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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Kazakhstan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Kazakhstan">Environment of Kazakhstan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Environmental_issues_in_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Environmental issues in Kazakhstan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Environmental+issues+in+Kazakhstan%22">"Environmental issues in Kazakhstan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Environmental+issues+in+Kazakhstan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Environmental+issues+in+Kazakhstan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Environmental+issues+in+Kazakhstan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Environmental+issues+in+Kazakhstan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Environmental+issues+in+Kazakhstan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, has serious environmental issues such as radiation from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear testing</a> sites, the shrinking of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of former agricultural land. These issues are due in large part to Kazakhstan's years under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>Partly because of the country's enormous semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, the Soviet government used <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear testing</a> site. Along with near-absent <a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">pollution controls</a>, this has contributed to an alarmingly high rate of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> in many rural areas. Kazakhstan has identified at least two major <a href="/wiki/Ecological_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological disaster">ecological disasters</a> within its borders: the shrinking of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Semipalatinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipalatinsk">Semipalatinsk</a> nuclear testing facility (in fact a large zone south of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kourchatov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kourchatov (page does not exist)">Kourchatov</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Курчатов (page does not exist)">Курчатов</a>)) and along the Chinese border. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Asian_Regional_Environmental_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Asian Regional Environmental Center (page does not exist)">Central Asian Regional Environmental Center</a> is located in Kazakhstan,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which fosters regional cooperation on environmental issues. </p><p>Most of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>’s water supply has been polluted by industrial and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">agricultural runoff</a> and, in some places, <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, which is shared with <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, has shrunk to three separate bodies of water because of water drawdowns in its tributary rivers. A Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a> site is a threat because it is located on a <a href="/wiki/Former_island" title="Former island">former island</a> in the Aral Sea that is now connected with the mainland. The reduction in the Aral Sea’s water surface has exacerbated regional climatic extremes, and agricultural soil has been damaged by salt deposits and eroded by wind. Desertification has eliminated substantial tracts of agricultural land. Plants in industrial centers lack controls on effluents into the air and water. The Samey region in the northeast has long-term radiation contamination from Soviet-era weapons testing. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_(Kazakhstan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection (Kazakhstan)">Ministry of Environmental Protection</a> is underfunded and given low priority. Some new environmental regulation of the oil industry began in 2003, but new oil operations on Kazakhstan’s Caspian coast add to that sea’s already grave pollution. International programs to save the Aral and Caspian seas have not received meaningful cooperation from Kazakhstan or other member nations. </p><p>Kazakhstan had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.23/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aral_Sea">Aral Sea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aral Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> covers 68,000 square kilometres (26,300 sq mi) with Kazakhstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Edge_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet irrigation projects begun in the 1960s and other environmental challenges have severely depleted this once massive inland sea and by 2007, it had shrunk to 10 percent of its original size.<sup id="cite_ref-Edge_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_to_revive_the_Aral_Sea">Efforts to revive the Aral Sea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Efforts to revive the Aral Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The efforts included Syr Darya Control & Northern Aral Sea (NAS) project.<sup id="cite_ref-Edge1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The $86 million NAS project, funded jointly by the World Bank through a loan of $65 million and the Government of Kazakhstan which covered the rest, was designed to mitigate the environmental and economic damage to the region, sustain and increase agriculture and fishing in the Syr Darya basin and secure the continued existence of the Northern Aral Sea (also known as the Small Sea) by improving environmental and ecological conditions in the delta area.<sup id="cite_ref-Edge1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, three revival programs were designed for implementation in the Aral Sea Basin (ASBP 1, ASBP 2 and ASBP 3).<sup id="cite_ref-Edge1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most detailed and comprehensive of these, ASBP 3, covers the 2011-2015 period and was developed during Kazakhstan’s presidency of the executive committee of IFAS.<sup id="cite_ref-Edge1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_issues_in_Asia419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_issues_in_Asia419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Environmental issues in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bangladesh" title="Environmental issues in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan" title="Environmental issues in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brunei" title="Environmental issues in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iraq" title="Environmental issues in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Israel" title="Environmental issues in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Jordan" title="Environmental issues in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kuwait" title="Environmental issues in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Environmental issues in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Laos" title="Environmental issues in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Myanmar" title="Environmental issues in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Environmental issues in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Syria" title="Environmental issues in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Tajikistan" title="Environmental issues in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkmenistan" title="Environmental issues in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam" title="Environmental issues in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Yemen" title="Environmental issues in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_issues_in_Europe130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_issues_in_Europe" title="Template:Environmental issues in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_issues_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Environmental issues in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_issues_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental issues in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_issues_in_Europe130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Environmental issues in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Albania" title="Environmental issues in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bulgaria" title="Environmental issues in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Finland" title="Environmental issues in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia" title="Environmental issues in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Serbia" title="Environmental issues in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> 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