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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formative_period_(1928–1936)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formative_period_(1928–1936)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Formative period (1928–1936) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formative_period_(1928–1936)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_into_politics_(1936–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_politics_(1936–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Entry into politics (1936–1939) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_politics_(1936–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1939–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 World War II (1939–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Post–World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_in_Palestine_and_Egypt_(1945–1952)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_in_Palestine_and_Egypt_(1945–1952)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Conflict in Palestine and Egypt (1945–1952) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_in_Palestine_and_Egypt_(1945–1952)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_under_the_"Free_Officers"_and_Nasser_(1952–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_under_the_"Free_Officers"_and_Nasser_(1952–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Dissolution under the "Free Officers" and Nasser (1952–1970) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_under_the_"Free_Officers"_and_Nasser_(1952–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mubarak_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mubarak_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Mubarak era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mubarak_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_revolution_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_revolution_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2011 revolution and after </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_revolution_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 General leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_outside_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_outside_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Presence outside of Egypt </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presence_outside_of_Egypt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presence outside of Egypt subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presence_outside_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In the Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Bahrain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.7 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.8 Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.9 Kuwait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.10 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.11 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.12 United Arab Emirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.13 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rest of Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Algeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Mauritania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Morocco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Somalia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Other states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stance_on_democracy,_civil_rights_and_secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance_on_democracy,_civil_rights_and_secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stance on democracy, civil rights and secularism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stance_on_democracy,_civil_rights_and_secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mottos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mottos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mottos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mottos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Strategy and organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Motives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_non-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_non-Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Status of non-Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_non-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Response to criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Designation as a terrorist organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Outside the Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_diplomatic_crises_in_Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_diplomatic_crises_in_Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Relationship to diplomatic crises in Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_diplomatic_crises_in_Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Muslim Brotherhood</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%99%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8A%E1%88%9D_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9B%E1%88%9B%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የሙስሊም ወንድማማችነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሙስሊም ወንድማማችነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="الإخوان المسلمون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإخوان المسلمون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իսլամ Եղբայրներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսլամ Եղբայրներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCs%C9%99lman_Qarda%C5%9Flar" title="Müsəlman Qardaşlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müsəlman Qardaşlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="موسلمان قارداش‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موسلمان قارداش‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1" title="মুসলিম ব্রাদারহুড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুসলিম ব্রাদারহুড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok-su-l%C3%AEm_hia%E2%81%BF-t%C4%AB-h%C5%8De" title="Bok-su-lîm hiaⁿ-tī-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bok-su-lîm hiaⁿ-tī-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Браты-мусульмане – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Браты-мусульмане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Браты-мусульмане – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Браты-мусульмане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мюсюлманско братство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мюсюлманско братство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimansko_bratstvo" title="Muslimansko bratstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Muslimansko bratstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breudeur_vuzulman" title="Breudeur vuzulman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Breudeur vuzulman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_Musulmans" title="Germans Musulmans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germans Musulmans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimsk%C3%A9_bratrstvo" title="Muslimské bratrstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muslimské bratrstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Frawdoliaeth_Fwslimaidd" title="Y Frawdoliaeth Fwslimaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Frawdoliaeth Fwslimaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_muslimske_broderskab" title="Det muslimske broderskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det muslimske broderskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimbr%C3%BCder" title="Muslimbrüder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muslimbrüder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moslemi_Vennaskond" title="Moslemi Vennaskond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moslemi Vennaskond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Μουσουλμανική Αδελφότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσουλμανική Αδελφότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanos_Musulmanes" title="Hermanos Musulmanes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermanos Musulmanes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islama_Frataro" title="Islama Frataro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islama Frataro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaia_Musulmanak" title="Anaia Musulmanak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anaia Musulmanak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اخوان‌المسلمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخوان‌المسلمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_musulmans" title="Frères musulmans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frères musulmans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Br%C3%A1ithreachas_Moslamach" title="An Bráithreachas Moslamach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bráithreachas Moslamach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmandade_Musulm%C3%A1" title="Irmandade Musulmá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irmandade Musulmá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%A6%BC_%ED%98%95%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%A8" title="무슬림 형제단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무슬림 형제단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3an%27uwa_Musulmai" title="Ƴan'uwa Musulmai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƴan'uwa Musulmai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մուսուլման եղբայրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուսուլման եղբայրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1" title="मुस्लिम ब्रदरहुड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुस्लिम ब्रदरहुड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimansko_bratstvo" title="Muslimansko bratstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muslimansko bratstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamana_Kunfrataro" title="Islamana Kunfrataro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Islamana Kunfrataro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwanul_Muslimin" title="Ikhwanul Muslimin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikhwanul Muslimin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6%C3%B0ralag_m%C3%BAslima" title="Bræðralag múslima – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bræðralag múslima" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratelli_Musulmani" title="Fratelli Musulmani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fratelli Musulmani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="האחים המוסלמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האחים המוסלמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="მუსლიმთა საძმო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუსლიმთა საძმო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ихуан әл-Муслимин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ихуан әл-Муслимин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Exwan%C3%AA_Misilmanan" title="Îxwanê Misilmanan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îxwanê Misilmanan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB-%D0%98%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ал-Ихван ал-Муслимун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ал-Ихван ал-Муслимун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratres_musulmani" title="Fratres musulmani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fratres musulmani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulma%C5%86u_br%C4%81l%C4%ABba" title="Musulmaņu brālība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Musulmaņu brālība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulmon%C5%B3_Brolija" title="Musulmonų Brolija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Musulmonų Brolija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muszlim_Testv%C3%A9ris%C3%A9g" title="Muszlim Testvériség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Muszlim Testvériség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="മുസ്‌ലിം ബ്രദർഹുഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുസ്‌ലിം ബ്രദർഹുഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="მუსლიმეფიშ საჯიმალო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსლიმეფიშ საჯიმალო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الاخوان المسلمين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاخوان المسلمين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="اخوان المسلمون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اخوان المسلمون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwan_Muslimin" title="Ikhwan Muslimin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikhwan Muslimin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Мусульман ахан дүүс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мусульман ахан дүүс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moslimbroederschap" title="Moslimbroederschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moslimbroederschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1" title="मुस्लिम ब्रदरहुड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुस्लिम ब्रदरहुड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0%E5%90%8C%E8%83%9E%E5%9B%A3" title="ムスリム同胞団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムスリム同胞団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_muslimske_brorskap" title="Det muslimske brorskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det muslimske brorskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_muslimske_brorskapet" title="Det muslimske brorskapet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det muslimske brorskapet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulmon_birodarlar" title="Musulmon birodarlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Musulmon birodarlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1" title="ਮੁਸਲਿਮ ਬ੍ਰਦਰਹੁੱਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਸਲਿਮ ਬ੍ਰਦਰਹੁੱਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اخوان المسلمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اخوان المسلمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="اخوان المسلمون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اخوان المسلمون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracia_Muzu%C5%82ma%C5%84scy" title="Bracia Muzułmańscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bracia Muzułmańscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmandade_Mu%C3%A7ulmana" title="Irmandade Muçulmana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irmandade Muçulmana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%83%C8%9Bia_Musulman%C4%83" title="Frăția Musulmană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frăția Musulmană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F-%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Братья-мусульмане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Братья-мусульмане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="اخوان المسلمون – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اخوان المسلمون" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Britherheid" title="Muslim Britherheid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muslim Britherheid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ABllaz%C3%ABria_Myslimane" title="Vëllazëria Myslimane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vëllazëria Myslimane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frati_mussurmani" title="Frati mussurmani – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Frati mussurmani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muslim Brotherhood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئیخوان موسلمین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیخوان موسلمین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Муслиманско братство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Муслиманско братство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimansko_bratstvo" title="Muslimansko bratstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muslimansko bratstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimiveljeskunta" title="Muslimiveljeskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muslimiveljeskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimska_br%C3%B6draskapet" title="Muslimska brödraskapet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muslimska brödraskapet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முசுலிம் சகோதரத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முசுலிம் சகோதரத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ముస్లిం బ్రదర్‌హుడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముస్లిం బ్రదర్‌హుడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="อิควานัลมุสลิมีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิควานัลมุสลิมีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83-%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ихвону-л-муслимин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ихвону-л-муслимин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCman_Karde%C5%9Fler" title="Müslüman Kardeşler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müslüman Kardeşler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Брати мусульмани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брати мусульмани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اخوان المسلمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اخوان المسلمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anh_em_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Anh em Hồi giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anh em Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9s_moslim%C3%AEs" title="Frés moslimîs – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Frés moslimîs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="穆斯林兄弟会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆斯林兄弟会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="מוסלעם ברידערשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוסלעם ברידערשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E6%9C%83" title="穆斯林兄弟會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穆斯林兄弟會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E6%9C%83" title="穆斯林兄弟會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆斯林兄弟會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133207#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #009900; border-bottom:2px solid #009900; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Society of the Muslim Brothers</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">جماعة الإخوان المسلمين</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_Brotherhood_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muslim_Brotherhood_Emblem.svg/180px-Muslim_Brotherhood_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muslim_Brotherhood_Emblem.svg/270px-Muslim_Brotherhood_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muslim_Brotherhood_Emblem.svg/360px-Muslim_Brotherhood_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="502" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Muslim Brotherhood logo with the Arabic word for "prepare" present under two crossed swords</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Spokesperson</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gehad_El-Haddad" title="Gehad El-Haddad">Gehad El-Haddad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">22 March 1928; 96 years ago (1928-03-22) <a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (historical) Unclear (present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_profile-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Neo-Sufism" title="Sufism">Neo-Sufism</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious conservatism</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a><a href="#cite_note-Strindberg,_Anders,_and_Wärn,_Mats_2011_87-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li><li>Faction:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">State allies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (alleged)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul> Non-state allies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1044" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (alleged)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> (until 2017)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Full organisation: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ul> Affiliated militant groups only: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/">www.ikhwanweb.com</a> (English) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanonline.com/">www.ikhwanonline.com</a> (Arabic)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Society of the Muslim Brothers (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جماعة الإخوان المسلمين Jamāʿat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn) is a transnational <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> organization founded in Egypt by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic scholar</a> and schoolteacher <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-BorgesonValeri2009-31">[31]</a> Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing today various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Initially, as a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamic</a>, religious, and <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>, it preached Islam in Egypt, taught the <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a>, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. It later advanced into the political arena, aiming to end <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British colonial control of Egypt</a>. The movement's self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">sharia law</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>–its most famous slogan is "Islam is the solution". Charity is a major aspect of its work.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_profile-1">[1]</a> The group spread to other Muslim countries but still has one of its largest organizations in Egypt, despite a succession of government crackdowns from 1948 up until the present.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It remained a fringe group in the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a> until the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, when Islamism managed to replace popular secular <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> after a resounding Arab defeat by Israel.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The movement was also supported by Saudi Arabia, with which it shared mutual enemies like <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> brought it legalization and substantial political power at first, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals.<a href="#cite_note-Ibish-37">[37]</a> The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 and won several elections,<a href="#cite_note-wade-38">[38]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">2012 presidential election</a> when its candidate <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> became Egypt's first president to gain power through an election.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A year later, following massive demonstrations and unrest, he was <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">overthrown</a> by the military and placed under house arrest; with a later review finding that the group failed to moderate its views or embrace democratic values during its time in power.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The group was then banned in Egypt and declared a terrorist organization. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> followed suit, driven by the perception that the Brotherhood is a threat to their authoritarian rule.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The group's founder accepted the utility of political violence<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and members of Brotherhood conducted assassinations and attempted assassinations on Egyptian state figures during his lifetime, including Egyptian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_El_Nokrashy_Pasha" title="Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha">Mahmud El Nokrashi</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-jabr-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, one of the group's most prominent thinkers, promoted <a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">takfirism</a> in Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq (Milestones), a doctrine that permits "the stigmatisation of other Muslims as infidel or apostate, and of existing states as unIslamic, and the use of extreme violence in the pursuit of the perfect Islamic society"; this doctrine continues to inspire many <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polk_2018-45">[45]</a> The group abandoned the use of violence in the 1970s. However, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, a Palestinian militant group that currently controls the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, is an off-shoot of the Brotherhood that continues to use violence. The Brotherhood itself claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization, and that its leader[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] "condemns violence and violent acts".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In recent times, the primary state backers of the Muslim Brotherhood have been <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> As of 2015, it is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EgyptGovtDeclaresTerrorist-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-base.consultant.ru-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SyriaTerror-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alaa_Shahine_and_Glen_Carey,_Bloomberg_News-53">[53]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_and_history_in_Egypt">Foundation and history in Egypt</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ittihad_Party" title="Ittihad Party">Ittihad Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formative_period_(1928–1936)">Formative period (1928–1936)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassan_al-Banna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hassan_al-Banna.jpg/220px-Hassan_al-Banna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hassan_al-Banna.jpg/330px-Hassan_al-Banna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Hassan_al-Banna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> founded the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a> in March 1928 along with six workers of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> Company, as a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamic">Pan-Islamic</a>, religious, political, and <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> They appointed Al-Banna as their leader and vowed to work for <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> and revive Islamic Brotherhood. Thus, the Muslim Brothers were born; under the pledge that its members would <blockquote>be soldiers in the call to Islam, and in that is the life for the country and the honour for the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Umma</a>... We are brothers in the service of Islam.. Hence we are the "Muslim Brothers".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellaigue-56">[56]</a></blockquote> The Suez Canal Company helped Banna build the mosque in Ismailia that would serve as the Brotherhood's headquarters, according to <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Mitchell" title="Richard P. Mitchell">Richard P. Mitchell</a>'s The Society of Muslim Brothers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> According to al-Banna, contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by Western influences. Sharia law based on the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> were seen as laws passed down by God that should be applied to all parts of life, including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Al-Banna was populist in his message of protecting workers against the tyranny of foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. Al-Banna held highly conservative views on issues such as women's rights, opposing equal rights for women, but supporting the establishment of justice towards women.<a href="#cite_note-Women-59">[59]</a> The Brotherhood grew rapidly going from 800 members in 1936, to 200,000 by 1938 and over 2 million by 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FFPIW-60-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entry_into_politics_(1936–1939)">Entry into politics (1936–1939)</h4></div> As its influence grew, it opposed British rule in Egypt starting in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-brill-61">[61]</a> al-Banna had been in contact with <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a> since 1927.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A central concern for the early Muslim Brotherhood was its pro-Arab activism for the Arab-Zionist conflict in Palestine, which in 1936–1939 culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">great Arab revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GershoniJankowski_223-224-63">[63]</a> While absent before the outbreak of the revolt,<a href="#cite_note-Berridge_p78-64">[64]</a> the Brotherhood now began to make use of aggressive anti-Jewish rhetorics which also targeted the <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Egypt">Jewish community in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GershoniJankowski_223-224-63">[63]</a> The official weekly of the Brotherhood, <a href="/wiki/Al_Nadhir" title="Al Nadhir">al-Nadhir</a>, published a series of articles titled "The Danger of Jews", warning of alleged Jewish plots against Islam like <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mellor_107-65">[65]</a> In 1938 al-Nadhir demanded from Egypt's Jews to either adopt an openly anti-Zionist stance or to face "hostility". It also criticized the prominent role of Jews in Egypt's society and their prominence in journalism, commercial spheres and the entertainment industry. al-Nadhir even called for a boycott and their expulsion, "for they have corrupted Egypt and its population."<a href="#cite_note-GershoniJankowski_223-224-63">[63]</a> In another instance the Jews were referred to as a "societal cancer".<a href="#cite_note-Berridge_p78-64">[64]</a> The Brotherhood eventually distributed a list of Jewish business owners and called for their boycott,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> claiming that they supported the Zionists.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Such conflations of Jews and Zionists were common.<a href="#cite_note-Mellor_107-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the years preceding World War II the Muslim Brothers grew connections with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, maintained via the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Nachrichtenb%C3%BCro" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro">Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro</a> in Cairo and Amin al-Husseini,<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_51-52-69">[69]</a> who himself received funds from the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Being interested in strengthening a militant anti-British organization, Germany may have funded the Brotherhood as early as 1934. One later British source claimed that in 1936 alone, Germany transferred over £5.000.<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_51-52-69">[69]</a> al-Banna and other members of the Brotherhood voiced admiration for aspects of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi ideology</a>, including its militarism and its centralization <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">revolving around a charismatic leader</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> but opposed others like its racial policies and ethnic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The outbreak of the war ended the relationship between Germany and the Muslim Brothers.<a href="#cite_note-GershoniJankowski_213-73">[73]</a> al-Banna denied that he had ever received German funding.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italian</a> funding of the Brotherhood is unlikely, as the latter vehemently opposed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian occupation of Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GershoniJankowski_213-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_(1939–1945)">World War II (1939–1945)</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMuslim_Brotherhood&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Muslim+Brotherhood">making an edit request</a>. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Over the course of the war, the Brotherhood displayed pro-Axis sympathies. Worried, the British kept the Brotherhood under firm control by temporarily banning its newsletters, surveiling its meetings and arresting various provincial leaders. al-Banna himself was briefly taken into custody and eventually acknowledged his loyalty to the British, although the latter remained suspicious.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawwalah_of_Muslim_Brotherhood_1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jawwalah_of_Muslim_Brotherhood_1940s.jpg/260px-Jawwalah_of_Muslim_Brotherhood_1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Jawwalah_of_Muslim_Brotherhood_1940s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="167" /></a><figcaption>A gathering of senior youth scouts (jawala, lit. "travellers") in the 1940s.</figcaption></figure> Between 1938 and 1940<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_22-76">[76]</a> or 1941<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_69-77">[77]</a> the Brotherhood formed an armed wing called the <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:النظام الخاص بجماعة الإخوان المسلمين">"Secret Apparatus"</a> (al-Nizam al-Khas),<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_22-76">[76]</a> also known as "Special Apparatus".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This group was a successor<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> of the "battalions" (kata'ib) established in late 1937.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Its goal was to fight the British until their expulsion from Egypt, British collaborators as well as Zionists.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It also protected the Brotherhood against the police and infiltrated the Communist movement.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The "Secret Apparatus" was led by a committee of five, with each of them commanding one tightly knit cell.<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_24-25-83">[83]</a> Only the most committed members,<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_69-77">[77]</a> mostly young students or men with salaried jobs,<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_24-25-83">[83]</a> were invited to join. New members of the "Secret Apparatus" were taught to obey, were given weapons,<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_69-77">[77]</a> underwent heavy physical training and were taught the concepts of Jihad and underground operations. The result was a zealous elite force.<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_24-25-83">[83]</a> Its first operation was allegedly towards the end of World War II, when members of the group threw a bomb at a British club.<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_69-77">[77]</a> Militarized youth sections were also raised, namely the junior kashafa ("scouts") and the more senior jawala ("travellers").<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 1948, al-Banna denounced fascism and militarism in his book Peace in Islam:<blockquote>"Nazism came to power in Germany, Fascism in Italy and both Hitler and Mussolini began to force their people to conform to what they thought; unity, order, development, and power. Certainly, this system led the two countries to stability and a vital international role. This cultivated much hope, reawakened aspiration, and united the whole country under one leader. Then what happened? It became apparent that these seemingly powerful systems were a real disaster. The inspiration and aspirations of the people were shattered and the system of democracy did not lead to the empowerment of the people but to the establishment of chosen tyrants. Eventually after a deadly war in which innumerable men, women, and children died, these regimes collapsed."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II">Post–World War II</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_in_Palestine_and_Egypt_(1945–1952)">Conflict in Palestine and Egypt (1945–1952)</h4></div> After the war the Brotherhood lobbied<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> for granting Amin al-Husseini, who had served as a German propaganda mouthpiece between 1941 and 1945,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> asylum in Egypt. In May 1946 al-Husseini managed to escape from French imprisonment and arrived in Cairo. He received a warm welcome, especially by al-Banna, who ennobled him to a "miracle of a man" with "a divine spark in his heart which makes him above human beings", followed by a martial pledge of loyalty against the Zionists.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Soon after his arrival the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Higher_Executive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Higher Executive (page does not exist)">Arab Higher Executive</a> (rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> in January 1947) as supreme Palestinian party with Amin al-Husseini as Cairo-based chairman.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> al-Banna designated al-Husseini a local Brotherhood leader to spread the influence of the new Palestinian branch established in October 1945.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Another small branch was founded in Jordan at the turn of 1946.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikhwan48-1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ikhwan48-1.gif/240px-Ikhwan48-1.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ikhwan48-1.gif/360px-Ikhwan48-1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Ikhwan48-1.gif 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Muslim Brotherhood fighters in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></figcaption></figure> The Brotherhood opposed the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>'s involvement in Palestine from April 1947, with the latter eventually voting for its partition into a Jewish and an Arab state in November 1947. Consequently, the society prepared for war,<a href="#cite_note-El-Awaisi_193-196-92">[92]</a> with volunteers entering Palestine as early as October 1947.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> By 30th November 1947 Palestine descended into a <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a> fought between the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> and al-Husseini's Arab Higher Committee, eventually ending in a Palestinian defeat by May 1948.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Of the 10,000 fighters al-Banna had promised in October 1947<a href="#cite_note-El-Awaisi_193-196-92">[92]</a> some 1.500 were present by March 1948.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The fighters came from all three branches and were originally engaged in guerilla activities.<a href="#cite_note-El-Awaisi_208-209-96">[96]</a> The end of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel's</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a> on 14 May resulted in an <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">invasion by five Arab states</a> in 15 May, among them Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Brotherhood fighters assisted the Egyptian army northeast of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza strip">Gaza</a>, although some were also active in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-El-Awaisi_208-209-96">[96]</a> The volunteers suffered a few hundred casualties dead and wounded and had only a limited impact on the course of the war,<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_136-98">[98]</a> although they played a decisive role in several engagements.<a href="#cite_note-El-Awaisi_208-210-99">[99]</a> The war was an Arab failure, resulting in a truce fiercely opposed by the Muslim Brothers.<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_136-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-El-Awaisi_208-210-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmoud_an-Nuqrashi_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Mahmoud_an-Nuqrashi_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_El_Nokrashy_Pasha" title="Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha">Nokrashy Pasha</a>, who was shot by a Brotherhood assassin after outlawing the society in 1948</figcaption></figure> On 2 November 1945 the Brotherhood organized a general strike protesting the Balfour declaration that eventually escalated into <a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Egypt" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt">deadly riots targeting Jews and foreigners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In March 1948 the "Secret Apparatus" assassinated a respected judge for issuing a life sentence against a Muslim Brother for attacking British soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In late 1948 the Brotherhood was estimated to have 2,000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathizers.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In November, following several bombings and alleged assassination attempts by the Brotherhood, the Egyptian government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's "Secret Apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It was accused of preparing the overthrow of the government, linked to a jeep loaded with weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_139-140-104">[104]</a> The headquarters were closed and its funds confiscated, while 4,000 Brothers were detained<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_38-39-105">[105]</a> and al-Banna was placed under temporary house arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Frampton_139-140-104">[104]</a> The reaction to the dissolution was the assassination of prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_El_Nokrashy_Pasha" title="Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha">Nokrashy Pasha</a> in 28 December by a young "Secret Apparatus" member.<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_38-39-105">[105]</a> al-Banna claimed that the killer acted independently<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and publicly denounced his faith.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> After a failed yet lethal bombing in mid-January 1949 which was intended to destroy legal evidence pending against the Brotherhood<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> al-Banna himself was killed in 12 February<a href="#cite_note-elZalaf_38-39-105">[105]</a> by vengeful Nokrashy supporters.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 1952, members of the Muslim Brotherhood were accused of taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Fire">Cairo Fire</a> that destroyed some 750 buildings in downtown Cairo – mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-RebellionWright-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissolution_under_the_"Free_Officers"_and_Nasser_(1952–1970)">Dissolution under the "Free Officers" and Nasser (1952–1970)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg/150px-Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg/225px-Sayyid_Qutb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Brotherhood theorist <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, who was executed in 1966</figcaption></figure> In 1952 Egypt's monarchy was <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">overthrown</a> by a group of nationalist military officers (<a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers Movement</a>) who had formed a cell within the Brotherhood during the first war against Israel in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> However, after the revolution <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, the leader of the 'free officers' cell, after deposing the first President of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Neguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Neguib">Muhammad Neguib</a>, in a coup, quickly moved against the Brotherhood, blaming them for an attempt on his life. The Brotherhood was again banned and this time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many being tortured and held for years in prisons and <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. In the 1950s and 1960s many Brotherhood members sought sanctuary in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> From the 1950s, al-Banna's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Said_Ramadan" title="Said Ramadan">Said Ramadan</a> emerged as a major leader of the Brotherhood and the movement's unofficial "foreign minister". Ramadan built a major center for the Brotherhood centered on a mosque in Munich, which became "a refuge for the beleaguered group during its decades in the wilderness".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In the 1970s after the death of Nasser and under the new President (<a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>), the Egyptian Brotherhood was invited back to Egypt and began a new phase of participation in Egyptian politics.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mubarak_era">Mubarak era</h3></div> During the Mubarak era, observers both defended and criticized the Brotherhood. It was the largest opposition group in Egypt, calling for "Islamic reform", and a democratic system in Egypt. It had built a vast network of support through Islamic charities working among poor Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> According to ex-<a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> member and author <a href="/wiki/Uri_Avnery" title="Uri Avnery">Uri Avnery</a> the Brotherhood was religious but pragmatic, "deeply embedded in Egyptian history, more Arab and more Egyptian than fundamentalist". It formed "an old established party which has earned much respect with its steadfastness in the face of recurrent persecution, torture, mass arrests and occasional executions. Its leaders are untainted by the prevalent corruption, and admired for their commitment to social work".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> It also developed a significant movement online.<a href="#cite_note-arabmediasociety.com-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2005_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Egyptian parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary elections</a>, the Brotherhood became "in effect, the first opposition party of Egypt's modern era". Despite electoral irregularities, including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members, and having to run its candidates as independents (the organization being technically illegal), the Brotherhood won 88 seats (20% of the total) compared to 14 seats for the legal opposition.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes2007-119">[119]</a> During its term in parliament, the Brotherhood "posed a democratic political challenge to the regime, not a theological one", according to one <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> journalist,<a href="#cite_note-nytimes2007-119">[119]</a> while another report praised it for attempting to transform "the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body", that represented citizens and kept the government "accountable".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes2007-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-merip2006-120">[120]</a> But fears remained about its commitment to democracy, equal rights, and freedom of expression and belief—or lack thereof.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In December 2006, a campus demonstration by Brotherhood students in uniforms, demonstrating martial arts drills, betrayed to some such as Jameel Theyabi, "the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Another report highlighted the Muslim Brotherhood's efforts in Parliament to combat what one member called the "current US-led war against Islamic culture and identity," forcing the Minister of Culture at the time, <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Hosny" title="Farouk Hosny">Farouk Hosny</a>, to ban the publication of three novels on the ground they promoted blasphemy and unacceptable sexual practices.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In October 2007, the Muslim Brotherhood issued a detailed political platform. Among other things, it called for a board of Muslim clerics to oversee the government, and limiting the office of the presidency to Muslim men. In the "Issues and Problems" chapter of the platform, it declared that a woman was not suited to be president because the office's religious and military duties "conflict with her nature, social and other humanitarian roles". While proclaiming "equality between men and women in terms of their human dignity", the document warned against "burdening women with duties against their nature or role in the family".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Internally, some leaders in the Brotherhood disagreed on whether to adhere to Egypt's 32-year peace treaty with Israel. A deputy leader declared the Brotherhood would seek dissolution of the treaty,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> while a Brotherhood spokesman stated the Brotherhood would respect the treaty as long as "Israel shows real progress on improving the lot of the Palestinians".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_revolution_and_after">2011 revolution and after</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a> and fall of <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, the Brotherhood was legalized<a href="#cite_note-MBSharia-127">[127]</a> and was at first very successful, dominating the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election">2011 parliamentary election</a> and winning the <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">overthrow</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> a year later, leading to a crackdown on the Brotherhood again. On 30 April 2011, the Brotherhood launched a new party called the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a>, which won 235 of the 498 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election">2011 Egyptian parliamentary elections</a>, far more than any other party.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Souaiaia,_Ahmed-129">[129]</a> The party rejected the "candidacy of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", but not for cabinet positions.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Egyptian_President_Morsy_in_Addis_Ababa_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Egyptian_President_Morsy_in_Addis_Ababa_%282%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Egyptian_President_Morsy_in_Addis_Ababa_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Egyptian_President_Morsy_in_Addis_Ababa_%282%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Egyptian_President_Morsy_in_Addis_Ababa_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Egyptian_President_Morsy_in_Addis_Ababa_%282%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Egyptian_President_Morsy_in_Addis_Ababa_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Then-U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> meeting with then-Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, May 2013</figcaption></figure> The Muslim Brotherhood's candidate for Egypt's 2012 presidential election was <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, who defeated <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shafiq">Ahmed Shafiq</a>—the last prime minister under Mubarak's rule—with 51.73% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Although during his campaign Morsi himself promised to stand for peaceful relations with Israel,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-132">[132]</a> some high level supporters and former Brotherhood officials (from the organization's 15-member Guidance Council) reiterated hostility towards Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-133">[133]</a> For example, Egyptian cleric <a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a> spoke at the announcement rally for the Muslim Brotherhood's candidate Morsi and expressed his hope and belief that Morsi would liberate Gaza, restore the Caliphate of the "United States of the Arabs" with <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as its capital, and that "our cry shall be: 'Millions of martyrs march towards Jerusalem.'" Within a short period, serious public opposition developed to President Morsi. In late November 2012, he "temporarily" granted himself the power to <a href="/wiki/Legislate" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislate">legislate</a> without judicial oversight or review of his acts, on the grounds that he needed to "protect" the nation from the Mubarak-era power structure.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> He also put a draft constitution to a <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum">referendum</a> that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup".<a href="#cite_note-rule-136">[136]</a> These issues<a href="#cite_note-alarab912-137">[137]</a>—and concerns over the prosecutions of journalists, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators, the continuation of military trials, new laws that permitted detention without judicial review for up to 30 days,<a href="#cite_note-continue-138">[138]</a> brought hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests" title="2012–2013 Egyptian protests">protesters</a> to the streets starting in November 2012.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> By April 2013, Egypt had "become increasingly divided" between President Mohamed Morsi and "Islamist allies" and an opposition of "moderate Muslims, Christians and liberals". Opponents accused "Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition is trying to destabilize the country to derail the elected leadership".<a href="#cite_note-fray-141">[141]</a> Adding to the unrest were severe fuel shortages and electricity outages, which raised suspicions among some Egyptians that the end of gas and electricity shortages since the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi was evidence of a conspiracy to undermine him, although other Egyptians say it was evidence of Morsi's mismanagement of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 3 July 2013, Mohamed Morsi was removed from office and put into house arrest by the military,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> that happened shortly after <a href="/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">mass protests</a> against him began.<a href="#cite_note-misunderstood-quote-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> demanding the resignation of Morsi. There were also significant counter-protests in support of Morsi;<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-149">[149]</a> those were originally intended to celebrate the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration, and started days before the uprising. On 14 August, the interim government declared a month-long state of emergency, and riot police cleared the pro-Morsi sit-in during the <a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">Rabaa sit-in dispersal of August 2013</a>. Violence escalated rapidly following armed protesters attacking police, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Human_Rights" title="National Council for Human Rights">National Council for Human Rights</a>' report;<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> this led to the deaths of over 600 people and injury of some 4,000,<a href="#cite_note-ahram1-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> with the incident resulting in the most casualties in Egypt's modern history.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In retaliation, Brotherhood supporters looted and burned police stations and dozens of churches in response to the violence, though a Muslim Brotherhood spokesperson condemned the attacks on Christians and instead blamed military leaders for plotting the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-churches-154">[154]</a> The crackdown that followed has been called the worst for the Brotherhood's organization "in eight decades".<a href="#cite_note-run-155">[155]</a> By 19 August, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> reported that "most" of the Brotherhood's leaders were in custody.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> On that day Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a> was arrested,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> crossing a "red line", as even <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> had never arrested him.<a href="#cite_note-badie-159">[159]</a> On 23 September, a court ordered the group outlawed and its assets seized.<a href="#cite_note-shut-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazem_Al_Beblawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazem Al Beblawi">Hazem Al Beblawi</a> on 21 December 2013, declared the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation after a car bomb ripped through a police building and killed at least 14 people in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansoura</a>, which the government blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood, despite no evidence and an unaffiliated <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Beit_al-Maqdis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Beit al-Maqdis">Sinai-based terror group</a> claiming responsibility for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg/220px-Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg/330px-Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg/440px-Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A group of pro-Brotherhood protesters holding the <a href="/wiki/Rabia_sign" title="Rabia sign">Rabia sign</a> and making the associated gesture during a pro-Brotherhood protest held in October 2013</figcaption></figure> On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">to death</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> following an attack on a police station, an act described by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years [...] anywhere in the world".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by what <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> calls an "independent count"),<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have allegedly been arrested by police since the 2013 uprising.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> On 2 February 2015, an Egyptian court sentenced another 183 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> An editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> claimed that "leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, which became the leading political movement in the wake of Egypt's 2011 popular uprising, are languishing in prison, unfairly branded as terrorists. ... Egypt's crushing authoritarianism could well persuade a significant number of its citizens that violence is the only tool they have for fighting back".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Mohamed Morsi was sentenced to death on 16 May 2015, along with 120 others.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood claimed that Muslims did not carry out the <a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Botroseya Church bombing</a> and claimed it was a false flag conspiracy by the Egyptian government and Copts, in a statement released in Arabic on the FJP's website,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> but its claim was challenged by <a href="/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)" title="100 Women (BBC)">100 Women</a> participant Nervana Mahmoud<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] and Hoover Institution and Hudson Institute fellow Samuel Tadros.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The Muslim Brotherhood released an English-language commentary on the bombing and said it condemned the terrorist attack.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Qatar-based Muslim Brotherhood members are suspected to have helped a Muslim Brotherhood agent carry out the bombing, according to the Egyptian government.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The Qatar-based supporter was named as Mohab Mostafa El-Sayed Qassem.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The terrorist was named as Mahmoud Shafiq Mohamed Mostaf.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The Arabic-language website of the Muslim Brotherhood commemorated the anniversary of the death of its leader, Hassan al-Banna, and repeated his words calling for the teachings of Islam to spread all over the world and to raise the "flag of Jihad", taking their land, "regaining their glory", "including diaspora Muslims" and demanding an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> and a Muslim government, a Muslim people, a Muslim house, and Muslim individuals.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekameleen_TV" title="Mekameleen TV">Mekameleen TV</a>, a Turkey-based free-to-air satellite television channel run by exiled Brotherhood supporters, mourned his death and claimed it was "martyrdom". Mekameleen supports the Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Condolences were sent upon Omar Abdel Rahman's death by the website of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3></div> How much of the blame for the fall from power in Egypt of the Brotherhood and its allied Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) can be placed on the Brotherhood, and how much of it can be placed on its enemies in the Egyptian bureaucracy, media and security establishment is disputed. The Mubarak government's state media portrayed the Brotherhood as secretive and illegal,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> and numerous TV channels such as OnTV spent much of their air time vilifying the organization.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> But the Brotherhood took a number of controversial steps and also acquiesced to or supported crackdowns by the military during Morsi's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Before the revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood's supporters appeared at a protest at Al-Azhar University wearing military-style fatigues, after which the Mubarak government accused the organization of starting an underground militia.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> When it came to power, the Muslim Brotherhood indeed tried to establish armed groups of supporters and it sought official permission for its members to be armed.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_leaders">General leaders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Special:EditPage/Muslim Brotherhood">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Supreme guides or General leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood have been: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Badiea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mohammed_Badiea.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Badiea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mohammed_Badiea.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Badiea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mohammed_Badiea.jpg/440px-Mohammed_Badiea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a>, the current leader</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Founder and first General Leader: (1928–1949) <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> حسن البنا</li> <li>1949–1972 <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Hudaybi" title="Hassan al-Hudaybi">Hassan al-Hudaybi</a> حسن الهضيبي</li> <li>1972–1986 <a href="/wiki/Umar_al-Tilmisani" title="Umar al-Tilmisani">Umar al-Tilmisani</a> عمر التلمساني</li> <li>1986–1996 <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamid_Abu_al-Nasr" title="Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr">Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr</a> محمد حامد أبو النصر</li> <li>1996–2002 <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mashhur" title="Mustafa Mashhur">Mustafa Mashhur</a> مصطفى مشهور</li> <li>2002–2004 <a href="/wiki/Ma%27mun_al-Hudaybi" title="Ma'mun al-Hudaybi">Ma'mun al-Hudaybi</a> مأمون الهضيبي</li> <li>2004–2010 <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mahdi_Akef" title="Mohammed Mahdi Akef">Mohammed Mahdi Akef</a> محمد مهدي عاكف</li> <li>2010– <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a> محمد بديع</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presence_outside_of_Egypt">Presence outside of Egypt</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Middle_East">In the Middle East</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al_Eslah_Society" title="Al Eslah Society">Al Eslah Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Menber_Islamic_Society" title="Al-Menber Islamic Society">Al-Menber Islamic Society</a></div> Following parliamentary elections in 2002, <a href="/wiki/Al-Menbar_Islamic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Menbar Islamic Society">Al Menbar</a> became the largest joint party with eight seats in the forty-seat <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Bahrain">Chamber of Deputies</a>. Prominent members of Al Menbar include Dr. Salah Abdulrahman, Dr. Salah Al Jowder, and outspoken MP <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Khalid" title="Mohammed Khalid">Mohammed Khalid</a>. Additionally, it has strongly opposed the government's accession to the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Call_and_Reform_Organization" title="Iranian Call and Reform Organization">Iranian Call and Reform Organization</a></div> Although Iran is a predominately Shi'ite Muslim country and the Muslim Brotherhood has never attempted to create a branch for Shi'ites,<a href="#cite_note-roy-111-190">[190]</a> Olga Davidson and Mohammad Mahallati claim the Brotherhood has had influence among Shia in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Call_and_Reform_Organization" title="Iranian Call and Reform Organization">Iranian Call and Reform Organization</a>, a Sunni Islamist group active in Iran, has been described as an organization "that belongs to the Muslim Brotherhood"<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> or "Iranian Muslim Brotherhood",<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> while it has officially stated that it is not affiliated with the latter.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Turkey" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Turkey">Muslim Brotherhood in Turkey</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erdogan_gesturing_Rabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Erdogan_gesturing_Rabia.jpg/220px-Erdogan_gesturing_Rabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Erdogan_gesturing_Rabia.jpg/330px-Erdogan_gesturing_Rabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Erdogan_gesturing_Rabia.jpg/440px-Erdogan_gesturing_Rabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption>Erdoğan performing the <a href="/wiki/Rabia_sign" title="Rabia sign">Rabaa</a> gesture (which is used by Muslim Brotherhood supporters in Egypt protesting against the post-Brotherhood authorities)</figcaption></figure> The Turkish <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a>, the ruling party of Turkey, publicly supported the Muslim Brotherhood during and a few months after the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">overthrow</a> of the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Then-Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> claimed in an interview that this was because "Turkey would stand by whoever was elected as a result of legitimate elections."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, each year after Morsi's overthrow has seen the AKP "significantly detach itself from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt."<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq">Iraq</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Islamic_Party" title="Iraqi Islamic Party">Iraqi Islamic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas_of_Iraq" title="Hamas of Iraq">Hamas of Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Islamic_Party" title="Iraqi Islamic Party">Iraqi Islamic Party</a> was formed in 1960 as the Iraqi branch of the Brotherhood,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> but was banned from 1961 during the nationalist rule of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>. As government repression hardened under the <a href="/wiki/Baath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Baath Party">Baath Party</a> from February 1963, the group was forced to continue underground. After the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> government in 2003, the Islamic Party has reemerged as one of the main advocates of the country's Sunni community. Its leader is Iraqi Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Al-Hashimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariq Al-Hashimi">Tariq Al-Hashimi</a>. The Muslim Brotherhood was an active participation in the "Faith Campaign".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Obaidi" title="Khaled al-Obaidi">Khaled al-Obaidi</a> said that he received a death threat and was declared a non-Muslim by the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Also, in the north of Iraq there are several Islamic movements inspired by or part of the Muslim Brotherhood network. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> (KIU), a small political party holding 10 seats in the Kurdish parliament, was believed to be supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 90's.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The group leaders and members have been continuously arrested by Kurdish authorities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Israel" title="Islamic Movement in Israel">Islamic Movement in Israel</a></div> 'Abd al-Rahman al-Banna, the brother of the Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-Banna, went to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> and established the Muslim Brotherhood there in 1935. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini</a>, eventually appointed by the British as Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in hopes of accommodating him, was the leader of the group in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Another important leader associated with the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine was 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an inspiration to Islamists because he had been the first to lead an armed resistance in the name of Palestine against the British in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Brotherhood members fought alongside the Arab armies during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab–Israeli war">1948 Arab–Israeli war</a>, and, after Israel's creation, the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a> crisis encouraged more Palestinian Muslims to join the group. After the war, in the West Bank, the group's activity was mainly social and religious, not political, so it had relatively good relations with Jordan during the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</a>. In contrast, the group frequently clashed with the Egyptian government that controlled the Gaza Strip until 1967.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood's goal was "the upbringing of an Islamic generation" through the restructuring of society and religious education, rather than opposition to Israel, and so it lost popularity to insurgent movements and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Eventually, however, the Brotherhood was strengthened by several factors: <ol><li>The creation of al-Mujamma' al-Islami, the Islamic Center in 1973 by Shaykh Ahmad Yasin had a centralizing effect that encapsulated all religious organizations.</li> <li>The Muslim Brotherhood Society in Jordan and Palestine was created from a merger of the branches in the West Bank and Gaza and Jordan.</li> <li>Palestinian disillusion with the Palestinian militant groups caused them to become more open to alternatives.</li> <li>The Islamic Revolution in Iran offered inspiration to Palestinians. The Brotherhood was able to increase its efforts in Palestine and avoid being dismantled like militant groups because it did not focus on the occupation. While militant groups were being dismantled, the Brotherhood filled the void.<a href="#cite_note-hamas-207">[207]</a></li></ol> In 2006, the Brotherhood supported <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Hezbollah's military action against Israel</a>. It does not recognize the State of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestine">Palestine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></div> Between 1967 and 1987, the year Hamas was founded, the number of mosques in Gaza tripled from 200 to 600, and the Muslim Brotherhood named the period between 1975 and 1987 a phase of "social institution building."<a href="#cite_note-Strindberg,_Anders,_and_Wärn,_Mats_2011_87-12">[12]</a> During that time, the Brotherhood established associations, used <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> (alms giving) for aid to poor Palestinians, promoted schools, provided students with loans, used <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> (religious endowments) to lease property and employ people, and established mosques. Likewise, antagonistic and sometimes violent opposition to <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> and other secular nationalist groups increased dramatically in the streets and on university campuses.<a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-209">[209]</a> In 1987, following the First Intifada, the Islamic Resistance Movement, or <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a><a href="#cite_note-hamas-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> was established from Brotherhood-affiliated charities and social institutions that had gained a strong foothold among the local population. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (1987–93), Hamas militarized and transformed into one of the strongest Palestinian militant groups. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip</a> in 2007 was the first time since the Sudanese coup of 1989 that brought <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> to power, that a Muslim Brotherhood group ruled a significant geographic territory.<a href="#cite_note-Schanzer-211">[211]</a> However, the 2013 overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Morsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Morsi">Mohammad Morsi</a> government in Egypt significantly weakened Hamas's position, leading to a blockade of Gaza and economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Ibish3-hamas-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordan">Jordan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></div> The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan originates from the merging of two separate groups which represent the two components of the Jordanian public: the Transjordanian and the West Bank Palestinian.<a href="#cite_note-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan-213">[213]</a> On 9 November 1945 the Association of the Muslim Brotherhood (Jam'iyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin) was officially registered and Abu Qura became its first General Supervisor.<a href="#cite_note-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan-213">[213]</a> Abu Qura originally brought the Brotherhood to Jordan from Egypt after extensive study and spread of the teachings of Imam Hasan al-Banna.<a href="#cite_note-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan-213">[213]</a> While most political parties and movements were banned for a long time in Jordan such as <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>, the Brotherhood was exempted and allowed to operate by the Jordanian monarchy. In 1948, Egypt, Syria, and Transjordan offered "volunteers" to help Palestine in its war against Israel. Due to the defeat and weakening of Palestine, the Transjordanian and Palestinian Brotherhood merged.<a href="#cite_note-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan-213">[213]</a> The newly merged Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan was primarily concerned with providing social services and charitable work as well as with politics and its role in the parliament. It was seen as compatible with the political system and supported democracy without the forced implementation of Sharia law which was part of its doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> However, internal pressures from younger members of the Brotherhood who called for more militant actions as well as his failing health, Abu Qura resigned as the leader of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood. On 26 December 1953, Muhammad 'Abd al-Rahman Khalifa, was elected by the movement's administrative committee as the new leader of the Transjordanian Brotherhood and he retained this position until 1994. Khalifa was different from his predecessor and older members of the organization because he was not educated in Cairo, he was educated in Syria and Palestine. He established close ties with Palestinian Islamists during his educational life which led him to be jailed for several months in Jordan for criticizing Arab armies in the war.<a href="#cite_note-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan-213">[213]</a> Khalifa also reorganized the Brotherhood and applied to the government to designate the Brotherhood as "a comprehensive and general Islamic Committee, instead of the previous basis of operation under the "Societies and Clubs Law". This allowed the Brotherhood to spread throughout the country each with slight socioeconomic and political differences although the majority of the members were of the upper middle class. The radicalization of the Brotherhood began to take place after the peace process between Egypt and Israel, the Islamic Revolution of Iran, as well as their open criticism towards the Jordan-US relationship in the 1970s. Support for the Syrian branch of the Brotherhood also aided the radicalization of the group through open support and training for the rebel forces in Syria. The ideology began to transform into a more militant one which without it would not have the support of the Islamic radicals.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The Jordanian Brotherhood has formed its own political party, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a>. In 1989 they become the largest group in parliament, with 23 out of 80 seats, and 9 other Islamist allies.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> A Brother was elected president of the National Assembly and the cabinet formed in January 1991 included several MBs.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In 2011, against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood "mobilized popular protests on a larger, more regular, and more oppositional basis than ever before".<a href="#cite_note-Amis-218">[218]</a> and had uniquely positioned themselves as "the only traditional political actor to have remained prominent during [the] new phase of post-Arab Spring activism"<a href="#cite_note-Amis-218">[218]</a> which led <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a> and then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a> to invite the Muslim Brotherhood to join Bakhit's cabinet, an offer they refused.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood also boycotted the 2011 Jordanian municipal elections and led the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Jordanian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Jordanian protests">2011–12 Jordanian protests</a> demanding a constitutional monarchy and electoral reforms, which resulted in the firing of <a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Prime Minister Bakhit</a> and the calling of <a href="/wiki/2013_Jordanian_general_election" title="2013 Jordanian general election">early general elections in 2013</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amis-218">[218]</a> As of late 2013, the movement in Jordan was described as being in "disarray".<a href="#cite_note-Ibish2-220">[220]</a> The instability and conflict with the monarchy has led the relationship between the two to crumble. In 2015, some 400 members of the Muslim Brotherhood defected from the original group including top leaders and founding members, to establish another Islamic group, with an allegedly moderate stance. The defectors said that they didn't like how things were run in the group and due to the group's relations with Hamas, Qatar and Turkey, which put suspicion on the group questioning if they are under the influence and working for the benefit of these states and organizations on the expense of the Jordanian state.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> On 13 April 2016, Jordanian police raided and shut the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters in Amman. This comes despite the fact that the Jordanian branch cut ties with the mother Egyptian group in January 2016, a designated terrorist organization, a move that is considered to be exclusively cosmetic by experts. Jordanian authorities state that the reason of closure is because that the Brotherhood is unlicensed and is using the name of the defectors' licensed group. This comes after the Jordanian senate passed a new legislation for the regulation of political parties in 2014, the Muslim Brotherhood did not adhere by the regulations of the new law and so they did not renew their membership.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In 2020, a Jordanian Court of Cassation decided that the local branch of the Muslim Brotherhood will be dissolved after the branch did not renew its license after a new law was issued on organizations.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qatar">Qatar</h4></div> In 1999 the Muslim Brotherhood was disbanded in Qatar. The country's longstanding support for the group has been often explained as determined by a strategic calculus that limited the role played by religion in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-:20-224">[224]</a> As the director of the Center for International and Regional Studies at the Doha-based branch of Georgetown University, Mehran Kamrava, posited, Qatar presenting itself as the state patron of the Muslim Brotherhood has caused religion in Qatar to not "play any role in articulating or forming oppositional sentiments."<a href="#cite_note-:20-224">[224]</a> Qatar's patronage has been primarily expressed through the ruling family's endorsement of Muslim Brotherhood's most representative figures, especially <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>. Qaradawi is a prominent, yet controversial Sunni preacher and theologian who continues to serve as the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood. An Egyptian citizen, Qaradawi fled Egypt for Qatar in 1961 after being imprisoned under President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdul_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamal Abdul Nasser">Gamal Abdul Nasser</a>. In 1962 he chaired the Qatari Secondary Institute of Religious Studies, and in 1977 he founded and directed the Shariah and Islamic Studies department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Qatar">University of Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> He left Qatar to return to Egypt shortly before the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>. For twenty years, Qaradawi has hosted a popular show titled Shariah and Life on the Qatari-based media channel <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a>, a government sponsored channel notoriously supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamism and often designated as a propaganda outlet for the Qatari government.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> From that platform, he has promoted his Islamist—and often radical views—on life, politics, and culture. His positions, as well as his controversial ties to extremist and terrorist individuals and organizations, made him <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a> to the U.S., UK and French governments respectively in 1999, 2008, and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Before 2013, however, Qatar had made a substantial investment on Morsi's leadership and had devolved about $10 million to Egypt since Morsi was elected, allegedly also to "buy political advantage" in the country.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In December 2019, Qatari Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani told CNN in an interview that Qatar never supported Muslim Brotherhood and does not fund terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadas">Hadas</a></div> Egyptian Brethren came to Kuwait in the 1950s as refugees from Arab nationalism and integrated into the education ministry and other parts of the state. The Brotherhood's charity arm in Kuwait is called Al Eslah (Social Reform Society)<a href="#cite_note-monitor-kuwait-234">[234]</a> and its political arm is called the Islamic Constitutional Movement (ICM) or "Hadas".<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Members of ICM have been elected to parliament and served in the government and are "widely believed to hold sway with the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Ministry_of_Awqaf_and_Islamic_Affairs" title="Kuwait Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs">Ministry of Awqaf" (Islamic endowment) and Islamic Affairs</a>, but have never reached a majority or even a plurality—"a fact that has required them to be pragmatic about working with other political groups".<a href="#cite_note-monitor-kuwait-234">[234]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a>, the Kuwait MB (along with other MB in the Gulf States) supported the American-Saudi coalition forces against Iraq and "quit the brotherhood's international agency in protest" over its pro-Saddam stand.<a href="#cite_note-roy-121-237">[237]</a> However following the Arab Spring and the crackdown on the Egyptian Brotherhood, the Saudi government has put "pressure on other states that have Muslim Brotherhood adherents, asking them to decree that the group is a terrorist organization", and the local Kuwaiti and other Gulf state Brotherhoods have not been spared pressure from their local governments.<a href="#cite_note-monitor-kuwait-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4></div> The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia helped the Brotherhood financially for "over half a century",<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfuss-239">[239]</a> but the two became estranged during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, and enemies after the election of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>. Inside the kingdom, before the crushing of the Egyptian MB, the Brotherhood was called a group whose "many quiet supporters" made it "one of the few potential threats" to the royal family's control.<a href="#cite_note-Nosat-econ2-1-2014-240">[240]</a> The Brotherhood first had an impact inside Saudi Arabia in 1954 when thousands of Egyptian Brethren sought to escape president Gamal Abdel Nasser's clampdown, while (the largely illiterate) Saudi Arabia was looking for teachers—who were also conservative pious Arab Muslims—for its newly created public school system.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood's brand of Islam and Islamic politics differs from the <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafi</a> creed called <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabiyya</a>, officially held by the state of Saudi Arabia, and MB members "obeyed orders of the ruling family and <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> to not attempt to proselytize or otherwise get involved in religious doctrinal matters within the Kingdom. Nonetheless, the group "methodically ... took control of Saudi Arabia's intellectual life" by publishing books and participating in discussion circles and salons held by princes.<a href="#cite_note-Kepel-war-242">[242]</a> Although the organization had no "formal organizational presence" in the Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> (no political groups or parties are allowed to operate openly)<a href="#cite_note-Dreyfuss-239">[239]</a> MB members became "entrenched both in Saudi society and in the Saudi state, taking a leading role in key governmental ministries".<a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-244">[244]</a> In particular, many established themselves in Saudi educational system. One expert on Saudi affairs (Stephane Lacroix) has stated: "The education system is so controlled by the Muslim Brotherhood, it will take 20 years to change—if at all. Islamists see education as their base" in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Relations between the Saudi ruling family and the Brotherhood became strained with Saudi opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the willingness of Saudi government to allow US troops to be based in the Kingdom to fight Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-244">[244]</a> The Brotherhood supported the <a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwah</a> ("Awakening") movement that pushed for political change in the Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-McCants-246">[246]</a> In 2002, the then Saudi Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Prince Nayef</a> denounced the Brotherhood, saying it was guilty of "betrayal of pledges and ingratitude" and was "the source of all problems in the Islamic world".<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-238">[238]</a> The ruling family was also alarmed by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and the example set by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, with president <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> bringing an Islamist government to power by means of popular revolution and elections.<a href="#cite_note-Katulis-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a> figures published petitions for reform addressed to the royal government (in violation of Wahhabi <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietist</a> doctrine). After the overthrow of the Morsi government in Egypt, all the major Sahwa figures signed petitions and statements denouncing the removal of Morsi and the Saudi government support for it.<a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-244">[244]</a> In March 2014, in a "significant departure from its past official stance" the Saudi government declared the Brotherhood a "terrorist organization", followed with a royal decree announced that, from now on, <blockquote>belonging to intellectual or religious trends or groups that are extremist or categorized as terrorist at the local, regional or international level, as well supporting them, or showing sympathy for their ideas and methods in whichever way, or expressing support for them through whichever means, or offering them financial or moral support, or inciting others to do any of this or promoting any such actions in word or writing</blockquote> will be punished by a prison sentence "of no less than three years and no more than twenty years".<a href="#cite_note-Lacroix-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></div> The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wright_(author)" title="Robin Wright (author)">Robin Wright</a>). In the first decade or so of independence it was part of the legal opposition, and in the <a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1961 Syrian parliamentary election">1961 parliamentary elections</a> it won ten seats (5.8% of the house). But after the 1963 coup that brought the secular <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'ath Party</a> to power it was banned.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> It played a major role in the mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>-based movement that opposed the <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabist</a> Ba'ath Party. This conflict <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">developed into an armed struggle</a> that continued until culminating in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama uprising</a> of 1982, when the rebellion was crushed by the military.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital offense</a> in Syria in 1980 (under Emergency Law 49, which was revoked in 2011), but the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Palestinian group, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, was located in the Syria's capital Damascus, where it was given Syrian government support. This has been cited as an example of the lack of international centralization or even coordination of the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The Brotherhood is said to have "resurrected itself" and become the "dominant group" in the opposition by 2012 during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-nyt05122012-251">[251]</a> But by 2013 another source described it as having "virtually no influence on the conflict".<a href="#cite_note-Ibish3-syrian-252">[252]</a> Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> welcomed the fall of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and remarked that "Arab identity is back on the right track after the fall from power of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, which had used religion for its own political gain".<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al_Islah_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)">Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)</a></div> Muslim Brotherhood presence in the United Arab Emirates began with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Islah_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)">Al Islah</a> group in the United Arab Emirates in 1974 with the approval of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Rashid_bin_Saeed_Al_Maktoum" title="Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum">Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-254">[254]</a> Al Islah in the UAE has openly stated that it shares ideology with the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo-255">[255]</a> Al Islah has criticized the UAE for the country's <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> and presence of community Christian <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> in the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Since its formation, its members have sought to impose control on state social issues, such as promoting several measures limiting the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of women">rights of women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Emirati Al Islah member Tharwat Kherbawi said the Muslim Brotherhood finds the present UAE government to be an "impediment", and the country itself to be a "treasure and a crucial strategic and economic prize".<a href="#cite_note-IBISH-259">[259]</a> Al Islah was reported to have been secretly forming a military wing that has sought to recruit retired <a href="/wiki/Military_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Military officers">military officers</a> and young <a href="/wiki/Emiratis" title="Emiratis">Emiratis</a> and is alleged to have plotted the overthrow of the current government and the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> state in the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> In March 2013, a trial began in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> for 94 individuals linked to Al Islah for an attempted coup on the government.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Of the 94, 56 suspects received prison sentences ranging between three and ten years. Eight suspects were sentenced in absentia to 15 years in jail and 26 were acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> On 7 March 2014, the Muslim Brotherhood was designated as a terrorist group by the UAE government.<a href="#cite_note-Alaa_Shahine_and_Glen_Carey,_Bloomberg_News-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah (Yemen)</a></div> The Muslim Brothers fought with North Yemen in the NDF rebellion as Islamic Front. The Muslim Brotherhood is the political arm of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Congregation_for_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Congregation for Reform">Yemeni Congregation for Reform</a>, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a>. Former President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> made substantial efforts to entrench the accusations of being in league with Al Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The Treasury Department of the US used the label "Bin Laden loyalist" for <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a>, the Yemeni Muslim Brotherhood's leader.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_Africa">Rest of Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algeria">Algeria</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of Society for Peace</a></div> The Muslim Brotherhood reached Algeria during the later years of the French colonial presence in the country (1830–1962). Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism. Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the uprising against France in 1954–1962, but the movement was marginalized during the largely secular FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. It remained unofficially active, sometimes protesting the government and calling for increased Islamization and Arabization of the country's politics.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim Brotherhood formed the <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of Society for Peace</a> (MSP, previously known as Hamas), led by <a href="/wiki/Mahfoud_Nahnah" title="Mahfoud Nahnah">Mahfoud Nahnah</a> until his death in 2003 (he was succeeded by present party leader <a href="/wiki/Boudjerra_Soltani" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudjerra Soltani">Boudjerra Soltani</a>). The Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria did not join the <a href="/wiki/Front_islamique_du_salut" class="mw-redirect" title="Front islamique du salut">Front islamique du salut</a> (FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group, winning the 1991 elections and which was banned in 1992 following a military coup d'état, although some Brotherhood sympathizers did. The Brotherhood subsequently also refused to join the violent post-coup uprising by FIS sympathizers and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Islamic Groups">Armed Islamic Groups</a> (GIA) against the Algerian state and military which followed, and urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and a return to democracy. It has thus remained a legal political organization and enjoyed parliamentary and government representation. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President of Algeria</a> finishing second with 25.38% of the popular vote. During the 2000s (decade), the party—led by Nahnah's successor <a href="/wiki/Boudjerra_Soltani" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudjerra Soltani">Boudjerra Soltani</a>—has been a member of a three-party coalition backing President <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Reform_and_Development" title="Party of Reform and Development">Party of Reform and Development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Libya)" title="Homeland Party (Libya)">Homeland Party (Libya)</a></div> A group of the Muslim Brotherhood came to the Libyan kingdom in the 1950s as refugees escaping crackdown by the Egyptian leader <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, but it was not able to operate openly until after the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a>. They were viewed negatively by King <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris of Libya</a> who had become increasingly wary of their activities. <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> forbade all forms of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> in Libya and was an archenemy to the Muslim Brotherhood for long time. The group held its first public press conference on 17 November 2011, and on 24 December the Brotherhood announced that it would form the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a> (JCP) and contest the <a href="/wiki/2012_Libyan_General_National_Congress_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Libyan General National Congress election">General National Congress elections</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood has "little history of interactions with the masses."<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Despite predictions based on fellow post-<a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> nations Tunisia and Egypt that the Brotherhood's party would easily win the elections, it instead came a distant second to the <a href="/wiki/National_Forces_Alliance" title="National Forces Alliance">National Forces Alliance</a>, receiving just 10% of the vote and 17 out of 80 <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list</a> seats.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Their candidate for Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Awad_al-Baraasi" title="Awad al-Baraasi">Awad al-Baraasi</a> was also defeated in the first round of voting in September, although he was later made a Deputy Prime Minister under <a href="/wiki/Ali_Zeidan" title="Ali Zeidan">Ali Zeidan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> A JCP Congressman, Saleh Essaleh is also the vice speaker of the <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The Party of Reform and Development is led by Khaled al-Werchefani, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-islamistparty-273">[273]</a> Sallabi, the Head of Homeland Party, has close ties to <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>, the spiritual leader of the international Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood in Libya has come under widespread criticism, particularly for their alleged ties with extremist organizations operating in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In fact, the text of the U.S. Congress Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of 2015 directly accuses the militias of the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood of "joining forces with United States designated terrorist organizations, particularly Ansar al-Sharia" who the United States blames for the attack on its compound in Benghazi.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> There have been similar reports that those tasked with guarding the Benghazi consulate on the night of the assault were connected to the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood has lost much of its popular support since 2012 as the group was blamed for divisions in the country. Secular Libyan politicians have continued to voice concerns of the Brotherhood's ties to extremist groups. In October 2017, spokesman of the Libyan National Army (LNA) colonel Ahmed Al Masmary claimed that "branches of the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated to al-Qaeda" had joined forces with ISIS in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In the 2014 parliamentary elections, the Muslim Brotherhood won only 25 of the 200 available seats.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauritania">Mauritania</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_for_Reform_and_Development" title="National Rally for Reform and Development">National Rally for Reform and Development</a></div> Changes to the demographic and political makeup of Mauritania in the 1970s heavily contributed to the growth of Islamism within Mauritanian society. Periods of <a href="/wiki/Sahel_drought#Late_20th_century_droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel drought">severe drought</a> resulted in urbanization, as large numbers of Mauritanians moved from the countryside to the cities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, to escape the drought. This sharp increase in urbanization resulted in new civil associations being formed, and Mauritania's first Islamist organisation, known as Jemaa Islamiyya (Islamic Association) was formed by Mauritanians sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-Mauritania_Carnegie-282">[282]</a> There was increased activism relating to the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1980s, partially driven by members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-Mauritania_Carnegie-282">[282]</a> In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_for_Reform_and_Development" title="National Rally for Reform and Development">National Rally for Reform and Development</a>, better known as Tewassoul, was legalized as a political party. The party is associated with the Mauritanian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-Mauritania_Carnegie-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco">Morocco</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party</a> was the largest vote-getter in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco#Political_parties_and_elections" title="Politics of Morocco">Morocco's 2011 election</a>, and as of May 2015, held the office of Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-Ibish-37">[37]</a> It is historically affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood,<a href="#cite_note-menas-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> however, despite this, PJD was never an official branch<a href="#cite_note-menas-283">[283]</a> and the party has reportedly "ostentatiously" praised the King of Morocco, while "loudly insisting that it is in no sense whatsoever a Muslim Brotherhood party".<a href="#cite_note-Ibish-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somalia">Somalia</h4></div> Al-Islah has been described as "a generally nonviolent and modernizing Islamic movement that emphasizes the reformation and revival of Islam to meet the challenges of the modern world", whose "goal is the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>" and which "operates primarily in Mogadishu".<a href="#cite_note-state2004-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress Party (Sudan)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Islamism in Sudan</a></div>An offshoot of the Sudanese branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">Islamic Charter Front</a> grew during the 1960, with Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan al-Turabi">Hasan al-Turabi</a> becoming its Secretary general in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Natsios-84-288">[288]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The Islamic Charter Front (ICM) was renamed several times most recently being called the <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> (NIF). The Muslim Brotherhood/NIF's main objective in Sudan was to Islamize the society "from above" and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the country where they succeeded. To that end the party infiltrated the top echelons of the government where the education of party cadre, frequently acquired in the West, made them "indispensable". This approach was described by Turabi himself as the "jurisprudence of necessity".<a href="#cite_note-kepel-179-289">[289]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Meeting resistance from non-Islamists, from already established Muslim organisations, and from non-Muslims in the south, the Sudanese NIF government under Turabi and the NIF organized a coup to overthrow a democratically elected government in 1989, organized the Popular Defense Force which committed "widespread, deliberate and systematic atrocities against hundreds of thousands of southern civilians" in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Natsios-85-290">[290]</a> The NIF government also employed "widespread arbitrary and extrajudicial arrest, torture, and execution of labor union officials, military officers, journalists, political figures and civil society leaders".<a href="#cite_note-Natsios-85-290">[290]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The NCP was dissolved in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">military takeover</a> on 11 April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ennahda_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennahda Movement">Ennahda Movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> Muslim Brotherhood organisations in Europe find themselves in different circumstances compared to their counterparts in the Muslim World, as they in Europe operate in societies which do not have a Muslim majority. The first Brotherhood members active in Europe migrated from the Middle East during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Some were in the leadership of the Egyptian Brotherhood who fled the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. Most were foreign students who already had Brotherhood sympathies while others were experienced militants. Together they continued their Islamic activities in the destination countries, where Europe's freedoms allowed them to openly conduct activities which had been banned in the Muslim countries of origin.<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[292]</a> Student groups affiliated to the MB grew into organizations and they often structured their mosques as community centres. Following al-Banna's organizational model they founded women's groups, think tanks and schools. This growth was funded by both public and private donors in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab gulf countries">Arab gulf countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[292]</a> By establishing a multitude of organizations devoted to anything from education, financial investments, political lobbying and charity they supported the growing Muslim populations of Europe and sought to shape the direction of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a>. Thereby the brothers created a de facto branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in every European country. To increase their potential for gaining influence, the organisations established by the MB are often given names which portray a facade of broad representation (e.g. "Muslim association of European Country") or religious moderation (e.g. "Islamic Co-Existence Alliance"). This is in contrast to the views propagated by many speakers at MB events where the Western countries are condemned as being corrupt, unjust and immoral along with a narrative where Muslims are portrayed as better, but beleaguered. On certain issues such as religious freedom, women's rights and homosexuality Brotherhood spokespersons espouse ideas contrary to mainstream European values and basic human rights.<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[292]</a> The pan-European umbrella organization of the Brotherhood in Europe is the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Islamic_Organizations_in_Europe" title="Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe">Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe</a> which was founded in 1989 and in 2020 changed its name to Council of European Muslims. It has its headquarters a few blocks away from key European Union institutions in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> The brotherhood's build-up in France started with <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_organisations_islamiques_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Union des organisations islamiques en France">Union des organisations islamiques en France</a> (UOIF) which later changed its name to <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulmans_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Musulmans de France">Musulmans de France</a>. The organization primarily consisted of foreign students who entered France from Tunisia and Morocco. By 2020, there were 147 mosques and 18 Islamic schools associated with the brotherhood. UOIF has about 50 000 members distributed among 200 member organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-293">[293]</a> The Brotherhood pursues a <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarianist</a> philiosophy and works against Muslims adopting liberal lifestyles and becoming assimilated into French society. In the long term, they aim towards entering politics by increasing the number of Muslims until they can form a political party of their own.<a href="#cite_note-:1-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Community_of_Germany" title="Islamic Community of Germany">Islamic Community of Germany</a> (de: Islamische Gemeinschaft in Deutschland e.V, IGD) being constituent and founding organisation of the MB umbrella organisation FIOE, the MB is active in Germany with the IGD as a proxy. IGD members take care to not publicly declare their affiliation to the MB.<a href="#cite_note-BSTMI_2012_p3435-294">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> The Muslim Brotherhood is banned in Russia as a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organisation">terrorist organisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RF_SC_Decision-295">[295]</a> As affirmed on 14 February 2003 by the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of Russia</a>, the Muslim Brotherhood coordinated the creation of an Islamic organisation called <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Supreme_Military_Majlis_ul-Shura_of_the_United_Forces_of_Caucasian_Mujahedeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Supreme Military Majlis ul-Shura of the United Forces of Caucasian Mujahedeen (page does not exist)">The Supreme Military Majlis ul-Shura of the United Forces of Caucasian Mujahedeen</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Высший военный маджлисуль шура объединённых сил моджахедов Кавказа">ru</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Высший военный маджлисуль шура объединённых сил моджахедов Кавказа), led by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Khattab">Ibn Al-Khattab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basaev" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaev">Basaev</a>; an organisation that committed multiple terror-attack acts in Russia and was allegedly financed by drug trafficking, counterfeiting of coins and racketeering.<a href="#cite_note-RF_SC_Decision-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> The Muslim Brotherhood uses <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> as an administration base.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The first Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated organisations in the UK were founded in the 1960s, which comprised exiles and overseas students.<a href="#cite_note-:0-298">[298]</a> They promoted the works of Indian theologician <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abu A'la Mawdudi</a> and represented the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jama'at-e-Islami</a>. In their initial phase they were politically inactive in the UK as they assumed they would return to their home countries and instead focused on recruiting new members and to support the MB in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-298">[298]</a> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the MB and its associated organisations changed to a new strategy of political activity in western countries with the purpose to promote the MB overseas but also preserve the autonomy of Muslim communities in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-:0-298">[298]</a> In the 1990s, the MB established publicly visible organisations and ostensibly "national" organisations to further its agenda, but membership in the MB was and remains a secret.<a href="#cite_note-:0-298">[298]</a> The MB dominated the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Britain" title="Islamic Society of Britain">Islamic Society of Britain</a> (ISB), the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_Britain" title="Muslim Association of Britain">Muslim Association of Britain</a> (MAB) and founded the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Council_of_Britain" title="Muslim Council of Britain">Muslim Council of Britain</a> (MCB). MAB became politically active in foreign policy issues such as Palestine and Iraq, while MCB established a dialogue with the then governments.<a href="#cite_note-:0-298">[298]</a> Since 2001, the ISB has distanced itself from Muslim Brotherhood ideology along with the MCB.<a href="#cite_note-:0-298">[298]</a> In April 2014, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> at the time, launched an investigation into the Muslim Brotherhood's activities in the UK and its alleged extremist activities.<a href="#cite_note-DavidCameron-299">[299]</a> In a 2015 government report, the MB was found to not have been linked to terrorist related activity against in the UK and MAB has condemned <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> terrorist activity in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-:0-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_states">Other states</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> The Muslim Brotherhood Movement is an <a href="/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Street_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gang">street gang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> that uses the same name as the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> In 2013, members of Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Australians" title="Egyptian Australians">Egyptian</a> community reported that the Muslim Brotherhood had opened an office in <a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sydney">Western Sydney</a>, following the election and later overthrowing of Egyptian President Mursi, both of which caused protests in Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></div> Several parties and organizations in Indonesia are linked or at least inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood, although none have a formal relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. One of the Muslim Brotherhood-linked parties is the <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">PKS</a> (Prosperous Justice Party),<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> which gained 6.79% of votes in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="2014 Indonesian legislative election">2014 legislative election</a>, down from 7.88% in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="2009 Indonesian legislative election">2009 election</a>. The PKS's relationship with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>, a prominent Muslim Brotherhood leader.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party_(PAS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)">Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)</a>, the oldest and largest mainstream Islamist party in Malaysia, has close personal and ideological ties with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Founded in 1951, PAS's founders were exposed to the ideas and teachings while they were studying in Cairo during the 1940s. PAS was the main rival to the Malay nationalist <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a>, which dominated Malaysian politics until 2018. Due to changes in political situation created by Pakatan Harapan (PH)'s win in 2018 election, PAS has made <a href="/wiki/Muafakat_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Muafakat Nasional">a cooperation pact</a> with UMNO in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Together with a former PH component party (BERSATU) both parties ultimately took over <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">the government</a> during <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian political crisis">2020-21 Malaysian political crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> According to the think tank <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs">Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs</a>' CEO Wan Saiful Wan Jan, PAS is regarded by the Muslim Brotherhood as an electorally successful Islamic political party; PAS has governed the state of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> since 2002. PAS representatives are often invited to Muslim Brotherhood speaking engagements overseas. In 2012, PAS President <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hadi_Awang" title="Abdul Hadi Awang">Abdul Hadi Awang</a> spoke alongside Muslim Brotherhood scholar Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a> at a speaking event in London.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> In April 2014, PAS leader Abdul Awang spoke out against Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates' decision to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> According to Bubalo and Fealy, <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Belia_Islam_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia">Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia</a> (or the Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia) was inspired or influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Papanui" title="Papanui">Papanui</a> ward candidate John Stringer alleged that a Muslim Brotherhood cell was active in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> According to a 2004 article by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, U.S. Muslim Brotherhood supporters "make up the U.S. Islamic community's most organized force" by running hundreds of mosques and business ventures, promoting civic activities, and setting up American Islamic organizations to defend and promote Islam.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> In 1963, the U.S. chapter of Muslim Brotherhood was started by activists involved with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Students_Association" title="Muslim Students Association">Muslim Students Association</a> (MSA).<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-238">[238]</a> U.S. supporters of the Brotherhood also started other organizations including: <a href="/wiki/North_American_Islamic_Trust" title="North American Islamic Trust">North American Islamic Trust</a> in 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">Islamic Society of North America</a> in 1981, the <a href="/wiki/American_Muslim_Council" title="American Muslim Council">American Muslim Council</a> in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_American_Society" title="Muslim American Society">Muslim American Society</a> in 1992 and the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Islamic_Thought" title="International Institute of Islamic Thought">International Institute of Islamic Thought</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Diverse-238">[238]</a> In addition, according to An Explanatory Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America, the "Understanding of the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America", and a relatively benign goal of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America is identified as the following: <blockquote>Establishing an effective and a stable Islamic movement led by the Muslim Brotherhood which adopts Muslims' causes domestically and globally, and which works to expand the observant Muslim base, aims at unifying and directing Muslims' efforts, presents Islam as a civilization alternative, and supports the global Islamic state wherever it is.<a href="#cite_note-q:Muslim_Brotherhood-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-txnd-315">[315]</a></blockquote> <blockquote>The process of settlement is a 'Civilization-Jihadist Process' with all the word means. The Ikhwan [Muslim Brotherhood] must understand that their work in America is a kind of grand jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and 'sabotaging' its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and God's religion [Islam] is made victorious over all other religions.<a href="#cite_note-q:Muslim_Brotherhood-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-txnd-315">[315]</a></blockquote> During the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land_Foundation_for_Relief_and_Development#Terrorism_charges" title="Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development">Holy Land Foundation trial</a> in 2007, several documents pertaining to the Brotherhood were unsuccessful in convincing the courts that the Brotherhood was involved in subversive activities. In one, dated 1984 called "Ikhwan in America" (Brotherhood in America), the author alleges that the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in the US include going to camps to do weapons training (referred to as special work by the Muslim Brotherhood),<a href="#cite_note-NEFAFoundation-316">[316]</a> as well as engaging in <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">counter-espionage</a> against U.S. government agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> (referred to as Securing the Group).<a href="#cite_note-NEFAFoundation-316">[316]</a> Another (dated 1991) outlined a strategy for the Muslim Brotherhood in the United States that involved "eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within".<a href="#cite_note-nyt2011-07-31-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-txnd-315">[315]</a> <blockquote>Penned in May 1991 by a man named Mohamed Akram Adlouni, the 'Explanatory Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America' was discovered during an FBI raid of a Virginia home in 2004. The document was admitted as an exhibit to the court during the 2007 Holy Land Foundation trial, in which that group was charged with laundering money. After the trial, the document became public. But, according to a 2009 opinion by the presiding judge, the memo was not considered 'supporting evidence' for that alleged money laundering scheme, nor any other conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></blockquote> The documents continue to be widely publicized in American conservative circles.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2011-07-31-317">[317]</a> U.S. Congress attempts to pass legislation criminalizing the group, put forward by the 114th Congress, were defeated. The Bill, called the Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of 2015, was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a> by Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> (R-TX). In it the bill states that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> should designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization. If passed, the bill would have required the State Department to report to Congress within 60 days whether or not the group fits the criteria, and if it did not, to state which specific criteria it had not met.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> This bill came after a handful of foreign countries made similar moves in recent years including Egypt, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and others, and after, according to Cruz, recent evidence emerged suggesting that the group supports terrorism. The senator further alleged that the group's stated goal is to wage violent jihad against its enemies, which includes the United States, and the fact that the Obama administration has listed numerous group members on its terror list. Cruz further stated that the bill would "reject the fantasy that [the] parent institution [of the Muslim Brotherhood] is a political entity that is somehow separate from these violent activities".<a href="#cite_note-Hattem-321">[321]</a> The bill identifies three Muslim Brotherhood entities in the U.S. including the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR)</a>, a non-profit group denounced by the UAE for its MB ties. The other two entities are <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Islamic_Trust" title="North American Islamic Trust">North American Islamic Trust (NAIT)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-counterjihadreport.com-322">[322]</a> Conservatives in the Congress believe that the group is a breeding ground for radical Islam. Previous attempts were made in the previous year by Representative <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> (R-MN), but it failed largely due to her allegation that <a href="/wiki/Huma_Abedin" title="Huma Abedin">Huma Abedin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s aide, had links to the organization, a statement which was dismissed by establishment Democrats and Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Hattem-321">[321]</a> In February 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> approved the legislation in a 17 to 10 vote, which if enacted could increase grounds for enforcing criminal penalties and give permission to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of Treasury</a> to block financial transactions and freeze assets of anyone who has showed material support for the group. Scholars against this classification claim that the group simply promotes Islamism, or the belief that society should be governed according to Islamic values and Sharia law.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Past U.S. presidential administrations have examined whether to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a Foreign Terrorist Organization and have decided not to do so.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration, the U.S. government investigated the Brotherhood and associated Islamist groups, but "after years of investigations, ... the U.S. and other governments, including Switzerland's, closed investigations of the Brotherhood leaders and financial group for lack of evidence, and removed most of the leaders from sanctions lists."<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> The Obama administration was also pressured to designate the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization, but did not do so.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-Baker-327">[327]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> administration, there were serious steps towards designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid 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href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Brotherhood's English-language website describes its principles as including firstly the introduction of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> as "the basis for controlling the affairs of state and society" and secondly, working to unify "Islamic countries and states, mainly among the Arab states, and liberate them from foreign <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ikhwanweb1-329">[329]</a> The Brotherhood is heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Evolution" title="Salafi movement">early Salafiyya</a> movement and regularly advocates Salafi revivalist themes that address the contemporary challenges faced by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, calling for the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> through implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Shari'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">disbelievers</a>. Science and technology should be harnessed through Islamic means to revive the Islamic prowess and Jihad should be waged personally as well as communally to bring forth effective political transformations.<a href="#cite_note-Sageman_2004_7-5">[5]</a> The Brotherhood share common creedal beliefs with other Salafiyya movements, such as i) strict <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">monotheism</a> with regard to Divine attributes, ii) purifying Islam from accretions and folk practices associated with Sufism, and iii) focusing on the moral integrity of individuals through <a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">Tazkiyya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lenz-Raymann_2014_80-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Salafi_activists" title="Salafi movement">Activist Salafis</a> have a historical tradition of influential political activism across the various branches and affiliates of the Muslim Brotherhood movement.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Its founder, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Banna">Hassan Al-Banna</a>, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> (who attacked the <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> of the official `<a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, and he insisted that only the Quran and the best-attested <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> should be sources of the Sharia),<a href="#cite_note-ruthven-311-331">[331]</a> with the group structure and approach being influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> However, Al-Banna avoided controversies over doctrine and would distance himself from the anti-Sufi dogmas of Rashid Rida. As a teen, Al-Banna had been initiated into the Hasafi branch of <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhiliyya</a> order and was not hostile to various Sufi practices condemned as aspects of polytheism by Rida. While Al-Banna agreed with Rida on the need to purify religious practices of illegitimate <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">innovations</a>, he saw nothing wrong with visits to the graves of <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Awliyaa</a> (saints) so long as one did not seek their intercession. He would later declare the Hasafiyya society as a precursor to the Muslim Brotherhood;<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> while also acknowledging his debt to the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Bellaigue-56">[56]</a> Al-Banna downplayed doctrinal differences between <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> (acknowledging <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> as a valid "fifth school",<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elad-Altman-338">[338]</a> while declaring <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> and the Islam-related <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> religions to be <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a>) emphasizing the political importance of worldwide unity of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elad-Altman-338">[338]</a> In the few occasions a mature Al-Banna did address theology, he espoused Salafi views by expressing his dislike of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>, etc. and seeking his preference to draw directly from <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>. However he would not openly side with <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Atharis</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'aris</a>, instead lumping all the medieval theological debates as irrelevant. While his religious activism resembled <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, Banna's approach to theological prioritisation was imparted through Sufi-inspired <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazalian</a> expressions.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> After the creation of Muslim Brotherhood organisation, Al-Banna would not maintain formal affiliations with Sufi orders. While the Brothers acknowledged the validity of the true spiritual <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Tasawwuf</a>, they would be critical of institutionalised <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a>; which in their view led to divisions amongst the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Islamic Modernist</a> beliefs were co-opted by secularist rulers and official ulama, the Brotherhood has become traditionalist and conservative, "being the only available outlet for those whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been outraged by the impact of Westernization".<a href="#cite_note-ruthven-317-341">[341]</a> Al-Banna believed the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that <a href="/wiki/Islamic_concept_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic concept of God">God</a> has set out for man. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic governments</a> must be based on this system and eventually unified in a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. The Muslim Brotherhood's goal, as stated by its founder al-Banna was to drive out British colonial and other Western influences, reclaim Islam's manifest destiny—an empire, stretching from Spain to Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The Brotherhood preaches that Islam will bring social justice, the eradication of poverty, corruption and sinful behavior, and political freedom (to the extent allowed by the laws of Islam). Blended with methods of modern social sciences, some key thinkers of Brotherhood have also contemplated the Islamic perspective on bureaucratic effectiveness, mapping out solutions to problems of formalism and irresponsiveness to public concerns in public administration, which pertains to the pro-democratic tenets of Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> Such variations of thoughts have also purportedly negated the realities of contemporary Muslim countries as their authors have proclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam conservatively. Its founder called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior", "segregation of male and female students", a separate curriculum for girls, and "the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes ... "<a href="#cite_note-Women-59">[59]</a> There have been breakaway groups from the movement, including the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jama%27a_al-Islamiyya" title="Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya">al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pbs-345">[345]</a> Prominent figures of the Brotherhood include <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, a highly influential thinker of Islamism, and the author of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alim_fi_al-Tariq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alim fi al-Tariq">Milestones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> criticized the Brotherhood, and accused it of betraying <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> and the ideals of Qutb.<a href="#cite_note-Muslim_Brotherhood_vs_Al_Qaeda-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-MB_Chief_Criticism-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stance_on_democracy,_civil_rights_and_secularism">Stance on democracy, civil rights and secularism</h3></div> According to Deputy of the Chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed Habib, the Muslim Brotherhood believes in implementing various political reforms for enabling <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press freedoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">political pluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a>, etc. <blockquote>We believe that the political reform is the true and natural gateway for all other kinds of reform. We have announced our acceptance of democracy that acknowledges political pluralism, the peaceful rotation of power and the fact that the nation is the source of all powers. As we see it, political reform includes the termination of the state of emergency, restoring public freedoms, including the right to establish political parties, whatever their tendencies may be, and the freedom of the press, freedom of criticism and thought, freedom of peaceful demonstrations, freedom of assembly, etc. It also includes the dismantling of all exceptional courts and the annulment of all exceptional laws, establishing the independence of the judiciary, enabling the judiciary to fully and truly supervise general elections so as to ensure that they authentically express people's will, removing all obstacles that restrict the functioning of civil society organizations, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Ikhwan_Web-349">[349]</a></blockquote> However, the Brotherhood is opposed to <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and seeks the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Shari'a</a> (Islamic law) as the basis of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Egyptian legal system</a> and insists on complying the political system with Islamic legal precepts. When asked whether the Muslim Brotherhood seeks to establish a religious <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>; the same spokesperson replied: <blockquote>This concern stems from a wrong understanding of the nature of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. To those who speak about a <a href="/wiki/Religious_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious state">religious state</a>, in the same ecclesiastical meaning given to it in Europe in the Middle Ages, when the church had hegemony over a State's authorities, we wish to say that the issue here is completely different. The Muslim Brotherhood has gone through the latest legislative elections on the basis of a clear-cut program under the slogan "Islam is the Solution", given the fact that Islam, as Imam el-Banna said, is a comprehensive program that encompasses all aspects of life: it is a state and a country, a government and people, ethics and power, mercy and justice, culture and law, science and justice, resources and wealth, defense and advocacy, an army and an idea, a true belief and correct acts of worship.<a href="#cite_note-Ikhwan_Web-349">[349]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mottos">Mottos</h3></div> The Brotherhood's "most frequently used slogan" (according to the BBC) is "Islam is the Solution" (الإسلام هو الحل).<a href="#cite_note-profile-bbc-350">[350]</a> According to academic Khalil Yusuf, its motto "was traditionally" "Believers are but Brothers."<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> Hasan Al-Banna presented the reform programme of the Muslim Brothers as one that sought to encompass every sphere of life; defining the movement as: <blockquote>a <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a> message, a Sunni way, a <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> truth, a political organization, an athletic group, a cultural-educational union, an economic company, and a social idea<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy_and_organization">Strategy and organization</h2></div> The Muslim Brothers consider their movement to be the practical extension of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> movement championed by <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Sayyid Jamal al-Din Afghani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad 'Abduh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>. Afghani is regarded as the ‘caller’ or ‘announcer’ (mu'adhdhin, sarkha); Rida as the ‘archivist’ or ‘historian’ (sijal, mu'arrikh) and Banna was seen as the ‘builder' (bani) of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic renaissance</a> movement. Afghani was considered as the spiritual father of the movement and as a fiery defender of the faith against both internal corruption and external encroachment. ‘Abduh was viewed as "a well-meaning shaykh who inspired reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Azhar</a>". The methodology of the Brotherhood was characterised by the scholarly orthodoxy and conservatism of Muhammad Rashid Rida.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> Like Rida, Banna too advocated a conservative revival to values of early Muslim generations and viewed Islam to be a comprehensive faith, outlining it as: "a faith and a ritual, a nation (watan) and a nationality, a religion and a state, spirit and deed, holy text and sword".<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood movement sought the re-establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide caliphate">World Islamic Caliphate</a> which was envisaged to come through several Islamic national states, united in a league, and appointing a single leader to rule over them after <a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a> (consultation). This vision was based upon the Islamic state doctrines of Muhammad Rashid Rida. However, Al-Banna prioritised the immediate form of governance that the Brotherhood had to establish and did not advocate the radical overthrow of these structures, instead preferring gradualism. He favored a constitutional government with a representative parliamentary system that implemented Islamic law (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>). The aim for Caliphate was more of an utopian ideal than an explicit and practical political goal which was the construction of Islamic national units which would then bond together towards a global Islamic polity.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood's position on political participation varied according to the "domestic situation" of each branch, rather than ideology. For many years its stance was "collaborationist" in Kuwait and Jordan; for "pacific opposition" in Egypt; "armed opposition" in Libya and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> It was written on 1 December 1982, by <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a> at the culmination of a series of two meetings held in 1977 and 1982 in <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> The treaty instructs Brotherhood members to show "flexibility" when it comes to their activity outside the Islamic world, encouraging them to temporarily adopt Western values without deviating from their "basic [Islamic] principles."<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood is a transnational organization as opposed to a political party, but its members have created political parties in several countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, and the former <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a> in Egypt. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members, but are otherwise kept independent from the Muslim Brotherhood to some degree, unlike <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>, which is highly centralized.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> The Brotherhood has been described as a "combination of neo-Sufic tariqa" (with al-Banna as the original murshid i.e., guide of the tariqa) "and a political party".<a href="#cite_note-ruthven-311-331">[331]</a> The Egyptian Brotherhood has a pyramidal structure with "families" (or usra, which consists of four to five people and is headed by a naqib, or "captain")<a href="#cite_note-TragerUMB-360">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMB-2012-361">[361]</a> at the bottom, "clans" above them, "groups" above clans and "battalions" or "phalanxes" above groups.<a href="#cite_note-ruthven-311-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-SHaBaIaM-16-362">[362]</a> Potential Brethren start out as Muhib or "lovers", and if approved move up to become a muayyad, or "supporter", then to muntasib or "affiliated", (who are nonvoting members). If a muntasib "satisfies his monitors", he is promoted to muntazim, or "organizer", before advancing to the final level—ach 'amal, or "working brother".<a href="#cite_note-TragerUMB-360">[360]</a> With this slow careful advancement, the loyalty of potential members can be "closely probed" and obedience to orders assured.<a href="#cite_note-TragerUMB-360">[360]</a> At the top of the hierarchy is the Guidance Office (Maktab al-Irshad), and immediately below it is the Shura Council. Orders are passed down through a chain of command:<a href="#cite_note-Sulami2003-363">[363]</a> <ul><li>The Shura Council has the duties of planning, charting general policies and programs that achieve the goal of the Group.<a href="#cite_note-Sulami2003-363">[363]</a> It is composed of roughly 100 Muslim Brothers. Important decisions, such as whether to participate in elections, are debated and voted on within the Shura Council and then executed by the Guidance Office.<a href="#cite_note-TragerUMB-360">[360]</a> Its resolutions are binding to the Group and only the General Organizational Conference can modify or annul them and the Shura Office has also the right to modify or annul resolutions of the Executive Office. It follows the implementation of the Group's policies and programs. It directs the Executive Office and it forms dedicated branch committees to assist in that.<a href="#cite_note-Sulami2003-363">[363]</a></li> <li>Executive Office or Guidance Office (Maktab al-Irshad), which is composed of approximately 15 longtime Muslim Brothers and headed by the supreme guide or General Masul (murshid) Each member of the Guidance Office oversees a different portfolio, such as university recruitment, education, or politics. Guidance Office members are elected by the Shura Council.<a href="#cite_note-TragerUMB-360">[360]</a> Divisions of the Guidance/Executive Office include: <ul><li>Executive leadership</li> <li>Organizational office</li> <li>Secretariat general</li> <li>Educational office</li> <li>Political office</li> <li>Sisters office</li></ul></li></ul> The Muslim Brotherhood aimed to build a <a href="/wiki/Transnational_organization" title="Transnational organization">transnational organization</a>. In the 1940s, the Egyptian Brotherhood organized a "section for Liaison with the Islamic World" endowed with nine committees.<a href="#cite_note-roy-110-364">[364]</a> Groups were founded in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (1936), in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (1937), and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a> (1946). It also recruited members among the foreign students who lived in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> where its headquarters became a center and a meeting place for representatives from the whole <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GIR-122-365">[365]</a> In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. "Properly speaking" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are "in theory" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (<a href="/wiki/Ennahda_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennahda Movement">Ennahda Movement</a>), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (<a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of Society for Peace</a>).<a href="#cite_note-roy-111-190">[190]</a> Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a>, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs.<a href="#cite_note-roy-111-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Belia_Islam_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia">Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia</a> in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-roy-111-190">[190]</a> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a>, as of 1994 "an international agency" of the Brotherhood "assures the cooperation of the ensemble" of its national organizations. The agency's "composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position".<a href="#cite_note-roy-111-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> The Brotherhood was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a>, then the Deputy Emir of al-Qaeda, in 2007 for its refusal to advocate the violent overthrow of the Mubarak government. <a href="/wiki/Essam_el-Erian" title="Essam el-Erian">Essam el-Erian</a>, a top Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood figure, denounced the al-Qaeda leader: "Zawahiri's policy and preaching bore dangerous fruit and had a negative impact on Islam and Islamic movements across the world".<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> police chief, Dhahi Khalfan accused Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood of an alleged plot to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> government. He referred to the Muslim Brotherhood as "dictators" who want "Islamist rule in all the Gulf States".<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motives">Motives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (August 2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Numerous officials and reporters question the sincerity of the Muslim Brotherhood's pronouncements. These critics include, but are not limited to: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Zarate" title="Juan Zarate">Juan Zarate</a>, former U.S. <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> counterterrorism chief (quoted in the conservative publication, <a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a>): "The Muslim Brotherhood is a group that worries us not because it deals with philosophical or ideological ideas but because it defends the use of violence against civilians".<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Axe_Copeland,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.">Miles Axe Copeland, Jr.</a>, a prominent U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) operative who was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) under <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Donovan">William Donovan</a>, divulged the confessions of numerous members of the Muslim Brotherhood that resulted from the harsh interrogations done on them by Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, for their alleged involvement in the assassination attempt made against him (an assassination attempt that many believe was staged by Nasser himself).<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> They revealed that the Muslim Brotherhood was merely a "guild" that fulfilled the goals of western interests: "Nor was that all. Sound beatings of the Moslem Brotherhood organizers who had been arrested revealed that the organization had been thoroughly penetrated, at the top, by the British, American, French and Soviet intelligence services, any one of which could either make active use of it or blow it up, whichever best suited its purposes. Important lesson: fanaticism is no insurance against corruption; indeed, the two are highly compatible".<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a></li> <li>Former U.S. Middle East peace envoy Dennis Ross, who told <a href="/wiki/Asharq_Alawsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Asharq Alawsat">Asharq Alawsat</a> newspaper that the Muslim Brotherhood is a global, not a local organization, governed by a Shura (Consultative) Council, which rejects cessation of violence in Israel, and supports violence to achieve its political objectives elsewhere too.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></li> <li>Sarah Mousa of Al Jazeera reported on the Muslim Brotherhood's highly improbable claim that opposition leader and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_ElBaradei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad ElBaradei">Mohammad ElBaradei</a> (who has had a "rocky" relationship with the US) was "an American agent", and observed that the since-defunct Muslim Brotherhood-controlled Shura Council's support of the slander demonstrated a lack of commitment to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></li> <li>Scholar Carrie Rosefsky Wickham finds official Brotherhood documents ambiguous on the issue of democracy: "This raises the question of whether the Brotherhood is supporting a transition to democracy as an end in itself or as a first step toward the ultimate establishment of a political system based not on the preferences of the Egyptian people but the will of God as they understand it".<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_non-Muslims">Status of non-Muslims</h3></div> <ul><li>In 1997, Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mashhur" title="Mustafa Mashhur">Mustafa Mashhur</a> told journalist Khalid Daoud<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> that he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians and Orthodox Jews should pay the long-abandoned <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> poll tax, levied on non-Muslims in exchange for protection from the state, rationalized by the fact that non-Muslims are exempt from military service while it is compulsory for Muslims. He went on to say, "we do not mind having Christian members in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Assembly of Egypt">People's Assembly</a>. ... [T]he top officials, especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country. ... This is necessary because when a Christian country attacks the Muslim country and the army has Christian elements, they can facilitate our defeat by the enemy".<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper, the proposal caused an "uproar" among Egypt's 16 million Coptic Christians and "the movement later backtracked".<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_criticisms">Response to criticisms</h3></div> According to authors writing in the Council on Foreign Relations magazine <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>: "At various times in its history, the group has used or supported violence and has been repeatedly banned in Egypt for attempting to overthrow Cairo's secular government. Since the 1970s, however, the Egyptian Brotherhood has disavowed violence and sought to participate in Egyptian politics".<a href="#cite_note-Crane-378">[378]</a> Jeremy Bowen, the Middle East editor for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, called it "conservative and non-violent".<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> The Brotherhood "has condemned" terrorism and the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> The Brotherhood itself denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like "<a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a>" and "political Islam" which it claims are used by "Western media" to pigeonhole the group, and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction ... opinion ... forming political parties ... public gatherings ... free and fair elections ..."<a href="#cite_note-ikhwanweb1-329">[329]</a> Similarly, some analysts maintain that whatever the source of modern Jihadi terrorism and the actions and words of some rogue members, the Brotherhood now has little in common with radical Islamists and modern jihadists who often condemn the Brotherhood as too moderate. They also deny the existence of any centralized and secretive global Muslim Brotherhood leadership.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> Some claim that the origins of modern Muslim terrorism are found in <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> ideology, not that of the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> According to anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Atran" title="Scott Atran">Scott Atran</a>, the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood even in Egypt has been overstated by Western commentators. He estimates that it can count on only 100,000 militants (out of some 600,000 dues paying members) in a population of more than 80 million, and that such support as it does have among Egyptians—an often cited figure is 20 percent to 30 percent—is less a matter of true attachment than an accident of circumstance: secular opposition groups that might have countered it were suppressed for many decades, but in driving the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian revolution of 2011</a>, a more youthful constellation of secular movements has emerged to threaten the Muslim Brotherhood's dominance of the political opposition.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> This has not yet been the case, however, as evidenced by the Brotherhood's strong showing in national elections. Polls also indicate that a majority of Egyptians and other Arab nations endorse laws based on "Sharia".<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_that_ban_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_countries_that_ban_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/300px-Map_of_countries_that_ban_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_countries_that_ban_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/450px-Map_of_countries_that_ban_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_countries_that_ban_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/600px-Map_of_countries_that_ban_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries that ban Muslim Brotherhood, as of August 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood&action=edit">[update]</a></figcaption></figure> On 29 June 2011, as the Brotherhood's political power became more apparent and solidified following the Egyptian revolution of 2011, the United States announced that it would reopen formal diplomatic channels with the group, with whom it had suspended communication as a result of suspected terrorist activity. The next day, the Brotherhood's leadership announced that they welcomed the diplomatic overture.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> In September 2014, Brotherhood leaders were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. The New York Times reported: "Although the Brotherhood's views are not nearly as conservative as the puritanical, authoritarian version of Islamic law enforced in Saudi Arabia, the Saudis and other gulf monarchies fear the group because of its broad organization, its mainstream appeal and its calls for elections".<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization">Designation as a terrorist organization</h3></div> Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization. <ul><li>Russia – 12 February 2003<a href="#cite_note-base.consultant.ru-50">[50]</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan – 15 March 2005<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a></li> <li>Tajikistan – 30 March 2006<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> (CSTO) – 7 May 2009<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a></li> <li>Syria – 21 October 2013<a href="#cite_note-SyriaTerror-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a></li> <li>Egypt – 25 December 2013<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia – 7 March 2014<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a></li> <li>Bahrain – 21 March 2014<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a></li> <li>United Arab Emirates – 15 November 2014<a href="#cite_note-Alaa_Shahine_and_Glen_Carey,_Bloomberg_News-53">[53]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>-based <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> also designated the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist group on May 14, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt_Today-400">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_the_Middle_East">Outside the Middle East</h4></div> In February 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of Russia</a> banned the Muslim Brotherhood, labelling it as a terrorist organization, and accusing the group of supporting Islamist rebels who want to create an <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Islamic state in the North Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> In an interview published on March 1, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a> spoke well of the Muslim Brotherhood - praising the way they "act in civil society".<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> In January 2017, during his confirmation hearing, the former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a>, referred to the Muslim Brotherhood, along with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, as an agent of radical Islam—a characterization that <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> member <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Leah_Whitson" title="Sarah Leah Whitson">Sarah Leah Whitson</a> criticized on social media, disseminating a statement from the HRW Washington director saying that the conflation of the group with violent extremists was inaccurate.<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> The following month, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that the administration of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> was considering an order designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a foreign terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-Baker-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Solomon-405">[405]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood was criticized by Secretary Tillerson.<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a> The terrorist designation for the Muslim Brotherhood is opposed by Human Rights Watch and The New York Times, both liberal-leaning institutions.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> The potential terrorist designation was criticized, in particular, by Human Rights Watch member Laura Pitter.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Solomon-405">[405]</a> The New York Times set forth its opposition in an editorial that claimed that the Muslim Brotherhood is a collection of movements, and argued that the organization as a whole does not merit the terrorist designation: "While the Brotherhood calls for a society governed by Islamic law, it renounced violence decades ago, has supported elections and has become a political and social organization".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-ed-408">[408]</a> The designation of the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization is opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">Council on American-Islamic Relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and its director <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Roth" title="Kenneth Roth">Kenneth Roth</a> oppose proposals to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a> Gehad El-Haddad, a Muslim Brotherhood member, denied that terrorism was practiced by the Muslim Brotherhood in an editorial published by The New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a> In a report by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Middle_East_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Middle East Center">Carnegie Middle East Center</a>, Nathan Brown and Michele Dunne argued that "designating the Muslim Brotherhood a foreign terrorist organization may actually backfire," writing: "The sweeping measure to declare the Brotherhood a foreign terrorist organization now being contemplated not only does not accord with the facts, but is also more likely to undermine than achieve its ostensible purpose and could result in collateral damage affecting other U.S. policy goals. The greatest damage might be in the realm of public diplomacy, as using a broad brush to paint all Muslim Brotherhood organizations as terrorists would be understood by many Muslims around the world as a declaration of war against non-violent political Islamists—and indeed against Islam itself."<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt avoids directly implicating itself materially in terrorism while it supports terrorism with words and encourages it, according to <a href="/wiki/WINEP" class="mw-redirect" title="WINEP">WINEP</a> fellow Eric Trager, who advocated pushing them into a corner instead of designating them due to issues with materially connecting them to terrorism other than with their words.<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> The editorial boards of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> oppose designation of the group as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-ed-408">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> Civil rights lawyer and adjunct professor of law <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_Sethi" title="Arjun Singh Sethi">Arjun Singh Sethi</a> wrote that the push to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization was based on anti-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>, noting that "Two previous U.S. administrations concluded that it does not engage in terrorism, as did a recent report by the British government."<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> Ishaan Tharoor of The Washington Post condemned the movement to designate the Brotherhood as a terrorist group.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) intelligence report from January 2017 warned that designation of the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization "may fuel extremism" and harm relations with U.S. allies. The report noted that the Brotherhood had "rejected violence as a matter of official policy and opposed al-Qa'ida and ISIS" and that while "a minority of MB [Muslim Brotherhood] members have engaged in violence, most often in response to harsh regime repression, perceived foreign occupation, or civil conflicts", designation of the organization as a terrorist group would prompt concern from U.S. allies in the Middle East "that such a step could destabilize their internal politics, feed extremist narratives, and anger Muslims worldwide." The CIA analysis stated: "MB groups enjoy widespread support across the Near East-North Africa region and many Arabs and Muslims worldwide would view an MB designation as an affront to their core religious and societal values. Moreover, a US designation would probably weaken MB leaders' arguments against violence and provide ISIS and al-Qa'ida additional grist for propaganda to win followers and support, particularly for attacks against US interests."<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> An article in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> against designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization was written by Shadi Hamid.<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_diplomatic_crises_in_Qatar">Relationship to diplomatic crises in Qatar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Qatar" title="Foreign relations of Qatar">Foreign relations of Qatar</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>'s relationship with Muslim Brotherhood has been a persistent point of contention between Qatar and other Arab states, including <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (UAE), <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which view the Brotherhood as a serious threat to social stability in those countries.<a href="#cite_note-TragerQatar-419">[419]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">overthrow</a> of Mohamed Morsi in July 2013, Qatar allowed some Brotherhood members who fled Egypt to live in the country. The Qatar-based <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> "housed them in a five-star Doha hotel and granted them regular airtime for promoting their cause"; the station also broadcast protests against the post-Brotherhood authorities in Egypt by the Brotherhood, "and in some cases allegedly paid Muslim Brothers for the footage."<a href="#cite_note-TragerQatar-419">[419]</a> Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain said that Qatar had violated the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> rule against interference in the internal affairs of other members, and in March 2014 all three countries withdrew their ambassadors from Qatar. After two months of diplomatic tensions the issue was resolved, with Brotherhood leaders departing from <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> later in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-TragerQatar-419">[419]</a> However, "from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the UAE's standpoint, Qatar never lived up to the 2014 agreement and continued to serve as the nexus of the Brotherhood's regional networks."<a href="#cite_note-TragerQatar-419">[419]</a> This led to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a>, which is viewed as being precipitated in large part by a conflict over the Muslim Brotherhood. Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt made 13 demands of the government of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, six of which reflect the group's opposition to Qatar's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood and demand that the country cut ties to the Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-TragerQatar-419">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">List of designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_25" title="Misr 25">Misr 25</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBC_profile-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_profile_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_profile_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGhattas2001" class="citation news cs1">Ghattas, Kim (9 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405">"Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728134724/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Egypt%27s+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2001-02-09&rft.aulast=Ghattas&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12313405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Jazeera_Staff2017" class="citation web cs1">Al Jazeera Staff (18 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/6/18/what-is-the-muslim-brotherhood">"What is the Muslim Brotherhood?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909185530/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/6/18/what-is-the-muslim-brotherhood">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%3F&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft.au=Al+Jazeera+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2017%2F6%2F18%2Fwhat-is-the-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Halverson2010" class="citation book cs1">R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 62, 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8"><bdi>978-0-230-10279-8</bdi></a>. <q>Neo-Sufism assumed the basis of a secondary Athari tendency that we find in the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood... Neo-Sufism... was a major influence on the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the development of the Muslim Brotherhood.. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62%2C+65&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10279-8&rft.aulast=R.+Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Sherif2014" class="citation web cs1">El-Sherif, Ashraf (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/21/muslim-brotherhood-and-future-of-political-islam-in-egypt-pub-56980">"The Muslim Brotherhood and the Future of Political Islam in Egypt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502190013/https://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/21/muslim-brotherhood-and-future-of-political-islam-in-egypt-pub-56980">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+the+Future+of+Political+Islam+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=El-Sherif&rft.aufirst=Ashraf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2014%2F10%2F21%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-and-future-of-political-islam-in-egypt-pub-56980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sageman_2004_7-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sageman_2004_7_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sageman_2004_7_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSageman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Sageman" title="Marc Sageman">Sageman, Marc</a> (2004). "Chapter 1: The Origins of the Jihad". Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7"><bdi>0-8122-3808-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Jihad&rft.btitle=Understanding+Terror+Networks&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8122-3808-7&rft.aulast=Sageman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenz-Raymann_2014_80-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenz-Raymann_2014_80_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenz-Raymann_2014_80_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenz-Raymann2014" class="citation book cs1">Lenz-Raymann, Kathrin (2014). "Chapter 3: Salafi Isalm: Social Transformation and Political Islam". Securitization of Islam: A Vicious Circle: Counter-Terrorism and Freedom of Religion in Central Asia. United Kingdom: Transcript Verlag. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3837629040" title="Special:BookSources/978-3837629040"><bdi>978-3837629040</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1fxgjp.7">j.ctv1fxgjp.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Salafi+Isalm%3A+Social+Transformation+and+Political+Islam&rft.btitle=Securitization+of+Islam%3A+A+Vicious+Circle%3A+Counter-Terrorism+and+Freedom+of+Religion+in+Central+Asia&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1fxgjp.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3837629040&rft.aulast=Lenz-Raymann&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Sageman_2004_7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenz-Raymann_2014_80-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2018" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Choi (2018). "10: Islamic Fundamentalism in Critical Perspective". The 20th Century: A Retrospective. New York: Routledge. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2691-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-2691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Islamic+Fundamentalism+in+Critical+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+20th+Century%3A+A+Retrospective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2691-7&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Choi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Gani2022" class="citation journal cs1">K. Gani, Jasmine (21 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688790.2023.2127660">"Anti-colonial connectivity between Islamicate movements in the Middle East and South Asia: the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamati Islam"</a>. Post Colonial Studies. 26. Routledge: 55–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688790.2023.2127660">10.1080/13688790.2023.2127660</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F26238">10023/26238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1368-8790">1368-8790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253068552">253068552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post+Colonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Anti-colonial+connectivity+between+Islamicate+movements+in+the+Middle+East+and+South+Asia%3A+the+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+Jamati+Islam&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=55-76&rft.date=2022-10-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F26238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253068552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1368-8790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13688790.2023.2127660&rft.aulast=K.+Gani&rft.aufirst=Jasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13688790.2023.2127660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2013" class="citation web cs1">Gould, J. J. (30 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/rick-perry-and-the-muslim-brotherhood-compare-and-contrast/277404/">"Rick Perry and the Muslim Brotherhood: Compare and Contrast - Mona Eltahawy on social conservatism in Egypt and the U.S."</a> The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324225149/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/rick-perry-and-the-muslim-brotherhood-compare-and-contrast/277404/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rick+Perry+and+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%3A+Compare+and+Contrast+-+Mona+Eltahawy+on+social+conservatism+in+Egypt+and+the+U.S.&rft.pub=The+Atlantic&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F06%2Frick-perry-and-the-muslim-brotherhood-compare-and-contrast%2F277404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strindberg,_Anders,_and_Wärn,_Mats_2011_87-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strindberg,_Anders,_and_Wärn,_Mats_2011_87_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strindberg,_Anders,_and_Wärn,_Mats_2011_87_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrindbergWärn2011" class="citation cs2">Strindberg, Anders; Wärn, Mats (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLvM5I6KTvEC&q=%22social+institution+building%22+1975+1987&pg=PA86">Islamism</a>, Polity, p. 87, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745640624" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745640624"><bdi>978-0745640624</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamism&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0745640624&rft.aulast=Strindberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=W%C3%A4rn%2C+Mats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJLvM5I6KTvEC%26q%3D%2522social%2Binstitution%2Bbuilding%2522%2B1975%2B1987%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ian (5 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/02/05/washingtons-secret-history-muslim-brotherhood/">"Washington's Secret History with the Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224140828/http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/02/05/washingtons-secret-history-muslim-brotherhood/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Secret+History+with+the+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2011-02-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2011%2F02%2F05%2Fwashingtons-secret-history-muslim-brotherhood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mesbar.org/brotherhood-organizational-coups-qutbism-of-thought-and-pragmatism-of-politics/">"Brotherhood Organizational Coups: Qutbism of Thought and Pragmatism of Politics"</a>. 30 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129203211/https://mesbar.org/brotherhood-organizational-coups-qutbism-of-thought-and-pragmatism-of-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+Organizational+Coups%3A+Qutbism+of+Thought+and+Pragmatism+of+Politics&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmesbar.org%2Fbrotherhood-organizational-coups-qutbism-of-thought-and-pragmatism-of-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterextremism.com/muslim-brotherhood-ties-to-extremists">"The Muslim Brotherhood's Ties to Extremists"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129203210/https://www.counterextremism.com/muslim-brotherhood-ties-to-extremists">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024. 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Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood%27s+%27right-wing%27+politics+game&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Bassem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fviews%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2013%2F05%2F01%2FThe-Muslim-Brotherhood-s-right-wing-politics-game.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfuss2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Dreyfuss, Robert (11 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/what-is-the-muslim-brotherhood/2/">"What Is the Muslim Brotherhood, and Will It Take Over Egypt?"</a>. Mother Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804203123/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/what-is-the-muslim-brotherhood/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+and+Will+It+Take+Over+Egypt%3F&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.aulast=Dreyfuss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F02%2Fwhat-is-the-muslim-brotherhood%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strafasia.com/iran-and-muslim-brotherhood-a-bizarre-alliance-of-two-rival-ideologies/">"Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: A Bizarre Alliance of Two Rival Ideologies"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106074110/https://strafasia.com/iran-and-muslim-brotherhood-a-bizarre-alliance-of-two-rival-ideologies/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+and+Muslim+Brotherhood%3A+A+Bizarre+Alliance+of+Two+Rival+Ideologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrafasia.com%2Firan-and-muslim-brotherhood-a-bizarre-alliance-of-two-rival-ideologies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/pakistans-support-the-haqqani-network-undermining-us-21300/">"Why Turkey Chose Qatar"</a>. 25 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201132932/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/pakistans-support-the-haqqani-network-undermining-us-21300">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Turkey+Chose+Qatar&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fpakistans-support-the-haqqani-network-undermining-us-21300%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrevon,_Haenni2021" class="citation book cs1">Drevon, Haenni, Jerome, Patrick (2021). How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads: The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria. I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: European University Institute. pp. 18, 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-3625">1028-3625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Global+Jihad+Relocalises+and+Where+it+Leads%3A+The+Case+of+HTS%2C+the+Former+AQ+Franchise+in+Syria&rft.place=I+%E2%80%93+50014+San+Domenico+di+Fiesole+%28FI%29%2C+Italy&rft.pages=18%2C+29-31&rft.pub=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1028-3625&rft.aulast=Drevon%2C+Haenni&rft.aufirst=Jerome%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Zelin2022" class="citation book cs1">Y. 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Retrieved 4 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7+%26%23124%3B+%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.bh%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fnews%2F609752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25515932">"Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'"</a>. BBC News. 25 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510034805/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25515932">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Muslim+Brotherhood+declared+%27terrorist+group%27&rft.date=2013-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-25515932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809130815/http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=EXP;n=257852">"Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 12.02.2003 N 3624-III ГД "О Заявлении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "О пресечении деятельности террористических организаций на территории Российской Федерации""</a> [Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of February 12, 2003 N 3624-III of the State Duma "On the Statement of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "On the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation"] (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc%3Bbase%3DEXP%3Bn%3D257852">the original</a> on 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%94+%D0%A4%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE%D1%82+12.02.2003+N+3624-III+%D0%93%D0%94+%22%D0%9E+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%253Bbase%253DEXP%253Bn%253D257852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26487092?print=true">"Saudi Arabia declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'"</a>. BBC News. 7 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308065409/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26487092?print=true">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+declares+Muslim+Brotherhood+%27terrorist+group%27&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-26487092%3Fprint%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/assad-says-factors-not-in-place-for-syria-peace-talks.aspx?pageID=238&nID=56611&NewsCatID=352">"Assad says 'factors not in place' for Syria peace talks - World News"</a>. 22 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218151814/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/assad-says-factors-not-in-place-for-syria-peace-talks-56611">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assad+says+%27factors+not+in+place%27+for+Syria+peace+talks+-+World+News&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fassad-says-factors-not-in-place-for-syria-peace-talks.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D56611%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-09/u-a-e-supports-saudi-arabia-against-qatar-backed-brotherhood.html">"U.A.E. Supports Saudi Arabia Against Qatar-Backed Brotherhood"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 9 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310005755/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-09/u-a-e-supports-saudi-arabia-against-qatar-backed-brotherhood.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=U.A.E.+Supports+Saudi+Arabia+Against+Qatar-Backed+Brotherhood&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-03-09%2Fu-a-e-supports-saudi-arabia-against-qatar-backed-brotherhood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militiasdb.sowi.uni-mannheim.de/militias-public/pgag/467/">"Muslim Brotherhood Gangs (Egypt)"</a>. Pro-Government Militia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126233655/https://militiasdb.sowi.uni-mannheim.de/militias-public/pgag/467/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Gangs+%28Egypt%29&rft.pub=Pro-Government+Militia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitiasdb.sowi.uni-mannheim.de%2Fmilitias-public%2Fpgag%2F467%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BorgesonValeri2009-31"><a href="#cite_ref-BorgesonValeri2009_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_BorgesonRobin_Valeri2009" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Borgeson; Robin Valeri (9 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pERPR9lbHagC&pg=PA23">Terrorism in America</a>. Jones and Bartlett Learning. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5524-9"><bdi>978-0-7637-5524-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+America&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5524-9&rft.au=Kevin+Borgeson&rft.au=Robin+Valeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpERPR9lbHagC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/world/middleeast/is-the-muslim-brotherhood-terrorist.html">"Is the Muslim Brotherhood a Terrorist Group?"</a>. The New York Times. 30 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114060708/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/world/middleeast/is-the-muslim-brotherhood-terrorist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+the+Muslim+Brotherhood+a+Terrorist+Group%3F&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fis-the-muslim-brotherhood-terrorist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, John (2015). Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474127127" title="Special:BookSources/9781474127127"><bdi>9781474127127</bdi></a>. <q>Hassan al Banna, called for the religious reformation of individual Muslims, the progressive moral purification of Muslim societies and their eventual political unification in a Caliphate under sharia law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Review%3A+Main+Findings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=British+Parliament&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781474127127&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2008" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Bruce (2008). 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Brookings. 5 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117212153/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/06/05/the-end-of-nasserism-how-the-1967-war-opened-new-space-for-islamism-in-the-arab-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+end+of+Nasserism%3A+How+the+1967+War+opened+new+space+for+Islamism+in+the+Arab+world&rft.pub=Brookings&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fmarkaz%2F2017%2F06%2F05%2Fthe-end-of-nasserism-how-the-1967-war-opened-new-space-for-islamism-in-the-arab-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/saudi-brotherhood-friends-foes-170623093039202.html">"Saudi and the Brotherhood: From friends to foes"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+and+the+Brotherhood%3A+From+friends+to+foes&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F06%2Fsaudi-brotherhood-friends-foes-170623093039202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibish-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibish_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibish_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibish_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbish2013" class="citation web cs1">Ibish, Hussein (5 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project">"Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+end+of+the+failed+Muslim+Brotherhood+project%3F&rft.date=2013-10-05&rft.aulast=Ibish&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fthenationalconversation%2Fcomment%2Fis-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wade-38"><a href="#cite_ref-wade_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2013" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (30 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23846680">"Egypt: What poll results reveal about Brotherhood's popularity"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230045824/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23846680">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2018. <q>the Brotherhood won Egypt's five democratic votes,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+What+poll+results+reveal+about+Brotherhood%27s+popularity&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-23846680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/26/world/meast/egypt-politics/index.html">"Egypt's new president to pick woman, Christian VPs"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218151248/https://www.cnn.com/2012/06/26/world/meast/egypt-politics/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+new+president+to+pick+woman%2C+Christian+VPs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F06%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fegypt-politics%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, John (2015). Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474127127" title="Special:BookSources/9781474127127"><bdi>9781474127127</bdi></a>. <q>He concluded that the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood did not do enough to demonstrate political moderation or a commitment to democratic values, had failed to convince Egyptians of their competence or good intentions, and had subsequently struggled to draw lessons for what its failure in Egypt meant for its future.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Review%3A+Main+Findings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=British+Parliament&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781474127127&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/president-morsi-ousted-democratically-elected-leader-house-arrest/story?id=19568447">"President Morsi Ousted: First Democratically Elected Leader Under House Arrest"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218151356/https://abcnews.go.com/international/president-morsi-ousted-democratically-elected-leader-house-arrest/story?id=19568447">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=President+Morsi+Ousted%3A+First+Democratically+Elected+Leader+Under+House+Arrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fpresident-morsi-ousted-democratically-elected-leader-house-arrest%2Fstory%3Fid%3D19568447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, John (2015). Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474127127" title="Special:BookSources/9781474127127"><bdi>9781474127127</bdi></a>. <q>Hassan al Banna accepted the political utility of violence, and the Brotherhood conducted attacks, including political assassinations and attempted assassinations against Egyptian state targets and both British and Jewish interests during his lifetime;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Review%3A+Main+Findings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=British+Parliament&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781474127127&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jabr-43"><a href="#cite_ref-jabr_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabr1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jabr, Karam (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130218071859/http://www.arabwestreport.info/year-1999/week-52/8-two-swords-quran-between">"Two Swords.. with the Qur'an in between!"</a>. Arab West Reports. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabwestreport.info/year-1999/week-52/8-two-swords-quran-between">the original</a> on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+West+Reports&rft.atitle=Two+Swords..+with+the+Qur%27an+in+between%21&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jabr&rft.aufirst=Karam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabwestreport.info%2Fyear-1999%2Fweek-52%2F8-two-swords-quran-between&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moussalli_2012-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussalli2012" class="citation book cs1">Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">"Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology"</a>. In Akbarzadeh, Shahram (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Political Islam (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138577824" title="Special:BookSources/9781138577824"><bdi>9781138577824</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011025970">2011025970</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111173503/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sayyid+Qutb%3A+Founder+of+Radical+Islamic+Political+Ideology&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=24-26&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011025970&rft.isbn=9781138577824&rft.aulast=Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-LfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polk_2018-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Polk_2018_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Polk" title="William R. Polk">Polk, William R.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370">"The Philosopher of the Muslim Revolt, Sayyid Qutb"</a>. Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North. The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 370–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bvnfdq.40">10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6"><bdi>978-0-300-22290-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40">j.ctv1bvnfdq.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017942543">2017942543</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220252/https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher+of+the+Muslim+Revolt%2C+Sayyid+Qutb&rft.btitle=Crusade+and+Jihad%3A+The+Thousand-Year+War+Between+the+Muslim+World+and+the+Global+North&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.series=The+Henry+L.+Stimson+Lectures+Series&rft.pages=370-380&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bvnfdq.40&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1bvnfdq.40%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017942543&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22290-6&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozFDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlocum2019" class="citation book cs1">Slocum, Steve (16 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KN6DwAAQBAJ&q=%22condemns+violence+and+violent+acts%22&pg=PT263">Why do They Hate Us?: Making Peace with the Muslim World</a>. Top Reads Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780998683874" title="Special:BookSources/9780998683874"><bdi>9780998683874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+do+They+Hate+Us%3F%3A+Making+Peace+with+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=Top+Reads+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2019-07-16&rft.isbn=9780998683874&rft.aulast=Slocum&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KN6DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522condemns%2Bviolence%2Band%2Bviolent%2Bacts%2522%26pg%3DPT263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/pakistans-support-the-haqqani-network-undermining-us-21300">"Why Turkey Chose Qatar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a>. 25 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201132932/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/pakistans-support-the-haqqani-network-undermining-us-21300">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Why+Turkey+Chose+Qatar&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fpakistans-support-the-haqqani-network-undermining-us-21300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/609752">"Bahrain backs Saudi Arabia, UAE, Foreign Minister says"</a>. Bahrain News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074045/http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/609752">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahrain+backs+Saudi+Arabia%2C+UAE%2C+Foreign+Minister+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.bh%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fnews%2F609752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EgyptGovtDeclaresTerrorist-49"><a href="#cite_ref-EgyptGovtDeclaresTerrorist_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25515932">"Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'"</a>. BBC News. 25 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510034805/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25515932">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Muslim+Brotherhood+declared+%27terrorist+group%27&rft.date=2013-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-25515932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-base.consultant.ru-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-base.consultant.ru_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-base.consultant.ru_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101081242/http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc%3Bbase%3DEXP%3Bn%3D257852">"Resolution of the State Duma, 2 December 2003 N 3624-III GD "on the Application of the State Duma of the Russian Federation" on the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Consultant_Plus" title="Consultant Plus">Consultant Plus</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=EXP;n=257852">the original</a> on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+of+the+State+Duma%2C+2+December+2003+N+3624-III+GD+%22on+the+Application+of+the+State+Duma+of+the+Russian+Federation%22+on+the+suppression+of+the+activities+of+terrorist+organizations+on+the+territory+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.pub=Consultant+Plus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%3Bbase%3DEXP%3Bn%3D257852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SyriaTerror-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SyriaTerror_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SyriaTerror_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/assad-says-factors-not-in-place-for-syria-peace-talks.aspx?pageID=238&nID=56611&NewsCatID=352">"Assad says 'factors not in place' for Syria peace talks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hurriyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurriyet">Hurriyet</a> (AFP). 21 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218151814/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/assad-says-factors-not-in-place-for-syria-peace-talks-56611">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assad+says+%27factors+not+in+place%27+for+Syria+peace+talks&rft.pub=Hurriyet+%28AFP%29&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fassad-says-factors-not-in-place-for-syria-peace-talks.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D56611%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26487092?print=true">"Saudi Arabia declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'"</a>. BBC News. 7 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308065409/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26487092?print=true">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+declares+Muslim+Brotherhood+%27terrorist+group%27&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-26487092%3Fprint%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alaa_Shahine_and_Glen_Carey,_Bloomberg_News-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alaa_Shahine_and_Glen_Carey,_Bloomberg_News_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alaa_Shahine_and_Glen_Carey,_Bloomberg_News_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alaa_Shahine_and_Glen_Carey,_Bloomberg_News_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahineCarey2014" class="citation news cs1">Shahine, Alaa & Carey, Glen (9 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-09/u-a-e-supports-saudi-arabia-against-qatar-backed-brotherhood.html">"U.A.E. Supports Saudi Arabia Against Qatar-Backed Brotherhood"</a>. Bloomberg News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310005755/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-09/u-a-e-supports-saudi-arabia-against-qatar-backed-brotherhood.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.A.E.+Supports+Saudi+Arabia+Against+Qatar-Backed+Brotherhood&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft.aulast=Shahine&rft.aufirst=Alaa&rft.au=Carey%2C+Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-03-09%2Fu-a-e-supports-saudi-arabia-against-qatar-backed-brotherhood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMura2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mura, Andrea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/MURAGI.pdf">"A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Ideologies" title="Journal of Political Ideologies">Journal of Political Ideologies</a>. 17 (1): 61–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2012.644986">10.1080/13569317.2012.644986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144873457">144873457</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215005119/https://philpapers.org/archive/MURAGI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=A+genealogical+inquiry+into+early+Islamism%3A+the+discourse+of+Hasan+al-Banna&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-85&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2012.644986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144873457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mura&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FMURAGI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2013" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Reza (2013). The Inevitable Caliphate? - A History of the Struggle for Global Islamic Union, 1924 to the Present. 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New York: Liveright Publishing. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-373-5"><bdi>978-0-87140-373-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Counter-Enlightenment&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Enlightenment%3A+The+Struggle+Between+Faith+and+Reason-+1798+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-373-5&rft.aulast=De+Bellaigue&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Mitchell" title="Richard P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fj-p.com/Our_news_Details.aspx?News_ID=106033">the original</a> on 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9..+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.date=2016-11-12&rft.aulast=%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fj-p.com%2FOur_news_Details.aspx%3FNews_ID%3D106033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud2016" class="citation web cs1">Mahmoud, Nervana (13 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nervana1.org/2016/12/13/carnage-at-the-cathedral/">"Carnage at the Cathedral"</a>. nervana1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160827/https://nervana1.org/2016/12/13/carnage-at-the-cathedral/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nervana1&rft.atitle=Carnage+at+the+Cathedral&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.aulast=Mahmoud&rft.aufirst=Nervana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnervana1.org%2F2016%2F12%2F13%2Fcarnage-at-the-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/IslamismMap/status/809014518663839745">"The #MuslimBrotherhood is equally complicit for the bombing of #Coptic church in #Cairo last Sunday, says @Nervana_1"</a>. 14 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312194759/https://twitter.com/islamismmap/status/809014518663839745">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017 – via Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%23MuslimBrotherhood+is+equally+complicit+for+the+bombing+of+%23Coptic+church+in+%23Cairo+last+Sunday%2C+says+%40Nervana_1&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FIslamismMap%2Fstatus%2F809014518663839745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadros2016" class="citation web cs1">Tadros, Samuel (11 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/Samueltadros/status/808031186014633984">"The Muslim Brotherhood statement on today's bombing in Coptic Cathedral claims Sisi and Copts involved"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312181223/https://twitter.com/samueltadros/status/808031186014633984">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017 – via Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+statement+on+today%27s+bombing+in+Coptic+Cathedral+claims+Sisi+and+Copts+involved&rft.date=2016-12-11&rft.aulast=Tadros&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FSamueltadros%2Fstatus%2F808031186014633984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20161216-statement-from-muslim-brotherhood-official-concerning-cairo-church-bombings/">"Statement from Muslim Brotherhood official concerning Cairo church bombings"</a>. Middle East Monitor. 16 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235319/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20161216-statement-from-muslim-brotherhood-official-concerning-cairo-church-bombings/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=Statement+from+Muslim+Brotherhood+official+concerning+Cairo+church+bombings&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20161216-statement-from-muslim-brotherhood-official-concerning-cairo-church-bombings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoueihedHassan2016" class="citation news cs1">Noueihed, Lin; Hassan, Mohammed (13 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-church-idUSKBN1421OO">"Egypt says church bomber linked to Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. Reuters. Cairo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706045515/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-church-idUSKBN1421OO">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Egypt+says+church+bomber+linked+to+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.aulast=Noueihed&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-security-church-idUSKBN1421OO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.france24.com/en/20161213-egypt-accuses-muslim-brotherhood-over-coptic-church-attack-suspect-mustafa">"Egypt accuses Muslim Brotherhood over church attack"</a>. FRANCE 24. 13 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211044303/http://m.france24.com/en/20161213-egypt-accuses-muslim-brotherhood-over-coptic-church-attack-suspect-mustafa">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FRANCE+24&rft.atitle=Egypt+accuses+Muslim+Brotherhood+over+church+attack&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.france24.com%2Fen%2F20161213-egypt-accuses-muslim-brotherhood-over-coptic-church-attack-suspect-mustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019144904/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/511061350-the-tale-of-a-cairo-based-terrorist-cell-a-suicide-attack-and-international-reverberations">"The Tale of a Cairo-Based Terrorist Cell, a Suicide Attack, and International Reverberations"</a>. Stop Terror Finance. 23 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/511061350-the-tale-of-a-cairo-based-terrorist-cell-a-suicide-attack-and-international-reverberations">the original</a> on 19 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stop+Terror+Finance&rft.atitle=The+Tale+of+a+Cairo-Based+Terrorist+Cell%2C+a+Suicide+Attack%2C+and+International+Reverberations&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstopterrorfinance.org%2Fstories%2F511061350-the-tale-of-a-cairo-based-terrorist-cell-a-suicide-attack-and-international-reverberations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/1024481/middle-east">"Doha denies involvement in Cairo church attack"</a>. Arab News. DOHA. Agence France-Presse. 15 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235234/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1024481/middle-east">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raialyoum.com/?p=584216">the original</a> on 11 February 2017. 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Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Egypt+says+church+bomber+linked+to+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fegypt-says-church-bomber-linked-to-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGryboski2016" class="citation news cs1">Gryboski, Michael (13 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/22-year-old-suicide-bomber-who-killed-24-cairos-coptic-church-linked-to-terror-group-172104/print.html#.WFCZkQozo2A.twitter">"22-Y-O Suicide Bomber Who Killed 24 at Cairo's Coptic Church Linked to Terror Group"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egyptian+soldiers+accused+of+killing+unarmed+Sinai+men+in+leaked+video&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-39670873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905231822/http://fj-p.com/Our_news_Details.aspx?News_ID=109684">"الإخوان المسلمون ينعون للأمة الشيخ عمر عبدالرحمن"</a>. 18 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fj-p.com/Our_news_Details.aspx?News_ID=109684">the original</a> on 5 September 2017. 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Jadaliyya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628044528/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/12466/unpacking-anti-muslim-brotherhood-discourse">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jadaliyya&rft.atitle=Unpacking+Anti-Muslim+Brotherhood+Discourse&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Elmasry&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadaliyya.com%2Fpages%2Findex%2F12466%2Funpacking-anti-muslim-brotherhood-discourse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIskandar2013" class="citation book cs1">Iskandar, Adel (2013). Egypt in Flux: Essays on an Unfinished Revolution. Cairo: AUC Press. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+Flux%3A+Essays+on+an+Unfinished+Revolution&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cairo%3A+AUC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Iskandar&rft.aufirst=Adel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2013" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Carrie (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. 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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 27 (2): 227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08850607.2014.872531">10.1080/08850607.2014.872531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153839873">153839873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intelligence+and+CounterIntelligence&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Spring%27s+Impact+on+Egypt%27s+Securitocracy&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08850607.2014.872531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153839873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mekela&rft.aufirst=Juna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524203917/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/1yr_arc_Articles.asp?Article=136119&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=28339&date=2-22-2006">"Gulf Daily News"</a>. Gulf Daily News. 9 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/1yr_arc_Articles.asp?Article=136119&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=28339&date=2-22-2006">the original</a> on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Gulf+Daily+News&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-daily-news.com%2F1yr_arc_Articles.asp%3FArticle%3D136119%26Sn%3DBNEW%26IssueID%3D28339%26date%3D2-22-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-111-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy-111_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-111_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-111_190-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-111_190-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-111_190-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1994" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo">The Failure of Political Islam</a>. translator Volk, Carol. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674291409" title="Special:BookSources/9780674291409"><bdi>9780674291409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780674291409&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffailureofpolitic00royo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627173306/http://www.bitterlemons-international.org/previous.php?opt=1&id=30">"Middle East Roundtable"</a>. bitterlemons-international.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitterlemons-international.org/previous.php?opt=1&id=30">the original</a> on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Roundtable&rft.pub=bitterlemons-international.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitterlemons-international.org%2Fprevious.php%3Fopt%3D1%26id%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2015" class="citation interview cs1">Ali, Hadi (14 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudson.org/research/11528-kurdistan-and-the-challenge-of-islamism">"Kurdistan and the Challenge of Islamism"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Ali, Rebaz. <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630233900/https://hudson.org/research/11528-kurdistan-and-the-challenge-of-islamism">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. <q>In Iran, there is a big Islamic organization called "Islah and Dawa Group" that belongs to the Muslim Brotherhood. They are not registered as a political group because political activities are not allowed in Iran. Obviously, the regime in Iran is a sectarian regime and will always try to limit the activities of local Sunnis. Islah and Dawa are not happy with the regime's sectarian policies, but I think there is very little they can do if they want to stay away from serious trouble. Because of their Muslim Brotherhood ties, they have good relations with the KIU.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+and+the+Challenge+of+Islamism&rft.pub=Hudson+Institute&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Hadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudson.org%2Fresearch%2F11528-kurdistan-and-the-challenge-of-islamism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasoulpour2013" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rasoulpour, Khabat (2013) [1392]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305042535/http://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/articles/605772">Sociologic explanation of establishment of Iranian Call and Reform Organization (Iranian Muslim Brotherhood) and evolution of its discourse</a> (M.A.) (in Persian). <a href="/wiki/Tarbiat_Moallem_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarbiat Moallem University">Tarbiat Moallem University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/articles/605772">the original</a> on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sociologic+explanation+of+establishment+of+Iranian+Call+and+Reform+Organization+%28Iranian+Muslim+Brotherhood%29+and+evolution+of+its+discourse&rft.inst=Tarbiat+Moallem+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rasoulpour&rft.aufirst=Khabat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fganj.irandoc.ac.ir%2Farticles%2F605772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohsen_Ebadi2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohsen Ebadi (November 2014) [Aban–Azar 1393]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005000953/http://www.meisami.net/cheshm/Cheshm/Cheshm/ch88/ch88-09.htm">"A Glance at Muslim Brotherhood in Iran"</a>. Chesmandaz-e-Iran (in Persian) (88). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meisami.net/cheshm/Cheshm/Cheshm/ch88/ch88-09.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2017. 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Al Arabiya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128002411/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/alarabiya-studies/2013/10/14/Turkey-s-relationship-with-the-Muslim-Brotherhood.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2015. 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Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Weld&rft.atitle=Support+for+Muslim+Brotherhood+isolates+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fsupport-for-muslim-brotherhood-isolates-turkey%2Fa-17037906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2014/06/08/turbulans-secimlere-izin-verilmeyecek">"Türbülans seçimlere izin verilmeyecek"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906092527/http://m.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2014/06/08/turbulans-secimlere-izin-verilmeyecek">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrb%C3%BClans+se%C3%A7imlere+izin+verilmeyecek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.sabah.com.tr%2Fgundem%2F2014%2F06%2F08%2Fturbulans-secimlere-izin-verilmeyecek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/07/24/seesaw-friendship-between-turkey-s-akp-and-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-pub-56243">"The Seesaw Friendship Between Turkey's AKP and Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091644/http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/07/24/seesaw-friendship-between-turkey-s-akp-and-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-pub-56243">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seesaw+Friendship+Between+Turkey%27s+AKP+and+Egypt%27s+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2014%2F07%2F24%2Fseesaw-friendship-between-turkey-s-akp-and-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-pub-56243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Godlas1968" class="citation web cs1">Alan Godlas (17 July 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822183509/http://www.uga.edu/islam/muslim_brotherhood_iraq.html">"The Muslim Brotherhood in Iraq"</a>. Uga.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/islam/muslim_brotherhood_iraq.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Uga.edu&rft.date=1968-07-17&rft.au=Alan+Godlas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uga.edu%2Fislam%2Fmuslim_brotherhood_iraq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Aqeedi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Al Aqeedi, Rasha (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025042950/https://cchs.gwu.edu/sites/cchs.gwu.edu/files/downloads/AlAqeedi_Paper.pdf">"Hisba in Mosul: Systematic Oppression in the Name of Virtue"</a> (PDF). Occasional Paper. Program on Extremism at George Washington University: 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cchs.gwu.edu/sites/cchs.gwu.edu/files/downloads/AlAqeedi_Paper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Paper&rft.atitle=Hisba+in+Mosul%3A+Systematic+Oppression+in+the+Name+of+Virtue&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2016-02&rft.aulast=Al+Aqeedi&rft.aufirst=Rasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcchs.gwu.edu%2Fsites%2Fcchs.gwu.edu%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2FAlAqeedi_Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Obeidi2016" class="citation web cs1">Al-Obeidi, Khalid (3 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/khalid_alobeidi/status/760934455741706240">"خالد العبيدي يرد على تهديدات الاخوان المسلمين باغتياله: لن نتهاون في كشف الفاسدين وحياتي ليست أغلى من اي مقاتل"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225130226/https://twitter.com/khalid_alobeidi/status/760934455741706240">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017 – via Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%3A+%D9%84%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft.aulast=Al-Obeidi&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fkhalid_alobeidi%2Fstatus%2F760934455741706240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/2588623.stm">"Profile: Kurdish Islamist movement"</a>. BBC News. 13 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312092743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/2588623.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Kurdish+Islamist+movement&rft.date=2003-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnot_in_website%2Fsyndication%2Fmonitoring%2Fmedia_reports%2F2588623.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/saudi-newspaper-slams-muslim-brotherhood-as-nazis-617703">"Saudi newspaper slams Muslim Brotherhood as 'Nazis'"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 19 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714130434/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/saudi-newspaper-slams-muslim-brotherhood-as-nazis-617703">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+newspaper+slams+Muslim+Brotherhood+as+%27Nazis%27&rft.date=2020-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudi-newspaper-slams-muslim-brotherhood-as-nazis-617703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1982" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Amnon (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalparties00cohe">Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949–1967</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1321-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1321-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-1321-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+in+the+West+Bank+under+the+Jordanian+Regime%2C+1949%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1321-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalparties00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadid1988" class="citation journal cs1">Shadid, Mohammed K (April 1988). "The Muslim Brotherhood Movement in the West Bank and Gaza". Third World Quarterly. 10 (2): 658–682. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436598808420076">10.1080/01436598808420076</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992661">3992661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+Movement+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=658-682&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436598808420076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3992661%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shadid&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Amr1994" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Amr, Ziad (22 March 1994). Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253208661" title="Special:BookSources/0253208661"><bdi>0253208661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Fundamentalism+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza%3A+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+Islamic+Jihad&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994-03-22&rft.isbn=0253208661&rft.aulast=Abu-Amr&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamas-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamas_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamas_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Amr1993" class="citation cs2">Abu-Amr, Ziad (Summer 1993), "Hamas: A Historical and Political Background", Journal of Palestine Studies, 22 (4): 5–19, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.1993.22.4.00p00027">10.1525/jps.1993.22.4.00p00027</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538077">2538077</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Hamas%3A+A+Historical+and+Political+Background&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.1993.22.4.00p00027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538077%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Abu-Amr&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Muslim Brotherhood". The Week. 18 February 2011. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2011-02-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-online.wsj.com-209"><a href="#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins,_Andrew2009" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Andrew (24 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084905/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html">"How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847">the original</a> on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Israel+Helped+to+Spawn+Hamas&rft.date=2009-01-24&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123275572295011847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm">"Hamas Charter"</a>. Mideastweb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901180015/http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamas+Charter&rft.pub=Mideastweb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2Fhamas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schanzer-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Schanzer_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchanzer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schanzer, Jonathan (19 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929201200/http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-talibanization-of-gaza-a-liability-for-the-muslim-brotherhood">"The Talibanization of Gaza: A Liability for the Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Current_Trends_in_Islamist_Ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Trends in Islamist Ideology">Current Trends in Islamist Ideology</a>. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-talibanization-of-gaza-a-liability-for-the-muslim-brotherhood">the original</a> on 29 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Trends+in+Islamist+Ideology&rft.atitle=The+Talibanization+of+Gaza%3A+A+Liability+for+the+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft.aulast=Schanzer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currenttrends.org%2Fresearch%2Fdetail%2Fthe-talibanization-of-gaza-a-liability-for-the-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibish3-hamas-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibish3-hamas_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbish2013" class="citation web cs1">Ibish, Hussein (5 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project">"Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416052905/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2013. <q>Hamas in Gaza is undergoing an unprecedented crisis. It bizarrely made no effort to convince the new Egyptian government that it was not a hostile force, especially with regard to security in Sinai. It is therefore being treated like one. Egypt has imposed an unparalleled blockade, leaving the economy in shambles. For the first time since 2007, it is now possible to imagine a Gaza no longer under Hamas control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+end+of+the+failed+Muslim+Brotherhood+project%3F&rft.date=2013-10-05&rft.aulast=Ibish&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fthenationalconversation%2Fcomment%2Fis-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan_213-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Jordan_213-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar1998" class="citation book cs1">Bar, Shmuel (1998). The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan. Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652240309" title="Special:BookSources/9789652240309"><bdi>9789652240309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Jordan&rft.pub=Moshe+Dayan+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789652240309&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreij2000" class="citation book cs1">Freij, Hanna (2000). Jordan: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Kings of Jordan 1945-1993. Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+the+Kings+of+Jordan+1945-1993&rft.place=Washington&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Freij&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeikenBrooke2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Leiken, Robert; Brooke, Steven (2007). "The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 86, no. 2. pp. 107–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Moderate+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-121&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Leiken&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Brooke%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTore_Kjeilen2000" class="citation web cs1">Tore Kjeilen (20 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mus_br_jordan.htm">"Muslim Brotherhood / Jordan"</a>. Looklex Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216093325/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mus_br_jordan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+%2F+Jordan&rft.pub=Looklex+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2000-09-20&rft.au=Tore+Kjeilen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fmus_br_jordan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ORFPI1994" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo">The Failure of Political Islam</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674291416" title="Special:BookSources/9780674291416"><bdi>9780674291416</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 April 2015. <q>The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780674291416&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffailureofpolitic00royo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amis-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amis_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amis_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amis_218-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmis" class="citation web cs1">Amis, Jacob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907032743/https://www.hudson.org/research/9876-the-jordanian-brotherhood-in-the-arab-spring">"The Jordanian Brotherhood in the Arab Spring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/9876-the-jordanian-brotherhood-in-the-arab-spring">the original</a> on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jordanian+Brotherhood+in+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Hudson+Institute&rft.aulast=Amis&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9876-the-jordanian-brotherhood-in-the-arab-spring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusser" class="citation web cs1">Susser, Asher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB52.pdf">"Jordan 2011: Uneasy Lies the Head"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010025404/https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB52.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017. <q>the King himself had entered into dialogue with the organization in early February, just a few days after Bakhit's appointment and following years of estrangement. Bakhit even invited the Brotherhood to join his cabinet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan+2011%3A+Uneasy+Lies+the+Head&rft.pub=Brandeis+University&rft.aulast=Susser&rft.aufirst=Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fcrown%2Fpublications%2Fmeb%2FMEB52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibish2-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibish2_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbish2013" class="citation web cs1">Ibish, Hussein (5 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project">"Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416052905/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2013. <q>The Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, which seemed to be growing from strength to strength a mere year ago, is in utter disarray.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+end+of+the+failed+Muslim+Brotherhood+project%3F&rft.date=2013-10-05&rft.aulast=Ibish&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fthenationalconversation%2Fcomment%2Fis-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415130218/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/01/jordan-muslim-brotherhood-resignations.html">"Defections threaten Jordan's Brotherhood"</a>. 14 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/01/jordan-muslim-brotherhood-resignations.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defections+threaten+Jordan%27s+Brotherhood&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F01%2Fjordan-muslim-brotherhood-resignations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36035089">"Jordan shuts down Muslim Brotherhood headquarters"</a>. BBC News. 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jordan+shuts+down+Muslim+Brotherhood+headquarters&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36035089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/jordan-top-court-dissolves-countrys-muslim-brotherhood/ar-BB16OBQx">"Jordan top court dissolves country's Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. MSN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721085558/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/jordan-top-court-dissolves-countrys-muslim-brotherhood/ar-BB16OBQx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2020. 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Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+crisis%3A+Fall+of+Morsi+challenges+Qatar%27s+new+emir&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-23185441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2013" class="citation news cs1">Kerr, Simeon (3 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af5d068a-e3ef-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz49s9GGRrO">"Fall of Egypt's Mohamed Morsi is blow to Qatari leadership"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210201257/https://www.ft.com/content/af5d068a-e3ef-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz49s9GGRrO">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Fall+of+Egypt%27s+Mohamed+Morsi+is+blow+to+Qatari+leadership&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Faf5d068a-e3ef-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz49s9GGRrO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1912/15/ctw.02.html">"CNN.com - Transcripts"</a>. edition.cnn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513152624/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1912/15/ctw.02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edition.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN.com+-+Transcripts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F1912%2F15%2Fctw.02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monitor-kuwait-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monitor-kuwait_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monitor-kuwait_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monitor-kuwait_234-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Dickinson, Elizabeth (10 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418230617/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/muslim-brotherhood-kuwait-saudi-terror.html">"Saudi action puts Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait on spot"</a>. Al Monitor. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628210742/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12823-2004Sep10.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Friends+Among+The+Foes+U.S.+Hopes+to+Work+With+Diverse+Group&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Farah%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA12823-2004Sep10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreyfuss-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyfuss_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyfuss_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfuss2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Dreyfuss, Bob (13 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/blog/168871/saudi-arabia-and-brotherhood-what-new-york-times-missed">"Saudi Arabia and the Brotherhood: What the 'New York Times' Missed"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+Brotherhood%3A+What+the+%27New+York+Times%27+Missed&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft.aulast=Dreyfuss&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fblog%2F168871%2Fsaudi-arabia-and-brotherhood-what-new-york-times-missed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nosat-econ2-1-2014-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Nosat-econ2-1-2014_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21595480-despite-their-immense-wealth-saudis-are-not-happy-no-satisfaction">"No satisfaction"</a>. The Economist. 1 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012115331/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21595480-despite-their-immense-wealth-saudis-are-not-happy-no-satisfaction">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017. <q>Long fearful of the Muslim Brotherhood, whose many quiet supporters in the kingdom represent one of the few potential threats to their own control, the Al Sauds strongly backed their removal from government in Egypt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=No+satisfaction&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21595480-despite-their-immense-wealth-saudis-are-not-happy-no-satisfaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Elliott_House" title="Karen Elliott House">House, Karen Elliott</a> (2012). 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When Nasser, a nationalist strongman and sworn enemy of Saudi Arabia, turned on his country's conservative Muslim Brotherhood, King Faisal welcomed those religious conservatives into Saudi Arabia as scholars and teachers, reinforcing the fundamentalist hold on the young Ministry of Education, founded in 1954 under his predecessor and half-brother, King Saud.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Its+People%2C+past%2C+Religion%2C+Fault+Lines+and+Future&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Karen+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel-war-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Kepel-war_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2006" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2006). The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321023613/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/saudi-arabias-muslim-brotherhood-predicament/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Muslim+Brotherhood+predicament&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2014%2F03%2F20%2Fsaudi-arabias-muslim-brotherhood-predicament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Elliott_House" title="Karen Elliott House">House, Karen Elliott</a> (2012). On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future. 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Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114021300/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141038/william-mccants/islamist-outlaws">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Islamist+Outlaws&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft.aulast=McCants&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F141038%2Fwilliam-mccants%2Fislamist-outlaws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katulis-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Katulis_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Katulis2013" class="citation book cs1">Brian Katulis (4 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNp5-MTGDOMC&pg=PT70">"Qatar Saudi Arabia Diverge in Battle to Shape Changing Middle East"</a>. The Paths of the Arab Spring. 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Справочно-информационный интернет-портал RELIGARE ("РЕЛИГИЯ и СМИ"). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226161833/http://www.religare.ru/2_5347.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+RELIGARE+%28%22%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%93%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%9C%D0%98%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religare.ru%2F2_5347.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/britains-expected-ban-hamas-puts-spotlight-muslim-brotherhood-activities">"Britain's expected ban on Hamas puts spotlight on Muslim Brotherhood activities |"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201024431/https://thearabweekly.com/britains-expected-ban-hamas-puts-spotlight-muslim-brotherhood-activities">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+expected+ban+on+Hamas+puts+spotlight+on+Muslim+Brotherhood+activities+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Fbritains-expected-ban-hamas-puts-spotlight-muslim-brotherhood-activities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/03/11/surviving-repression-how-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-has-carried-on-pub-78552">"Surviving Repression: How Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Has Carried on"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201024404/https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/03/11/surviving-repression-how-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-has-carried-on-pub-78552">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surviving+Repression%3A+How+Egypt%27s+Muslim+Brotherhood+Has+Carried+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie-mec.org%2F2019%2F03%2F11%2Fsurviving-repression-how-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-has-carried-on-pub-78552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_298-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_298-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_298-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_298-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_298-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_298-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="c_farr_pt31" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, J; Farr, C (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122132105/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/486932/Muslim_Brotherhood_Review_Main_Findings.pdf">Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings</a> (PDF). London: Government of UK. p. bullet point 19 onwards. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474127127" title="Special:BookSources/9781474127127"><bdi>9781474127127</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/486932/Muslim_Brotherhood_Review_Main_Findings.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Review%3A+Main+Findings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=bullet+point+19+onwards&rft.pub=Government+of+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781474127127&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Farr%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F486932%2FMuslim_Brotherhood_Review_Main_Findings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidCameron-299"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidCameron_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/01/cameron-muslim-brotherhood-orders-inquiry-extremism">"David Cameron orders inquiry into activities of Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401024152/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/01/cameron-muslim-brotherhood-orders-inquiry-extremism">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+orders+inquiry+into+activities+of+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fapr%2F01%2Fcameron-muslim-brotherhood-orders-inquiry-extremism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-rise-and-rise-of-new-gangs-20141112-9eri.html">"The rise and rise of new gangs"</a>. 28 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310155622/https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-rise-and-rise-of-new-gangs-20141112-9eri.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+rise+of+new+gangs&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fthe-rise-and-rise-of-new-gangs-20141112-9eri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/muslim-brotherhood-active-in-australia-20130816-2s29s.html">"Muslim Brotherhood active in Australia"</a>. 16 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201023816/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/muslim-brotherhood-active-in-australia-20130816-2s29s.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+active+in+Australia&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fnsw%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-active-in-australia-20130816-2s29s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhume2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sadanand_Dhume" title="Sadanand Dhume">Dhume, Sadanand</a> (1 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413003640/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=6579">"Indonesian Democracy's Enemy Within"</a>. YaleGlobal Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=6579">the original</a> on 13 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YaleGlobal+Online&rft.atitle=Indonesian+Democracy%27s+Enemy+Within&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.aulast=Dhume&rft.aufirst=Sadanand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyaleglobal.yale.edu%2Fdisplay.article%3Fid%3D6579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBubaloFealy2005" class="citation book cs1">Bubalo, Anthony; Fealy, Greg (2005). Joining the Caravan? The Middle East, Islamism, and Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute for International Policy</a>. pp. viii–ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1921004118" title="Special:BookSources/1921004118"><bdi>1921004118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joining+the+Caravan%3F+The+Middle+East%2C+Islamism%2C+and+Indonesia&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=viii-ix&rft.pub=Lowy+Institute+for+International+Policy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1921004118&rft.aulast=Bubalo&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Fealy%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaradhawi2001" class="citation book cs1">Qaradhawi, DR. Yusuf (2001). Umat Islam Menyongsong Abad ke-21. Era Intermedia, Solo. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-9183-56-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-9183-56-1"><bdi>979-9183-56-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umat+Islam+Menyongsong+Abad+ke-21&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Era+Intermedia%2C+Solo&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=979-9183-56-1&rft.aulast=Qaradhawi&rft.aufirst=DR.+Yusuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2014" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Dominik M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJD8AgAAQBAJ">Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: Routledge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415844758" title="Special:BookSources/9780415844758"><bdi>9780415844758</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630113706/https://books.google.com/books?id=tJD8AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Politics+and+Youth+in+Malaysia%3A+The+Pop-Islamist+Reinvention+of+PAS&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780415844758&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJD8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukry2016" class="citation news cs1">Shukry, Anisah (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/%E2%80%98muslim-brotherhood-influence-not-problem-malaysia%E2%80%99">"Muslim Brotherhood influence not a problem in Malaysia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Edge_(Malaysia)" title="The Edge (Malaysia)">The Edge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409213015/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/%E2%80%98muslim-brotherhood-influence-not-problem-malaysia%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edge&rft.atitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+influence+not+a+problem+in+Malaysia&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.aulast=Shukry&rft.aufirst=Anisah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theedgemarkets.com%2Farticle%2F%25E2%2580%2598muslim-brotherhood-influence-not-problem-malaysia%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBERNAMA2019" class="citation web cs1">BERNAMA (14 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1767460">"UMNO-PAS meterai Piagam Muafakat Nasional"</a>. BERNAMA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407224808/https://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1767460">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BERNAMA&rft.atitle=UMNO-PAS+meterai+Piagam+Muafakat+Nasional&rft.date=2019-09-14&rft.au=BERNAMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernama.com%2Fbm%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D1767460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam2020" class="citation web cs1">Ram, Sadho (23 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://says.com/my/news/pas-umno-bersatu-amanah-and-10-pkr-mps-said-to-be-forming-a-new-coalition-govt">"PAS, UMNO, Bersatu, Amanah And 10 PKR MPs Said To Be Forming A New Coalition Govt"</a>. SAYS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711024712/https://says.com/my/news/pas-umno-bersatu-amanah-and-10-pkr-mps-said-to-be-forming-a-new-coalition-govt">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAYS&rft.atitle=PAS%2C+UMNO%2C+Bersatu%2C+Amanah+And+10+PKR+MPs+Said+To+Be+Forming+A+New+Coalition+Govt&rft.date=2020-02-23&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Sadho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsays.com%2Fmy%2Fnews%2Fpas-umno-bersatu-amanah-and-10-pkr-mps-said-to-be-forming-a-new-coalition-govt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChew2013" class="citation news cs1">Chew, Amy (11 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/02/201321092433869462.html">"The rising force in Malaysia's opposition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808131650/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/02/201321092433869462.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020. 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Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=White+House+Weighs+Terrorist+Designation+for+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-terrorism-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-muslimbrotherhood/trump-weighs-labeling-muslim-brotherhood-a-terrorist-group-idUSKCN1S6159">"Trump weighs labeling Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group"</a>. Reuters. 30 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905191153/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-muslimbrotherhood/trump-weighs-labeling-muslim-brotherhood-a-terrorist-group-idUSKCN1S6159">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+weighs+labeling+Muslim+Brotherhood+a+terrorist+group&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-muslimbrotherhood%2Ftrump-weighs-labeling-muslim-brotherhood-a-terrorist-group-idUSKCN1S6159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ikhwanweb1-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ikhwanweb1_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ikhwanweb1_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=813">"The Principles of The Muslim Brotherhood - Ikhwanweb"</a>. ikhwanweb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529200836/https://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=813">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ikhwanweb.com&rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+The+Muslim+Brotherhood+-+Ikhwanweb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwanweb.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/06/25/politics-and-the-puritanical">"Salafism: Politics and the puritanical"</a>. The Economist. 25 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002082341/https://amp.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/06/25/politics-and-the-puritanical">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Salafism%3A+Politics+and+the+puritanical&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2Fpolitics-and-the-puritanical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruthven-311-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-311_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-311_331-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-311_331-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1984" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0">Islam in the World</a> (first ed.). Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0/page/311">311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=311&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminworld0000ruth_b6b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2004" class="citation book cs1">Pinto, Paulo G. (2004). "Sufism and the religious debate in Syria". In Salvatore, Armando; Eickelman, Dale F. (eds.). Public Islam and the Common Good. Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Vol. 95. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004136212" title="Special:BookSources/9789004136212"><bdi>9789004136212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sufism+and+the+religious+debate+in+Syria&rft.btitle=Public+Islam+and+the+Common+Good&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Social%2C+economic%2C+and+political+studies+of+the+Middle+East+and+Asia&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004136212&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Paulo+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2003" class="citation book cs1">Ernst, Carl W. (2003). Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807875803" title="Special:BookSources/9780807875803"><bdi>9780807875803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+Muhammad%3A+Rethinking+Islam+in+the+Contemporary+World&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.series=Islamic+Civilization+and+Muslim+Networks&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780807875803&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugo2013" class="citation book cs1">McHugo, John (2013). A Concise History of the Arabs. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-950-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-950-7"><bdi>978-1-59558-950-7</bdi></a>. <q>Al-Banna seems to have kept a certain distance from Rashid Rida. As a young man, he visited the tombs of shaykhs and was not hostile to some of the Sufi practices of which Rida would have disapproved... Hassan al-Banna was initiated into a branch of the Shadhiliyya, one of the most influential, when he was still in his teens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Arabs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-950-7&rft.aulast=McHugo&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrämer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a> (2010). Makers of the Muslim World: Hassan al Banna. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. pp. 14–16, 23, 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-430-4"><bdi>978-1-85168-430-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Hasafiyya was a local offshoot of the large and variegated Shadhiliyya order... In Ramadan 1341/1923 Hasan al-Banna was initiated into the Hasafiyya Brotherhood by Shaykh Hasanayn's son and successor when the latter visited Damanhur, and benefited greatly from his teachings... Hasan al-Banna later declared the Hasafi Benevolent Society to be the nucleus or forerunner of the Society of the Muslim Brothers... al-Banna was aware of Rida's hostility to "popular" Sufism, which, for him, included the Shadhiliyya order in general and the "grave-worshippers" (alquburiyyun) in particular, of whom al-Banna was one... Under the impact of reform Islam, and Rashid Rida more particularly, many aspects of Sufism had come under attack. Hasan al-Banna made no secret of his attachment to Sufism and certain practices, such as visiting graves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Hassan+al+Banna&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=14-16%2C+23%2C+30&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-430-4&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4mer&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3"><bdi>1-84511-080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-080-3&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzuri2009" class="citation web cs1">Azuri, L. (27 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memri.org/reports/muslim-brotherhood-debates-its-position-shia">"Muslim Brotherhood Debates Its Position on the Shi'a"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101143132/https://www.memri.org/reports/muslim-brotherhood-debates-its-position-shia">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Debates+Its+Position+on+the+Shi%27a&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft.aulast=Azuri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Freports%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-debates-its-position-shia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elad-Altman-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elad-Altman_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elad-Altman_338-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElad-Altman" class="citation web cs1">Elad-Altman, Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hudson.org/research/9850-the-brotherhood-and-the-shiite-question-">"The Brotherhood and the Shiite Question"</a>. Hudson Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716061035/https://www.hudson.org/research/9850-the-brotherhood-and-the-shiite-question-">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brotherhood+and+the+Shiite+Question&rft.pub=Hudson+Institute&rft.aulast=Elad-Altman&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9850-the-brotherhood-and-the-shiite-question-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Law, Daniel (2012). Radical Islam and the Revival of Medieval Theology. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00964-6"><bdi>978-1-107-00964-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam+and+the+Revival+of+Medieval+Theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00964-6&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Mitchell" title="Richard P. Mitchell">Mitchell, Richard Paul</a> (1993). The Society of the Muslim Brothers. Oxford University Press. pp. 214–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195084375" title="Special:BookSources/9780195084375"><bdi>9780195084375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+the+Muslim+Brothers&rft.pages=214-216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780195084375&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Richard+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruthven-317-341"><a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-317_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1984" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0">Islam in the World</a> (first ed.). Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0/page/317">317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminworld0000ruth_b6b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Lawrence (1998). Islamic Fundamentalism. Westport, Conn., USA: Greenwood Press. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440829437" title="Special:BookSources/9781440829437"><bdi>9781440829437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Fundamentalism&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.%2C+USA&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781440829437&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelrahman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Abdelrahman, Abdelrahman Ahmed (1995). "An Islamic Perspective on Organizational Motivation". 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Retrieved 13 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alwafd.news&rft.atitle=7+%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%22%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falwafd.news%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%2F1059666-7-%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25C2%25AB%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%25C2%25BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadia_Nasralla2013" class="citation news cs1">Shadia Nasralla (25 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-explosion-brotherhood-idUSBRE9BO08H20131225">"Egypt designates Muslim Brotherhood as terrorist group"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227024638/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/25/us-egypt-explosion-brotherhood-idUSBRE9BO08H20131225">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Egypt+designates+Muslim+Brotherhood+as+terrorist+group&rft.date=2013-12-25&rft.au=Shadia+Nasralla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-explosion-brotherhood-idUSBRE9BO08H20131225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalma_AbdelazizSteve_Almasy2013" class="citation news cs1">Salma Abdelaziz & Steve Almasy (25 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/25/world/africa/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-terrorism/">"Egypt's interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726123339/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/25/world/africa/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-terrorism/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+interim+Cabinet+officially+labels+Muslim+Brotherhood+a+terrorist+group&rft.date=2013-12-25&rft.au=Salma+Abdelaziz&rft.au=Steve+Almasy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F12%2F25%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fegypt-muslim-brotherhood-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_WriterAl_Arabiya_News2014" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer; Al Arabiya News (7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/03/07/Saudi-Arabia-declares-Muslim-Brotherhood-terrorist-group.html">"Saudi Arabia declares MB a terrorist group"</a>. Al Arabiya News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307004915/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/news/middle-east/2014/03/07/saudi-arabia-declares-muslim-brotherhood-terrorist-group.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+declares+MB+a+terrorist+group&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya+News&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft.au=Al+Arabiya+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2014%2F03%2F07%2FSaudi-Arabia-declares-Muslim-Brotherhood-terrorist-group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/609752">"Bahrain backs Saudi Arabia, UAE, Foreign Minister says"</a>. Bahrain News Agency. 21 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074045/http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/609752">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahrain+backs+Saudi+Arabia%2C+UAE%2C+Foreign+Minister+says&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.bh%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fnews%2F609752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.com.tr/en/archive/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood/172889">"Bahrain FM reiterates stance on Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahrain+FM+reiterates+stance+on+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.pub=Anadolu+Agency&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.com.tr%2Fen%2Farchive%2Fbahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood%2F172889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt_Today-400"><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_Today_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2019" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Walaa (14 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/70401/Libyan-parl-t-votes-to-ban-Muslim-Brotherhood-designates-it">"Libyan parl't votes to ban Muslim Brotherhood, designates it 'terrorist group'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Today" title="Egypt Today">Egypt Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518071321/http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/70401/Libyan-parl-t-votes-to-ban-Muslim-Brotherhood-designates-it">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Today&rft.atitle=Libyan+parl%27t+votes+to+ban+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+designates+it+%27terrorist+group%27&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Walaa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F2%2F70401%2FLibyan-parl-t-votes-to-ban-Muslim-Brotherhood-designates-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227064432/http://www.icwa.in/pdfs/Russiareaction.pdf">"Russia's Reaction on the Egypt Crisis"</a> (PDF). Indian Council of World Affairs. 29 October 2013. 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The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617221114/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/news/world/aga-khan-without-a-doubt-i-am-seriously-worried-about-the-world/article17185492/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aga+Khan%3A+%27Without+a+doubt%2C+I+am+seriously+worried%27+about+the+world&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Stack+house&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Famp%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Faga-khan-without-a-doubt-i-am-seriously-worried-about-the-world%2Farticle17185492%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastobserver.org/2017/01/12/us-bill-calling-for-designating-muslim-brotherhood-as-a-terrorist-organization">"US bill calling for designating Muslim Brotherhood as a 'terrorist organization'"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Observer&rft.atitle=US+bill+calling+for+designating+Muslim+Brotherhood+as+a+%27terrorist+organization%27&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastobserver.org%2F2017%2F01%2F12%2Fus-bill-calling-for-designating-muslim-brotherhood-as-a-terrorist-organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-Solomon-405">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ-Solomon_405-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ-Solomon_405-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzSolomon2017" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Felicia; Solomon, Jay (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-weighs-terror-label-on-iran-revolutionary-guard-muslim-brotherhood-1486576392">"U.S. Weighs Terror Label on Iran Revolutionary Guard, Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222182616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-weighs-terror-label-on-iran-revolutionary-guard-muslim-brotherhood-1486576392">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Weighs+Terror+Label+on+Iran+Revolutionary+Guard%2C+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-weighs-terror-label-on-iran-revolutionary-guard-muslim-brotherhood-1486576392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintak2017" class="citation news cs1">Pintak, Lawrence (22 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/22/the-trump-administrations-islamophobic-holy-grail/">"The Trump Administration's Islamophobic Holy Grail"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310074557/https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/22/the-trump-administrations-islamophobic-holy-grail/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Trump+Administration%27s+Islamophobic+Holy+Grail&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Pintak&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2017%2F02%2F22%2Fthe-trump-administrations-islamophobic-holy-grail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard2017" class="citation news cs1">Harvard, Sarah (12 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mic.com/articles/168012/trumps-plan-to-declare-the-muslim-brotherhood-a-terror-group-is-about-going-after-american-muslims#.MZF3wI2qY">"Trump's plan to declare the Muslim Brotherhood a terror group is about going after American Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mic_(media_company)" title="Mic (media company)">Mic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301051246/https://mic.com/articles/168012/trumps-plan-to-declare-the-muslim-brotherhood-a-terror-group-is-about-going-after-american-muslims#.MZF3wI2qY">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+plan+to+declare+the+Muslim+Brotherhood+a+terror+group+is+about+going+after+American+Muslims&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Harvard&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmic.com%2Farticles%2F168012%2Ftrumps-plan-to-declare-the-muslim-brotherhood-a-terror-group-is-about-going-after-american-muslims%23.MZF3wI2qY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-ed-408">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-ed_408-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-ed_408-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/09/opinion/all-of-islam-isnt-the-enemy.html">"All of Islam Isn't the Enemy"</a>. The New York Times. 9 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223100115/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/09/opinion/all-of-islam-isnt-the-enemy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All+of+Islam+Isn%27t+the+Enemy&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fall-of-islam-isnt-the-enemy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathias2017" class="citation news cs1">Mathias, Christopher (24 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/muslim-brotherhood-terror-designation-letter_us_58b03effe4b0780bac28758b">"Muslim Brotherhood Terror Designation Will Lead To 'Witch-Hunt,' Rights Groups Say"</a>. HuffPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210110923/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/muslim-brotherhood-terror-designation-letter_us_58b03effe4b0780bac28758b">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Muslim+Brotherhood+Terror+Designation+Will+Lead+To+%27Witch-Hunt%2C%27+Rights+Groups+Say&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft.aulast=Mathias&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-terror-designation-letter_us_58b03effe4b0780bac28758b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2017" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Kenneth (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/08/us-dont-target-muslim-brotherhood">"US: Don't Target Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US%3A+Don%27t+Target+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F08%2Fus-dont-target-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Haddad2017" class="citation news cs1">El-Haddad, Gehad (22 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/opinion/i-am-a-member-of-the-muslim-brotherhood-not-a-terrorist.html">"I Am a Member of the Muslim Brotherhood, Not a Terrorist"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115125543/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/opinion/i-am-a-member-of-the-muslim-brotherhood-not-a-terrorist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I+Am+a+Member+of+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+Not+a+Terrorist&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=El-Haddad&rft.aufirst=Gehad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fi-am-a-member-of-the-muslim-brotherhood-not-a-terrorist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownDunne2017" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Nathan; Dunne, Michele (25 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/67771?lang=en">"Black Label"</a>. Carnegie Middle East Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216221224/http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/67771?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Label&rft.pub=Carnegie+Middle+East+Center&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Dunne%2C+Michele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie-mec.org%2Fdiwan%2F67771%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrager2017" class="citation news cs1">Trager, Eric (9 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213090407/https://www.thecipherbrief.com/article/middle-east/us-should-be-wary-about-overplaying-its-hand-1089">"The U.S. Should Be Wary About Overplaying Its Hand"</a>. The Cipher Brief. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecipherbrief.com/article/middle-east/us-should-be-wary-about-overplaying-its-hand-1089">the original</a> on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cipher+Brief&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Should+Be+Wary+About+Overplaying+Its+Hand&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.aulast=Trager&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecipherbrief.com%2Farticle%2Fmiddle-east%2Fus-should-be-wary-about-overplaying-its-hand-1089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040049/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-terrorism-label-that-would-hurt-more-than-help/2017/02/09/35978c90-ee35-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html">"A terrorism label that would hurt more than help"</a>. The Washington Post. Editorial Board. 9 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-terrorism-label-that-would-hurt-more-than-help/2017/02/09/35978c90-ee35-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+terrorism+label+that+would+hurt+more+than+help&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fa-terrorism-label-that-would-hurt-more-than-help%2F2017%2F02%2F09%2F35978c90-ee35-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethi2017" class="citation news cs1">Sethi, Arjun Singh (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/02/08/calling-the-muslim-brotherhood-a-terrorist-group-would-hurt-all-american-muslims/">"Calling the Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group would hurt all American Muslims"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328070152/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/02/08/calling-the-muslim-brotherhood-a-terrorist-group-would-hurt-all-american-muslims/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Calling+the+Muslim+Brotherhood+a+terrorist+group+would+hurt+all+American+Muslims&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=Arjun+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2017%2F02%2F08%2Fcalling-the-muslim-brotherhood-a-terrorist-group-would-hurt-all-american-muslims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2017" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (10 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/02/10/why-listing-the-muslim-brotherhood-as-a-terror-group-is-a-bad-idea/">"Why listing the Muslim Brotherhood as a terror group is a bad idea"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210154922/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/02/10/why-listing-the-muslim-brotherhood-as-a-terror-group-is-a-bad-idea/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+listing+the+Muslim+Brotherhood+as+a+terror+group+is+a+bad+idea&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F02%2F10%2Fwhy-listing-the-muslim-brotherhood-as-a-terror-group-is-a-bad-idea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHounshellToosi2017" class="citation news cs1">Hounshell, Blake; Toosi, Nahal (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/02/cia-memo-designating-muslim-brotherhood-could-fuel-extremism-214757">"CIA Memo: Designating Muslim Brotherhood Could 'Fuel Extremism'"</a>. Politico Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210025029/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/02/cia-memo-designating-muslim-brotherhood-could-fuel-extremism-214757">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico+Magazine&rft.atitle=CIA+Memo%3A+Designating+Muslim+Brotherhood+Could+%27Fuel+Extremism%27&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Hounshell&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft.au=Toosi%2C+Nahal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F02%2Fcia-memo-designating-muslim-brotherhood-could-fuel-extremism-214757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2017" class="citation news cs1">Hamid, Shadi (12 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/02/muslim-brotherhood-designation/516390/">"The Muslim Brotherhood and the Question of Terrorism"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216102030/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/02/muslim-brotherhood-designation/516390/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+the+Question+of+Terrorism&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Shadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F02%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-designation%2F516390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TragerQatar-419">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TragerQatar_419-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TragerQatar_419-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TragerQatar_419-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TragerQatar_419-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TragerQatar_419-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrager2017" class="citation web cs1">Trager, Eric (2 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/07/muslim-brotherhood-qatar/532380/">"The Muslim Brotherhood Is the Root of the Qatar Crisis"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702104933/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/07/muslim-brotherhood-qatar/532380/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+Is+the+Root+of+the+Qatar+Crisis&rft.pub=The+Atlantic&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.aulast=Trager&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F07%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-qatar%2F532380%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Arian2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Arian, Abdullah (2014). Answering the Call. Popular Islamic Activism in Sadat's Egypt. Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Answering+the+Call.+Popular+Islamic+Activism+in+Sadat%27s+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=al-Arian&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Abdullahi, Abdurahman (Baadiyow) (October 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiiraan.com/oct2008/ISLAH.pdf">"The Islah Movement: Islamic moderation in war-torn Somalia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711165645/http://www.hiiraan.com/oct2008/ISLAH.pdf">Archived</a> 11 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hiiraan Online Mogadishu, Somalia</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfuss2006" class="citation book cs1">Dreyfuss, Robert (2006). Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam. Owl Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7652-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7652-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-7652-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devil%27s+Game%3A+How+the+United+States+Helped+Unleash+Fundamentalist+Islam&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7652-3&rft.aulast=Dreyfuss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mayer, Thomas (1982) "The Military Force of Islam: The Society of the Muslim Brethren and the Palestine Question, 1945–1948", in Kedourie, Elie and Haim, Sylvia G. (1982) Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel. Frank Cass, London, pp. 100–117, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3169-8">0-7146-3169-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMura2015" class="citation book cs1">Mura, Andrea (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/products/9781472443892">The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought</a>. London: Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311084048/https://www.routledge.com/products/9781472443892">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolic+Scenarios+of+Islamism%3A+A+Study+in+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mura&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fproducts%2F9781472443892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zahid, Mohammed (2012) The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Succession Crisis: The Politics of Liberalisation and Reform in the Middle East. I. B. Tauris <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780762178" title="Special:BookSources/1780762178">1780762178</a></li> <li>Rosefsky Wickham, Carrie (2013). <a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Brotherhood:_Evolution_of_an_Islamist_Movement" title="The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement">The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement</a>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691163642" title="Special:BookSources/9780691163642">9780691163642</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muslim_Brotherhood" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Muslim_Brotherhood" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/">Ikhwan Web official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304230922/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/">Archived</a> 4 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://twitter.com/ikhwantawasol">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124130555/https://twitter.com/ikhwantawasol">Archived</a> 24 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/IkhwanwebAr">الإخوان المسلمون (@IkhwanwebAr) | Twitter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109201055/https://twitter.com/IkhwanwebAr">Archived</a> 9 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/Ikhwanweb">Ikhwanweb (@Ikhwanweb) | Twitter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225034300/https://twitter.com/Ikhwanweb">Archived</a> 25 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/interviews/shadi-hamid.html">"Revolution in Cairo: Interview with Shadi Hamid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010034506/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/interviews/shadi-hamid.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Revolution+in+Cairo%3A+Interview+with+Shadi+Hamid&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Frevolution-in-cairo%2Finterviews%2Fshadi-hamid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521103738/http://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/detail/article/egyptian-democracy-and-the-muslim-brotherhood/">"Egyptian democracy and the Muslim Brotherhood"</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="European Union Institute for Security Studies">European Union Institute for Security Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Extremism_Project" title="Counter Extremism Project">Counter Extremism Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterextremism.com/threat/muslim-brotherhood">profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921231626/http://www.counterextremism.com/threat/muslim-brotherhood">Archived</a> 21 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070602202737/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0%2C%2C1816257%2C00.html">"The Foreign Office ought to be serving Britain, not radical Islam"</a> The Observer London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Commons/2015-12-17/HCWS418/">Muslim Brotherhood Review: Written statement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822034258/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Commons/2015-12-17/HCWS418/">Archived</a> 22 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Trager, Eric (September–October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-unbreakable-muslim-brotherhood-grim-prospects-for-a-liberal-egypt">"The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" title="The Washington Institute for Near East Policy">The Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082106/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-unbreakable-muslim-brotherhood-grim-prospects-for-a-liberal-egypt">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unbreakable+Muslim+Brotherhood%3A+Grim+Prospects+for+a+Liberal+Egypt&rft.pub=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.date=2011-09%2F2011-10&rft.aulast=Trager&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fview%2Fthe-unbreakable-muslim-brotherhood-grim-prospects-for-a-liberal-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/moderate-muslim-brotherhood">"The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231122154511/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/moderate-muslim-brotherhood">Archived</a> 22 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Foreign Affairs (2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Spring" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United Arab Emirates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" title="Category:Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_internationals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_internationals" title="Template:Political internationals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_internationals" title="Template talk:Political internationals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_internationals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political internationals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_internationals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">Political internationals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Left_communist" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Movement" title="World Socialist Movement">World Socialist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_Committee_of_Maoist_Parties_and_Organisations_of_South_Asia" title="Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia">Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communist_Action" title="European Communist Action">European Communist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Maoist)" title="International Communist League (Maoist)">International Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(Unity_%26_Struggle)" title="International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)">International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coordination_of_Revolutionary_Parties_and_Organizations" title="International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations">International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals" title="List of Trotskyist internationals">Trotskyist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_the_Refoundation_of_the_Fourth_International" title="Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International">CRFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(post-reunification)" title="Fourth International (post-reunification)">FI (USFI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">ICFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Fourth_Internationalist)" title="International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)">ICL-FI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Union" title="Internationalist Communist Union">ICU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Alternative" title="International Socialist Alternative">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Tendency" title="International Socialist Tendency">IST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers_League_%E2%80%93_Fourth_International" title="International Workers League – Fourth International">IWL-FI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_the_Fourth_International" title="League for the Fourth International">LFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_the_Fifth_International" title="League for the Fifth International">L5I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_International" title="Revolutionary Communist International">RCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyist_Fraction_%E2%80%93_Fourth_International" title="Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International">TF-FI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_International_to_Rebuild_the_Fourth_International" title="Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International">WIRFI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COPPPAL" title="COPPPAL">COPPPAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_League_of_Peoples%27_Struggle" title="International League of Peoples' Struggle">International League of Peoples' Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peoples%27_Assembly" title="International Peoples' Assembly">International Peoples' Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWA%E2%80%93AIT" title="IWA–AIT">International Workers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">Progressive International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Forum" title="São Paulo Forum">São Paulo Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Imperialist_Platform" title="World Anti-Imperialist Platform">World Anti-Imperialist Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_International" title="Humanist International">Humanist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Parties_International" title="Pirate Parties International">Pirate Parties International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democrats_(political_international)" title="Alliance of Democrats (political international)">Alliance of Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">Anarchist St. Imier International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">Black International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Correspondence_Committee" title="Communist Correspondence Committee">Communist Correspondence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_International" title="Communist Workers' International">Communist Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Workers' International (1974)">Committee for a Workers' International (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2D_International" title="E2D International">E2D International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">Fascist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Socialist_Democracy" title="International Alliance of Socialist Democracy">International Alliance of Socialist Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Agrarian_Bureau" title="International Agrarian Bureau">International Agrarian Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Seminar" title="International Communist Seminar">International Communist Seminar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(International_Newsletter)" title="International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter)">ICMPLO (Maoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Entente_of_Radical_and_Similar_Democratic_Parties" title="International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties">International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Revolutionary_Marxist_Centre" title="International Revolutionary Marxist Centre">International Revolutionary Marxist Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krestintern" title="Krestintern">Krestintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Socialist_International" title="Labour and Socialist International">Labour and Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Internationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Internationalist Movement">Revolutionary Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Working_Union_of_Socialist_Parties" title="International Working Union of Socialist Parties">Vienna International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="West Indies Democratic Labour Party">West Indies Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federal_Labour_Party" title="West Indies Federal Labour Party">West Indies Federal Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Europe" title="Young Europe">Young Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">Pan-European political parties</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011119462X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/256108453">VIAF</a><ul><li><a 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