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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Rivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revenue_and_general_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_and_general_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Revenue and general administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_and_general_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revenue_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Revenue divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taluks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taluks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Taluks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taluks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Revenue villages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_Planning_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_Planning_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 District Planning Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_Planning_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Law and order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Local governments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Local governments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Local_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_Local_Bodies_(ULBs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_Local_Bodies_(ULBs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_Local_Bodies_(ULBs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panchayati_Raj_Institutions_(PRIs)_for_rural_governence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panchayati_Raj_Institutions_(PRIs)_for_rural_governence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural governence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panchayati_Raj_Institutions_(PRIs)_for_rural_governence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 State legislature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_constituencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_constituencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Parliament constituencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_constituencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Economic minerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Airport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Urban structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Places of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demand_of_bifurcation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demand_of_bifurcation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Demand of bifurcation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demand_of_bifurcation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Malappuram district</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="منطقة مالابورام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة مالابورام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="মালাপ্পুরম জেলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মালাপ্পুরম জেলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_(ko%C4%81n)" title="Malappuram (koān) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Malappuram (koān)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मलप्पुरम जिला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मलप्पुरम जिला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_(distrito)" title="Malappuram (distrito) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Malappuram (distrito)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_(Distrikt)" title="Malappuram (Distrikt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malappuram (Distrikt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrito_de_Malappuram" title="Distrito de Malappuram – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distrito de Malappuram" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_barrutia" title="Malappuram barrutia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Malappuram barrutia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بخش مالاپورام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بخش مالاپورام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_de_Malappuram" title="District de Malappuram – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="District de Malappuram" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B" title="મલપ્પુરમ જિલ્લો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મલપ્પુરમ જિલ્લો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मलप्पुरम जिला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मलप्पुरम जिला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distretto_di_Malappuram" title="Distretto di Malappuram – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distretto di Malappuram" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಲಪ್ಪುರಂ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಲಪ್ಪುರಂ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2" title="മലപ്പുറം ജില്ല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മലപ്പുറം ജില്ല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="मलप्पुरम जिल्हा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मलप्पुरम जिल्हा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مالابورام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مالابورام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_(district)" title="Malappuram (district) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malappuram (district)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मलप्पुरम् जिल्ला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मलप्पुरम् जिल्ला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_(distrikt)" title="Malappuram (distrikt) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Malappuram (distrikt)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districte_de_Malappuram" title="Districte de Malappuram – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Districte de Malappuram" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="ضلع مالاپورم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ضلع مالاپورم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3)" title="Малаппурам (округ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малаппурам (округ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मलप्पुरममण्डलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मलप्पुरममण्डलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malappuram_district&params=11.03_N_76.05_E_region:IN-KL_type:adm3rd">11°02′N 76°03′E / 11.03°N 76.05°E / 11.03; 76.05</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">District in Kerala, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the district in Kerala. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Malappuram (disambiguation)">Malappuram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">District in Kerala, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Malappuram district</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">District</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:210px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/210px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/315px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/420px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg/104px-Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg/156px-Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg/208px-Near_Cherumb_eco_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Houseboat_(191490747).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg/104px-Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="104" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg/156px-Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg/208px-Kerala_Houseboat_%28191490747%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1334" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/104px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/156px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/208px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/104px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/156px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/208px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamravattam_bridge_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chamravattam_bridge_kerala.jpg/210px-Chamravattam_bridge_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chamravattam_bridge_kerala.jpg/315px-Chamravattam_bridge_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chamravattam_bridge_kerala.jpg/420px-Chamravattam_bridge_kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2468" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> town, Biyyam backwater lake at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, Conolly's plot at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamravattom_Regulator-cum-Bridge" title="Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge">Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> estuary at <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Kerala_Malappuram_district.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Kerala"><img alt="Location in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/India_Kerala_Malappuram_district.svg/250px-India_Kerala_Malappuram_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/India_Kerala_Malappuram_district.svg/375px-India_Kerala_Malappuram_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/India_Kerala_Malappuram_district.svg/500px-India_Kerala_Malappuram_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="210" data-height="210" data-overlays="["_753d852bc57b658f82b295e487778d6f8fa91838"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,210x210.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Malappuram_district&revid=1256830670&groups=_753d852bc57b658f82b295e487778d6f8fa91838" width="210" height="210" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,210x210@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Malappuram_district&revid=1256830670&groups=_753d852bc57b658f82b295e487778d6f8fa91838 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malappuram_district&params=11.03_N_76.05_E_region:IN-KL_type:adm3rd">11°02′N 76°03′E / 11.03°N 76.05°E / 11.03; 76.05</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District formation</th><td class="infobox-data">16 June 1969; 55 years ago (1969-06-16)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Sub-divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; color:black"><div>Sub-districts</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad (Manjeri)</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nilambur#Nilambur_Taluk" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">District administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/District_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District Collector">District Collector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">V.R. Vinod, IAS<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India#Organisation" title="Law enforcement in India">District Police Chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SASIDHARAN.S IPS<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">District</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,554 km2 (1,372 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,594 m (8,510 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2018)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">District</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,494,998<a href="#cite_note-mlpdemo_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,265/km2 (3,280/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">44.18%<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,729,522<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> (2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">1098 <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000<a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a> (2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">93.57%<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-KL</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">KL-10 <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, KL-53 <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>, KL-54 <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, KL-55 <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, KL-65 <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, KL-71 <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, KL-84 <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2005)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.749<a href="#cite_note-unhdi-gdl-5">[5]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> High) ·</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malappuram.nic.in">malappuram.nic.in</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Malappuram (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Malayalam: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[mɐlɐpːurɐm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Malappuram.ogg\/Malappuram.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Malappuram.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Malappuram.ogg/Malappuram.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Malappuram.ogg" title="File:Malappuram.ogg">ⓘ</a>), is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">14 districts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, with a coastline of 70 km (43 mi). The most populous district of Kerala, Malappuram is home to around 13% of the total population of the state. The district was formed on 16 June 1969, spanning an area of about 3,554 km2 (1,372 sq mi). It is the third-largest district of Kerala by area. It is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> on either side. The district is divided into seven <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur#Nilambur_Taluk" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is the most spoken language. The district has witnessed significant emigration, especially to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora#The_Gulf_Boom" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">Gulf Boom</a> of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a> from a large <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> expatriate community.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Malappuram was the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">e-literate</a> as well as the first cyber literate district of India.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The district has four major rivers, namely <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundippuzha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tirur_River" title="Tirur River">Tirur Puzha</a>, out of which the first three are also among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kerala" title="List of rivers of Kerala">five longest rivers in Kerala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_urban_agglomerations_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous urban agglomerations in Kerala">fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi, Calicut, and Thrissur urban areas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">25th largest in India</a> with a total population of 1.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-census_2011-9">[9]</a> 44.2% of the district's population reside in the urban areas according to the 2011 census of India. Being home to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malappuram" title="Education in Malappuram">4 universities</a> in the state, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calicut" title="University of Calicut">University of Calicut</a>, Malappuram is a hub of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">higher education</a> in Kerala. The district comprises 2 <a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Kerala" title="List of revenue divisions of Kerala">revenue divisions</a>, 7 <a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">taluks</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">municipalities</a>, 15 <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Kerala" title="Local government in Kerala">blocks</a>, 94 <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Kerala" title="Local government in Kerala">Grama Panchayats</a>, and 16 <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> constituencies in it.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> During <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> became the headquarters of European and British troops and later of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Special_Police" title="Malabar Special Police">Malabar Special Police</a> (M.S.P), formerly known as Malappuram Special Force formed in 1885, which is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a> plantation in the world at Conolly's plot is situated at <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>. The oldest Railway line in the state was laid from <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> in 1861, passing through <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> The second railway line in the state was also laid in the same year from Tirur to <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a>, also laid in the colonial era, is one among the shortest and picturesque Short Gauge Railway Lines in India. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valamangalam_Pulpetta_(386717435).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valamangalam_Pulpetta_%28386717435%29.jpg/220px-Valamangalam_Pulpetta_%28386717435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valamangalam_Pulpetta_%28386717435%29.jpg/330px-Valamangalam_Pulpetta_%28386717435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valamangalam_Pulpetta_%28386717435%29.jpg/440px-Valamangalam_Pulpetta_%28386717435%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A typical hilly landscape in the district (Near <a href="/wiki/Pulpatta" title="Pulpatta">Pulpatta</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaliyar_Edavanna_(251932360).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chaliyar_Edavanna_%28251932360%29.jpg/220px-Chaliyar_Edavanna_%28251932360%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chaliyar_Edavanna_%28251932360%29.jpg/330px-Chaliyar_Edavanna_%28251932360%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chaliyar_Edavanna_%28251932360%29.jpg/440px-Chaliyar_Edavanna_%28251932360%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> hillside at <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a></figcaption></figure> The term, Malappuram, which means "over the hill" in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, derives from geography of <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, the administrative headquarters of the district.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The midland area of district is characterised by several undulating hills such as <a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Amminikkadan hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oorakam_Hill" title="Oorakam Hill">Oorakam Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Cheriyam hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Pandalur hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Chekkunnu hills</a>, all of which lie away from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> However, the coconut-fringed sandy coastal plain is an exception for the general hilly nature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malappuram_district" title="History of Malappuram district">History of Malappuram district</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/220px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/330px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/440px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Tyndis (Tondis) on <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Peutinger Table</a> (north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/220px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/330px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/440px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Names, routes and locations of the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> (1st century CE)</figcaption></figure> The remains of pre-historic symbols including <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhirs</a>, and Rock-cut caves have found from various parts of district. <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut caves</a> have found from <a href="/wiki/Kuzhimanna_Gramapanchayat" title="Kuzhimanna Gramapanchayat">Puliyakkode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemmad" title="Chemmad">Thrikkulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oorakam" title="Oorakam">Oorakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melmuri" title="Melmuri">Melmuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponmala" title="Ponmala">Ponmala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallikunnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallikunnu">Vallikunnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vengara, Malappuram District">Vengara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> The ancient maritime port of <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>, which was then a centre of trade with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, is roughly identified with <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Kadalundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>-<a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> region. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1st century CE) states that the port of <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (<a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a> The region, which lies north of the port at <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>, was ruled by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-odra-23">[23]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, a region known as <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a> began at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Naura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>. However the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> mentions only <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a>'s starting point. The region probably ended at <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a> was prone by pirates.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> mentioned that the <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a> was a source of peppers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> (River Ponnani) had importance since <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (1st–4th century CE), due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> which connected the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Coromandel coast">Coromandel coast</a> through inland.<a href="#cite_note-Trade-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurumathur_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kurumathur_inscription.jpg/220px-Kurumathur_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kurumathur_inscription.jpg/330px-Kurumathur_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kurumathur_inscription.jpg/440px-Kurumathur_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurumathur_inscription" title="Kurumathur inscription">Kurumathur inscription</a> (871 CE)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kurumathur_inscription" title="Kurumathur inscription">Kurumathur inscription</a> found near <a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a> dates back to 871 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Veluthat-29">[29]</a> Three inscriptions written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a> those date back to 932 CE, those were found from <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, mention the name of <a href="/wiki/Goda_Ravi" title="Goda Ravi">Goda Ravi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a> inscription states about the agreement of <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> Several inscriptions written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a> those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from <a href="/wiki/Sukapuram" title="Sukapuram">Sukapuram</a> near <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>, which was one of the 64 old <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> villages of Kerala. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalthiyoor_Nambi_Illam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aalthiyoor_Nambi_Illam.jpg/300px-Aalthiyoor_Nambi_Illam.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aalthiyoor_Nambi_Illam.jpg/450px-Aalthiyoor_Nambi_Illam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aalthiyoor_Nambi_Illam.jpg/600px-Aalthiyoor_Nambi_Illam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alattiyur,_Malappuram" title="Alattiyur, Malappuram">Alathiyoor Nambi Illam</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></figcaption></figure> Descriptions about the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a> regions can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin" title="Jewish copper plates of Cochin">Jewish copper plates</a> of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Viraraghava_copper_plates" title="Viraraghava copper plates">Viraraghava copper plates</a> of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE).<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> originally belonged to <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> before he shifted his seat to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> Eranad was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Samanthan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanthan Nair">Samanthan Nair</a> clan known as <a href="/wiki/Eradi" title="Eradi">Eradis</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/M._K._Vellodi" title="M. K. Vellodi">Vellodis</a> of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Nedunganad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> The rulers of Eranad were known by the title Eralppad/Eradi.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> It was the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> (Eradi of <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a>) who established the kingdom of Calicut and developed <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> as a major port city in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> Just after that, the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>) became vassals of Zamorin. The <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> royal family is a cousin dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Travancore_royal_family" title="Travancore royal family">Travancore royal family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> Besides, a larger portion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a> Kovilakams (Nilambur, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kottakkal, and Ponnani) also became vassals of the Zamorin.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg/220px-South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg/330px-South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg/440px-South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="6142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in the early 11th century CE (around 1000 CE – Malappuram district had included two important seats of power – Erala Nadu (<a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluva Nadu</a>)</figcaption></figure> The original headquarters of the Perumbadappu Swaroopam, who later became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>, was at Chithrakoodam in Vanneri, <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a>, which is located 10 km south to <a href="/wiki/Puthuponnani" title="Puthuponnani">Puthuponnani</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> When Perumpadappu came under the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, the rulers of Perumpadappu fled to <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>, and later they moved to <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, where they established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> By 1250–1300 CE, almost whole of the district came under the rule of Zamorin.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a>, which had a special political importance in the medieval Kerala, was held at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, which lies on the northern bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, in the district.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> The rivalry that existed between the <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Kumbidi" title="Kumbidi">Panniyoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukapuram" title="Sukapuram">Chowwara</a> (Sukapuram) was also of great political importance in medieval Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kumbidi" title="Kumbidi">Panniyoor</a> is situated opposite to <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a> town while <a href="/wiki/Sukapuram" title="Sukapuram">Sukapuram</a> lies in <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>. The Zamorins found themselves intervened in the so-called Koormatsaram between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Thirumanasseri Nambudiri had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a> came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the Zamorin for help, and promised to cede the port of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, where the river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> merges with <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, to Zamorin as the price for his protection. Thirumanassery Nambudiri, the Koya of Kozhikode, and ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a> supported the Zamorin. Zamorin, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted the offer.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-32">[32]</a> In his military campaigns into Valluvanadu, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors of <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>, and the Koya of Kozhikode.<a href="#cite_note-VVHaridas-33">[33]</a> As a reward by the Zamorin, the port at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> became an important trade and cultural centre of middle eastern sailors. It seems that the Muslim judge of Kozhikode offered all help in "money and material" to the Samoothiri to strike at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-32">[32]</a> The Zamorin continued his conquest to Valluvanadu and conquered the regions of <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>. It was thus that <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a> and a larger portion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a> came under the rule of Zamorin. Thus Zamorin became the Raksha Purusha of Mamankam, and the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottakkunnu,_Malappuram_municipality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kottakkunnu%2C_Malappuram_municipality.jpg/220px-Kottakkunnu%2C_Malappuram_municipality.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kottakkunnu%2C_Malappuram_municipality.jpg/330px-Kottakkunnu%2C_Malappuram_municipality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kottakkunnu%2C_Malappuram_municipality.jpg/440px-Kottakkunnu%2C_Malappuram_municipality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></figcaption></figure> Under the Zamorin, the regions included in the district emerged as major centres of foreign maritime trade in medieval Kerala. The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Major ports in the kingdom of Zamorin included <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kunhali-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a> (Barburankad), <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a> (Tiruwarankad), <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> (Funan) were also important among the trade settlements under the rule of the Zamorin, according to the 16th-century historical work <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Makhdoom-36">[36]</a> Thrikkavil Kovilakam in <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> served as a second home for Zamorin. Ponnani acted as the naval headquarters of his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> was the headquarters of Para Nambi, who was a local chieftain of the Zamorin.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar_Manual_Appendix-37">[37]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Kovilakam" title="Kovilakam">Kovilakams</a> of Zamorin included the Kizhakke Kovilakam at <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, Manjeri Kovilakam at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MGS-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kovilakam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>. Parappanad Kovilakam at <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a> and Tanur Kovilakam at <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> were vassal royal houses of the Zamorin. However the Mankada Kovilakam at <a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a> near <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a> was the seat of ruling family of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad Rajas</a>. Azhvanchery Mana, which was the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvanchery Thamprakkal</a>, who was the supreme head of the <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> of Kerala, is located at <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur Taluk</a>. Azhvanchery Thamprakkal and the lord of <a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> were usually present at the Ariyittu Vazhcha (Coronation) of a new Zamorin.<a href="#cite_note-MGS-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> had the monopoly of trade in the early Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-MGS-38">[38]</a> The original headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> Rajas were also at <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mnn-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/220px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/330px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/440px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Zamorin's empire in 1498</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponnani_harbour_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ponnani_harbour_2.jpg/220px-Ponnani_harbour_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ponnani_harbour_2.jpg/330px-Ponnani_harbour_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ponnani_harbour_2.jpg/440px-Ponnani_harbour_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="2651" /></a><figcaption>The second residence of Zamorin was at Thrikkavil Kovilakam in <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/220px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/330px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/440px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The path <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> took to reach <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (black line) in 1498, which was also the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">discovery of a sea route</a> from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to India, and eventually paved way for the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> was residing at Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani.</figcaption></figure> The squadron of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> left <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> in May 1498.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> At the time of the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> and his Portuguese fleet at Calicut, the Zamorin of Calicut was residing at Ponnani.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Zamorin had provided the Portuguese all facilities for trade.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> However, the Portuguese provocations on the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> properties led to a conflict between the Zamorin and the Portuguese. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, which was the second headquarters of the Zamorin, was an important target of the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> The ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>, who was a vassal to the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Vettathunadu</a>) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> also sided with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from <a href="/wiki/Vettom_Grama_Panchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom Grama Panchayath">Vettom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cochin_(1504)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cochin (1504)">Battle of Cochin (1504)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-42">[42]</a> However, the allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a> merchants in <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> region still stayed under the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Makhdoom-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>, who is considered as the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>, was born at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a>) during Portuguese period.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> The medieval <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> that flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries, was also primarily based in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur region</a>).<a href="#cite_note-roy-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pingree_1992_554–563-44">[44]</a> In 1507, the Portuguese Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> raided Ponnani and started building a fortress there in 1585.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> The district witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kunhali_Marakkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunhali Marakkar">Kunhali Marakkars</a>, and the Portuguese for the monopoly in spice trade. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> town was one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a> were burnt by the Portuguese in the years 1525 and 1573–74 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-34">[34]</a> Some of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> in the 16th century CE, when Cochin became a major power on the Malabar coast, were usually selected from the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> Portuguese were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> with the Battle at <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> fort of 1571. <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> was the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a>. During that battle, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponnani_harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ponnani_harbour.jpg/400px-Ponnani_harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ponnani_harbour.jpg/600px-Ponnani_harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ponnani_harbour.jpg/800px-Ponnani_harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="2321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> harbour photographed in 2012. Ponnani harbour was the southernmost end of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen,_1744.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/220px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/330px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/440px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> (1744) from a map by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Bowen" title="Emanuel Bowen">Emanuel Bowen</a>, an English map engraver. Note that in the map, only <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> is shown with a separate boundary within the Kingdom of Zamorin</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a> (born around 1532) in Ponnani during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar" title="Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkar</a> alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Noorani-47">[47]</a> It was first printed and published in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A._Sreedhara_Menon_2011-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-frontline.in-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1532 with the help of the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, a chapel was built at <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>, together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels.<a href="#cite_note-columbia.edu-51">[51]</a> The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, Caramanlii (King of <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them <a href="#cite_note-columbia.edu-51">[51]</a>) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them.<a href="#cite_note-Makhdoom-36">[36]</a> In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur#Battles_at_Chaliyam_Fort" title="Kingdom of Tanur">battle at Chaliyam Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The continuous wars led by the Portuguese on one side and the Zamorin who had the support of the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> merchants, and the local <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a> forces on the other side, ultimately led to the decline of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> monopoly of foreign trade in the coastal towns. Unmindful of Portuguese opposition, the Zamorin entered into a treaty with the Dutch East India Company on 11 November 1604.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> This was followed by another treaty in 1608, which confirmed the earlier treaty and the Dutch assured assistance to Zamorin in expelling the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> The rise of the Dutch monopoly caused the Portuguese dominance also to decline. The cultural renaissance followed by the unrest of the 16th century produced the poets such as <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a>, who were instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a> into the current form, and <a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a>, who was also a member of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a>. By the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch had monopoly of foreign trade in the ports of Kerala, except for small English factories at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> Though the arrival of <a href="/wiki/William_Keeling" title="William Keeling">William Keeling</a> in 1650 was a beginning for the monopoly of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the region, they weren't able to establish supremacy until 1792.<a href="#cite_note-mh-20">[20]</a> During the 18th century, the de facto <a href="/wiki/Mysore_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore kingdom">Mysore kingdom</a> rulers <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> unified all smaller feudal states in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Northern Kerala</a> and they were made part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>. For a short span of time in 1766, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> was the headquarters of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1961_kkd-53">[53]</a> When the Samutiri Kovilakam at Calicut was besieged by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Haidar 'Ali</a> (18th century AD), the Zamorin sent his family members to Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tirurangadi" title="Battle of Tirurangadi">Battle of Tirurangadi</a> was a series of engagements that took place between the British army and Tipu Sultan between 7 and 12 December 1790 at <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naravane-55">[55]</a> In 1792, Tipu Sultan was defeated by English East India Company through Third Anglo-Mysore War, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">Treaty of Seringapatam</a> was agreed. As per this treaty, most of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar Region</a>, including the present-day Malappuram district, was integrated into the English East India Company. The <a href="/wiki/Koyi_Thampuran" title="Koyi Thampuran">Koyi Thampurans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> belongs to <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> Royal Family. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> family were usually selected.<a href="#cite_note-1961_kkd-53">[53]</a> The oldest teak plantation of the world at Conolly's plot is just 2 km (1.2 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> town. It was named in memory of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Valentine_Conolly" title="Henry Valentine Conolly">Henry Valentine Conolly</a>, the then district collector of Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The first railway line in the state started its function from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> on 12 March 1861, with the oldest railway station at <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ll-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canoly_hanging_bridge_nilambur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Canoly_hanging_bridge_nilambur.jpg/220px-Canoly_hanging_bridge_nilambur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Canoly_hanging_bridge_nilambur.jpg/330px-Canoly_hanging_bridge_nilambur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Canoly_hanging_bridge_nilambur.jpg/440px-Canoly_hanging_bridge_nilambur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a> plantations of the world at Conolly's plot, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></figcaption></figure> The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. During 1841–1921 there were more than 86 revolts against the British officials alone.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The district was included in the subdistricts of Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani in <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> during the British rule. The <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Special_Police" title="Malabar Special Police">Malabar Special Police</a> was headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>. MSP is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The British had established Haig <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">Barracks</a> on the top of Malappuram city, at the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a>, to station their forces.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/220px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/330px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/440px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>. The Tile Factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile-manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was at <a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a>, which was then part of <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad Taluk</a></figcaption></figure> The Malabar district political conference of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> on 28 April 1920 strengthened <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and national movement in <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">British Malabar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manjericonference_1920-60">[60]</a> That conference declared that the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a> were not able to satisfy the needs of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between <a href="/wiki/Surat_Split" title="Surat Split">extremists and moderates</a> within the Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_(1930-37).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/300px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/450px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/600px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> harbour in the mid-1930s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirurangadi_Hajur_Kacheri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tirurangadi_Hajur_Kacheri.jpg/220px-Tirurangadi_Hajur_Kacheri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tirurangadi_Hajur_Kacheri.jpg/330px-Tirurangadi_Hajur_Kacheri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tirurangadi_Hajur_Kacheri.jpg/440px-Tirurangadi_Hajur_Kacheri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>The Graves of British soldiers who had laid down their lives in the 1921 Rebellion at <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi Taluk Office</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar Rebellion">Malabar Rebellion</a> was the last and important among the revolts. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pookkottur" title="Battle of Pookkottur">Battle of Pookkottur</a> adorns an important role in the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-tottenham_grf-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-karim_kk-62">[62]</a> After the army, police, and British authorities fled, declaration of independence took place over 200 villages in <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> taluks by 28 August 1921.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However less than six months after the declaration of autonomy, the East India Company reclaimed the territory and annexed it to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wagon_tragedy" title="Wagon tragedy">Wagon tragedy</a> took place following the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a></figcaption></figure> The erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Madras_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras presidency">Madras presidency</a> became <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">independence of India in 1947</a>. Malappuram revenue division was one of the five revenue divisions in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> with the jurisdiction of Eranad (Manjeri) and Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) Taluks. The other four revenue divisions in the Malabar district were <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Cochin">Fort Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-65">[65]</a> On 1 November 1956, the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> was formed on linguistic basis. The district of Malappuram was formed with four subdistricts (Eranad, Perinthalmanna, Tirur, and Ponnani), four towns, fourteen developmental blocks, and 95 <a href="/wiki/Gram_panchayat" title="Gram panchayat">Gram panchayats</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-c1971-66">[66]</a> Later, Tirur Taluk was bifurcated to form Tirurangadi Taluk, and Eranad Taluk was trifurcated to form two more Taluks namely Nilambur and Kondotty. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calicut" title="University of Calicut">University of Calicut</a>, which is also the second-oldest existing university in Kerala, and the <a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a>, which is also the second-oldest existing airport in the state, started functioning at <a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a>, in the years 1968 and 1988, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the 1970s, the oil reserves in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf countries</a> were opened to commercial extraction and thousands of unskilled workers migrated to the gulf. They sent money home, supporting the rural economy, and by the late 20th century, the region attained <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> health standards and near-universal literacy.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherumb_eco_tourism_village,_Karuvarakundu_India_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cherumb_eco_tourism_village%2C_Karuvarakundu_India_%283%29.JPG/220px-Cherumb_eco_tourism_village%2C_Karuvarakundu_India_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cherumb_eco_tourism_village%2C_Karuvarakundu_India_%283%29.JPG/330px-Cherumb_eco_tourism_village%2C_Karuvarakundu_India_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cherumb_eco_tourism_village%2C_Karuvarakundu_India_%283%29.JPG/440px-Cherumb_eco_tourism_village%2C_Karuvarakundu_India_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Hilly area of <a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puthuponnani_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Puthuponnani_%282%29.JPG/220px-Puthuponnani_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Puthuponnani_%282%29.JPG/330px-Puthuponnani_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Puthuponnani_%282%29.JPG/440px-Puthuponnani_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puthuponnani" title="Puthuponnani">Puthuponnani</a> Munambam beach</figcaption></figure> Bounded by <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad district</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri hills</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the west, Malappuram has a total geographical area of 3,554 km2, which ranks third in the state in terms of area. The district possesses 9.15% of the total area of the state. The district is located at 75°E – 77°E longitude and 10°N – 12°N latitude on the geographical map. Similar to other parts of Kerala, Malappuram also has a coastal area (lowland) bounded by <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> on the west, a midland at the centre, and a hilly area (highland), bounded by <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> on the east. Unlike other districts of Kerala, hilly areas are widely seen in the midland area too. The 2,554 m high <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> peak, which is situated in the border of <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk and <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a> Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> as well as the third-highest in Kerala after <a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a> (2,696 m) and <a href="/wiki/Meesapulimala" title="Meesapulimala">Meesapulimala</a> (2,651 m), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a>. The 2,383 high <a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a>, which is located closer to Malappuram-<a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> district border is the second-highest peak. <a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a>, a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk of Malappuram, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a> Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a> districts, is the third-highest point of elevation in the district. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_Taluks">Border Taluks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Border Taluks">edit</a>]</div> Malappuram district shares its border with the following 12 Taluks of 5 districts. <ul><li>Wayanad district: <a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a> Taluk.</li> <li>Kozhikode district: <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a> Taluks.</li> <li>Nilgiris district: <a href="/wiki/Pandalur_taluk" title="Pandalur taluk">Pandalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kundah_taluk" title="Kundah taluk">Kundah</a> Taluks.</li> <li>Palakkad district: <a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a> Taluks.</li> <li>Thrissur district: <a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a> Taluks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> On the basis of topography, geology, soils, climate, and natural vegetation, the district is divided into 5 sub-micro regions: <ul><li>Malappuram coast</li> <li>Malappuram undulating plain</li> <li>Chaliyar river basin</li> <li>Nilambur forested hills</li> <li>Perinthalmanna undulating uplands.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaliyar_-_Areekode_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chaliyar_-_Areekode_Bridge.jpg/220px-Chaliyar_-_Areekode_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chaliyar_-_Areekode_Bridge.jpg/330px-Chaliyar_-_Areekode_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chaliyar_-_Areekode_Bridge.jpg/440px-Chaliyar_-_Areekode_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> river basin at <a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Malappuram_District_(April_2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_Malappuram_District_%28April_2021%29.svg/220px-Map_of_Malappuram_District_%28April_2021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_Malappuram_District_%28April_2021%29.svg/330px-Map_of_Malappuram_District_%28April_2021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_Malappuram_District_%28April_2021%29.svg/440px-Map_of_Malappuram_District_%28April_2021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>Map of Malappuram District</figcaption></figure> The Malappuram coast lies all along the coastal tract of Malappuram from <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> at the north to <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a> at the south. It makes its boundaries with the Kozhikode coast to the north, Malappuram undulating plain to the east, the Thrissur coast to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshadweep Sea">Lakshadweep Sea</a> to the west. The region is drained by the major rivers like Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Bharathappuzha, Tirurpuzha, etc. canals and backwaters. The region is coconut-fringed. The coastal plain slopes towards the west very gently.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> The major towns including <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a> lies in this region. The maximum height of this region is located at <a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a> village (104 m) in Tirur Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> The Malappuram undulating plain, lying parallel to the coast, makes it boundaries with <a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mavoor" title="Mavoor">Mavur</a> undulating plains to the north, <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> river basin, and Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the east, <a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a> undulating plain to the south and Malappuram coast to the west. Nenmini hill (478 m) at Kannamangalam is the highest point and the <a href="/wiki/Vazhayur" title="Vazhayur">Vazhayur</a> in the northern part (95 m) is the lowest in the region. A few hills and slopes are seen here.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chekkunnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chekkunnu.jpg/220px-Chekkunnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chekkunnu.jpg/330px-Chekkunnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chekkunnu.jpg/440px-Chekkunnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Chekkunnu hills at <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a></figcaption></figure> The Chaliyar River Basin makes its boundaries by Nilambur forested hills to its north and east, Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to its east. It falls under the middle course of <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> and has ups and downs in the form of isolated hills.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> The Nilambur forested hills, also referred to as the Nilambur valley in colonial records, make its boundary with Kozhikode forested hills and Wayanad forested hills to the north, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Mannarkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannarkad">Mannarkad</a>-Palakkad forested hills to the south, and the Chaliyar river basin to the west. It is a part of the Western Ghats. Several peaks having an elevation of more than 1000m from the sea level are seen here.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> The highest altitude of this region is at <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> (2594 m), which lies east of the <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a> on the border of Kerala with Tamil Nadu. The lowest point is located at <a href="/wiki/Mampad" title="Mampad">Mampad</a> (115 m).<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> The hilly forested area of Nilambur forms a part of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>. The Perinthalmanna undulating uplands make its boundary with Chaliyar river basin to the north, Mannarkad-Palakkad forested hills to the east, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to the west. A number of small isolated hills are seen here. <a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a> is one among them. The <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> drains this region. The maximum height of the region is 610 m at <a href="/wiki/Vadakkangara,_Manjeri" title="Vadakkangara, Manjeri">Makkaraparamba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline">Coastline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coastline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg/220px-Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg/330px-Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg/440px-Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></figcaption></figure> Malappuram ranks fifth in the length of coastline among the districts of Kerala having a coastline of 70 km (11.87% of the total coastline of the state).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The coastal belt of Malappuram lies in three municipal towns, namely <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, and eight <a href="/wiki/Gram_panchayat" title="Gram panchayat">Gram panchayats</a> namely <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanalur" title="Tanalur">Tanalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niramaruthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Niramaruthur">Niramaruthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vettom_Grama_Panchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom Grama Panchayath">Vettom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalam,_Tirur" title="Mangalam, Tirur">Mangalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Purathur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veliyankode" title="Veliyankode">Veliyankode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumbadappu</a>. Ponnani, Tanur, Parappanangadi, and <a href="/wiki/Padinjarekkara_Beach" title="Padinjarekkara Beach">Padinjarekkara Beach</a>, all of which lie in the western part of the district, are the major fishing centres. The sea coast of the district is filled with marine wealth.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> Apart from being a favourite destination of the Arab traders earlier, Ponnani was also a captivating destination for many <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> spiritual leaders, who were instrumental in the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> here. The port city is also known as The Little Mecca of Malabar as well as The City of <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold coins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pkd-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> During the months of February/April, thousands of migratory birds arrive here. Located close to Ponnani is Biyyam Kayal, a placid, green-fringed waterway with a water sports facility. The <a href="/wiki/Conolly_Canal" title="Conolly Canal">Conolly Canal</a> meets with <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Puthuponnani" title="Puthuponnani">Puthuponnani</a>. The coastal town of Tanur was the capital of the Kingdom of Vettathunad in the early medieval period, and is known for <a href="/wiki/Keraladeshpuram_Temple" title="Keraladeshpuram Temple">Keraladeshpuram Temple</a>. Parappanangadi was the seat of the ruling families of <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> kingdom in the early medieval period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rivers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_river,_Malappuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kadalundi_river%2C_Malappuram.jpg/220px-Kadalundi_river%2C_Malappuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kadalundi_river%2C_Malappuram.jpg/330px-Kadalundi_river%2C_Malappuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kadalundi_river%2C_Malappuram.jpg/440px-Kadalundi_river%2C_Malappuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></figcaption></figure> Major rivers flowing through the district are <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tirur_River" title="Tirur River">Tirur River</a>. Chaliyar has a total length of about 168 km. and a drainage area of 2,818 km2 (1,088 sq mi). It passes through <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mampad" title="Mampad">Mampad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vazhakkad" title="Vazhakkad">Vazhakkad</a> in district and then flows through Kozhikode-Malappuram district border and empties itself into the Arabian Sea at <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>. Several larger and smaller tributaries of Chaliyar are there in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_(Malappuram)" title="Karimpuzha (Malappuram)">Karimpuzha</a>, the largest tributary of Chaliyar, and <a href="/wiki/Thuthapuzha" title="Thuthapuzha">Thuthapuzha</a>, one of the largest tributaries of Bharathappuzha, and Olipuzha, one of the largest tributaries of the Kadalundi River, also flow through district. Kadalundi River passes through <a href="/wiki/Melattur,_Kerala" title="Melattur, Kerala">Melattur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keezhattur" title="Keezhattur">Keezhattur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandikkad" title="Pandikkad">Pandikkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panakkad" title="Panakkad">Panakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappur" title="Parappur">Parappur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>, and empties itself into Arabian Sea at Kadalundi Nagaram in <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> on the northwestern border of the district. It is formed by the confluence of the Olippuzha River and the Veliyar River. The Kadalundi River originates from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> at the western border of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley</a> and flows through the district. Olippuzha and Veliyar merge to form Kadalundi River in <a href="/wiki/Keezhattur" title="Keezhattur">Keezhattur</a>. Kadalundi River passes through <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a> regions. It has a length of 130 km, with a catchment area of 1,114 km2 (430 sq mi) and a total runoff of 2189 million cubic feet.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-73">[73]</a> Bharathappuzha has a total length of 209 km. It flows as its tributary <a href="/wiki/Thuthapuzha" title="Thuthapuzha">Thuthapuzha</a> River through Thootha, <a href="/wiki/Elamkulam,_Malappuram" title="Elamkulam, Malappuram">Elamkulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulamanthole" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulamanthole">Pulamanthole</a> in Malappuram-Palakkad district border, and joins the main river at Pallippuram. Then it again reaches the district from <a href="/wiki/Thiruvegappura" title="Thiruvegappura">Thiruvegappura</a> reaching at <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a> after flowing through some neighbouring districts. Then it entirely flows through the district. Bharathappuzha empties itself into the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> are some important towns on the bank of Bharathappuzha.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-73">[73]</a> Tirur River is 48 km long. It joins with Bharathappuzha at <a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Padinjarekara</a> near Ponnani.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-73">[73]</a> Besides these large rivers, the district has a small river called Purapparamba River, which is just 8 km long. It is connected to major rivers via <a href="/wiki/Conolly_Canal" title="Conolly Canal">Conolly Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-73">[73]</a> Several larger and smaller tributaries and streams of the major rivers described above also flows through the district. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:953px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Kadalundi River near Vallikkunnu estuary, where it merges with the Arabian Sea"><img alt="A panoramic view of Kadalundi River near Vallikkunnu estuary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg/945px-Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="945" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg/1418px-Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg/1890px-Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7139" data-file-height="1322" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_Kadavu_Bridge.jpg" title="File:Kadalundi Kadavu Bridge.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> estuary, where it merges with the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></div></div></div> Four estuaries are there – Padinjarekara Azhimukham at <a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Purathur</a> where the rivers Bharathappuzha and Tirur River merge to join Arabian Sea, <a href="/wiki/Puthuponnani" title="Puthuponnani">Puthuponnani</a> promontary where Conolly Canal flows into the sea, Purappuzha Azhimukham at <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and Kadalundi Nagaram Azhimukham at <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> in the northwestern border of the district.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-73">[73]</a> The backwaters like Biyyam, Veliyankode, Manur, and Kodinhi, lie in the coastal Taluks.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-73">[73]</a> Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from Ponnani to <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur railway station</a> during <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by <a href="/wiki/Basel_Mission" title="Basel Mission">Basel Mission</a> employees at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Kodakkal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponnani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km...</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monsoon_Clouds_-_Manjeri_and_Pandalloor_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monsoon_Clouds_-_Manjeri_and_Pandalloor_hill.jpg/220px-Monsoon_Clouds_-_Manjeri_and_Pandalloor_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monsoon_Clouds_-_Manjeri_and_Pandalloor_hill.jpg/330px-Monsoon_Clouds_-_Manjeri_and_Pandalloor_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monsoon_Clouds_-_Manjeri_and_Pandalloor_hill.jpg/440px-Monsoon_Clouds_-_Manjeri_and_Pandalloor_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> clouds at <a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Pandallur hills</a> near <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottumpuram_Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ottumpuram_Beach.JPG/220px-Ottumpuram_Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ottumpuram_Beach.JPG/330px-Ottumpuram_Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ottumpuram_Beach.JPG/440px-Ottumpuram_Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Ottumpuram beach, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></figcaption></figure> The temperature of the district is almost steady throughout the year. It has a tropical climate. It gets significant rainfall in most of the months, with a short dry season. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Am. The average annual temperature in Malappuram is 27.3 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 2,952 millimetres (116.2 in). Summer usually runs from March until May; the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> begins in June and ends in September. Malappuram receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. Winter is from December to February.<a href="#cite_note-MSN-75">[75]</a> <div style="width:75%;"> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Malappuram </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (0.6) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (4.0) </td> <td style="background: #000084; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">253 (10.0) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">666 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">830 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">398 (15.7) </td> <td style="background: #000097; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">233 (9.2) </td> <td style="background: #00005B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">281 (11.1) </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">140 (5.5) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #000088; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,952 (116.2) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilambur_Teak_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nilambur_Teak_Garden.jpg/200px-Nilambur_Teak_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nilambur_Teak_Garden.jpg/300px-Nilambur_Teak_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nilambur_Teak_Garden.jpg/400px-Nilambur_Teak_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Vallikkunnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Green_Vallikkunnu.jpg/200px-Green_Vallikkunnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Green_Vallikkunnu.jpg/300px-Green_Vallikkunnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Green_Vallikkunnu.jpg/400px-Green_Vallikkunnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="798" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">Mangroves</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Beeyam_Kayal_River_near_Athani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Beeyam_Kayal_River_near_Athani.jpg/200px-Beeyam_Kayal_River_near_Athani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Beeyam_Kayal_River_near_Athani.jpg/300px-Beeyam_Kayal_River_near_Athani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Beeyam_Kayal_River_near_Athani.jpg/400px-Beeyam_Kayal_River_near_Athani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="3234" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Kole_Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrissur Kole Wetlands">Ponnani Kole Wetlands</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></div></div></div></div></div> The district contains a diverse wildlife and a number of small hills, forests, rivers, and streams flowing to the west, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">backwaters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">paddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew nut">cashew nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> plantations. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> plantation, is located at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>. Nilambur is also known for <a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> trees are widely seen near to the Nilambur Teak Plantations. A bioresource natural park is associated with the Teak Museum. In the old administrative records of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> was the Teak plantation at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> planted in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-Mbsp-77">[77]</a> Out of the 3,554 km2 area of district, 1,034 km2 (399 sq mi) (29%) constitutes forest area. It may be denser or less dense.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The northeastern part of district has a vast forest area of 758.87 km2 (293.00 sq mi). In this, 325.33 km2 (125.61 sq mi) is reserved forests and the rest is vested forests. Of these, 80% is <a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">deciduous</a> whereas the rest is <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">evergreen</a>. The forest area is mainly concentrated in Nilambur subdistrict, which shares its boundary with the hilly district of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, and the hilly areas (<a href="/wiki/The_Nilgiris_District" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nilgiris District">Nilgiris</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Trees like <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_sissoo" title="Dalbergia sissoo">rosewood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> are seen in Nilambur forest area. Bamboo hills are widely seen in the forest. Karimpuzha wildlife sanctuary in the district is the largest wildlife sanctuary in the state.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Amarambalam_Reserved_Forest" title="New Amarambalam Reserved Forest">New Amarambalam Reserved Forest</a>, which is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, has a variety of fauna. A variety of animals including elephants, deer, tigers, blue monkeys, bears, boars, rabbits, birds, and reptiles are found in forests. Forest products like honey, medicinal herbs, and spices are also collected from here. Nedumkayam Rainforest also exists in the Nilambur valley. Forests are protected by two divisions- Nilambur north and Nilambur south. The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Forest_Research_Institute" title="Kerala Forest Research Institute">Kerala Forest Research Institute</a> has a subcentre at Nilambur. Important types of fish found in the coastal and inland areas of the district include <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_oil_sardine" title="Indian oil sardine">Oil Sardine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerres_subfasciatus" title="Gerres subfasciatus">Silver belly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">Skate</a>, Chemba, Soll fish, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_king_mackerel" title="Indo-Pacific king mackerel">Seer fish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ribbonfish" title="Ribbonfish">Ribbonfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> Nilambur Teak is the first forest produce to get its own <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI</a> tag.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Tirur Vettila, a type of <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, has also obtained <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI</a> tag.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> About 50 Acre of <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">Mangroves</a> forest is found in <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>, located in coastal area of the district. <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">Mangroves</a> are widely seen in the other coastal regions too. <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a> lies in <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> Grama Panchayat of the district.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve is the first <a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserves_and_community_reserves_of_India" title="Conservation reserves and community reserves of India">community reserve</a> in Kerala. It has now been declared as an eco-tourism centre.<a href="#cite_note-Vallikkunnu-84">[84]</a> A bird sanctuary at Padinjarekkara estuary in <a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Purathur</a> was proposed in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> is known for its lotus fields.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Malappuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Malappuram District">Administration of Malappuram District</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malappuram_DownHill_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Malappuram_DownHill_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Malappuram_DownHill_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Malappuram_DownHill_Aerial_View.jpg/330px-Malappuram_DownHill_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Malappuram_DownHill_Aerial_View.jpg/440px-Malappuram_DownHill_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, the administrative headquarters of the district</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue_and_general_administration">Revenue and general administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Revenue and general administration">edit</a>]</div> The headquarters of the district administration is at Uphill, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>. The district administration is headed by the <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">District collector</a>. He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections. Additional District Magistrate in the rank of Deputy Collector (General) provides support to District Collector in all the administrative activities.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Malappuram revenue district has two divisions- Tirur and Perinthalmanna. The district is further divided into 138 villages which together form 7 subdistricts (taluks).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> For sake of rural administration, 94 Gram Panchayats are combined in 15 Block Panchayats, which together form the Malappuram District Panchayat. Besides this in order to perform urban administration better, 12 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(India)" title="Municipal council (India)">municipalities</a> are there.<a href="#cite_note-admn_mpm-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revenue_divisions">Revenue divisions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revenue divisions">edit</a>]</div> There are two revenue divisions in the district: <a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Kerala" title="List of revenue divisions of Kerala">Perinthalmanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Kerala" title="List of revenue divisions of Kerala">Tirur</a>. The subdistricts of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a> are included in the Tirur revenue division whereas the remaining <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilambur taluk">Nilambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> combine to form the Perinthalmanna revenue division. The revenue divisional office is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer / <a href="/wiki/Sub_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub Collector">Sub Collector</a> (RDO), who is also the <a href="/wiki/Sub-divisional_magistrate" title="Sub-divisional magistrate">sub-divisional magistrate</a> of the revenue division. The revenue divisional offices are at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a> respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taluks">Taluks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Taluks">edit</a>]</div> A taluk (sub-district) is an administrative division within a district. There are 7 taluks in Malappuram district, and each taluk is headed by a Tahsildar, who is responsible for land revenue administration and executive magisterial functions. <a href="/wiki/Nilambur#Nilambur_Taluk" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> is the largest subdistrict (<a href="/wiki/Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluk">Taluk</a>) in Kerala.<a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> subdistricts lie in the coastal region. <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> lie in midland whereas the <a href="/wiki/Nilambur#Nilambur_Taluk" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> subdistrict lies on the high range. Besides the Civil Station at Malappuram to coordinate the district-level administration, there are Mini-Civil Stations at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> to coordinate the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluk</a>-level administrative activities.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdistricts_of_Malappuram_(August_2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Subdistricts_of_Malappuram_%28August_2020%29.svg/220px-Subdistricts_of_Malappuram_%28August_2020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Subdistricts_of_Malappuram_%28August_2020%29.svg/330px-Subdistricts_of_Malappuram_%28August_2020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Subdistricts_of_Malappuram_%28August_2020%29.svg/440px-Subdistricts_of_Malappuram_%28August_2020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Taluks in Malappuram</figcaption></figure> <table align="left" class="toccolours" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em; font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"> <th>Subdistrict (Taluk) </th> <th>Area (in km2) </th> <th>Total population (2011) </th> <th>Villages </th> <th>Urbanisation (2011) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></td> <td>200</td> <td>379,798</td> <td>11</td> <td>57.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></td> <td>448</td> <td>928,672</td> <td>30</td> <td>48.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></td> <td>290*</td> <td>631,906</td> <td>17</td> <td>90.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a></td> <td>258*</td> <td>410,577</td> <td>12</td> <td>43.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></td> <td>491*</td> <td>581,512</td> <td>23</td> <td>37.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></td> <td>506</td> <td>606,396</td> <td>24</td> <td>21.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur#Nilambur_Taluk" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></td> <td>1,343</td> <td>574,059</td> <td>21</td> <td>8.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 80%" colspan="5" bgcolor="#cceeff" align="center">Sources: <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-demomalapuram-91">[91]</a> Official website of Malappuram district<a href="#cite_note-Villages_Malappuram-92">[92]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revenue_villages">Revenue villages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Revenue villages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Malappuram_district" title="List of villages in Malappuram district">List of villages in Malappuram district</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_desoms_in_Malappuram_district_(1981)" title="List of desoms in Malappuram district (1981)">List of desoms in Malappuram district (1981)</a></div> Revenue villages are the subdivision of the taluks, and the lowest institution of revenue administration of the district. Each taluk consists several villages in its jurisdiction. There are 138 revenue villages in the Malappuram district. The revenue villages are further divided into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desoms (page does not exist)">desoms</a> for land revenue matters. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_Planning_Committee">District Planning Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: District Planning Committee">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/District_planning_committees_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="District planning committees in India">District Planning Committee</a> of Malappuram consists of two members from municipalities, 10 members from the District Panchayat, and one Panchayat-nominated member besides a chairman and a Secretary. The chairman post is reserved for a District Panchayat ex-officio and the secretary post for a District Collector ex-officio.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judiciary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perinthalmanna_Munsif_Court.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Perinthalmanna_Munsif_Court.png/220px-Perinthalmanna_Munsif_Court.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Perinthalmanna_Munsif_Court.png/330px-Perinthalmanna_Munsif_Court.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Perinthalmanna_Munsif_Court.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>A court complex at <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></figcaption></figure> The judicial headquarters of the district is at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>. 24 courts function under Manjeri judicial district including Manjeri, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-district_police-94">[94]</a> After the establishment of Malappuram District on June 16, 1969, a District Court commenced operations in Kozhikode on May 25, 1970. Subsequently, on February 1, 1974, the court was relocated to the Manjeri Court Complex. Within the Manjeri Judicial District, there are currently 24 functioning courts distributed across various locations in the district, including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>, Parappanagadi, Ponnani, Tirur, and Nilambur. The judicial headquarters of Malappuram is situated in Manjeri. The district boasts three Additional District and Sessions Courts, two <a href="/wiki/Family_court#India" title="Family court">Family Courts</a> (one in Malappuram and the other in Tirur), as well as two Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals (one in <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> and the other in Tirur). Furthermore, there are two Sub Courts—one in <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> and the other in <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>. The district also accommodates two Munsiff Magistrate Courts, with one in Ponnani and the other in Perinthalmanna. Lastly, there are nine <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_First_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class">Judicial First Class Magistrate Courts</a> functioning in Malappuram District. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law and order">edit</a>]</div> The Malappuram District Police, a division of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Police" title="Kerala Police">Kerala Police</a>, is entrusted with law enforcement and investigations within the district. The District Police Office is situated in Malappuram, and headed by a District Police Chief with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent of Police">Superintendent of Police</a> (SP). There are six police sub-divisions and 36 police stations in the Malappuram district. The headquarters of these police sub-divisions are located in the following areas: <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>. Each police sub-division is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Superintendent_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Superintendent of Police">Deputy Superintendent of Police</a>, and each police station is overseen by a Station House Officer with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Inspector_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector of Police">Inspector of Police</a>. Malappuram Police District, along with Palakkad, Thrissur city, and Thrissur rural police districts, comes under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_and_insignia_of_India#State_police_forces_and_their_structure" title="Police ranks and insignia of India">Thrissur Range Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The District Police Office, District Special Branch, District Crime Records Bureau, District 'C' Branch, Narcotic Cell, District Police Control Room, Cyber Cell, Women Cell, and Telecommunication Unit are at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>. The coastal police station is at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> whereas the District Armed Reserve Camp is situated at Padinhattummuri. The traffic Units of Malappuram police are centered at Malappuram, Manjeri, <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a>, Perinthalmanna, and Tirur.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Special_Police" title="Malabar Special Police">Malabar Special Police</a> (formed in 1884), an armed police battalion under <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Police" title="Kerala Police">Kerala Police</a>, is at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>. It is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state.<a href="#cite_note-district_police-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_governments">Local governments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Local governments">edit</a>]</div> Local self-government institutions are divided into two categories: Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats (Rural local bodies). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_Local_Bodies_(ULBs)">Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)">edit</a>]</div> The district comprises 12 municipalities established to administer urban areas (<a href="/wiki/Town#India" title="Town">statutory towns</a>). Each municipality has its own elected council and is responsible for local governance, urban planning, and providing essential services within its respective jurisdiction. A chairperson and vice chairperson, elected by the councilors, heads each municipality. These municipalities are divided into 479 wards, from each of which a councilor is elected for a term of five years.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Municipality</th> <th>Established </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> </td> <td>1978<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanagadi</a> </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> </td> <td>1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a> </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a> </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> </td> <td>1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a> </td> <td>1990<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Municipality" title="Kottakkal Municipality">Kottakkal</a> </td> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a> </td> <td>2015 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="left" class="toccolours" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em; font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"> <th> </th> <th>Municipality<a href="#cite_note-Malappuram_municipalities-100">[100]</a> </th> <th>Wards<a href="#cite_note-No._of_wards_in_Malappuram-101">[101]</a> </th> <th>Population (2011)<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </th> <th>Chairperson <a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </th> <th>Political Party </th> <th>Pre-poll Alliance </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>97,102</td> <td>V. M. Subaida</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td> <td>51</td> <td>90,491</td> <td>Sivadasan Attupurath</td> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>71,239</td> <td>A. Usman</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></td> <td>44</td> <td>69,534</td> <td>P. P. Shamsudheen</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>68,088</td> <td>Mujeeb Kaderi</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>59,256</td> <td>Fathimath Suhrabi. C. T</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>56,632</td> <td>K. P. Muhammad Kutty</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></td> <td>38</td> <td>56,058</td> <td>Naseema</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>49,723</td> <td>P. Shaji</td> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Municipality" title="Kottakkal Municipality">Kottakkal</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>48,342</td> <td>Bushra Shabeer</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>46,342</td> <td>Mattummal Saleem</td> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>44,437</td> <td>Ashraf Ambalathingal</td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Malappuram District, Kerala, India <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-Malappuram_municipalities-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-No._of_wards_in_Malappuram-101">[101]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluk</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluk</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manjeri"><img alt="Manjeri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/120px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/180px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/240px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_1za_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponnani"><img alt="Ponnani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_1za_.jpg/120px-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_1za_.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_1za_.jpg/180px-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_1za_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_1za_.jpg/240px-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_1za_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,102</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilambur Taluk">Nilambur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,342 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Parappanangadi"><img alt="Parappanangadi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/120px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/180px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/240px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanur"><img alt="Tanur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB.JPG/120px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB.JPG/180px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB.JPG/240px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,491</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,437 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,239</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,534 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,088 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,256 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,058 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,723 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,342 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panchayati_Raj_Institutions_(PRIs)_for_rural_governence">Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural governence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural governence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gram_Panchayats_in_Malappuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district">List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district</a></div> Malappuram District Panchayat serves as the apex body for rural governance in the Malappuram district. The District Panchayat has 32 divisions, with members elected from each division. It is headed by a President and Vice President, elected by the members. The jurisdictional area of the District Panchayat covers the gram panchayats within the district. For block level governance, There are 15 <a href="/wiki/Block_panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Block panchayat">Block panchayats</a> in the district. The rural district is divided into 94 Gram Panchayats which are included in 15 blocks namely Areekode, Kalikavu, Kondotty, <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_Block_Panchayat" title="Kuttippuram Block Panchayat">Kuttippuram</a>, Malappuram, Mankada, Nilambur, Perinthalmanna, Perumpadappu, Ponnani, Tanur, Tirur, Tirurangadi, Vengara, and Wandoor.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> These blocks combine to form the Malappuram district Panchayat, which is the apex district body of rural governance. Out of 32 wards to the district Panchayat, the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> won 27 in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Kerala_local_body_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Kerala local body elections">2020 elections</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> won the remaining 5.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Malappuram District Panchayat is the largest district Panchayat as well as the largest local body in the state. The 94 Gram Panchayats are again divided into 1,778 wards.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census towns</a> (small towns with urban features) also come under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayats. Though the draft notifications for the formation of new Gram Panchayats namely <a href="/wiki/Anamangad" title="Anamangad">Anamangad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananthavoor" title="Ananthavoor">Ananthavoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arakkuparamba" title="Arakkuparamba">Arakkuparamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariyallur" title="Ariyallur">Ariyallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chembrassery" title="Chembrassery">Chembrassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elankur,_Manjeri" title="Elankur, Manjeri">Elankur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a>, Kootayi, Kurumbalangode, <a href="/wiki/Marutha,_India" title="Marutha, India">Marutha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pang,_Malappuram" title="Pang, Malappuram">Pang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaniyambalam" title="Vaniyambalam">Vaniyambalam</a>, and Velimukku were published in 2015, they are yet to be formed.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> With their formation, the number of Gram Panchayats in the district will become 106. <table align="left" class="toccolours" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em; font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"> <th colspan="5">Gram Panchayats in Malappuram District <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Kerala_Local_body_Elections_-_Malappuram_District_(Gram_Panchayats_and_Municipalities).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2020_Kerala_Local_body_Elections_-_Malappuram_District_%28Gram_Panchayats_and_Municipalities%29.svg/250px-2020_Kerala_Local_body_Elections_-_Malappuram_District_%28Gram_Panchayats_and_Municipalities%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2020_Kerala_Local_body_Elections_-_Malappuram_District_%28Gram_Panchayats_and_Municipalities%29.svg/375px-2020_Kerala_Local_body_Elections_-_Malappuram_District_%28Gram_Panchayats_and_Municipalities%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2020_Kerala_Local_body_Elections_-_Malappuram_District_%28Gram_Panchayats_and_Municipalities%29.svg/500px-2020_Kerala_Local_body_Elections_-_Malappuram_District_%28Gram_Panchayats_and_Municipalities%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Gram Panchayat </th> <td style="background: silver">Area (in km2) </td> <td style="background: silver">Population (2011) </td> <td style="background: silver">Wards </td> <td style="background: silver"><a href="/wiki/Subdistrict" title="Subdistrict">Taluk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Areekode Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></td> <td>12.21</td> <td>31,563</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheekkode" title="Cheekkode">Cheekkode</a></td> <td>23.96</td> <td>32,867</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a></td> <td>52.10</td> <td>46,128</td> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavanoor" title="Kavanoor">Kavanoor</a></td> <td>31.30</td> <td>37,977</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kizhuparamba" title="Kizhuparamba">Kizhuparamba</a></td> <td>14.99</td> <td>22,062</td> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuzhimanna_Gramapanchayat" title="Kuzhimanna Gramapanchayat">Kuzhimanna</a></td> <td>22.05</td> <td>34,413</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulpatta" title="Pulpatta">Pulpatta</a></td> <td>30.12</td> <td>42,683</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urangattiri" title="Urangattiri">Urangattiri</a></td> <td>76.09</td> <td>40,318</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Kalikavu Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarambalam" title="Amarambalam">Amarambalam</a></td> <td>84.64</td> <td>35,975</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chokkad" title="Chokkad">Chokkad</a></td> <td>76.08</td> <td>32,224</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edappatta" title="Edappatta">Edappatta</a></td> <td>25.77</td> <td>22,729</td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalikavu" title="Kalikavu">Kalikavu</a></td> <td>92.00</td> <td>35,210</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karulai" title="Karulai">Karulai</a></td> <td>131.31</td> <td>23,277</td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a></td> <td>78.69</td> <td>41,583</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuvvur" title="Tuvvur">Tuvvur</a></td> <td>31.38</td> <td>40,297</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Kondotty Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chelembra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelembra">Chelembra</a></td> <td>15.91</td> <td>34,149</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherukavu" title="Cherukavu">Cherukavu</a></td> <td>16.87</td> <td>36,773</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muthuvallur" title="Muthuvallur">Muthuvallur</a></td> <td>21.49</td> <td>26,028</td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pallikkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallikkal">Pallikkal</a></td> <td>25.96</td> <td>46,962</td> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulikkal" title="Pulikkal">Pulikkal</a></td> <td>28.70</td> <td>40,133</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vazhayur" title="Vazhayur">Vazhayur</a></td> <td>21.19</td> <td>30,262</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vazhakkad" title="Vazhakkad">Vazhakkad</a></td> <td>23.89</td> <td>35,774</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Kuttippuram Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a></td> <td>26.77</td> <td>41,187</td> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edayur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edayur">Edayur</a></td> <td>30.43</td> <td>36,498</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a></td> <td>24.06</td> <td>30,635</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a></td> <td>16.25</td> <td>33,721</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></td> <td>31.32</td> <td>47,023</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marakkara" title="Marakkara">Marakkara</a></td> <td>27.00</td> <td>40,404</td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Malappuram Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Anakkayam</a></td> <td>45.23</td> <td>50,634</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kodur,_Malappuram" title="Kodur, Malappuram">Kodur</a></td> <td>18.42</td> <td>38,258</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morayur" title="Morayur">Morayur</a></td> <td>24.57</td> <td>25,261</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Othukkungal" title="Othukkungal">Othukkungal</a></td> <td>17.28</td> <td>39,139</td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponmala" title="Ponmala">Ponmala</a></td> <td>21.65</td> <td>33,922</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pookkottur" title="Pookkottur">Pookkottur</a></td> <td>20.63</td> <td>28,077</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Mankada Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koottilangadi" title="Koottilangadi">Koottilangadi</a></td> <td>21.54</td> <td>36,602</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuruva,_Malappuram" title="Kuruva, Malappuram">Kuruva</a></td> <td>35.77</td> <td>45,354</td> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vadakkangara,_Manjeri" title="Vadakkangara, Manjeri">Makkaraparamba</a></td> <td>11.17</td> <td>18,702</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></td> <td>31.00</td> <td>32,748</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moorkanad" title="Moorkanad">Moorkanad</a></td> <td>17.60</td> <td>36,324</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puzhakkattiri" title="Puzhakkattiri">Puzhakkattiri</a></td> <td>22.72</td> <td>29,886</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Nilambur Block </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chaliyar</td> <td>125.00</td> <td>20,834</td> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chungathara" title="Chungathara">Chungathara</a></td> <td>129.69</td> <td>36,269</td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edakkara" title="Edakkara">Edakkara</a></td> <td>58.09</td> <td>28,162</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moothedam" title="Moothedam">Moothedam</a></td> <td>48.00</td> <td>33,960</td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pothukal" title="Pothukal">Pothukal</a></td> <td>77.00</td> <td>29,561</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vazhikkadavu" title="Vazhikkadavu">Vazhikkadavu</a></td> <td>114.00</td> <td>47,322</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Perinthalmanna Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aliparamba" title="Aliparamba">Aliparamba</a></td> <td>34.37</td> <td>41,725</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></td> <td>38.50</td> <td>56,451</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elamkulam,_Malappuram" title="Elamkulam, Malappuram">Elamkulam</a></td> <td>21.31</td> <td>26,456</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keezhattur" title="Keezhattur">Keezhattur</a></td> <td>40.00</td> <td>36,317</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melattur,_Kerala" title="Melattur, Kerala">Melattur</a></td> <td>27.24</td> <td>27,250</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulamantol" title="Pulamantol">Pulamantol</a></td> <td>32.15</td> <td>37,785</td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thazhekkod,_Malappuram_district" title="Thazhekkod, Malappuram district">Thazhekode</a></td> <td>45.02</td> <td>41,982</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vettattur" title="Vettattur">Vettathur</a></td> <td>35.84</td> <td>37,456</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Perumpadappu Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alamkod,_Edappal" title="Alamkod, Edappal">Alamkode</a></td> <td>20.50</td> <td>33,918</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranchery" title="Maranchery">Maranchery</a></td> <td>20.47</td> <td>35,011</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nannamukku" title="Nannamukku">Nannamukku</a></td> <td>19.35</td> <td>28,989</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a></td> <td>15.02</td> <td>29,766</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veliyankode" title="Veliyankode">Veliyankode</a></td> <td>15.15</td> <td>32,554</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Ponnani Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></td> <td>23.70</td> <td>32,550</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalady,_Malappuram" title="Kalady, Malappuram">Kalady</a></td> <td>16.48</td> <td>25,872</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></td> <td>25.28</td> <td>34,500</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vattamkulam" title="Vattamkulam">Vattamkulam</a></td> <td>20.73</td> <td>36,147</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Tanur Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheriyamundam" title="Cheriyamundam">Cheriyamundam</a></td> <td>11.95</td> <td>31,212</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niramaruthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Niramaruthur">Niramaruthur</a></td> <td>9.20</td> <td>29,846</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozhur" title="Ozhur">Ozhur</a></td> <td>15.92</td> <td>34,016</td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perumanna-Klari" title="Perumanna-Klari">Perumanna-Klari</a></td> <td>11.48</td> <td>27,278</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponmundam" title="Ponmundam">Ponmundam</a></td> <td>9.16</td> <td>25,855</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanalur" title="Tanalur">Tanalur</a></td> <td>15.12</td> <td>47,976</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valavannur" title="Valavannur">Valavannur</a></td> <td>15.28</td> <td>33,159</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Tirur Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangalam,_Tirur" title="Mangalam, Tirur">Mangalam</a></td> <td>12.17</td> <td>33,442</td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Purathur</a></td> <td>19.50</td> <td>31,915</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalakkad" title="Thalakkad">Thalakkad</a></td> <td>16.30</td> <td>35,820</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a></td> <td>19.59</td> <td>45,848</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a></td> <td>20.67</td> <td>41,167</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vettom_Grama_Panchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom Grama Panchayath">Vettom</a></td> <td>13.46</td> <td>28,104</td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Tirurangadi Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalappara" title="Thalappara">Moonniyur</a></td> <td>22.66</td> <td>55,535</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nannambra" title="Nannambra">Nannambra</a></td> <td>18.35</td> <td>40,543</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvallur" title="Peruvallur">Peruvallur</a></td> <td>21.19</td> <td>34,941</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a></td> <td>17.98</td> <td>32,045</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></td> <td>25.14</td> <td>48,006</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Vengara Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdu_Rahiman_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdu Rahiman Nagar">Abdu Rahiman Nagar</a></td> <td>14.83</td> <td>41,993</td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edarikode" title="Edarikode">Edarikode</a></td> <td>15.65</td> <td>27,356</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kannamangalam</td> <td>28.24</td> <td>41,260</td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oorakam" title="Oorakam">Oorakam</a></td> <td>21.65</td> <td>29,157</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parappur" title="Parappur">Parappur</a></td> <td>18.50</td> <td>36,270</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thennala" class="mw-redirect" title="Thennala">Thennala</a></td> <td>10.00</td> <td>29,190</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></td> <td>18.66</td> <td>48,600</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: grey; color: white;">Wandoor Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mampad" title="Mampad">Mampad</a></td> <td>84.67</td> <td>37,221</td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pandikkad" title="Pandikkad">Pandikkad</a></td> <td>57.01</td> <td>55,213</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porur,_Malappuram" title="Porur, Malappuram">Porur</a></td> <td>35.60</td> <td>37,636</td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvali" title="Thiruvali">Thiruvali</a></td> <td>33.83</td> <td>27,734</td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trikkalangode" title="Trikkalangode">Trikkalangode</a></td> <td>59.99</td> <td>52,090</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a></td> <td>45.45</td> <td>49,013</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 80%" colspan="6" bgcolor="#cceeff" align="center">Sources: <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-demomalapuram-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a><a href="#cite_note-Panchayat_Malappuram-108">[108]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_legislature">State legislature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State legislature">edit</a>]</div> For the representation of Malappuram in <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a>, there are 16 legislative assembly constituencies in district. These are included in 3 Lok Sabha constituencies. Malappuram has the highest number of assembly constituencies in state. Of these, <a href="/wiki/Eranad_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad (State Assembly constituency)">Eranad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)">Nilambur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wandoor_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)">Wandoor</a> assembly constituencies together form a part of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)">Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)">Tirurangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanur (State Assembly constituency)">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirur (State Assembly constituency)">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_(State_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)">Kottakkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thavanur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)">Thavanur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)">Ponnani</a> are included in <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)">Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)</a>. The remaining seven assembly constituencies together form <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-admn_mpm-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> 16 out of the 140 members for the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> are elected from the district.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2021 elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> won 12 of them, while the <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> bagged the remaining seats. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legislative_Assembly_Constituencies_of_Malappuram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Legislative_Assembly_Constituencies_of_Malappuram.svg/220px-Legislative_Assembly_Constituencies_of_Malappuram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Legislative_Assembly_Constituencies_of_Malappuram.svg/330px-Legislative_Assembly_Constituencies_of_Malappuram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Legislative_Assembly_Constituencies_of_Malappuram.svg/440px-Legislative_Assembly_Constituencies_of_Malappuram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Legislative Assembly constituencies with their limits</figcaption></figure> <table align="left" class="toccolours" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em; font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"> <th>Assembly Constituency </th> <th>Political Party </th> <th>Pre-poll Alliance </th> <th>Elected Representative </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty (State Assembly constituency)">Kondotty</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T._V._Ibrahim" title="T. V. Ibrahim">T. V. Ibrahim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad (State Assembly constituency)">Eranad</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._K._Basheer" title="P. K. Basheer">P. K. Basheer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)">Nilambur</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._V._Anvar" title="P. V. Anvar">P. V. Anvar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wandoor_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)">Wandoor</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#19AAED;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A._P._Anil_Kumar" title="A. P. Anil Kumar">A. P. Anil Kumar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manjeri_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)">Manjeri</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U._A._Latheef" title="U. A. Latheef">U. A. Latheef</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinthalmanna (State Assembly constituency)">Perinthalmanna</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Najeeb_Kanthapuram" title="Najeeb Kanthapuram">Najeeb Kanthapuram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mankada_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankada (State Assembly constituency)">Mankada</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manjalamkuzhi_Ali" title="Manjalamkuzhi Ali">Manjalamkuzhi Ali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)">Malappuram</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._Ubaidulla" title="P. Ubaidulla">P. Ubaidulla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vengara_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vengara (State Assembly constituency)">Vengara</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._K._Kunhalikutty" title="P. K. Kunhalikutty">P. K. Kunhalikutty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vallikunnu_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallikunnu (State Assembly constituency)">Vallikunnu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._Abdul_Hameed" title="P. Abdul Hameed">P. Abdul Hameed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)">Tirurangadi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K._P._A._Majeed" title="K. P. A. Majeed">K. P. A. Majeed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanur (State Assembly constituency)">Tanur</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_League" title="Indian National League">INL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V._Abdurahiman" title="V. Abdurahiman">V. Abdurahiman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirur (State Assembly constituency)">Tirur</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurukkoli_Moideen" title="Kurukkoli Moideen">Kurukkoli Moideen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottakkal (State Assembly constituency)">Kottakkal</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K._K._Abid_Hussain_Thangal" title="K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal">K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thavanur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)">Thavanur</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K_T_Jaleel" class="mw-redirect" title="K T Jaleel">K.T. Jaleel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)">Ponnani</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td> <td>P. Nandakumar </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_constituencies">Parliament constituencies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Parliament constituencies">edit</a>]</div> Malappuram district has two Lok Sabha constituencies: <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency">Malappuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency">Ponnani</a>. The district also has a small part of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency">Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <table class="toccolours" align="left" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em; font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"> <th>Parliamentary Constituency </th> <th>Political Party </th> <th>Pre-poll Alliance </th> <th>Elected Representative </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)">Wayanad</a> (minor portion) </td> <td style="background-color:#19AAED;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Malappuram</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M._P._Abdussamad_Samadani" title="M. P. Abdussamad Samadani">M. P. Abdussamad Samadani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)">Ponnani</a> (major portion) </td> <td style="background-color:#006600;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E._T._Mohammed_Basheer" title="E. T. Mohammed Basheer">E. T. Mohammed Basheer</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">Gross District Value Added (GDVA)</a> of the district in the fiscal year 2018–19 is estimated as ₹ 698.37 billion, and the growth in GDVA, compared to that in the previous year was 11.30%. The district ranks third in GDVA among the districts of Kerala, after <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, as of 2018–19.<a href="#cite_note-GDVA_Malappuram-112">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">Net District Value Added (NDVA)</a> of the district in the year 2018–19 was ₹ 631.90 billion and the annual growth rate was 11.59%. The Per capita GDVA is calculated as ₹ 154,463 in the fiscal year. The growth rate of GDVA was 18.12% in 2017–18, 9.49% in 2016–17, 7.86% in 2015–16, 8.83% in 2014–15, 14.08% in 2013–14, and 9.70% in 2012–13. It shows a zigzag trend.<a href="#cite_note-GDVA_Malappuram-112">[112]</a> The economy of Malappuram significantly depends upon the emigrants. Malappuram has the most emigrants in the state. According to the 2016 economic review report published by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>, every 54 per 100 households in the district are emigrant households.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Most of them work in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. They are major contributors to the district economy. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gramin_Bank" title="Kerala Gramin Bank">KGB</a> is situated at Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Gramin_Bank_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kerala_Gramin_Bank_logo.jpg/150px-Kerala_Gramin_Bank_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Kerala_Gramin_Bank_logo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gramin_Bank" title="Kerala Gramin Bank">KGB</a> is the largest regional rural banking network in India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_minerals">Economic minerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economic minerals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite stone</a> is widely seen in midland area of the district. The <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_Laterite" title="Angadipuram Laterite">Angadipuram Laterite</a> has gained recognition as a <a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geological Monument">National Geo-heritage Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gsi3-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Gneiss" title="Peninsular Gneiss">Archean Gneiss</a> is the most seen geological formation of the district. <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Quartz magnetite</a>, which is seen in <a href="/wiki/Porur,_Malappuram" title="Porur, Malappuram">Porur</a> is one among the minerals found in the district having economical importance. Quartz gneisses are seen in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandikkad" title="Pandikkad">Pandikkad</a>. Garneliforus Quartz is seen in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite rocks</a> are found in Nilambur and <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dykes</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> in typical laterite texture are there at Manjeri. Deposits of good quality iron ore have reported from <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> region. The deposits of lime shells have found from the coastal areas of Ponnani and Kadalundinagaram. The coastal sands of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veliyankode" title="Veliyankode">Veliyankode</a> contain a high amount of heavy minerals, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinite</a> have been found from the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a> of Ponnani and Perinthalmanna. The deposits of <a href="/wiki/Ball_clay" title="Ball clay">Ball clay</a> have found from Thekkummuri village. Parts of Nilambur subdistrict are included in the hidden goldfields of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk, along with the adjoining regions of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Valley are known for natural <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> fields. Explorations done at the valley of the river <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> in Nilambur has shown reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a> was discovered from some parts of the district like <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, Parappil, <a href="/wiki/Oorakam" title="Oorakam">Oorakam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melmuri" title="Melmuri">Melmuri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a>, which means Place of the Blacksmith, derives its name from iron-ore cutting and blacksmithy.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industries">Industries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Industries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/220px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/330px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg/440px-Manjeri_Town_Calicut_Road_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, a constituent of the <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a></figcaption></figure> Kodakkal Tile Factory at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, established in 1887, was the second tile factory in India. The first tile factory in India was at <a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a>, which was then part of <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad Taluk</a>. According to the census conducted in 2011, there are 10,629 industrial units registered under SSI/MMSE, and 396 units among these are promoted by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes" title="List of Scheduled Castes">Scheduled castes</a>, 83 by <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Scheduled tribes</a>, and the remaining units by general category. About 1,000 people are aided annually under a self-employment program. There are <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Industrial_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation">KINFRA</a> food-processing and IT <a href="/wiki/Industrial_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial estate">industrial estates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelembra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelembra">Kakkancherry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> INKEL SME Park at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> for Small and Medium Industries and a rubber plant and industrial estate at <a href="/wiki/Payyanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyanad">Payyanad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>. INKEL Greens, spread over 168 acres at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, contains an industrial zone, 'SME Park', and an educational zone, 'Educity'.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> MALCOSPIN (Malappuram Spinning Mills Limited) is one of the oldest industrial establishments in the district under the state government. Wood-related industries are common in <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaniyambalam" title="Vaniyambalam">Vaniyambalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karulai" title="Karulai">Karulai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mampad" title="Mampad">Mampad</a>. Sawmills, furniture manufacturers and timber trade were the most important businesses in the district until the last decades. <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> is a major regional trading centre for electronics, mobile phones and other gadgets. <a href="/wiki/Employees%27_State_Insurance" title="Employees' State Insurance">Employees' State Insurance</a> has its branch office at Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electronics_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation">KELTRON</a> Electro Ceramics (KELCERA) at <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electronics_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation">KELTRON</a> tool room at <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, Edarikode Textiles at <a href="/wiki/Edarikode" title="Edarikode">Edarikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">KSRTC</a> body workshop at <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>, MALCOTEX (Malabar Co-operative Textiles Limited) at <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and KELTEX (Kerala Hi-Tech Textile Cooperative Limited) at <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> are other major industrial centres under public sector.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The Kerala State Detergents and Chemicals Ltd. and the Kerala State Wood Industries Ltd. have their headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Popees baby care, one of the largest baby clothes manufacturer brands in the world, is primarily based at Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kcaet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kcaet.JPG/220px-Kcaet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kcaet.JPG/330px-Kcaet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kcaet.JPG/440px-Kcaet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kelappaji_College_of_Agricultural_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology">KCAET</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a> established in 1963, the only agricultural engineering institute in the state</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agricultural_Research_Station,_Anakkayam_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Agricultural_Research_Station%2C_Anakkayam_-_1.jpg/220px-Agricultural_Research_Station%2C_Anakkayam_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Agricultural_Research_Station%2C_Anakkayam_-_1.jpg/330px-Agricultural_Research_Station%2C_Anakkayam_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Agricultural_Research_Station%2C_Anakkayam_-_1.jpg/440px-Agricultural_Research_Station%2C_Anakkayam_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Station,_Anakkayam" title="Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam">Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edappal_malappuram(district)_kerala_infia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Edappal_malappuram%28district%29_kerala_infia.jpg/220px-Edappal_malappuram%28district%29_kerala_infia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Edappal_malappuram%28district%29_kerala_infia.jpg/330px-Edappal_malappuram%28district%29_kerala_infia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Edappal_malappuram%28district%29_kerala_infia.jpg/440px-Edappal_malappuram%28district%29_kerala_infia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A field at <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a>, palms and paddy are mainly found in the Malappuram coast. <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a>, coconut, and <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a> are seen in the undulating plain. <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">Rubber</a>, cashew, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, and coconut are the important vegetation found in the Chaliyar river basin. Nilambur valley contain the cultivation of a wide variety of species. <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a> is mostly seen in the region. Perinthalmanna undulating uplands contain the cultivation of species coconut, <a href="/wiki/Palm_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm trees">palm trees</a>, pepper, rubber, and cashew. This region is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a>. Besides casual crops, species like <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, etc. are also cultivated.<a href="#cite_note-geographymalappuram-69">[69]</a> The general hilly nature of the district supports terrace farming. A portion of the <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Kole_Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrissur Kole Wetlands">Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands</a> lie in <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a> of the district, which is favourable for highly productive cultivation of paddy. According to the statistics of 2016–17, the gross cropped area was 237,860 hectares, while the net cropped area was 173,178 hectares. The cropping intensity of the district is 137 hectares. The most produced uncountable crop in 2016–17 was tapioca (185,880 Metric Tonnes), followed by banana (58,564 MT), and rubber (40,000 MT). 878 million coconuts and 19 million jackfruits were produced in 2016–17. However, the land use was maximum for the cultivation of coconut (102,836 hectares), followed by rubber (42,770 hectares), and areca nut (18,379 hectares).<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Station,_Anakkayam" title="Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam">agricultural research station</a> functions at <a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Anakkayam</a>. The Seed Garden Complex at <a href="/wiki/Munderi_(Malappuram)" class="mw-redirect" title="Munderi (Malappuram)">Munderi</a>, is said to be one of the biggest farms in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. State seed farms are there at <a href="/wiki/Chokkad" title="Chokkad">Chokkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Anakkayam</a>. A district agricultural farm functions at <a href="/wiki/Chungathara" title="Chungathara">Chungathara</a> and a coconut nursery functions at <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kelappaji_College_of_Agricultural_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology">KCAET</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a> is the only agricultural engineering institute in the state.<a href="#cite_note-kcaet-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Malappuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Malappuram district">Transportation in Malappuram district</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wandoor_Town_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wandoor_Town_2017.jpg/220px-Wandoor_Town_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wandoor_Town_2017.jpg/330px-Wandoor_Town_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wandoor_Town_2017.jpg/440px-Wandoor_Town_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a> town in 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muriyankanni_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Muriyankanni_bridge.jpg/220px-Muriyankanni_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Muriyankanni_bridge.jpg/330px-Muriyankanni_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Muriyankanni_bridge.jpg/440px-Muriyankanni_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Muriyankanni bridge at <a href="/wiki/Karinkallathani" title="Karinkallathani">Karinkallathani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edavannappara.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edavannappara.1.jpg/220px-Edavannappara.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edavannappara.1.jpg/330px-Edavannappara.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edavannappara.1.jpg/440px-Edavannappara.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A boat service through River <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Elamaram" title="Elamaram">Elamaram</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg/220px-Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg/330px-Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg/440px-Bridge_-bharatappuzha_-kuttippuram_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_bridge" title="Kuttippuram bridge">Kuttippuram bridge</a> built in 1953</figcaption></figure> Malappuram is well connected by roads. There are four <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">KSRTC</a> stations in district.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> 2 <a href="/wiki/National_highways_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National highways in India">National highways</a> pass through district- <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">NH 66</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_966_(India)" title="National Highway 966 (India)">NH 966</a>. NH 66 reaches the district through <a href="/wiki/Ramanattukara" title="Ramanattukara">Ramanattukara</a> and connects the cities/towns including <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakkad,_Malappuram" title="Kakkad, Malappuram">Kakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> and goes out from district through <a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a>. Major cities/towns those are connected through NH 966 include <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a> (Karipur Airport), <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Kerala" title="List of state highways in Kerala">State Highways</a> in the district are <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_23_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 23 (Kerala)">SH 23</a> (Shornur-Perinthalmanna), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_28_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 28 (Kerala)">SH 28</a> (Malappuram-Vazhikadavu), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_34_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 34 (Kerala)">SH 34</a> (Quilandy-Edavanna), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_39_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 39 (Kerala)">SH 39</a> (Perumbilavu-Nilambur), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_53_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 53 (Kerala)">SH 53</a> (Mundur-Perinthalmanna), <a href="/wiki/Hill_Highway_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Highway (Kerala)">Hill Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_60_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 60 (Kerala)">SH 60</a> (Angadipuram-Cherukara), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_62_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 62 (Kerala)">SH 62</a> (Guruvayur-Ponnani), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_65_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 65 (Kerala)">SH 65</a> (Parappanangadi-Areekode), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_69_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 69 (Kerala)">SH 69</a> (Thrissur-Kuttipuram), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_70_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 70 (Kerala)">SH 70</a> (Karuvarakundu – Melattur), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_71_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 71 (Kerala)">SH 71</a> (Tirur-Manjeri), <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_72_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 72 (Kerala)">SH 72</a> (Malappuram – Tirurangadi), and <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_73_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 73 (Kerala)">SH 73</a> (Valanchery-Nilambur). The length of road maintained by Kerala PWD in district is 2,680 km. Out of this, 2,305 km constitute district roads. The remaining 375 km consists of State Highways.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Nadukani Churam <a href="/wiki/Ghat_Roads" title="Ghat Roads">Ghat Road</a> connects Malappuram with <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nadukani-132">[132]</a> The Nadukani-Parappanangadi Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border at Nadukani Churam bordering <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr-133">[133]</a> Beginning from <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, it passes through other major towns such as <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>, before reaching the Nadukani <a href="/wiki/Ghat_Roads" title="Ghat Roads">Ghat Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr-133">[133]</a> The first modern kind of road in the district was laid in eighteenth century by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> The road from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> was projected by him.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> Tipu had also projected the roads from <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1961_kkd-53">[53]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:406px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge"><img alt="A panoramic view of Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG/398px-GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG" decoding="async" width="398" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG/597px-GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG/796px-GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1140" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GKN_Chamravattom_Regulator_Bridge_DSC_0446.JPG" title="File:GKN Chamravattom Regulator Bridge DSC 0446.JPG"> </a></div>A panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Chamravattom_Regulator-cum-Bridge" title="Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge">Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Tirur_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>The oldest railway station in the state at <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a>. The first railway line in the state was laid from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> in 1861</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mankeri_kunnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mankeri_kunnu.jpg/220px-Mankeri_kunnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mankeri_kunnu.jpg/330px-Mankeri_kunnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mankeri_kunnu.jpg/440px-Mankeri_kunnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Railway at Mankeri Kunnu, <a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angadipuram_Railway_station_(2356310689).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Angadipuram_Railway_station_%282356310689%29.jpg/220px-Angadipuram_Railway_station_%282356310689%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Angadipuram_Railway_station_%282356310689%29.jpg/330px-Angadipuram_Railway_station_%282356310689%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Angadipuram_Railway_station_%282356310689%29.jpg/440px-Angadipuram_Railway_station_%282356310689%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_railway_station" title="Angadipuram railway station">Angadipuram railway station</a> serves the city of <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></figcaption></figure> Total length of railway line that passes through the district is 142 km.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The railway in the district comes under the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Railway_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad Railway Division">Palakkad Railway Division</a>, which is one of the six divisions under the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway</a>. The history of railways in Kerala traces back to the district. The oldest railway station in the state is at <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> The stations at <a href="/wiki/Tanur_railway_station" title="Tanur railway station">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi_railway_station" title="Parappanangadi railway station">Parappanangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu_railway_station" title="Vallikkunnu railway station">Vallikkunnu</a> also form parts of the oldest railway line in the state laid from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> The line was inaugurated on 12 March 1861.<a href="#cite_note-ll-57">[57]</a> In the same year, it was extended from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_railway_station" title="Kuttippuram railway station">Kuttippuram</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> Later, it was further extended from Kuttippuram to <a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a> in 1862, and was again extended from Pattambi to <a href="/wiki/Podanur" title="Podanur">Podanur</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> railway line was later formed as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> – <a href="/wiki/Podanur" title="Podanur">Podanur</a> line thus constructed.<a href="#cite_note-mpm-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a> is among the shortest as well as picturesque <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> railway lines in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> It was laid by the British in colonial era for the transportation of Nilambur Teak logs into <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> through <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Nanjangud_line" title="Nilambur–Nanjangud line">Nilambur–Nanjangud line</a> is a proposed railway line, which connects <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> with the districts of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> Railway line is another proposed project.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The Ministry of Railways has included the railway line connecting Kozhikode-Malappuram-Angadipuram in its Vision 2020 as a socially desirable railway line. Multiple surveys have been done on the line already. Indian Railway computerized reservation counter is available at Friends Janasevana Kendram, Down Hill. Reservation for any train can be done from here. <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> city is served by the railway stations at <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_railway_station" title="Angadipuram railway station">Angadipuram</a> (17 km (11 mi) away), <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi_railway_station" title="Parappanangadi railway station">Parappanangadi</a> (both 26 km, 40-minute drive away). <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto"> <caption>Railway stations in Malappuram District </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_railway_station" title="Angadipuram railway station">Angadipuram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherukara_railway_station" title="Cherukara railway station">Cherukara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_railway_station" title="Kuttippuram railway station">Kuttippuram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melattur_railway_station" title="Melattur railway station">Melattur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Road_railway_station" title="Nilambur Road railway station">Nilambur Road</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi_railway_station" title="Parappanangadi railway station">Parappanangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pattikkad_railway_station" title="Pattikkad railway station">Pattikkad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Perassannur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanur_railway_station" title="Tanur railway station">Tanur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porur,_Malappuram" title="Porur, Malappuram">Thodikapulam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirunnavaya_railway_station" title="Tirunnavaya railway station">Tirunnavaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuvvur_railway_station" title="Tuvvur railway station">Tuvvur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu_railway_station" title="Vallikkunnu railway station">Vallikkunnu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaniyambalam_railway_station" title="Vaniyambalam railway station">Vaniyambalam</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Airport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flights_Parked_at_Calicut_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flights_Parked_at_Calicut_Airport.jpg/220px-Flights_Parked_at_Calicut_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flights_Parked_at_Calicut_Airport.jpg/330px-Flights_Parked_at_Calicut_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flights_Parked_at_Calicut_Airport.jpg/440px-Flights_Parked_at_Calicut_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft parked at <a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></figcaption></figure> Malappuram is served by <a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: CCJ, <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: VOCL) located at <a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a>, about 25 kilometre away from Malappuram City. The airport started operation in April 1988. It has two terminals, one for domestic flights and another for international flights.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The airport serves as an operating base for <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Express" title="Air India Express">Air India Express</a> and operates <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj Pilgrimage</a> services to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport">Medina</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">Jeddah</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Domestic flight services are available to major cities including <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> while International flight services connects Malappuram with <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_(emirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah (emirate)">Sharjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. There are direct buses to the airport for transportation. Other than buses, Taxis, Auto Rickshaws available for transportation. According to the statistics provided by the <a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a> in 2019–20, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the busiest airports in India">17th busiest airport in the country</a> and the third-busiest in the state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;margin:0.5em auto;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">682,151</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">747,929</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.92%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">764,138</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.21%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">874,504</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.36%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">977,085</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,149,718</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,387,370</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.90%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,856,357</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.95%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,402,701</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.61%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,096,330</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,625,471</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,112,920</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.27%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,494,998</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.28%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-mlpdemo_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Population_in_Malappuram_District.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Distribution_of_Population_in_Malappuram_District.svg/220px-Distribution_of_Population_in_Malappuram_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Distribution_of_Population_in_Malappuram_District.svg/330px-Distribution_of_Population_in_Malappuram_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Distribution_of_Population_in_Malappuram_District.svg/440px-Distribution_of_Population_in_Malappuram_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Population in Local Bodies (2011)</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Vital_statistics_(government_records)" title="Vital statistics (government records)">2018 Statistics Report</a>, the district had a population of 4,494,998,<a href="#cite_note-mlpdemo_2018-1">[1]</a> which is roughly equal to the population of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> or the US state of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. 12.98% of the total population of Kerala resides in Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-mlpdemo_2018-1">[1]</a> It is the most populous district in Kerala and also the 50th most populous of India's 640 districts, with a population density of 1,265 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,280/sq mi). Its population-growth rate from 2001 to 2011 was 13.39 per cent. According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>, Malappuram has a <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> of 1098 women to 1000 men, and its <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">literacy rate</a> is 93.57 per cent, which is almost equal to the average literacy rate of the state (93.91%). Out of the total Malappuram population for 2011 census, 44.18 percent lives in the urban regions of district. In 2011, children under 0–6 formed 13.96 percent of the total population, compared to the 15.21 percent in 2001. Child Sex Ratio as per census 2011 was 965 compared to 960 of census 2001. According to the census 2011, only 0.02% of the total population of the district is houseless. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.50% and 0.56% of the population respectively.<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> municipality is most densely populated local body in the district having 3,646 residents per square kilometre, which is followed by the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> (3,568/km2) and <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> (3,387/km2), as of census conducted in the year 2011.<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a> The least densely populated local bodies are located in the eastern hilly region.<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> has the least with only 167 residents per square kilometre, which is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Gram_panchayat" title="Gram panchayat">Gram panchayats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karulai" title="Karulai">Karulai</a> (177/km2) and <a href="/wiki/Chungathara" title="Chungathara">Chungathara</a> (280/km2).<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a> Among the Taluks, <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a> is most densely populated while <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> has the least density of population.<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a> has a population of 1.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-census_2011-9">[9]</a> According to a report published by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> in January 2020, Malappuram is the fastest growing metropolitan area in the world.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_structure">Urban structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Urban structure">edit</a>]</div> The Malappuram <a href="/wiki/Urban_Agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Agglomeration">Urban Agglomeration</a> (UA) is the 4th most populous UA in the state. Malappuram is placed 25th in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">list of most populous urban agglomerations in India</a>. The total urban population of the entire district is 44.18% of district's population.<a href="#cite_note-CensusMalappuram-4">[4]</a> The metropolitan area of Malappuram includes <a href="/wiki/Abdu_Rahiman_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdu Rahiman Nagar">Abdu Rahiman Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamkod,_Edappal" title="Alamkod, Edappal">Alamkode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariyallur" title="Ariyallur">Ariyallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelembra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelembra">Chelembra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheriyamundam" title="Cheriyamundam">Cheriyamundam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherukavu" title="Cherukavu">Cherukavu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalady,_Malappuram" title="Kalady, Malappuram">Kalady</a>, Kannamangalam, <a href="/wiki/Kodur,_Malappuram" title="Kodur, Malappuram">Kodur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koottilangadi" title="Koottilangadi">Koottilangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranchery" title="Maranchery">Maranchery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalappara" title="Thalappara">Moonniyur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naduvattom,_Malappuram" title="Naduvattom, Malappuram">Naduvattom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nannambra" title="Nannambra">Nannambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neduva" title="Neduva">Neduva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oorakam" title="Oorakam">Oorakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Othukkungal" title="Othukkungal">Othukkungal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallikkal_Bazar" title="Pallikkal Bazar">Pallikkal Bazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappur" title="Parappur">Parappur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perumanna-Klari" title="Perumanna-Klari">Perumanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvallur" title="Peruvallur">Peruvallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponmundam" title="Ponmundam">Ponmundam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanalur" title="Tanalur">Tanalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalakkad" title="Thalakkad">Thalakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thennala" class="mw-redirect" title="Thennala">Thennala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikkalangode" title="Trikkalangode">Trikkalangode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vazhayur" title="Vazhayur">Vazhayur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mma-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg/220px-Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg/330px-Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg/440px-Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Out Patient Block of <a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_1z_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_1z_.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_1z_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_1z_.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_1z_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_1z_.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_1z_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Govt. Women and Children Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></figcaption></figure> Modern medicine, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> are available in the district. A general hospital, 3 district hospitals, and 6 Taluk hospitals are functioning under the Government of Kerala for Allopathy. The <a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Manjeri" title="Government Medical College, Manjeri">Government Medical College, Manjeri</a>, established in 2013, is the apex medical college in the district.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A network of local health centers function under the public sector. It includes 66 <a href="/wiki/Primary_Health_Centre_(India)" title="Primary Health Centre (India)">Primary Health Centres</a>, 20 All-time functioning primary health centers, 20 <a href="/wiki/Community_health_center" title="Community health center">Community health centers</a>, and 2 TBC's. 5 Major public health centers, 77 mini public health centers, and 565 sub-centers are there. 3 Leprosy control units, 2 Filaria control units, etc. also function under the public sector. The total bed strength of government hospitals is 1500. Many private hospitals with super-specialty units are also there in the district under Allopathy.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malappuramhealthcare-147">[147]</a> The Govt Ayurveda Research Institute for Mental Disease at <a href="/wiki/Pottippara" title="Pottippara">Pottippara</a> near Kottakkal is the only government Ayurvedic mental hospital in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. It is also the first of its type under the public sector in the country. Kottakkal is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a>, the renowned Ayurvedic health center. Under the government sector, a district Ayurvedic hospital functions at <a href="/wiki/Edarikode" title="Edarikode">Edarikode</a>. Government Ayurvedic hospitals also function in Manjeri, <a href="/wiki/Thalappara" title="Thalappara">Velimukku</a>, Perinthalmanna, Malappuram, <a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvali" title="Thiruvali">Thiruvali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chelembra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelembra">Chelembra</a>. Homeopathic hospitals under public sector function at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malappuramhealthcare-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Many hospitals function under the private sector. As of 2003, Malappuram has the least <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">suicide rate</a> among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">districts of Kerala</a> (13.3), which is much lesser than the state average (32.8).<a href="#cite_note-unhdi-gdl-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malappuram" title="Education in Malappuram">Education in Malappuram</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Perinthalmanna" title="Education in Perinthalmanna">Education in Perinthalmanna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg/220px-MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg/330px-MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg/440px-MESCE_Kuttippuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MES_College_of_Engineering" title="MES College of Engineering">MESCE Kuttippuram</a>, the first self-financing engineering college in Kerala</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including <a href="/wiki/Series_expansion" title="Series expansion">series expansion</a> for trigonometric functions.<a href="#cite_note-roy-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pingree_1992_554–563-44">[44]</a> The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur region</a>).<a href="#cite_note-roy-43">[43]</a> The district has the most schools in Kerala as per the school statistics of 2019–20. There are 898 Lower primary schools,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> 363 Upper primary schools,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> 355 High schools,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> 248 Higher secondary schools,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and 27 Vocational Higher secondary schools<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> in the district. Hence there are 1620 schools in the district.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Besides these, there are 120 <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a> schools and 3 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">ICSE</a> schools. 554 government schools, 810 Aided schools, and 1 unaided school, recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> have been digitalised.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In the academic year 2019–20, the total number of students studying in the schools recognised by Government of Kerala is 739,966 – 407,690 in the aided schools, 245,445 in the government schools, and 86,831 in the recognised unaided schools.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The district plays a significant role in the higher education sector of the state. It is home to two of the main universities in the state- the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calicut" title="University of Calicut">University of Calicut</a> centered at <a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a> which was established in 1968 as the second university in Kerala,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_Malayalam_University" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University">Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University</a> centered at <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirur Municipality">Tirur</a> which was established in the year 2012.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/AMU_Malappuram_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="AMU Malappuram Campus">AMU Malappuram</a>, one of the three off-campus centres of <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a> (AMU) is situated in <a href="/wiki/Cherukara" title="Cherukara">Cherukara</a>, which was established in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> An off-campus of the <a href="/wiki/English_and_Foreign_Languages_University" title="English and Foreign Languages University">English and Foreign Languages University</a> functions at <a href="/wiki/Panakkad" title="Panakkad">Panakkad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The district is also home to a subcentre of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Agricultural_University" title="Kerala Agricultural University">Kerala Agricultural University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a>, and a subcentre of <a href="/wiki/Sree_Sankaracharya_University_of_Sanskrit" title="Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit">Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Darul_Huda_Islamic_University" title="Darul Huda Islamic University">Darul Huda Islamic University</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Chemmad" title="Chemmad">Chemmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>. INKEL Greens at Malappuram provides an educational zone with the industrial zone.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Eranad Knowledge City at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> is a first of its kind project in the state.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in Malappuram district (2011)<a href="#cite_note-religion-164">[164]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kerala" title="Islam in Kerala">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:70.24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">70.24%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kerala" title="Hinduism in Kerala">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:27.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">27.60%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:dodgerblue; width:1.98%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.98%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other or not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.18%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The areas that come under the Malappuram district have been multi-ethnic and multi-religious since the early <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a>. The centuries of trade across the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> has given Malappuram a cosmopolitan population.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Religions practised in district include <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and other minor religions.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-166">[166]</a> Malappuram is one of the two districts with a Muslim majority in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep district</a>. Most of Christians in the district are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Division_(Travancore)" title="Northern Division (Travancore)">Northern Travancore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> in the 20th century (<a href="/wiki/Malabar_Migration" title="Malabar Migration">Malabar Migration</a>).<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> The principal language used in the district is <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Arabi Malayalam script</a>, also known as Ponnani Script, was used widely in the district in the past centuries. Minority Dravidian languages are <a href="/wiki/Allar_language" title="Allar language">Allar</a> (around 350 speakers)<a href="#cite_note-ethnoallar-168">[168]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aranadan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranadan language">Aranadan</a>, (around 200 speakers).<a href="#cite_note-ethnoaranadan-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is spoken by a small fraction of the people. <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is the predominant language, spoken by 99.46% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-languages-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg/220px-Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg/330px-Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg/440px-Thunchan_Smarakam1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Thunchan Smarakam at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, in memory of <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaidyar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vaidyar.JPG/220px-Vaidyar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vaidyar.JPG/330px-Vaidyar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vaidyar.JPG/440px-Vaidyar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maha_Kavi_Moyinkutty_Vaidyar_Smarakam" title="Maha Kavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam">Maha Kavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></figcaption></figure> The currently adopted Malayalam alphabet was first accepted by <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan">Thunchath Ezhuthachan</a>, who was born at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> and is known as the father of the modern Malayalam language.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Tirur is the headquarters of the Malayalam Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a>, the most renowned <a href="/wiki/Mappila_songs" title="Mappila songs">Mappila paattu</a> poet was born at <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a>. He is considered as one of the Mahakavis (a title for 'great poet') of Mappila songs.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Besides <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan">Thunchath Ezhuthachan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a>, the renowned writers of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> including <a href="/wiki/Achyutha_Pisharadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutha Pisharadi">Achyutha Pisharadi</a>, Alamkode Leelakrishnan, <a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Govindan_Nair" title="Edasseri Govindan Nair">Edasseri Govindan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._P._Ramanunni" title="K. P. Ramanunni">K. P. Ramanunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttikrishna_Marar" title="Kuttikrishna Marar">Kuttikrishna Marar</a>, Kuttippuram Kesavan Nair, <a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a>, N. Damodaran, <a href="/wiki/Nandanar_(author)" title="Nandanar (author)">Nandanar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Hyder" title="Pulikkottil Hyder">Pulikkottil Hyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uroob" title="Uroob">Uroob</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._C._Balakrishna_Panicker" title="V. C. Balakrishna Panicker">V. C. Balakrishna Panicker</a>, Vallathol Gopala Menon, and <a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a> were natives of the district.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a> were the writers hailed from Ponnani Kalari based at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a>, also hail from the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a>. Malappuram was also the main centre of <a href="/wiki/Mappila_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila Songs">Mappila Paattu</a> literature in the state.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Besides Moyinkutty Vaidyar and Pulikkottil Hyder, several Mappila Paattu poets including Kulangara Veettil Moidu Musliyar (popularly known as Chakkeeri Shujayi), Chakkeeri Moideenkutty, Manakkarakath Kunhikoya, Nallalam Beeran, K. K. Muhammad Abdul Kareem, Balakrishnan Vallikunnu, Punnayurkulam Bapu, <a href="/wiki/Veliyankode_Umar_Qasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Veliyankode Umar Qasi">Veliyankode Umar Qasi</a>, etc., chose Malappuram as their working platform.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirur,_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg/220px-Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg/330px-Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg/440px-Tirur%2C_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A countryside near <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></figcaption></figure> The district has also given its own deposits to <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, the classical art form of Kerala, and <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Chandrasekharan" title="Kottakkal Chandrasekharan">Kottakkal Chandrasekharan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Sivaraman" title="Kottakkal Sivaraman">Kottakkal Sivaraman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_Madhu" title="Kottakkal Madhu">Kottakkal Madhu</a> are famous Kathakali artists hailed from Kottakkal Natya Sangam established by <a href="/wiki/Vaidyaratnam_P._S._Warrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier">Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Veṭṭathunāṭu</a> rulers, who had the control over parts of present-day Tirurangadi, Tirur, and Ponnani Taluks, were noted patrons of arts and learning. A Veṭṭathunāṭu Raja (r. 1630–1640) is said to have introduced innovations in the art form <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, which has come to be known as the "Veṭṭathu Tradition".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Thunchath Ezhuthachchan and Vallathol Narayana Menon hail from Vettathunad. Vallathol Narayana Menon is also considered as the resurrector of Kathakali in the modern period through the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a> at Cheruthuruthi.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vazhenkada_Kunchu_Nair" title="Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair">Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair</a>, a major Kathakali trainer, and <a href="/wiki/Sankaran_Embranthiri" title="Sankaran Embranthiri">Sankaran Embranthiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Nambissan" title="Tirur Nambissan">Tirur Nambissan</a>, who were among the most popular Kathakali singers, were also from Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Kalyanikutty_Amma" title="Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma">Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma</a>, who played a major role in resurrecting Mohiniyattam in the modern Kerala, hails from <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> in the district.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mrinalini_Sarabhai" title="Mrinalini Sarabhai">Mrinalini Sarabhai</a>, an Indian classical dancer, hailed from erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> is one of the largest Ayurvedic medicinal networks in the world.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a>, the first known Keralite historian, also hails from the district.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg/220px-Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg/330px-Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg/440px-Kottakkal_Bypass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4495" data-file-height="3097" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, the centre of renowned <a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Varma_Valiya_Koil_Thampuran" title="Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran">Kerala Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran</a> (Kerala Kalidasan), <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Varma">Raja Raja Varma</a> (Kerala Panini) and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> (Famous Painter) are from different branches of <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> Royal Family, who later migrated from <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a> to Harippad, Changanassery, Mavelikkara and Kilimanoor.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> According to some scholars, the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a> also belong to <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a> near Parappanangadi. The Chief Editor of the daily "<a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>" (1898 to 1905) and Founder Chief Editor of "The Indian Patriot" Divan Bahadur C. Karunakara Menon (1863–1922) was also from Parappanangadi.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/O._Chandu_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="O. Chandu Menon">O. Chandu Menon</a> wrote his novels Indulekha and Saradha while he was the judge at Parappanangadi Munciff Court. Indulekha is also the first Major Novel written in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> language. K. Madhavan Nair, the founder of Mathrubhumi Daily, comes from <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>. Ponnani region was the working platform of <a href="/wiki/K._Kelappan" title="K. Kelappan">K. Kelappan</a>, popularly known as Kerala Gandhi, A. V. Kuttimalu Amma, and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdur_Rahiman" title="Mohammed Abdur Rahiman">Mohammed Abdur Rahiman</a>, and several other freedom fighters.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Other independence activists from <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a> included <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sehgal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Sehgal">Lakshmi Sehgal</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammu_Swaminathan" title="Ammu Swaminathan">Ammu Swaminathan</a>. The ashes of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>, were deposited in Kerala at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, on the bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> K. Madhavanar, who was the translator of Mahatma Gandhi's autobiography into Malayalam, was also a native of Malappuram. <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>'s trade relations with foreign countries since ancient times paved the way for a cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Persian-Arab art forms and North Indian culture came to Ponnani that way. There were resonances in the language as well. This is how the hybrid language <a href="/wiki/Arabi-Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabi-Malayalam">Arabi-Malayalam</a> came to be.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Many poems have been written in this hybrid language.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Qawwali and Ghazals from Hindustani, who came here as part of their cultural exchange, still thrive in Ponnani. EK Aboobacker, Main and Khalil Bhai (Khalil Rahman) are some of the famous Qawwali singers of Ponnani. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nila_Nadhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nila_Nadhi.jpg/220px-Nila_Nadhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nila_Nadhi.jpg/330px-Nila_Nadhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nila_Nadhi.jpg/440px-Nila_Nadhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, the seat of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a></figcaption></figure> The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvanchery Thamprakkal</a>, who were considered as the supreme religious head of Kerala <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, was at <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> The original headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> Rajas were also at <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mnn-39">[39]</a> Several aristocratic Nambudiri Manas are present in the Taluks of Tirur, Perinthalmanna, and Ponnani. <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, the seat of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a>, is also present in the district. <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a>, the ancestral headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a>, the ancestral headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, are also present in the district. The <a href="/wiki/Kunhali_Marakkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunhali Marakkar">Kunhali Marakkars</a> had close relationship with the port towns of Ponnani, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and Parappanangadi.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Some of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> in the 16th century CE, when Cochin became a major power on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, were usually borrowed from the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-31">[31]</a> Many of the consorts of the queens of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> were usually selected from the <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> Royal family. <a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a>, the first Chief Minister of Kerala, hails from <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a> in the district.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a>, the seats of the ruling families of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a>, lie adjacent to Perinthalmanna. During the medieval period, the district was a centre of <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> studies.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Malik_Dinar" title="Malik Dinar">Malik Dinar</a> had visited the port town of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The Valiya Juma Masjid at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> was one of the largest Islamic studies centre in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> during the medieval period. <a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achyutha_Pisharadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutha Pisharadi">Achyutha Pisharadi</a>, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, who were the main members of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_School_of_Astronomy_and_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics">Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics</a> hailed from Tirur region.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Arabi Malayalam script</a>, otherwise known as the Ponnani script, took its birth during the late 16th century and early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> The script was widely used in the district during the last centuries.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Playwrights and actors from the district include <a href="/wiki/K._T._Muhammed" title="K. T. Muhammed">K. T. Muhammed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Balan" title="Nilambur Balan">Nilambur Balan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Ayisha" title="Nilambur Ayisha">Nilambur Ayisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adil_Ibrahim" title="Adil Ibrahim">Adil Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aneesh_G._Menon" title="Aneesh G. Menon">Aneesh G. Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aparna_Nair" title="Aparna Nair">Aparna Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anikha">Baby Anikha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanish_Karthik" title="Dhanish Karthik">Dhanish Karthik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemanth_Menon" title="Hemanth Menon">Hemanth Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashin_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashin Rahman">Rashin Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vallathol" title="Ravi Vallathol">Ravi Vallathol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangita_Madhavan_Nair" title="Sangita Madhavan Nair">Sangita Madhavan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shwetha_Menon" title="Shwetha Menon">Shwetha Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sooraj_Thelakkad" title="Sooraj Thelakkad">Sooraj Thelakkad</a>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Sukumaran" title="Sukumaran">Sukumaran</a>, who is also the father of two notable actors as well as playback singers of Malayalam film industry namely <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Sukumaran" title="Prithviraj Sukumaran">Prithviraj Sukumaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indrajith_Sukumaran" title="Indrajith Sukumaran">Indrajith Sukumaran</a>, also was a native of the district. Playback singers including <a href="/wiki/Krishnachandran" title="Krishnachandran">Krishnachandran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Jayadevan" title="Parvathy Jayadevan">Parvathy Jayadevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahabaz_Aman" title="Shahabaz Aman">Shahabaz Aman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sithara_(singer)" title="Sithara (singer)">Sithara Krishnakumar</a>, Sudeep Palanad, and <a href="/wiki/Unni_Menon" title="Unni Menon">Unni Menon</a> also hail from the district. The district has also produced some notable film producers, lyricists, cinematographers, and directors including <a href="/wiki/Aryadan_Shoukath" title="Aryadan Shoukath">Aryadan Shoukath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepu_Pradeep" title="Deepu Pradeep">Deepu Pradeep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hari_Nair" title="Hari Nair">Hari Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Kuttippuram" title="Iqbal Kuttippuram">Iqbal Kuttippuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankada_Ravi_Varma" title="Mankada Ravi Varma">Mankada Ravi Varma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musthafa" title="Muhammad Musthafa">Muhammad Musthafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Parari" title="Muhsin Parari">Muhsin Parari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajeev Nair">Rajeev Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salam_Bappu" title="Salam Bappu">Salam Bappu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanavas_K_Bavakutty" title="Shanavas K Bavakutty">Shanavas K Bavakutty</a>, Shanavas Naranippuzha, <a href="/wiki/T._A._Razzaq" title="T. A. Razzaq">T. A. Razzaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._A._Shahid" title="T. A. Shahid">T. A. Shahid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinay_Govind" title="Vinay Govind">Vinay Govind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_Mohammed" title="Zakariya Mohammed">Zakariya Mohammed</a>. Most notable painters from district include <a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_(artist)" title="Namboothiri (artist)">Artist Namboothiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._C._S._Paniker" title="K. C. S. Paniker">K. C. S. Paniker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._K._Padmini" title="T. K. Padmini">T. K. Padmini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Another painter <a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Narayanan" title="Akkitham Narayanan">Akkitham Narayanan</a> was from <a href="/wiki/Kumaranellur" title="Kumaranellur">Kumaranellur</a>. <a href="/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a>, one among the most notable historians of Kerala, also hail from here.<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> Social reformers from the district include <a href="/wiki/Veliyankode_Umar_Khasi" title="Veliyankode Umar Khasi">Veliyankode Umar Khasi</a> (1757–1852), <a href="/wiki/Chalilakath_Kunahmed_Haji" title="Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji">Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._Moidu_Moulavi" title="E. Moidu Moulavi">E. Moidu Moulavi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Sanaullah_Makti_Tangal" title="Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal">Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal</a> (1847–1912).<a href="#cite_note-mal-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/170px-Pathiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/255px-Pathiri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/340px-Pathiri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a>, a pancake made of <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a>, is one of the common breakfast dishes in Malappuram</figcaption></figure> The centuries of maritime trade has given the Malappuram a cosmopolitan cuisine. The cuisine is a blend of traditional <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Iran">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemenese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> food culture.<a href="#cite_note-MC-175">[175]</a> One of the main elements of this cuisine is <a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a>, a pancake made of rice flour. Variants of Pathiri include Neypathiri (made with ghee), Poricha Pathiri (fried rather than baked), Meen Pathiri (stuffed with fish), and Irachi Pathiri (stuffed with beef). Spices like <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a> are widely used in the cuisine of Malappuram. The main item used in the festivals is the Malabar style of <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a> is also seen in marriage and festival occasions. <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> region of the district has a wide variety of indigenous dishes. Snacks such as Arikadukka, Chattipathiri, Muttamala, Pazham Nirachathu, and Unnakkaya have their own style in Ponnani. Besides these, other common food items of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> are also seen in the cuisine of Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a>, popularly known as Kuzhi Mandi in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is another popular item, which has an influence from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MC-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg/220px-MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg/330px-MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg/440px-MANJERI_F.M_102.7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AIR_Manjeri_FM" title="AIR Manjeri FM">AIR Manjeri FM</a> radio station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhyamam" title="Madhyamam">Madhyamam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_(Malayalam_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrika (Malayalam newspaper)">Chandrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suprabhaatham_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprabhaatham Daily">Suprabhaatham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siraj_Daily" title="Siraj Daily">Siraj</a> dailies have their printing centres in and around the <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> city. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> has an edition and printing press at Malappuram. A few periodicals-monthlies, fortnightlies and weeklies-mostly devoted to religion and culture are also published. Almost all Malayalam channels and newspapers have their bureau at Up Hill. There are so many local cable visions and their regional media. Malappuram Press Club is also situated at Uphill adjacent to Municipal Town Hall. <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> has two major relay stations in the district at Malappuram and Manjeri. The government of India's <a href="/wiki/Prasar_Bharati" title="Prasar Bharati">Prasar Bharati</a> National Public Service Broadcaster has an FM station in the district (<a href="/wiki/AIR_Manjeri_FM" title="AIR Manjeri FM">AIR Manjeri FM</a>), broadcasting on 102.7 Mhtz. Even without any private FM stations, Malappuram, Ponnani, and Tirur find their own places in the ten towns with the highest radio listenership in India.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg/220px-Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg/330px-Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg/440px-Manjeri_Stadium_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium">Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg/220px-Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg/330px-Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg/440px-Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium">MDSC Stadium</a> during <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Indian_Federation_Cup" title="2013–14 Indian Federation Cup">2013–14 Indian Federation Cup</a></figcaption></figure> Malappuram is often known as The Mecca of Kerala Football.<a href="#cite_note-Football_a-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Football_b-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_%26_Football_Academy" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy">Malappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy</a> is situated at <a href="/wiki/Payyanad,_Manjeri" title="Payyanad, Manjeri">Payyanad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium">MDSC Stadium</a> was selected as one of two stadiums, along with the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium</a>, to host the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Indian_Federation_Cup_Group_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage">group stages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Indian_Federation_Cup" title="2013–14 Indian Federation Cup">2013–14 Indian Federation Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Federation_Cup_2014-180">[180]</a> The stadium hosted groups B and D.<a href="#cite_note-Federation_Cup_2014-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Football_Stadium,_Malappuram" title="Kottappadi Football Stadium, Malappuram">Kottappadi Football Stadium</a> is a historic football stadium. Other major stadiums include the Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium at Tirur, and the Perinthalmanna Cricket Stadium at Perinthalmanna. A synthetic track is there along with the Tirur Municipal Stadium. <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Premier_League" title="Malabar Premier League">Malabar Premier League</a> was initiated in 2015 to strengthen football in the district.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The Calicut University Synthetic Track at <a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a> is the apex synthetic track in the district. It is associated with the C. H. Muhammad Koya Stadium at Tenhipalam.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Other major stadiums of district include those at <a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>. A football hub to internationalise the eight major football stadiums of district is proposed.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The construction works of two new stadium complexes are being processed in <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Places of interest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg/138px-Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg/207px-Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg/276px-Adhyan_para_water_fall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamara_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thamara_1.jpg/138px-Thamara_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thamara_1.jpg/207px-Thamara_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thamara_1.jpg/276px-Thamara_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Lake_Wetland_Thirunavaya_Malappuram" title="Lotus Lake Wetland Thirunavaya Malappuram">Lotus Lake Wetland Thirunavaya</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodikuthimala,_Malappuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kodikuthimala%2C_Malappuram.jpg/138px-Kodikuthimala%2C_Malappuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kodikuthimala%2C_Malappuram.jpg/207px-Kodikuthimala%2C_Malappuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kodikuthimala%2C_Malappuram.jpg/276px-Kodikuthimala%2C_Malappuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg/138px-Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg/207px-Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg/276px-Kottakkunnu_mazhaveed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3012" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DR0034DSC_6627.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DR0034DSC_6627.jpg/138px-DR0034DSC_6627.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DR0034DSC_6627.jpg/207px-DR0034DSC_6627.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/DR0034DSC_6627.jpg/276px-DR0034DSC_6627.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_railway_station" title="Angadipuram railway station">Angadipuram</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Noor_Lake_-_Tirur,_Kerala_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg/138px-Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg/207px-Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg/276px-Noor_Lake_-_Tirur%2C_Kerala_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Noor Lake, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg/138px-View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg/207px-View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg/276px-View_of_Arimbra_mala_through_old_rubber_plantation_of_Late_Chakeeri_Kunhami_Umma1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra Hills</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/138px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/207px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG/276px-Parappanangadi_Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nedumkayam_Forest,_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg/138px-Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg/207px-Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg/276px-Nedumkayam_Forest%2C_nilambur_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="971" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nedumkayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedumkayam">Nedumkayam</a> Reserved Forest near Nilambur</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:64px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Padinharekkara_beach.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Padinharekkara_beach.png/138px-Padinharekkara_beach.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Padinharekkara_beach.png/207px-Padinharekkara_beach.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Padinharekkara_beach.png/276px-Padinharekkara_beach.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="593" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Padinjarekkara_Beach" title="Padinjarekkara Beach">Padinjarekkara Beach</a>- Koottayi Tirur</div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a>- a waterfall at Kurumbalangode.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a> – A 2,383 m high peak near <a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra Hills</a>, also known as 'Mini-Ooty'. At a height of 1050 feet above the sea level.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal</a> – known for its heritage and expertise in the Indian traditional medicine system of Ayurveda.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyapanov_Waterfalls" title="Ayyapanov Waterfalls">Ayyapanov Waterfalls</a> – A waterfall at <a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> – The second-longest river in Kerala. Also known in the names River Ponnani, Nila and Perar.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li>Biyyam Kayal- A backwater lake at Ponnani<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> – The fourth-longest river in Kerala. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest Teak plantation is located on the valley adjacent to Chaliyar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamravattom_Regulator-cum-Bridge" title="Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge">Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge</a> – The largest regulator-cum bridge of Kerala connecting <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur Taluk</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> port.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>Chekkunnu Mala – A misty green hill near to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Cherumb eco-tourist village – An eco-village at <a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a> – a dwelling of more than a hundred species of native birds and over 60 species of migratory birds<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve – The first community reserve in Kerala and an eco-tourism spot.<a href="#cite_note-Vallikkunnu-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkadampoyil" title="Kakkadampoyil">Kakkadampoyil</a> – A hilly village on the bank of <a href="/wiki/Cherupuzha_(Karulai)" title="Cherupuzha (Karulai)">Cherupuzha</a>.</li> <li>Keralamkundu waterfalls – Located 1500 ft above the sea level in <a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a> – At Amminikadan hills, Perinthalmanna. Also known as Mini-Ooty.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>Kollam Kolli Waterfalls – A waterfall near <a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a> – At the middle of Malappuram city. Also known as The Marine Drive of Malappuram. An old fort, a water-park, and ancient murals are seen here.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_bridge" title="Kuttippuram bridge">Kuttippuram bridge</a> – One of the largest as well as oldest bridges built over the river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, and plays a major role in connecting the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar region</a> with the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a> via road.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Lake_Wetland_Thirunavaya_Malappuram" title="Lotus Lake Wetland Thirunavaya Malappuram">Lotus Lake Wetland Thirunavaya</a> – Lotus Lake and Migratory Birds Sanctuary <a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> – The fifth-highest peak in South India (2,554 m away from sea level).</li> <li>Nadukani Churam – A <a href="/wiki/Ghat_Roads" title="Ghat Roads">Ghat Road</a> at the northeastern end of <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk, which connects Malappuram district with the hilly district of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nadukani-132">[132]</a></li> <li>Nedumkayam Rainforest – A part of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>. Known for its greenery.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Amarambalam_Reserved_Forest" title="New Amarambalam Reserved Forest">New Amarambalam Reserved Forest</a> – A wildlife sanctuary near to <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-birdlife.org-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kovilakam</a> – The headquarter of the Nilambur royal family.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur-Shoranur_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilambur-Shoranur line">Nilambur-Shoranur line</a> – one of the shortest <a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">broad-gauge railway</a> lines in India with greenery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Noor Lake</a> – A lake at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorakam_Hill" title="Oorakam Hill">Oorakam Hill</a> – A mount near <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinjarekkara_Beach" title="Padinjarekkara Beach">Padinjarekkara Beach</a> – A Beach at Koottayi <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li>Poorappuzha River – A scenic coastal tributary of <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Padinjarekara Azhimukham</a> beach – Two rivers (The <a href="/wiki/Tirur_River" title="Tirur River">Tirur River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>) joins with the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> here.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> A beach, an estuary, and a centre of migratory birds at <a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Purathur</a>, opposite to the port of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta Falls</a> – A waterfall adjacent to the Paloor fort built by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> near <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>Parappanangadi beach – A beach in the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>.</li> <li>Paravanna beach – A scenic beach at <a href="/wiki/Vettom_Grama_Panchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom Grama Panchayath">Vettom</a>.</li> <li>Ponnani beach – A beach in Ponnani.</li> <li>Poonathanam Illam – The birthplace of 16th century Malayalam poet <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a> near <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>Poorappuzha Azhimukham – An estuary at <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthantheru" title="Puthantheru">Puthantheru</a> – a small coastline town.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a> – Located near <a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur_Beach" title="Tanur Beach">Tanur Beach</a> – A beach at <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a> – The world's first teak plantation in Nilambur.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu,_Tirur" title="Thunchan Parambu, Tirur">Thunchan Parambu</a> – It is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>, who is known as the father of modern Malayalam language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_River" title="Tirur River">Tirur River</a> – A coconut-fringed green river flowing through <a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur Taluk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> plantations and Kadavus are seen on its bank.</li> <li>Unity hill viewpoint – A viewpoint at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>.</li> <li>Unniyal beach – A beach at <a href="/wiki/Niramarutur" title="Niramarutur">Niramarutur</a>.</li> <li>Vakkad beach – Between Tirur and Ponnani.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>Vallikunnu beach – A coconut-fringed beach in the northwestern coast of district.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a> – A 2,339 m elevated mountain range near <a href="/wiki/Chungathara" title="Chungathara">Chungathara</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Malappuram_district" title="List of people from Malappuram district">List of people from Malappuram district</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Vijayaraghavan" title="A. Vijayaraghavan">A. Vijayaraghavan</a> – Former member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> and the state secretary of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Anil_Kumar" title="A. P. Anil Kumar">A. P. Anil Kumar</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Raja_Raja_Varma" title="A. R. Raja Raja Varma">A. R. Raja Raja Varma</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> poet and grammatician known as Kerala Panini (belongs to <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> royal family).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nediyodath" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Nediyodath">Abdul Nediyodath</a> – Footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurahiman_Randathani" title="Abdurahiman Randathani">Abdurahiman Randathani</a> – Politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyutha_Pisharadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutha Pisharadi">Achyutha Pisharadi</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit grammarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">mathematician</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Ibrahim" title="Adil Ibrahim">Adil Ibrahim</a> – Actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kutty" title="Ahmad Kutty">Ahmad Kutty</a> – North American Islamic scholar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajijesh_Pachat" title="Ajijesh Pachat">Ajijesh Pachat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> writer and <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> poet and essayist. (Born at <a href="/wiki/Kumaranellur" title="Kumaranellur">Kumaranellur</a>, a border village between Malappuram and Palakkad districts. He was a writer from the Ponnani Kalari)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Narayanan" title="Akkitham Narayanan">Akkitham Narayanan</a> – painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Musliyar" title="Ali Musliyar">Ali Musliyar</a> – Freedom activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammu_Swaminathan" title="Ammu Swaminathan">Ammu Swaminathan</a> – Independence activist and a member of Constituent Assembly of India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Edathodika" title="Anas Edathodika">Anas Edathodika</a> – Indian professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneesh_G._Menon" title="Aneesh G. Menon">Aneesh G. Menon</a> – Actor.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anikha">Anikha</a> – Actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparna_Nair" title="Aparna Nair">Aparna Nair</a> – Actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Jayaraj" title="Arjun Jayaraj">Arjun Jayaraj</a> – Professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_(artist)" title="Namboothiri (artist)">Artist Namboothiri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadan_Muhammed" title="Aryadan Muhammed">Aryadan Muhammed</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadan_Shoukath" title="Aryadan Shoukath">Aryadan Shoukath</a> – Indian film producer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashique_Kuruniyan" title="Ashique Kuruniyan">Ashique Kuruniyan</a> – Indian professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Saheer" title="Asif Saheer">Asif Saheer</a> – Indian soccer player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Moopen" title="Azad Moopen">Azad Moopen</a> – Doctor and Philanthropist.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes1-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvanchery Thamprakkal</a> – Former chief of <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiris</a> of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._M._Kutty" title="B. M. Kutty">B. M. Kutty</a> – Journalist and Activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a> – Writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Karunakara_Menon" title="C. Karunakara Menon">C. Karunakara Menon</a> – Journalist and Politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Radhakrishnan" title="C. Radhakrishnan">C. Radhakrishnan</a> – Writer and film director of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Ahmad_Moulavi" title="C. N. Ahmad Moulavi">C. N. Ahmad Moulavi</a> – Indian writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakkeeri_Ahemed_Kutty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakkeeri Ahemed Kutty">Chakkeeri Ahemed Kutty</a> – Former minister of Kerala and former speaker of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalilakath_Kunahmed_Haji" title="Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji">Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji</a> – Social reformer.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad Govinda Pisharody</a> – Malayalam playwright, Novelist, Poet, and Political activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodara" title="Damodara">Damodara</a> – Astronomer-mathematician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepu_Pradeep" title="Deepu Pradeep">Deepu Pradeep</a> – Scriptwriter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Padikkal" title="Devdutt Padikkal">Devdutt Padikkal</a> – Indian cricketer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanish_Karthik" title="Dhanish Karthik">Dhanish Karthik</a> – Actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dileep_K._Nair" title="Dileep K. Nair">Dileep K. Nair</a> – Educationist, skill development campaigner, social activist, and publisher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Harikumar" title="E. Harikumar">E. Harikumar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Moidu_Moulavi" title="E. Moidu Moulavi">E. Moidu Moulavi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Indian_freedom_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian freedom fighter">Indian freedom fighter</a>, and an Islamic scholar.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a> – Metroman of India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Imbichi_Bava" title="E. K. Imbichi Bava">E. K. Imbichi Bava</a> – Politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a> – The first Chief Minister of Kerala and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Mohammed_Basheer" title="E. T. Mohammed Basheer">E. T. Mohammed Basheer</a> – Former minister of Kerala and Member of <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Govindan_Nair" title="Edasseri Govindan Nair">Edasseri Govindan Nair</a> – Poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamaram_Kareem" title="Elamaram Kareem">Elamaram Kareem</a> – Former minister of Kerala and Member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Kutty" title="Faisal Kutty">Faisal Kutty</a> – Lawyer, academic, writer, public speaker, and human rights activist.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Muthukad" title="Gopinath Muthukad">Gopinath Muthukad</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magician_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (illusion)">magician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motivational_speaker" title="Motivational speaker">motivational speaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhattathiri" title="Govinda Bhattathiri">Govinda Bhattathiri</a> – Indian astrologer and astronomer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Nair" title="Hari Nair">Hari Nair</a> – Cinematographer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemanth_Menon" title="Hemanth Menon">Hemanth Menon</a> – Actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Kuttippuram" title="Iqbal Kuttippuram">Iqbal Kuttippuram</a> – Screenwriter and <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homoeopathic physician</a>.<a href="#cite_note-khal-217">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayasree_Kalathil" title="Jayasree Kalathil">Jayasree Kalathil</a> – Writer, translator, mental health researcher, and activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jishnu_Balakrishnan" title="Jishnu Balakrishnan">Jishnu Balakrishnan</a> – Professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Rahman" title="K. A. Rahman">K. Abdurahman</a> – Founder of <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Avukader_Kutty_Naha" title="K. Avukader Kutty Naha">K. Avukader Kutty Naha</a> – Former <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Kerala" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Kerala">deputy chief minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._S._Paniker" title="K. C. S. Paniker">K. C. S. Paniker</a> – was a metaphysical and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Manavedan_Raja" title="K. C. Manavedan Raja">K. C. Manavedan Raja</a> – Indian <a href="/wiki/Aristocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrat">aristocrat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Asif" class="mw-redirect" title="K. M. Asif">K. M. Asif</a> – Cricketer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Maulavi" title="K. M. Maulavi">K. M. Maulavi</a> – Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and the founding vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> Malabar district committee.<a href="#cite_note-SMW19-48-47-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-IM115-220">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._A._Majeed" title="K. P. A. Majeed">K. P. A. Majeed</a> – Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Ramanunni" title="K. P. Ramanunni">K. P. Ramanunni</a> – Novelist and Short-story writer.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Irfan" title="K. T. Irfan">K. T. Irfan</a> – Athlete.<a href="#cite_note-dailysports-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Jaleel" title="K. T. Jaleel">K. T. Jaleel</a> – former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Muhammed" title="K. T. Muhammed">K. T. Muhammed</a>- Malayalam playwright and screenwriter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Rabiya" title="K. V. Rabiya">K. V. Rabiya</a> – Social worker.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Ramakrishnan" title="K. V. Ramakrishnan">K. V. Ramakrishnan</a> – Malayalam–language poet and journalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavanad_Kuttikrishnan" title="Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan">Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan</a> – Malayalam poet and journalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Kalyanikutty_Amma" title="Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma">Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma</a> – Resurrector of Mohiniyattam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a> – Writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Varma_Valiya_Koil_Thampuran" title="Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran">Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> poet and translator, also known as Kalidasa of Kerala (belongs to <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> royal family).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnachandran" title="Krishnachandran">Krishnachandran</a> – Actor, Dubbing artist, and Playback singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttikrishna_Marar" title="Kuttikrishna Marar">Kuttikrishna Marar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">Essayist</a> and literary critic of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a> – a revolutionary of the Indian independence movement, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Hind Government">Azad Hind government</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a> – Writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Swaraj" title="M. Swaraj">M. Swaraj</a> – Politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a> – Historian, and academic and political commentator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Vellodi" title="M. K. Vellodi">M. K. Vellodi</a> – Former Indian diplomat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Akbar" title="M. M. Akbar">M. M. Akbar</a> – Islamic scholar, and an expert in comparative religion.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Abdussamad_Samadani" title="M. P. Abdussamad Samadani">M. P. Abdussamad Samadani</a> – Former member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._M._Ahammed_Kurikkal" title="M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal">M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._M._Menon" title="M. P. M. Menon">M. P. M. Menon</a> – <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to several countries.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> author, <a href="/wiki/Screenplay_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Screenplay writer">screenplay writer</a> and film director. (Born at <a href="/wiki/Kudallur" title="Kudallur">Kudallur</a>, a border village between Malappuram and Palakkad districts. He is a writer from the Ponnani Kalari.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayath_Appunni" title="Malayath Appunni">Malayath Appunni</a> – Malayalam language poet and children's writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjalamkuzhi_Ali" title="Manjalamkuzhi Ali">Manjalamkuzhi Ali</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada_Ravi_Varma" title="Mankada Ravi Varma">Mankada Ravi Varma</a> – Cinematographer and Director.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorama_Thampuratti" title="Manorama Thampuratti">Manorama Thampuratti</a> – was a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashoor_Shereef" title="Mashoor Shereef">Mashoor Shereef</a> – Professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melattur_Sahadevan" title="Melattur Sahadevan">Melattur Sahadevan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> vocalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a> – Mathematical <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersheena_Neenu" title="Mersheena Neenu">Mersheena Neenu</a> – actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Irshad" title="Mohammed Irshad">Mohammed Irshad</a> – Professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Salah_(Indian_footballer)" title="Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)">Mohamed Salah</a> – Footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanakrishnan_Kaladi" title="Mohanakrishnan Kaladi">Mohanakrishnan Kaladi</a> – Malayalam poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mappila_pattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila pattu">Mappila pattu</a> poet.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinalini_Sarabhai" title="Mrinalini Sarabhai">Mrinalini Sarabhai</a> – Indian classical dancer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musthafa" title="Muhammad Musthafa">Muhammad Musthafa</a> – Actor and Director.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Parari" title="Muhsin Parari">Muhsin Parari</a> – Director, Writer, and Lyricist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalakath_Soopy" title="Nalakath Soopy">Nalakath Soopy</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a> – Writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandanar_(author)" title="Nandanar (author)">Nandanar</a> – Writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Ayisha" title="Nilambur Ayisha">Nilambur Ayisha</a> – Actress in the Malayalam film industry and drama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Balan" title="Nilambur Balan">Nilambur Balan</a> – Malayalam actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirupama_Rao" title="Nirupama Rao">Nirupama Rao</a> – Former foreign secretary of India.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi-233">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Sreeramakrishnan" title="P. Sreeramakrishnan">P. Sreeramakrishnan</a> – former speaker of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a> – Writer, Columnist, art critic, and a philanthropist.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Abdu_Rabb" title="P. K. Abdu Rabb">P. K. Abdu Rabb</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Kunhalikutty" title="P. K. Kunhalikutty">P. K. Kunhalikutty</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Warrier" title="P. K. Warrier">P. K. Warrier</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic</a> physician and a <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> winner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._P._Ramachandran" title="P. P. Ramachandran">P. P. Ramachandran</a> – Malayalam poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Abdul_Wahab" title="P. V. Abdul Wahab">P. V. Abdul Wahab</a> – Businessman, and a member of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloli_Mohammed_Kutty" title="Paloli Mohammed Kutty">Paloli Mohammed Kutty</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a> – Indian mathematician and astronomer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Jayadevan" title="Parvathy Jayadevan">Parvathy Jayadevan</a> – Playback singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a> – Malayalam poet.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premji" title="Premji">Premji</a> - Social reformer, Cultural leader, and Actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulapre_Balakrishnan" title="Pulapre Balakrishnan">Pulapre Balakrishnan</a> – Economist and Educationalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Hyder" title="Pulikkottil Hyder">Pulikkottil Hyder</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mappila_pattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila pattu">Mappila pattu</a> poet.<a href="#cite_note-mlpgov-236">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajeev Nair">Rajeev Nair</a> – Writer, Lyricist, and Producer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjith_Padinhateeri" title="Ranjith Padinhateeri">Ranjith Padinhateeri</a> – Biological physicist and a professor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_(actor)" title="Rahman (actor)">Rashin Rahman</a> – Actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> – Indian painter and artist (belongs to <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> royal family).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Menon" title="Ravi Menon">Ravi Menon</a> – Actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vallathol" title="Ravi Vallathol">Ravi Vallathol</a> – Actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinshad_Reera" title="Rinshad Reera">Rinshad Reera</a> – Student Activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salam_Bappu" title="Salam Bappu">Salam Bappu</a> – Film director.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Kalliyath" title="Salman Kalliyath">Salman Kalliyath</a> – Indian professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita_Madhavan_Nair" title="Sangita Madhavan Nair">Sangita Madhavan Nair</a> – Actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankaran_Embranthiri" title="Sankaran Embranthiri">Sankaran Embranthiri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> musician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savithri_Rajeevan" title="Savithri Rajeevan">Savithri Rajeevan</a> – Indian poet, short story writer, and painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Sanaullah_Makti_Tangal" title="Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal">Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal</a> – Social reformer.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabaz_Aman" title="Shahabaz Aman">Shahabaz Aman</a> – Playback singer and Composer.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanavas_K_Bavakutty" title="Shanavas K Bavakutty">Shanavas K Bavakutty</a> – Film director.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweta_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shweta Menon">Shweta Menon</a> – Model, Actress, and Television anchor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithara_(singer)" title="Sithara (singer)">Sithara</a> – Playback singer, Composer, and an occasional actor.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooraj_Thelakkad" title="Sooraj Thelakkad">Sooraj Thelakkad</a> – An actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumaran" title="Sukumaran">Sukumaran</a> – Film actor and producer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Wayne" title="Sunny Wayne">Sunny Wayne</a> – Film actor (stayed during higher education).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammedali_Shihab_Thangal" title="Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal">Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal</a> – Religious leader and politician.<a href="#cite_note-articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com-242">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Razzaq" title="T. A. Razzaq">T. A. Razzaq</a> – Screenwriter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Hamza" title="T. K. Hamza">T. K. Hamza</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Padmini" title="T. K. Padmini">T. K. Padmini</a> – Indian painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Nair" title="T. M. Nair">T. M. Nair</a> – Political activist of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>- Father of Malayalam language.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref002-244">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Nambissan" title="Tirur Nambissan">Tirur Nambissan</a> – Kathakali singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._A._Beeran" title="U. A. Beeran">U. A. Beeran</a> – Former minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.Jimshad" class="mw-redirect" title="U.Jimshad">U.Jimshad</a> – Professional footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._Sharaf_Ali" title="U. Sharaf Ali">U. Sharaf Ali</a> – Former Indian International football player.<a href="#cite_note-hindu_jul09-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unni_Menon" title="Unni Menon">Unni Menon</a> – Playback singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uroob" title="Uroob">Uroob</a> – Writer of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Abdurahiman" title="V. Abdurahiman">V. Abdurahiman</a> – Minister of Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Balakrishna_Panicker" title="V. C. Balakrishna Panicker">V. C. Balakrishna Panicker</a> – Indian poet and writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a> – Social reformer (hailed from erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyaratnam_P._S._Warrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier">Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic</a> physician.<a href="#cite_note-aryavaidyasala-247">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyaratnam_Triprangode_Moossad" title="Vaidyaratnam Triprangode Moossad">Vaidyaratnam Triprangode Moossad</a> – Ayurvedic physician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a> – Malayalam poet.<a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli-248">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variyan_Kunnathu_Kunjahammed_Haji" class="mw-redirect" title="Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji">Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji</a> – Indian Freedom Fighter.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhenkada_Kunchu_Nair" title="Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair">Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> master and a <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> winner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhenkada_Vijayan" title="Vazhenkada Vijayan">Vazhenkada Vijayan</a> – Retired principal of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliyankode_Umar_Khasi" title="Veliyankode Umar Khasi">Veliyankode Umar Khasi</a> – Freedom fighter and poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinay_Govind" title="Vinay Govind">Vinay Govind</a> – Indian film director.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a> – The author of <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_Mohammed" title="Zakariya Mohammed">Zakariya Mohammed</a> – Film director, screenwriter, and actor.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakeer_Mundampara" title="Zakeer Mundampara">Zakeer Mundampara</a> – Footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeenath" title="Zeenath">Zeenath</a>- actress.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demand_of_bifurcation">Demand of bifurcation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Demand of bifurcation">edit</a>]</div> For a few years, the demand to create a new coastal district called Tirur district, centered at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> is being strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-252">[252]</a> They argue that it is imperative from the development perspective to split the district, with double the population and size of the <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha district</a>, into two. No other district in Kerala has seven subdistricts, 94 Village Panchayats, and 12 municipalities together. As for its extent, if one travels from <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumbadappu</a> which borders Thrissur district to <a href="/wiki/Vazhikkadavu" title="Vazhikkadavu">Vazhikkadavu</a> bordering Tamil Nadu, normally it takes more than three hours to cover that distance of 115 km. They also point out that the problems in the health and educational sectors that require solutions are not trivial. The issue was raised again by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> MLA <a href="/wiki/K._N._A._Khader" title="K. N. A. Khader">K. N. A. Khader</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-252">[252]</a> The demand is to bifurcate the existing Malappuram district into two districts by carving out a new one called Tirur district from it.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-252">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">Kerala Congress (M)</a> campaigns for a new district centred at <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Some people including Veteran Congress leader Aryadan Muhammad, and IUML district secretary <a href="/wiki/U._A._Latheef" title="U. A. Latheef">U. A. Latheef</a> oppose the bifurcation of Malappuram.<a href="#cite_note-auto-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-255">[255]</a> However, the demand was rejected by the two successive governments who ruled Kerala in 2013 and in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-auto-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-255">[255]</a> But the studies regarding the bifurcation of the district are still in the consideration of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Malappuram_district" title="Administration of Malappuram district">Administration of Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malappuram" title="Education in Malappuram">Education in Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malappuram_district" title="History of Malappuram district">History of Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Malappuram_district" title="List of people from Malappuram district">List of people from Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Malappuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Malappuram district">Transportation in Malappuram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf">Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018</a> (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala. 2020. p. 55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127040140/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Vital+Statistics+Report+-+2018&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Department+of+Economics+and+Statistics%2C+Government+of+Kerala&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecostat.kerala.gov.in%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fpublications%2FVital_Statistics%2Fdata%2Fvital_statistics_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vr-vinod-replaces-vr-premkumar-as-malappuram-collector/article67446488.ece">"V.R. Vinod replaces V.R. Premkumar as Malappuram Collector"</a>. Keralakaumudi daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913063332/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=311948&u=thiruvananthapuram-collector-k-gopalakrishnan-transferred-to-malappuram">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keralakaumudi+daily&rft.atitle=V.R.+Vinod+replaces+V.R.+Premkumar+as+Malappuram+Collector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fvr-vinod-replaces-vr-premkumar-as-malappuram-collector%2Farticle67446488.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malappuram.keralapolice.gov.in//">"Malappuram Police"</a>. Malappuram police. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928181910/https://malappuram.keralapolice.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020. 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The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614015308/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/engaging-the-diaspora/article30307914.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020. 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The Times of India. 18 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126203012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/log-on-to-indias-first-e-district/articleshow/818786.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+first+E-literate+district+of+India&rft.date=2004-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FLog-on-to-Indias-first-e-district%2Farticleshow%2F818786.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaha2018" class="citation news cs1">Naha, Abdul Latheef (6 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malappuram-set-to-become-first-cyber-literate-district/article24352909.ece">"Malappuram set to become first cyber literate district"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=The+Malappuram+Urban+Agglomeration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fpaper2-vol2%2Fdata_files%2Fkerala%2FChapter_IV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/658">"India – Census of India 2011 – Kerala – Series 33 – Part XII A – District Census Handbook, Malappuram"</a>. censusindia.gov.in. 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Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kerala%3A+Malappuram+tops+list+of+world%27s+fastest-growing+urban+areas&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2Fmalappuram-tops-list-of-worlds-fastest-growing-urban-areas%2Farticleshow%2F73163346.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Bureau_of_India2011" class="citation journal cs1">Census Bureau of India (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42560/download/46186/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistTwnWrd-0000.xlsx">"Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Town (With Ward), 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Basic+Population+Figures+of+India%2C+States%2C+Districts%2C+Sub-District+and+Town+%28With+Ward%29%2C+2011.&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Census+Bureau+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F42560%2Fdownload%2F46186%2F2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistTwnWrd-0000.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Town (With Ward), Census 2011. <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Census of India 2011">Census of India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42560/download/46186/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistTwnWrd-0000.xlsx">https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42560/download/46186/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistTwnWrd-0000.xlsx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A.1908" class="citation book cs1">C.A., Innes (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w806vgAACAAJ">Madras District Gazetteers: Malabar and Anjengo</a>. 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Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82%3B+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.aulast=Leelakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Alamkode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Fmalappuram%2Fspecials%2F50-years-of-malappuram%2Falamkode-leelakrishnan-writes-about-malappuram-1.3880292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpm-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpm_16-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175">"ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും..."</a> Mathrubhumi. 17 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130082010/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. 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Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perumals+of+Kerala%3A+Political+and+Social+Conditions+of+Kerala+Under+the+C%C4%93ra+Perumals+of+Makotai+%28c.+800+A.D.-1124+A.D.%29&rft.pub=Xavier+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn6CNHAAACAAJ%26q%3DPerumals%2Bof%2BKerala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnn-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mnn_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnn_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">Shreedhara Menon, A (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keralabookstore.com/book/keralacharithram/11148/">'Kerala Charitram</a>. Kottayam: DC Books. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415885" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415885"><bdi>9788126415885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709123203/https://keralabookstore.com/book/keralacharithram/11148/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Kerala+Charitram&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788126415885&rft.aulast=Shreedhara+Menon&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeralabookstore.com%2Fbook%2Fkeralacharithram%2F11148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#refScammell">Scammell</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> E. G. Ravenstein, ed., A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, Delhi, 1995, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Logan_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120604476" title="Special:BookSources/9788120604476"><bdi>9788120604476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-I%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=631-666&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788120604476&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Ranjan (1990). "Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha". Mathematics Magazine. 63 (5): 291–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2690896">10.2307/2690896</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2690896">2690896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+Series+Formula+for+%CF%80+by+Leibniz%2C+Gregory%2C+and+Nilakantha&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=291-306&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2690896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2690896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pingree_1992_554–563-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pingree_1992_554–563_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pingree_1992_554–563_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPingree1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">Pingree, David</a> (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science", Isis, 83 (4): 554–563, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Isis...83..554P">1992Isis...83..554P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F356288">10.1086/356288</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/234257">234257</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:68570164">68570164</a>, <q>One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Hellenophilia+versus+the+History+of+Science&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=554-563&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F356288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A68570164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F234257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Isis...83..554P&rft.aulast=Pingree&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/maritime-heritage.html">"Maritime Heritage – Join Indian Navy | Government of India"</a>. joinindiannavy.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331151728/https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/maritime-heritage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joinindiannavy.gov.in&rft.atitle=Maritime+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Join+Indian+Navy+%7C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joinindiannavy.gov.in%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fmaritime-heritage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html">"Give Indian Navy its due"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308123207/https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Give+Indian+Navy+its+due&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F110217%2Fgive-indian-navy-its-due.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noorani-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Noorani_47-0">^</a> AG Noorani <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221021629/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm">"Islam in Kerala"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm">the original</a> on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Kerala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontlineonnet.com%2Ffl2704%2Fstories%2F20100226270407900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._Sreedhara_Menon_2011-48"><a href="#cite_ref-A._Sreedhara_Menon_2011_48-0">^</a> A. Sreedhara Menon. Kerala History and its Makers. D C Books (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-frontline.in-49"><a href="#cite_ref-frontline.in_49-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Roland E. Miller. Mappila Muslim Culture SUNY Press, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia.edu-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbia.edu_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia.edu_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html">"Vol06chap01sect07"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222081409/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol06chap01sect07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00generallinks%2Fkerr%2Fvol06chap01sect07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._K._N._Kurup1997" class="citation book cs1">K. K. N. Kurup (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51">India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars</a>. Northern Book Centre. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-083-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-083-3"><bdi>978-81-7211-083-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527084909/http://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Naval+Traditions%3A+The+Role+of+Kunhali+Marakkars&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-083-3&rft.au=K.+K.+N.+Kurup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKmXcBCKEcAC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1961_kkd-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1961_kkd_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1961_kkd_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1961_kkd_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevassy1965" class="citation book cs1">Devassy, M. K. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf">District Census Handbook (2) – Kozhikode (1961)</a> (PDF). Ernakulam: Government of Kerala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202005030/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Census+Handbook+%282%29+%E2%80%93+Kozhikode+%281961%29&rft.place=Ernakulam&rft.pub=Government+of+Kerala&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Devassy&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5665%2F1%2F22059_1961_KOZ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Panikkar. K.M. A History of Kerala (1498–1801) Coimbatore (1960) p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naravane-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Naravane_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaravane2014" class="citation book cs1">Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131300343" title="Special:BookSources/9788131300343"><bdi>9788131300343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Honorable+East+India+Company&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=A.P.H.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788131300343&rft.aulast=Naravane&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-news/oldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105">"Oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, to reopen after maintenance"</a>. Mathrubhumi. 16 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012215336/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-news/oldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=Oldest+teak+plantation%2C+Conolly%27s+Plot%2C+to+reopen+after+maintenance&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-news%2Foldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ll-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ll_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ll_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lifeline-of-malabar-turns-125/article4250472.ece">"'Lifeline' of Malabar turns 125"</a>. thehindu.com. 29 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130150107/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lifeline-of-malabar-turns-125/article4250472.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thehindu.com&rft.atitle=%27Lifeline%27+of+Malabar+turns+125&rft.date=2012-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Flifeline-of-malabar-turns-125%2Farticle4250472.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> K. Madhavan Nair, 'Malayalathile Mappila Lahala,' Mathrubhumi, 24 March 1923. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malappuramtourism.org/history.php">"Malappuram British History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010035952/https://www.malappuramtourism.org/history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020. 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Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Kerala%27s+INKEL+to+bring+an+invest+of+Rs+1000+crore&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Finfrastructure%2Fkeralas-inkel-to-bring-an-invest-of-rs-1000-crore%2Farticleshow%2F47541323.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keltronelcera.com/index.php/home.html">"KELCERA"</a>. keltronelcera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205010009/http://www.keltronelcera.com/index.php/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. 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The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913063631/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/kerala-state-detergents-and-chemicals-ltd/U24243KL1976SGC002816">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2021. 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The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913063633/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/kerala-state-wood-industries-ltd/U36101KL1970SGC003411">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2021. 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Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BF%3B+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.au=Special+Correspondent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manoramaonline.com%2Fdistrict-news%2Fmalappuram%2F2020%2F02%2F12%2Fmalappuram-tirurangadi-nadukani-parappanangadi-road-taring.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://industry.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/malappuram.pdf">"Railway in Malappuram"</a> (PDF). industry.kerala.gov.in. p. 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426034953/http://industry.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/malappuram.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021. 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Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Nilambur-Nanjandgud+way+to+be+realised&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fthiruvananthapuram%2FKerala-govt-inks-deal-on-joint-venture-with-railways%2Farticleshow%2F53978367.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuringatheri2017" class="citation news cs1">Muringatheri, Mini (10 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Nilambur-teak-set-to-enter-elite-club-of-products-with-GI-tag/article17280134.ece">"Nilambur teak set to enter elite club of products with GI tag"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129101512/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Nilambur-teak-set-to-enter-elite-club-of-products-with-GI-tag/article17280134.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Nilambur+teak+set+to+enter+elite+club+of+products+with+GI+tag&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Muringatheri&rft.aufirst=Mini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2FNilambur-teak-set-to-enter-elite-club-of-products-with-GI-tag%2Farticle17280134.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Currepondent2019" class="citation news cs1">Special Currepondent (4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/guruvayur-thirunavaya-railway-line-project-in-focus-again/article27473510.ece">"Guruvayur-Thirunavaya railway line project in focus again"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519071303/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/guruvayur-thirunavaya-railway-line-project-in-focus-again/article27473510.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. 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Retrieved 13 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Silver+jubilee+does+not+bring+cheer+to+Karipur+airport+users&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2FSilver-jubilee-does-not-bring-cheer-to-Karipur-airport-users%2Farticleshow%2F12498757.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"</a>. censusindia.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019. 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Retrieved 12 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Vayalar+award+for+K.P.+Ramanunni&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farts%2Fbooks%2Farticle2520983.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403030848/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=10204035&tabId=1&programId=1080132912&channelId=-1073865030&BV_ID=@@@">"manorama online-english"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hellobahrain.com/content/shaam-e-ehsas-ghazal-nite-shahabaz-aman">the original</a> on 13 December 2013. 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Retrieved 14 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Shahabaz+Aman%3A+When+I+die%2C+I%27d+rather+have+people+say+that+Malabar%27s+renowned+romantic+passed+away+than+just+a+singer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmalayalam%2Fmusic%2Fshahabaz-aman-when-i-die-id-rather-have-people-say-that-malabars-renowned-romantic-passed-away-than-just-a-singer%2Farticleshow%2F63233070.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/sithara-goes-to-kollywood/etarticleshow/12098503.cms">"Sithara goes to Kollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 2 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216075315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/news-interviews/31114294_1_kollywood-mollywood-song">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sithara+goes+to+Kollywood&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fregional%2Fmovie-details%2Fnews-interviews%2Fsithara-goes-to-kollywood%2Fetarticleshow%2F12098503.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com-242"><a href="#cite_ref-articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-PM-Sonia-pay-homage-to-IUML-leader-Thangal/articleshow/4848046.cms">"President, PM, Sonia pay homage to IUML leader Thangal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 2 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612045904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/india/28200612_1_iuml-indian-union-muslim-league-homage">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=President%2C+PM%2C+Sonia+pay+homage+to+IUML+leader+Thangal&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FPresident-PM-Sonia-pay-homage-to-IUML-leader-Thangal%2Farticleshow%2F4848046.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mal">Malayalam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102619/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mal">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2014: (Dallas, Texas) Web. 29 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref002-244"><a href="#cite_ref-ref002_244-0">^</a> K. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/04/stories/2009070456811800.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Minister+convenes+high-level+meet&rft.date=2009-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F07%2F04%2Fstories%2F2009070456811800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725053103/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/dpe/dpe_stars.htm">"Department of Physical Education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calicut_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut University">Calicut University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityofcalicut.info/dpe/dpe_stars.htm">the original</a> on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Physical+Education&rft.pub=Calicut+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityofcalicut.info%2Fdpe%2Fdpe_stars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aryavaidyasala-247"><a href="#cite_ref-aryavaidyasala_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmail_at_aryavaidyasala_dot_com" class="citation web cs1">mail at aryavaidyasala dot com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aryavaidyasala.com/(S(uiytac45y0tizh45dbjufynb))/about_avs.aspx#rec">"ARYA VAIDYA SALA – Kottakkal"</a>. aryavaidyasala.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324015649/http://aryavaidyasala.com/(S(ixhcnwrxysjapimo32dgnx3w))/about_avs.aspx#rec">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARYA+VAIDYA+SALA+%E2%80%93+Kottakkal&rft.pub=aryavaidyasala.com&rft.au=mail+at+aryavaidyasala+dot+com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aryavaidyasala.com%2F%28S%28uiytac45y0tizh45dbjufynb%29%29%2Fabout_avs.aspx%23rec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrilli-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrilli2004" class="citation book cs1">Zarrilli, Phillip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHCnqglqyoC&pg=PA30">Kathakali Dance-Drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</a>. Routledge. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203197660" title="Special:BookSources/9780203197660"><bdi>9780203197660</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228232855/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHCnqglqyoC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-Drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780203197660&rft.aulast=Zarrilli&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVHCnqglqyoC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/06.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v6.Mah-Mid.Leid.EJBrill.1990.1991.#page/n481/mode/1up">EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorld Volume 6</a>. 1988. p. 460. <q>Contemporary evaluation within India tends to the view that the Malabar Rebellion was a war of liberation, and in 1971 the Kerala Government granted the remaining active participants in the revolt the accolade of Ayagi, "freedom fighter"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorld+Volume+6&rft.pages=460&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13%2F06.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v6.Mah-Mid.Leid.EJBrill.1990.1991.%23page%2Fn481%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/aravindan-puraskaram-awarded-to-zakariya-mohammed/articleshow/68440801.cms">"Aravindan Puraskaram awarded to Zakariya Mohammed – Times of India"</a>. The Times of India. 16 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630023804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/aravindan-puraskaram-awarded-to-zakariya-mohammed/articleshow/68440801.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Aravindan+Puraskaram+awarded+to+Zakariya+Mohammed+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2019-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fevents%2Fkochi%2Faravindan-puraskaram-awarded-to-zakariya-mohammed%2Farticleshow%2F68440801.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/04/sudani-from-nigeria-wins-audience-choice-award-at-russian-film-festival-1985753.html">"Sudani from Nigeria wins audience choice award at Russian film festival"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Sudani+from+Nigeria+wins+audience+choice+award+at+Russian+film+festival&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmalayalam%2F2019%2Fjun%2F04%2Fsudani-from-nigeria-wins-audience-choice-award-at-russian-film-festival-1985753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_252-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/demand-bifurcate-malappuram-district-and-political-tussle-around-it-107975">"The demand for bifurcation of Malappuram"</a>. thenewsminute.com. 28 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828172833/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/demand-bifurcate-malappuram-district-and-political-tussle-around-it-107975">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenewsminute.com&rft.atitle=The+demand+for+bifurcation+of+Malappuram&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fdemand-bifurcate-malappuram-district-and-political-tussle-around-it-107975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kcm-to-seek-bifurcation-of-malappuram/articleshow/72090008.cms">"KC(M) to raise new Edappal district"</a>. The Times of India. 17 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807211639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kcm-to-seek-bifurcation-of-malappuram/articleshow/72090008.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=KC%28M%29+to+raise+new+Edappal+district&rft.date=2019-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2Fkcm-to-seek-bifurcation-of-malappuram%2Farticleshow%2F72090008.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/06/25/pinarayi-govt-rejects-demand-for-partition-of-malappuram.html">"Pinarayi govt rejects demand for partition of Malappuram"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manoramaonline&rft.atitle=Pinarayi+govt+rejects+demand+for+partition+of+Malappuram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.manoramaonline.com%2Fnews%2Fkerala%2F2019%2F06%2F25%2Fpinarayi-govt-rejects-demand-for-partition-of-malappuram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/20781137.cms?from=mdr">"No move to bifurcate of Malappuram district: Oommen Chandy"</a>. The Economic Times. 26 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913064036/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-move-to-bifurcate-of-malappuram-district-oommen-chandy/articleshow/20781137.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=No+move+to+bifurcate+of+Malappuram+district%3A+Oommen+Chandy&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F20781137.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Manorama Yearbook 1995 (Malayalam Edition) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0970-9096">0970-9096</a>.</li> <li>Manorama Yearbook 2003 (English Edition) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900461-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-900461-8-7">81-900461-8-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942" class="citation cs2">S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage">Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language</a>, University of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin%3A+An+Historical+Work+in+The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1942&rft.au=S.+Muhammad+Hussain+Nainar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Madras1953" class="citation cs2">Government of Madras (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf">1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District</a> (PDF), Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1951+Census+Handbook-+Malabar+District&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Government+of+Madras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6425%2F1%2F20493_1951_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._K._Devassy1965" class="citation cs2">M. K. Devassy (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf">1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1961+Census+Handbook-+Kozhikode+District&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala+and+The+Union+Territory+of+Laccadive%2C+Minicoy%2C+and+Amindivi+Islands&rft.date=1965&rft.au=M.+K.+Devassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5665%2F1%2F22059_1961_KOZ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._K._Devassy1965" class="citation cs2">M. K. Devassy (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5667/1/51592_1961_PAL.pdf">1961 Census Handbook- Palghat District</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1961+Census+Handbook-+Palghat+District&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala+and+The+Union+Territory+of+Laccadive%2C+Minicoy%2C+and+Amindivi+Islands&rft.date=1965&rft.au=M.+K.+Devassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5667%2F1%2F51592_1961_PAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Narayanan1973" class="citation cs2">K. Narayanan (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5688/1/25455_1971_MAL.pdf">1971 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B)</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971+Census+Handbook-+Malappuram+District+%28Part-A%26B%29&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=1973&rft.au=K.+Narayanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5688%2F1%2F25455_1971_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.Narayanan1973" class="citation cs2">K.Narayanan (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf">1971 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-C)</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971+Census+Handbook-+Malappuram+District+%28Part-C%29&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=1973&rft.au=K.Narayanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5714%2F1%2F51172_1971_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Vijayanunni1983" class="citation cs2">M. Vijayanunni (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5733/1/29611_1981_MAL.pdf">1981 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B)</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1981+Census+Handbook-+Malappuram+District+%28Part-A%26B%29&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=1983&rft.au=M.+Vijayanunni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5733%2F1%2F29611_1981_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheela_Thomas2003" class="citation cs2">Sheela Thomas (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5814/1/43637_2001_MAL.pdf">2001 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B)</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2001+Census+Handbook-+Malappuram+District+%28Part-A%26B%29&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Sheela+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5814%2F1%2F43637_2001_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_India2014–15" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Government of India (2014–15), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf">District Census Handbook – Malappuram (Part-A) 2011</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Census+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Malappuram+%28Part-A%29+2011&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=2014%2F2015&rft.au=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_India2014–15" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Government of India (2014–15), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf">District Census Handbook – Malappuram (Part-B) 2011</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Census+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Malappuram+%28Part-B%29+2011&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=2014%2F2015&rft.au=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalappuram+district" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_district&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malappuram_district" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malappuram_District#Q1030918" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Malappuram District">Malappuram District</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malappuram.nic.in">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Malappuram_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Malappuram district</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad district</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>(<a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshadweep Sea">Lakshadweep Sea</a>)</td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Malappuram district<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_Related_to_Malappuram_district" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_Related_to_Malappuram_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles Related to Malappuram district</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities,_towns,_and_villages_in_Malappuram_district" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Malappuram_district" title="Template:Cities, towns and villages in Malappuram district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Malappuram_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Cities, towns and villages in Malappuram district (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Malappuram_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities, towns and villages in Malappuram district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities,_towns,_and_villages_in_Malappuram_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities, towns, and villages in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malappuram district</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Municipalities (12)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Malappuram_district_Montage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Malappuram_district_Montage.svg/175px-Malappuram_district_Montage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Malappuram_district_Montage.svg/263px-Malappuram_district_Montage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Malappuram_district_Montage.svg/350px-Malappuram_district_Montage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="2294" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Census towns (34)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Abdu_Rahiman_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdu Rahiman Nagar">Abdu Rahiman Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamkod,_Edappal" title="Alamkod, Edappal">Alamkode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyallur" title="Ariyallur">Ariyallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelembra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelembra">Chelembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheriyamundam" title="Cheriyamundam">Cheriyamundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukavu" title="Cherukavu">Cherukavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady,_Malappuram" title="Kalady, Malappuram">Kalady</a></li> <li>Kannamangalam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhuparamba" title="Kizhuparamba">Kizhuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodur,_Malappuram" title="Kodur, Malappuram">Kodur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koottilangadi" title="Koottilangadi">Koottilangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranchery" title="Maranchery">Maranchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalappara" title="Thalappara">Moonniyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naduvattom,_Malappuram" title="Naduvattom, Malappuram">Naduvattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannambra" title="Nannambra">Nannambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neduva" title="Neduva">Neduva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorakam" title="Oorakam">Oorakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othukkungal" title="Othukkungal">Othukkungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikkal_Bazar" title="Pallikkal Bazar">Pallikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappur" title="Parappur">Parappur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumanna-Klari" title="Perumanna-Klari">Perumanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvallur" title="Peruvallur">Peruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmundam" title="Ponmundam">Ponmundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanalur" title="Tanalur">Tanalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalakkad" title="Thalakkad">Thalakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelari">Thenhipalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thennala" class="mw-redirect" title="Thennala">Thennala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vazhayoor">Vazhayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Villages (81)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Akampadam" title="Akampadam">Akampadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliparamba" title="Aliparamba">Aliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarambalam" title="Amarambalam">Amarambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamangad" title="Anamangad">Anamangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadippuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Angadippuram">Angadippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkuparamba" title="Arakkuparamba">Arakkuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheekkode" title="Cheekkode">Cheekkode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembrassery" title="Chembrassery">Chembrassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokkad" title="Chokkad">Chokkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungathara" title="Chungathara">Chungathara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkara" title="Edakkara">Edakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappatta" title="Edappatta">Edappatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edarikode" title="Edarikode">Edarikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Edavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edayur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edayur">Edayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamkulam,_Malappuram" title="Elamkulam, Malappuram">Elamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhuvathiruthy" title="Ezhuvathiruthy">Ezhuvathiruthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikavu" title="Kalikavu">Kalikavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakunnu,_Nilambur" title="Karakunnu, Nilambur">Karakunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karulai" title="Karulai">Karulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a></li> <li>Karyavattam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanoor" title="Kavanoor">Kavanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keezhattur" title="Keezhattur">Keezhattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Estate" title="Kerala Estate">Kerala Estate</a></li> <li>Kurumbalangode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumbathur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumbathur">Kurumbathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruva,_Malappuram" title="Kuruva, Malappuram">Kuruva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvambalam" title="Kuruvambalam">Kuruvambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhimanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzhimanna">Kuzhimanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampad" title="Mampad">Mampad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam,_Tirur" title="Mangalam, Tirur">Mangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkara" title="Marakkara">Marakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melattur,_Kerala" title="Melattur, Kerala">Melattur</a></li> <li>Melmuri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorkkanad" title="Moorkkanad">Moorkkanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moothedam" title="Moothedam">Moothedam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morayur" title="Morayur">Morayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuvallur" title="Muthuvallur">Muthuvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannamukku" title="Nannamukku">Nannamukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenmini" title="Nenmini">Nenmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niramaruthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Niramaruthur">Niramaruthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozhur" title="Ozhur">Ozhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandikkad" title="Pandikkad">Pandikkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariyapuram" title="Pariyapuram">Pariyapuram</a></li> <li>Pathaikara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakamanna,_Areekode" title="Perakamanna, Areekode">Perakamanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumpadappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perumpadappa">Perumpadappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmala" title="Ponmala">Ponmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pookkottur" title="Pookkottur">Pookkottur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porur,_Malappuram" title="Porur, Malappuram">Porur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothukal" title="Pothukal">Pothukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulamanthole" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulamanthole">Pulamanthole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulikkal" title="Pulikkal">Pulikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullipadam" title="Pullipadam">Pullipadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpatta" title="Pulpatta">Pulpatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Purathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhakkattiri" title="Puzhakkattiri">Puzhakkattiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thazhekkod,_Malappuram_district" title="Thazhekkod, Malappuram district">Thazhekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvali" title="Thiruvali">Thiruvali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikkalangode" title="Trikkalangode">Trikkalangode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvvur" title="Tuvvur">Tuvvur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urangattiri" title="Urangattiri">Urangattiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valambur" title="Valambur">Valambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valavannur" title="Valavannur">Valavannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattamkulam" title="Vattamkulam">Vattamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhakkad" title="Vazhakkad">Vazhakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhikkadavu" title="Vazhikkadavu">Vazhikkadavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliyankode" title="Veliyankode">Veliyankode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellayur">Vellayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettathur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettathur">Vettathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettikkattiri,_Manjeri" title="Vettikkattiri, Manjeri">Vettikattiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettilappara" title="Vettilappara">Vettilappara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom">Vettom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="District_of_Malappuram" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malappuram_district" title="Template:Malappuram district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malappuram_district" title="Template talk:Malappuram district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malappuram_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malappuram district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="District_of_Malappuram" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts in Kerala">District</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malappuram</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur#Nilambur_Taluk" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office#Tirurangadi_Taluk" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikavu" title="Kalikavu">Kalikavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_Block_Panchayat" title="Kuttippuram Block Panchayat">Kuttipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Malappuram_district" title="List of villages in Malappuram district">List of villages in Malappuram district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malappuram_district" title="History of Malappuram district">History of Malappuram district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Malappuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Malappuram District">Administration of Malappuram District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Malappuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Malappuram district">Transportation in Malappuram district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyapanov_Waterfalls" title="Ayyapanov Waterfalls">Ayyapanov Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Biyyam backwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamravattom_Regulator-cum-Bridge" title="Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge">Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuvarakundu" title="Karuvarakundu">Karuvarakundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram_bridge" title="Kuttippuram bridge">Kuttippuram bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Amarambalam_Reserved_Forest" title="New Amarambalam Reserved Forest">New Amarambalam Reserved Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur-Ponnani_Kole_Wetlands" title="Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands">Ponnani Kole Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinjarekkara_Beach" title="Padinjarekkara Beach">Padinjarekkara Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur_Beach" title="Tanur Beach">Tanur Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunchan Parambu">Thunchan Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malappuram" title="Education in Malappuram">Education in Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calicut" title="University of Calicut">University of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_Malayalam_University" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University">Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMU_Malappuram_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="AMU Malappuram Campus">AMU Malappuram Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Manjeri" title="Government Medical College, Manjeri">Government Medical College</a></li> <li>Inkel Greens Educity, Malappuram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MES_College_of_Engineering" title="MES College of Engineering">MES College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelappaji_College_of_Agricultural_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology">Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocker_Sahib_Memorial_Orphanage_College" title="Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College">PSMO College Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malappuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Malappuram district">List of universities in Malappuram district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban Agglomeration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Malappuram_district" title="List of people from Malappuram district">List of people from Malappuram district</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Educational_institutes_in_Malappuram" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Educational_institutes_in_Malappuram" title="Template:Educational institutes in Malappuram"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Educational_institutes_in_Malappuram" title="Template talk:Educational institutes in Malappuram"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Educational_institutes_in_Malappuram" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Educational institutes in Malappuram"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Educational_institutes_in_Malappuram" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Educational institutes in Malappuram</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_College_of_Advanced_Studies,_Nilambur" title="Amal College of Advanced Studies, Nilambur">Amal College of Advanced Studies, Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMU_Malappuram_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="AMU Malappuram Campus">AMU Malappuram Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calicut_University_Institute_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut University Institute of Engineering and Technology">Calicut University Institute of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Cochin College of Engineering and Technology">Cochin College of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Applied_Science_Malappuram" title="College of Applied Science Malappuram">College of Applied Science Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Gafoor_Memorial_MES_Mampad_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Gafoor Memorial MES Mampad College">Dr. Gafoor Memorial MES Mampad College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMEA_College_of_Arts_and_Science" title="EMEA College of Arts and Science">EMEA College of Arts and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Arts_%26_Science_College,_Kondotty" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Arts & Science College, Kondotty">Government Arts & Science College, Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College,_Malappuram" title="Government College, Malappuram">Government College, Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Manjeri" title="Government Medical College, Manjeri">Government Medical College, Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelappaji_College_of_Agricultural_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology">Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korambayil_Ahammed_Haji_Memorial_Unity_Women%27s_College,_Manjeri" title="Korambayil Ahammed Haji Memorial Unity Women's College, Manjeri">Korambayil Ahammed Haji Memorial Unity Women's College, Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Integrated_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology_Malappuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri Integrated Institute of Science and Technology Malappuram">Lal Bahadur Shastri Integrated Institute of Science and Technology Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.E.S._Ponnani_College,_Ponnani" title="M.E.S. Ponnani College, Ponnani">M.E.S. Ponnani College, Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeenathul_Uloom_Arabic_College" title="Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College">Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_College,_Chungathara" title="Mar Thoma College, Chungathara">Mar Thoma College, Chungathara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEA_Engineering_College,_Perinthalmanna" class="mw-redirect" title="MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna">MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MES_College_of_Engineering" title="MES College of Engineering">MES College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MES_Keveeyam_College,_Valanchery" title="MES Keveeyam College, Valanchery">MES Keveeyam College, Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N.S.S_College,_Manjeri" class="mw-redirect" title="N.S.S College, Manjeri">N.S.S College, Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage_Polytechnic_College" title="Orphanage Polytechnic College">Orphanage Polytechnic College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi_Co-operative_College" title="Parappanangadi Co-operative College">Parappanangadi Co-operative College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocker_Sahib_Memorial_Orphanage_College" title="Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College">PSMO College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pookoya_Thangal_Memorial_Government_College" title="Pookoya Thangal Memorial Government College">Pookoya Thangal Memorial Government College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahya_Arts_and_Science_College" title="Sahya Arts and Science College">Sahya Arts and Science College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullamussalam_Science_College" title="Sullamussalam Science College">Sullamussalam Science College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Memorial_Government_College" title="Thunchan Memorial Government College">Thunchan Memorial Government College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GVHSS_Kalpakanchery" title="GVHSS Kalpakanchery">GVHSS Kalpakanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Huda_Central_School,_Kadampuzha" title="Al Huda Central School, Kadampuzha">Al Huda Central School, Kadampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMLP_School_Cheruputhur" title="AMLP School Cheruputhur">AMLP School Cheruputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEM_High_School,_Parappanangadi" title="BEM High School, Parappanangadi">BEM High School, Parappanangadi</a></li> <li>Devadhar Government Higher Secondary School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Higher_Secondary_School,_Pandikkad" title="Government Higher Secondary School, Pandikkad">Government Higher Secondary School, Pandikkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_Higher_Secondary_School,_Dharmagiri" title="Ideal Higher Secondary School, Dharmagiri">Ideal Higher Secondary School, Dharmagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irshad_English_School_Melattur" title="Irshad English School Melattur">Irshad English School Melattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya,_Malappuram" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Malappuram">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya,_Malappuram" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya, Malappuram">Kendriya Vidyalaya, Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markazul_Uloom_Senior_Secondary_English_School" title="Markazul Uloom Senior Secondary English School">Markazul Uloom Senior Secondary English School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MES_Kuttippuram_School" title="MES Kuttippuram School">MES Kuttippuram School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusrathul_Islam_Madrasa" title="Nusrathul Islam Madrasa">Nusrathul Islam Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKMMHSS_Edarikode" title="PKMMHSS Edarikode">PKMMHSS Edarikode</a></li> <li>Pookkoya Thangal School, Kottukkara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Springs_International_School" title="The Springs International School">The Springs International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Higher_Secondary_School,_Vattamkulam" title="Technical Higher Secondary School, Vattamkulam">Technical Higher Secondary School, Vattamkulam</a></li> <li>Technical Higher Secondary School, Vazhakkad</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMU_Malappuram_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="AMU Malappuram Campus"> Aligarh Muslim University-Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_Malayalam_University" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University">Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calicut" title="University of Calicut">University of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Huda_Islamic_University" title="Darul Huda Islamic University">Darul Huda Islamic University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="background: #e1ece4; vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9cc1a5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala" title="Template:Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala" title="Template talk:Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kerala_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala_topics" title="Template:Kerala topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala_topics" title="Template 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kingdom of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Kulachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikom Satyagraham">Vaikom Satyagraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Perumpadapu Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Migration" title="Malabar Migration">Malabar Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kerala" title="Category:Politics of Kerala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_State_Government_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala State Government Organizations">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Kerala">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Kerala">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Body_Election_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Body Election in Kerala">Panchayat elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakakshi_Munnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptakakshi Munnani">Saptakakshi Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (Kerala)">Aikya Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of politicians of Kerala">Politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidents">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruman_railway_accident" title="Peruman railway accident">1988 Perumon tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_train_derailment" title="Kadalundi train derailment">2001 Kadalundi Train derailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttingal_temple_fire" title="Puttingal temple fire">2016 Paravur temple fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kerala_floods" title="2018 Kerala floods">2018 Kerala floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna of Kerala">Flora and fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayoor">Marayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of Kerala">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Namboothiri Brahmin">Namboothiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanta_Kshatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanta Kshatriya">Samanthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li>Thiyyas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Iyers">Kerala Iyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Jainism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulayar" title="Pulayar">Pulayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India#Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges in Kerala">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_poets_of_modern_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam">Triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dance / Drama / Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Cinema of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Organisations/Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1926%E2%80%931989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) (page does not exist)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha#Commerce_and_tourism" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_Kerala" title="Beaches in Kerala">Beaches in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Kerala Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam#Tourism.2C_Places_of_interest_and_historical_significance" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Places_of_Interest">Places of Interest in Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Kannur" title="Tourist attractions in Kannur">Tourist attractions in Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Tourist attractions of Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kasaragod" title="List of tourist attractions in Kasaragod">Tourism in Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam" title="Peruvanam">Peruvanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kozhikode" title="List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode">List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Paravur" title="Estuaries of Paravur">Estuaries of Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram">Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" 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