville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, became the center of controversy in 2004, after <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a> released a gruesome undercover video of cattle struggling to their feet with their tracheas and esophagi ripped out after <i>shechita</i>. Some of the cattle actually got up and stood for a minute or so after being dumped from the rotating pen.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OU's condonation of Agriprocessors as a possibly inhumane, yet appropriately <a href="/wiki/Glatt_kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Glatt kosher"><i>glatt</i> kosher</a> company has led to discussion as to whether or not industrialized agriculture has undermined the place of <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i> (Jewish law) in <i>shechita</i> as well as whether or not <i>halakha</i> has any place at all in Jewish ritual slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Safran_Foer" title="Jonathan Safran Foer">Jonathan Safran Foer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarian</a>, narrated the short documentary film <i>If This Is Kosher...</i>, which records what he considers abuses within the kosher <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forums surrounding the ethical treatment of workers and animals in kosher slaughterhouses have inspired a revival of the small-scale, kosher-certified farms and slaughterhouses, which are gradually appearing throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li 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of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIALREL" title="DIALREL">DIALREL</a> – report from the EU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a> – Islamic ritual slaughter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a> – Indian ritual slaughter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashgiach" title="Mashgiach">Mashgiach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Molcho" title="Joseph Molcho">Joseph Molcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schochet" title="Schochet">Schochet</a> – surname meaning "slaughterer"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim" title="Tza'ar ba'alei chayim">Tza'ar ba'alei chayim</a></i> – Jewish commandment which bans causing animals unnecessary suffering</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terefah_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terefah controversy (page does not exist)">Terefah controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94" class="extiw" title="he:פולמוס הנפיחה">he</a>]</span>, a severe <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> controversy about a specific type of <i><a href="/wiki/Terefah" title="Terefah">terefah</a></i>, among the <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Fez" title="Judaism in Fez">Fez Jewry</a> between <i><a href="/wiki/Toshavim" title="Toshavim">Toshavim</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English word <i>porge</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <i>porgar</i> (from Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">purgar</i></span> "to purge").<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew is <i>nikkur</i> (<i>niqqur</i>) and the Yiddish is <i>treibering</i>. This is done by a <i>menaḳḳer</i> (Yiddish).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinsaltz1976" class="citation book cs1">Steinsaltz, Adin (17 June 1976). <i>The Essential Talmud</i>. pp. 224–225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Talmud&rft.pages=224-225&rft.date=1976-06-17&rft.aulast=Steinsaltz&rft.aufirst=Adin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoreh_De%27ah" title="Yoreh De'ah">Yoreh De'ah</a> 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zivotofsky1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zivotofsky1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivotofsky2011" class="citation web cs1">Zivotofsky, Ari Z. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part1/">"Kashrut of Birds – The Biblical Story"</a>. <i>Is Turkey Kosher?</i>. Scharf Associates<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Is+Turkey+Kosher%3F&rft.atitle=Kashrut+of+Birds+%E2%80%93+The+Biblical+Story&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zivotofsky&rft.aufirst=Ari+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com%2Farticles%2Fturk_part1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zivotofsky3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zivotofsky3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivotofsky2011" class="citation web cs1">Zivotofsky, Ari Z. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part3/">"Kashrut of Birds – The Need for a Mesorah"</a>. <i>Is Turkey Kosher?</i>. Scharf Associates<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Is+Turkey+Kosher%3F&rft.atitle=Kashrut+of+Birds+%E2%80%93+The+Need+for+a+Mesorah&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zivotofsky&rft.aufirst=Ari+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com%2Farticles%2Fturk_part3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Yoreh_De'ah.21?lang=bi">"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 21"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Yoreh+De%27ah+21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Yoreh_De%27ah.21%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Yoreh_De'ah.6?lang=bi">"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 6"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Yoreh+De%27ah+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Yoreh_De%27ah.6%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah,_Ritual_Slaughter.2.7?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Mishneh Torah, Ritual Slaughter 2:7"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Mishneh+Torah%2C+Ritual+Slaughter+2%3A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%2C_Ritual_Slaughter.2.7%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sefer Beit David 24:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uk_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uk_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shechitauk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Physiological_insights_into_Shechita__S.D.Rosen__Veterinary_Record_2004_01.pdf?x55307">S. D. Rosen. Physiological Insights into Shechita.<i> The Veterinary Record</i> 12 June 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zdun, M., Frąckowiak, H., Kiełtyka-Kurc, A., Kowalczyk, K., Nabzdyk, M. and Timm, A. (2013), The Arteries of Brain Base in Species of Bovini Tribe. Anat. Rec., 296: 1677–1682. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.22784">10.1002/ar.22784</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Yoreh_De'ah.23?lang=bi">"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Basel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-847-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-847-6"><bdi>978-3-85616-847-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030337455">1030337455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%BCdische+Schweiz+%3A+50+Objekte+erz%C3%A4hlen+Geschichte+%3D+Jewish+Switzerland+%3A+50+objects+tell+their+stories&rft.place=Basel&rft.edition=1.+Auflage&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030337455&rft.isbn=978-3-85616-847-6&rft.au=Battegay%2C+Caspar%2C+1978-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1030337455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sword-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sword_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2019" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (22 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/bereishis-the-sword-of-methusaleh/">"Bereishis: The Sword of Methusaleh"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Bereishis%3A+The+Sword+of+Methusaleh&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fbereishis-the-sword-of-methusaleh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Yoreh_De%27ah.6?ven=Asher_Meza_(without_commentary)&vhe=Ashlei_Ravrevei:_Shulchan_Aruch_Yoreh_Deah,_Lemberg,_1888&lang=bi">"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 6"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Yoreh+De%27ah+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Yoreh_De%2527ah.6%3Fven%3DAsher_Meza_%28without_commentary%29%26vhe%3DAshlei_Ravrevei%3A_Shulchan_Aruch_Yoreh_Deah%2C_Lemberg%2C_1888%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Yoreh_De%27ah.18?vhe=Ashlei_Ravrevei:_Shulchan_Aruch_Yoreh_Deah,_Lemberg,_1888&lang=bi">"Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 18"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Yoreh+De%27ah+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Yoreh_De%2527ah.18%3Fvhe%3DAshlei_Ravrevei%3A_Shulchan_Aruch_Yoreh_Deah%2C_Lemberg%2C_1888%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Kaf_HaChayim_on_Shulchan_Arukh,_Yoreh_De%27ah.18.28.1?vhe=Kaf_Hachayim,_Yoreh_Deah,_Jerusalem_1936-1957&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 18:28:1"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Kaf+HaChayim+on+Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Yoreh+De%27ah+18%3A28%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKaf_HaChayim_on_Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Yoreh_De%2527ah.18.28.1%3Fvhe%3DKaf_Hachayim%2C_Yoreh_Deah%2C_Jerusalem_1936-1957%26lang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Chullin.1.2?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&vhe=Torat_Emet_357&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Mishnah Chullin 1:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishnah+Chullin+1%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishnah_Chullin.1.2%3Fven%3DWilliam_Davidson_Edition_-_English%26vhe%3DTorat_Emet_357%26lang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVertheim1992" class="citation book cs1">Vertheim, Aharon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_n-Hb634XUIC&pg=PA302"><i>Law and Custom in Hasidism</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 302–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-401-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-401-3"><bdi>978-0-88125-401-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Custom+in+Hasidism&rft.pages=302-&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-401-3&rft.aulast=Vertheim&rft.aufirst=Aharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_n-Hb634XUIC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0322.htm#28">Leviticus 22:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yeshiva.co/ask/?id=6507">"Beit Yousef Meat | Rabbi David Sperling | Ask the rabbi | yeshiva.co"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beit+Yousef+Meat+%26%23124%3B+Rabbi+David+Sperling+%26%23124%3B+Ask+the+rabbi+%26%23124%3B+yeshiva.co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeshiva.co%2Fask%2F%3Fid%3D6507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yhb-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yhb_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yhb_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726233923/http://en.yhb.org.il/2012/02/17/the-difference-between-glatt-and-kosher-meat/">"The Difference between 'Glatt' and Kosher Meat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.yhb.org.il/2012/02/17/the-difference-between-glatt-and-kosher-meat/">the original</a> on 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Difference+between+%27Glatt%27+and+Kosher+Meat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.yhb.org.il%2F2012%2F02%2F17%2Fthe-difference-between-glatt-and-kosher-meat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/porge">"porge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=porge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fporge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12288-porging">"Porging"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porging&rft.pub=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12288-porging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> <i>Kedushah</i>, <i>Forbidden Foods</i> 8:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> <i>Kedushah</i>, <i>Forbidden Foods</i> 6:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12288-porging">"Porging"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia 1905</i>. Jewishencyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Porging&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia+1905&rft.pub=Jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12288-porging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein1901" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eisenstein, Judah David (19 June 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=453&letter=P">"PORGING"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 10. New York: <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls" title="Funk & Wagnalls">Funk & Wagnalls</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16014703">16014703</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PORGING&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901-06-19&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16014703&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=Judah+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D453%26letter%3DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashrut.com/articles/nikkur/">What's the Truth about Nikkur Achoraim?</a> kashrut.com, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0109.htm#4">Genesis 9:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0317.htm#10">Leviticus 17:10–14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0512.htm#23">Deuteronomy 12:23–24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulchan Gavoah to Yoreh Deah 61:61. Text: "The obligation of giving the gifts lay upon the Shochet to separate the parts due to the Kohanim. Apparently, the reasoning is that since the average Shochet is a "<a href="/wiki/Talmid_Chacham" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmid Chacham">Talmid Chacham</a>", since he completed the prerequisite of understanding the (complex) laws of Shechita and Bedikah. It is assumed that he -as well- is knowledgeable in the details of the laws of giving the gifts, and will not put the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a> aside. This, however, is not the case with the animal's owner, since the average owner is an <a href="/wiki/Am_ha%27aretz" title="Am ha'aretz">Am ha-aretz</a> not wholly knowledgeable in the laws of the gifts -and procrastinates in completing the mitzvah."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Ritual_Slaughter.14?lang=he">Mishnah Torah, laws of kosher slaughter 14:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TONY KUSHNER (1989) STUNNING INTOLERANCE, Jewish Quarterly, 36:1, 16-20, DOI: 10.1080/0449010X.1989.10705025</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/217060">Gutachten</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciwf.org.uk/news/compassion_news/plea_on_unstunned_halal_and_kosher_meat.aspx">"Compassion in World Farming: Unstunned Hallal and Kosher Meat (with link to collected reports)"</a>. Ciwf.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compassion+in+World+Farming%3A+Unstunned+Hallal+and+Kosher+Meat+%28with+link+to+collected+reports%29&rft.pub=Ciwf.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciwf.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fcompassion_news%2Fplea_on_unstunned_halal_and_kosher_meat.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman2009" class="citation news cs1">Hickman, Martin (22 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-cruel-religious-slaughter-say-scientists-1712241.html">"End 'cruel' religious slaughter, say scientists"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=End+%27cruel%27+religious+slaughter%2C+say+scientists&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fend-cruel-religious-slaughter-say-scientists-1712241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/2977678.stm">"BBC: Should Halal and Kosher meat be banned?"</a>. BBC News. 16 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC%3A+Should+Halal+and+Kosher+meat+be+banned%3F&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftalking_point%2F2977678.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2977086.stm">"BBC: Halal and Kosher slaughter 'must end'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 10 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC%3A+Halal+and+Kosher+slaughter+%27must+end%27&rft.date=2003-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F2977086.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/animalscience/mobile/news/13568">"The Government response to the Farm Animal Welfare Council's report on animal welfare at slaughter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Government+response+to+the+Farm+Animal+Welfare+Council%27s+report+on+animal+welfare+at+slaughter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabi.org%2Fanimalscience%2Fmobile%2Fnews%2F13568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731221846/http://www.defra.gov.uk//animalh/welfare/farmed/final_response.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/farmed/final_response.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defra.gov.uk%2Fanimalh%2Fwelfare%2Ffarmed%2Ffinal_response.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2004" class="citation news cs1">Kirby, Terry (2 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/government-backs-down-on-religious-slaughter-ban-558596.html">"Government backs down on religious slaughter ban<i>The Independent</i>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Government+backs+down+on+religious+slaughter+banThe+Independent&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Fgovernment-backs-down-on-religious-slaughter-ban-558596.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> The religious stipulations in both faiths stem from the belief that animals should not eat an animal that has undergone hurt or injury in dying. They say the swift severance of the jugular vein and the draining of blood, consumption of which is forbidden, causes the animal to feel virtually nothing.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Animals should not eat an animal" should perhaps read "one should not eat an animal". "The swift severance of the jugular vein" is not an accurate description of kosher or halal slaughter. Four major blood vessels are severed: two of which supply the brain with oxygenated blood, and two jugular veins that transport blood back to the heart. Consciousness is maintained by a constant flow of oxygenated blood over the brain. It is in "conventional" slaughter that only one jugular is cut. One of FAWC's recommendations was to standardize slaughter by always cutting two carotid arteries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fve.org/news/position_papers/animal_welfare/fve_02_104_slaughter_prior_stunning.pdf">"Slaughter of Animals Without Prior Stunning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federation of Veterinarians of Europe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaughter+of+Animals+Without+Prior+Stunning&rft.pub=Federation+of+Veterinarians+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fve.org%2Fnews%2Fposition_papers%2Fanimal_welfare%2Ffve_02_104_slaughter_prior_stunning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schulze_halastudy-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schulze_halastudy_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schulze_halastudy_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulze W., Schultze-Petzold H., Hazem A. S., Gross R. <i>Experiments for the objectification of pain and consciousness during conventional (captive bolt stunning) and religiously mandated ("ritual cutting") slaughter procedures for sheep and calves.</i> Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1978 Feb 5;85(2):62-6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mustaqim.co.uk/halalstudy.htm">English translation by Dr Sahib M. Bleher</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNS-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TNS_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Nick (5 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200407050016">"God's own chosen meat"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>. <b>133</b> (4695): 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-7431">1364-7431</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>Possible reasons for the suffering are laid out in various research papers that Compassion in World Farming has collected. After the throat is cut, large clots can form at the severed ends of the carotid arteries, leading to occlusion of the wound (or "ballooning" as it is known in the slaughtering trade). Occlusions slow blood loss from the carotids and delay the decline in blood pressure that prevents the suffering brain from blacking out. In one group of calves, 62.5 per cent suffered from ballooning. Even if the slaughterman is a master of his craft and the cut to the neck is clean, blood is carried to the brain by vertebral arteries, and it keeps cattle conscious of their pain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=God%27s+own+chosen+meat&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=4695&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=2004-07-05&rft.issn=1364-7431&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F200407050016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GibsonEtAl2009-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GibsonEtAl2009_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTJ_GibsonCB_JohnsonJC_MurrellCM_Hulls2009" class="citation journal cs1">TJ Gibson; CB Johnson; JC Murrell; CM Hulls; SL Mitchinson; KJ Stafford; AC Johnstone; DJ Mellor (13 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/4949/1/4949.pdf">"Electroencephalographic responses of halothane-anaesthetised calves to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Zealand Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 77–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00480169.2009.36882">10.1080/00480169.2009.36882</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19471325">19471325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205460429">205460429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Electroencephalographic+responses+of+halothane-anaesthetised+calves+to+slaughter+by+ventral-neck+incision+without+prior+stunning&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-83&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205460429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19471325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00480169.2009.36882&rft.au=TJ+Gibson&rft.au=CB+Johnson&rft.au=JC+Murrell&rft.au=CM+Hulls&rft.au=SL+Mitchinson&rft.au=KJ+Stafford&rft.au=AC+Johnstone&rft.au=DJ+Mellor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.rvc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4949%2F1%2F4949.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coghlan2009-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coghlan2009_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Coghlan2009" class="citation news cs1">Andy Coghlan (13 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015150640/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17972-animals-feel-the-pain-of-religious-slaughter.html">"Animals feel the pain of religious slaughter"</a>. New Scientist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17972-animals-feel-the-pain-of-religious-slaughter.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Animals+feel+the+pain+of+religious+slaughter&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.au=Andy+Coghlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn17972-animals-feel-the-pain-of-religious-slaughter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.grandin.com/ritual/slaughter.without.stunning.causes.pain.html">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a> Discussion of research that shows that Kosher or Halal slaughter without stunning causes pain</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/06/halal-shechita-politics-animal-slaughter">"Halal, shechita and the politics of animal slaughter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Halal%2C+shechita+and+the+politics+of+animal+slaughter&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmar%2F06%2Fhalal-shechita-politics-animal-slaughter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8420154/Shechita-is-not-a-painful-method-of-slaughter-claims-Jewish-community.html">"Shechita is not a painful method of slaughter, claims Jewish community"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004030005/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8420154/Shechita-is-not-a-painful-method-of-slaughter-claims-Jewish-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Shechita+is+not+a+painful+method+of+slaughter%2C+claims+Jewish+community&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F8420154%2FShechita-is-not-a-painful-method-of-slaughter-claims-Jewish-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2012" class="citation web cs1">Harman, Danna (10 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/israeli-knesset-committee-seeks-end-to-european-bans-on-kosher-slaughter-1.406578">"Israeli Knesset committee seeks end to European bans on kosher slaughter <i>Ha'aretz</i> Knesset Committee on Immigration, Absorption and Diaspora Affairs chair says attempts to outlaw 'Shechita' contain 'anti-Semitic' elements. <i>Ha'aretz</i> Johnathan Lis January 10, 2012"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israeli+Knesset+committee+seeks+end+to+European+bans+on+kosher+slaughter+Ha%27aretz+Knesset+Committee+on+Immigration%2C+Absorption+and+Diaspora+Affairs+chair+says+attempts+to+outlaw+%27Shechita%27+contain+%27anti-Semitic%27+elements.+Ha%27aretz+Johnathan+Lis+January+10%2C+2012&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Danna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fisraeli-knesset-committee-seeks-end-to-european-bans-on-kosher-slaughter-1.406578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grandin.com/ritual/kosher.slaugh.html">">Religious slaughter and animal welfare:a discussion for meat scientists"</a>. <i>grandin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grandin.com&rft.atitle=%3EReligious+slaughter+and+animal+welfare%3Aa+discussion+for+meat+scientists.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrandin.com%2Fritual%2Fkosher.slaugh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandin.com/ritual/kosher.box.variables.time.lose.sensibility.html">"Kosher Box Operation, Design, and Cutting Technique will Affect the Time Required for Cattle to Lose Consciousness"</a>. <i>www.grandin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grandin.com&rft.atitle=Kosher+Box+Operation%2C+Design%2C+and+Cutting+Technique+will+Affect+the+Time+Required+for+Cattle+to+Lose+Consciousness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandin.com%2Fritual%2Fkosher.box.variables.time.lose.sensibility.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TG1_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Grandin, Temple</a> (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021162658/http://grandin.com/ritual/welfare.diffs.sheep.cattle.html">"Welfare During Slaughter without stunning (Kosher or Halal) differences between Sheep and Cattle"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandin.com/ritual/welfare.diffs.sheep.cattle.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welfare+During+Slaughter+without+stunning+%28Kosher+or+Halal%29+differences+between+Sheep+and+Cattle&rft.date=2011-08&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandin.com%2Fritual%2Fwelfare.diffs.sheep.cattle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2011" class="citation web cs1">Grandin, Temple (28 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/137318/maximizing-animal-welfare-in-kosher-slaughter/">"Maximising Animal Welfare in Kosher Slaughter"</a>. Forward.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maximising+Animal+Welfare+in+Kosher+Slaughter&rft.pub=Forward.com&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F137318%2Fmaximizing-animal-welfare-in-kosher-slaughter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanklowitz2018" class="citation web cs1">Yanklowitz, Rabbi Shmuly (13 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@rabbiyanklowitz/improving-animal-treatment-in-slaughterhouses-an-interview-with-dr-temple-grandin-7c124be209c3">"Improving Animal Treatment in Slaughterhouses: An Interview with Dr. Temple Grandin"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Improving+Animal+Treatment+in+Slaughterhouses%3A+An+Interview+with+Dr.+Temple+Grandin&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft.aulast=Yanklowitz&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Shmuly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40rabbiyanklowitz%2Fimproving-animal-treatment-in-slaughterhouses-an-interview-with-dr-temple-grandin-7c124be209c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple Grandin <i>Thinking in Pictures. My Life with Autism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandin.com/ritual/rec.ritual.slaughter.html">"Recommended Ritual Slaughter Practices"</a>. Grandin.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommended+Ritual+Slaughter+Practices&rft.pub=Grandin.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandin.com%2Fritual%2Frec.ritual.slaughter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHui2012" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Y. H. (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZRCMRXbbwoC"><i>Handbook of Meat and Meat Processing, Second Edition. Y. H. Hui (editor)</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439836835" title="Special:BookSources/9781439836835"><bdi>9781439836835</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Meat+and+Meat+Processing%2C+Second+Edition.+Y.+H.+Hui+%28editor%29&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.isbn=9781439836835&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Y.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ZRCMRXbbwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/30/national/30cnd-kosh.html?_r=0">The New York Times <i>Videotapes Show Grisly Scenes at Kosher Slaughterhouse</i> By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr. 30 November 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Gross: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishveg.com/media11.html">When Kosher Isn't Kosher</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110073104/http://www.jewishveg.com/media11.html">Archived</a> 10 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikkun Magazine">Tikkun Magazine</a>, March/April 2005, Vol. 20, No. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishkoff2010" class="citation book cs1">Fishkoff, Sue (2010). <i>Kosher Nation</i>. New York: Schocken.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosher+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Fishkoff&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoer" class="citation web cs1">Foer, Jonathan Safran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7330038074290819722">"If This Is Kosher…"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+This+Is+Kosher%E2%80%A6&rft.aulast=Foer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Safran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideoplay%3Fdocid%3D-7330038074290819722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanoff2013" class="citation web cs1">Romanoff, Zan (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishjournal.com/food/article/kosher_farm_to_table">"Kosher – Farm to table | Food"</a>. Jewish Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosher+%E2%80%93+Farm+to+table+%26%23124%3B+Food&rft.pub=Jewish+Journal&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=Romanoff&rft.aufirst=Zan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishjournal.com%2Ffood%2Farticle%2Fkosher_farm_to_table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArlukeSax1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arluke" title="Arnold Arluke">Arluke, Arnold</a>; Sax, Boria (1992). "Understanding Animal Protection and the Holocaust". <i>Anthrozoös</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 6–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F089279392787011638">10.2752/089279392787011638</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2536374">2536374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthrozo%C3%B6s&rft.atitle=Understanding+Animal+Protection+and+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-31&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F089279392787011638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2536374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arluke&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Sax%2C+Boria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShechita" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/jewishmethodofsl00dembiala" class="extiw" title="iarchive:jewishmethodofsl00dembiala">The Jewish method of Slaughter Compared with Other Methods : from the Humanitarian, Hygienic, and Economic Points of View</a> (1894) Author: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Dembo" title="Isaac Dembo">Dembo, Isaak Aleksandrovich</a>, 1847?–1906 [the date is incorrectly given as 1984, corrected here]</li> <li>Neville G. Gregory, T. Grandin: <i>Animal Welfare and Meat Science</i> Publisher: CABI; 1 edition 304 pp (1998)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/27639037?uid=3738984&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101470483873">Pablo Lerner and Alfredo Mordechai Rabello <i>The Prohibition of Ritual Slaughtering (Kosher Slaughtering and Halal) and Freedom of Religion of Minorities</i> Journal of Law and Religion 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526074825/http://www.samtycke.nu/doc/brantz_slakt.pdf">Dorothee Brantz <i>Stunning Bodies: Animal Slaughter, Judaism, and the Meaning of Humanity in Imperial Germany</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jewish_social_studies/toc/jss10.1.html">Robin Judd <i> The Politics of Beef: Animal Advocacy and the Kosher Butchering Debates in Germany</i></a></li> <li>Appendix I in <i>Meat and Meat Processing</i>. Y. H. Hui; (CRC Press. Second Edition 2012) <i>A Discussion of Stunned and Nonstunned Slaughter prepared by an International Group of Scientists and Religious Leaders</i>: Dr Shuja Shali (<i>Muslim Council of Britain</i>), Dr Stuart Rosen (<i>Imperial College, London, UK</i>), Dr Joe M. Regenstein (<i>Cornell University, USA</i>) and Dr Eric Clay (<i>Shared Journeys, USA</i>). Reviewers: Dr Temple Grandin (<i>Colorado State University, USA</i>), Dr. Ari Zivotofsky (<i>Bar-Ilan University, Israel</i>) Dr Doni Zivotofsky (<i>DVM, Israel</i>), Rabbi David Sears (Author of <i>Vision of Eden</i>, Brooklyn, USA, Dr Muhammad Chaudry (<i>Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America, Chicago</i>) and Paul Hbhav, (<i>Islamic Services of America</i>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZRCMRXbbwoC&dq=a+discussion+of+stunned+and+nonstunned+slaughter&pg=PA956">Google books</a></li> <li>David Fraser <i>Anti-Shechita Prosecutions in the Anglo-American World, 1855–1913: "A major attack on Jewish freedoms"</i>(North American Jewish Studies)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechita&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/ZIVGRO">Ari Z. Zivotofsky Government Regulations of <i> Shechita</i> (Jewish Religious Slaughter) in the Twenty-first Century: Are They Ethical?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/story/resolution-disturbing-trends-europe-concern-jews-and-other-religious-minorities">Resolution on Disturbing Trends in Europe of Concern to Jewish and Other Religious Minorities</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Rabbinical_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rabbinical Assembly">The Rabbinical Assembly</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/wjc-analysis-the-assault-on-shechita-and-the-future-of-jews-in-europe">The assault on shechita and the future of Jews in Europe. World Jewish Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303752027_A_Comparative_Analysis_of_Kosher_Slaughter_Regulation_and_Recommendations_as_to_How_this_Issue_Should_be_Dealt_With_in_the_United_States">Lewis, Melissa <i>A Comparative Analysis of Kosher Slaughter Regulation, and recommendations as to how this issue should be dealt with in the United States</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1455&context=cwilj"><i>The Cutting Edge: The debate over the regulation of ritual slaughter in the western world</i> Jeremy A. Rovinsky</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oukosher.org/blog/consumer-kosher/shechita/">Shechita at The Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashrut.com/articles/nikkur/"><i>What's the Truth about Niqqur Acharonayim?</i> by Rabbi Dr. Ari Z. Zivotofsky</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.atspace.com/Judaismfood00table.htm"><i>Laws of Judaism concerning food laws of ritual slaughter</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=222239"><i>Shechita – The Jewish Religious Humane Method of Animal Slaughter for Food</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rabbi.bendory.com/pix/shechita/"><i>Shehitah: A photo essay</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914100020/http://rabbi.bendory.com/pix/shechita/">Archived</a> 14 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/cplan/sites/default/files/Dialrel_report_43.pdf"><i>From the Slaughterhouse to the Consumer. Transparency and Information in the Distribution of Halal and Kosher Meat.</i> Dialrel project report. Authors: J. Lever, María Puig de la Bellacasa, M. Miele, Marc Higgin. <i>University of Cardiff</i> Cardiff, UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/florencebergeaud-blackler/docs/final-report-wp3-dialrel">dialrel final report: <i>Consumer and Consumption issues: Halal and Kosher Focus Groups Results</i> Dr Florence Bergeaud-Blacker IREMAM (CNRS) & <i>Université de la Méditerrainée, Aix-Marseille</i>; Dr Adrian Evans, <i>University of Cardiff</i>; Dr Ari Zivotofsky, <i>Bar-Ilan University</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227122659/http://www.dialrel.eu/dialrel-results/market-and-media">Comparative Report of the Public Debates on Religious Slaughter in Germany, UK, France & Norway. DIALREL Encouraging Dialogue in Issues of Religious Slaughter. Comparative report: Lill M Vramo & Taina Bucher: SIFO (<i>National Institute for Consumer Research</i>); National Reports (in appendix): Florence Bergeaud-Blecker (<i>French report</i>) Adrian Evans (<i>UK report</i>) Taina Bucher, Lill M. Vramo & Ellen Esser (<i>German report</i>) Taina Bucher, Laura Terragni & Lill M. Vramo (<i>Norwegian report</i>) 01/03/2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809131133/http://shechitauk.org/uploads/tx_resources/Physiological_insights_into_Shechita__S.D.Rosen__Veterinary_Record_2004_01.pdf">S.D. Rosen <i>Physiological Insights into Shechita</i> The Veterinary Record (2004) 154, 759–765</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14779271"><i>Should Animals be Stunned Before Slaughter?</i> Raffi Berg BBC</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Melamed" title="Eliezer Melamed">Eliezer Melamed</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/11282#.UgaDIoy316U.link"><i>What Does "Glatt" Mean?</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Mashgiach" title="Mashgiach">Mashgiach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitul" title="Bitul">Bitul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(prohibition)" title="Kil'ayim (prohibition)">Kil'ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_by_ingredient" title="Kosher by ingredient">Kosher by ingredient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee">Kosher meat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_animals" title="Kosher animals">Kosher animals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shechita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Living_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">limb of a live animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreleg,_cheeks_and_maw#"Kosher"_status" title="Foreleg, cheeks and maw">Foreleg, cheeks and maw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_against_slaughtering_an_animal_and_its_offspring_on_the_same_day" title="Prohibition against slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day">Prohibition against slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelev" title="Chelev">Chelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkur" title="Nikkur">Nikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gid_hanasheh" title="Gid hanasheh">Gid hanasheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terefah" title="Terefah">Terefah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_pekuah" title="Ben pekuah">Ben pekuah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">Kosher foods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishul_Yisrael" title="Bishul Yisrael">Bishul Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalav_Yisrael" title="Chalav Yisrael">Chalav Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pas_Yisroel" title="Pas Yisroel">Pas Yisroel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadash" title="Chadash">Chadash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlah" title="Orlah">Orlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_locust" title="Kosher locust">Kosher locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_halal_and_kosher_fish" title="List of halal and kosher fish">Kosher fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/Kosher_certification_agency" title="Kosher certification agency">Kosher certification agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badatz" title="Badatz">Badatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Rabbinical_Council" title="Chicago Rabbinical Council">Chicago Rabbinical Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthKosher_Kosher_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthKosher Kosher Certification">EarthKosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_Check" title="Kosher Check">Kosher Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal-K" title="Seal-K">Seal-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashruth_Council_of_Canada" title="Kashruth Council of Canada">Kashruth Council of Canada (COR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_Supervision_of_America" title="Kosher Supervision of America">Kosher Supervision of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Beth_Din" title="London Beth Din">London Beth Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Kosher" title="Montreal Kosher">Montreal Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_Kosher_Certification" title="OK Kosher Certification">OK Kosher Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union_Kosher" title="Orthodox Union Kosher">Orthodox Union Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_California" title="Rabbinical Council of California">Rabbinical Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star-K" title="Star-K">Star-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet-K" title="Tablet-K">Tablet-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav_HaYosher" title="Tav HaYosher">Tav HaYosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_K" title="Triangle K">Triangle K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Synagogues" title="Union of Orthodox Synagogues">Union of Orthodox Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_Australia" title="Kosher Australia">Kosher Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #eeeeee">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_laws_regarding_kashrut" title="Civil laws regarding kashrut">Civil laws regarding kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_kashrut" title="Criticism of kashrut">Criticism of kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_airline_meal" title="Kosher airline meal">Kosher airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_restaurant" title="Kosher restaurant">Kosher restaurant</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kosher_restaurants" title="List of kosher restaurants">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_style" title="Kosher style">Kosher style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tourism" title="Kosher tourism">Kosher tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magen_Tzedek" title="Magen Tzedek">Magen Tzedek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> <small style="">( 139 )</small></li></ul> 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