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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Recreational </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Cardiovascular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_physical_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_physical_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Other physical effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_physical_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dental_and_oral_health_("meth_mouth")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dental_and_oral_health_("meth_mouth")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Dental and oral health ("meth mouth") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dental_and_oral_health_("meth_mouth")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexually_transmitted_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Sexually transmitted infection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Psychological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurotoxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurotoxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Neurotoxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurotoxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Addiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epigenetic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigenetic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Epigenetic factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigenetic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Treatment and management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependence_and_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Dependence and withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neonatal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neonatal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Neonatal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neonatal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Overdose </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Overdose subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Psychosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_from_overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_from_overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Death from overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_from_overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Emergency treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_in_biological_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Detection in biological fluids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Degradation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Synthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History,_society,_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History,_society,_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History, society, and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History,_society,_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Reference notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Methamphetamine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamien" title="Metamfetamien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metamfetamien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ميثامفيتامين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميثامفيتامين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մեթամֆեթամին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեթամֆեթամին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="متامفتامین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متامفتامین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="মেথামফেটামিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেথামফেটামিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Мэтамфэтамін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтамфэтамін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabu" title="Shabu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Shabu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Метамфетамин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метамфетамин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamina" title="Metamfetamina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamffetamin" title="Methamffetamin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Methamffetamin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamin" title="Methamphetamin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Methamphetamin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamiin" title="Metamfetamiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metamfetamiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Μεθαμφεταμίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεθαμφεταμίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanfetam%C3%ACna" title="Metanfetamìna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Metanfetamìna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanfetamina" title="Metanfetamina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metanfetamina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-metilamfetamino" title="N-metilamfetamino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="N-metilamfetamino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanfetamina" title="Metanfetamina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metanfetamina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مت‌آمفتامین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مت‌آمفتامین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thamph%C3%A9tamine" title="Méthamphétamine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthamphétamine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitiolamfataim%C3%ADn" title="Meitiolamfataimín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meitiolamfataimín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanfetamina" title="Metanfetamina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metanfetamina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%95%94%ED%8E%98%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC" title="메스암페타민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메스암페타민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մեթամֆետամին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեթամֆետամին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Methamphetamine" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamina" title="Metamfetamina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanfetamina" title="Metanfetamina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metanfetamina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מתאמפטמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתאמפטמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetaminum" title="Methamphetaminum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Methamphetaminum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetam%C4%ABns" title="Metamfetamīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metamfetamīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetaminas" title="Metamfetaminas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metamfetaminas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Метамфетамин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метамфетамин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="മെത്താംഫെറ്റാമൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെത്താംഫെറ്റാമൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamina" title="Metamfetamina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မက်သမ်ဖတမင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်သမ်ဖတမင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamfetamine" title="Methamfetamine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Methamfetamine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="メタンフェタミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メタンフェタミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ମେଥଆମ୍ଫେଟାମିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେଥଆମ୍ଫେଟାମିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮੇਥਾਮਫੇਟਾਮਾਈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੇਥਾਮਫੇਟਾਮਾਈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamina" title="Metamfetamina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanfetamina" title="Metanfetamina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metanfetamina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin%C4%83" title="Metamfetamină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metamfetamină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Метамфетамин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метамфетамин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Methamphetamine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamina" title="Metamfetamina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Methamphetamine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetam%C3%ADn" title="Metamfetamín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metamfetamín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Метамфетамин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метамфетамин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamiini" title="Metamfetamiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metamfetamiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మెథాంఫేటమిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెథాంఫేటమిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เมทแอมเฟตามีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมทแอมเฟตามีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamfetamin" title="Metamfetamin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Метамфетамін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метамфетамін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="میتھامفیتامین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میتھامفیتامین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamin" title="Methamphetamin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Methamphetamin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%AF%92" title="冰毒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="冰毒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabu" title="Shabu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Shabu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%AF%92" title="冰毒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冰毒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="甲基苯丙胺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="甲基苯丙胺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191924#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Methamphetamine" rel="discussion" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dextromethamphetamine&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central nervous system stimulant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Meth" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Meth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Meth (disambiguation)">Meth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hiropon" and "Philopon" redirect here. For the Takashi Murakami sculpture, see <a href="/wiki/Hiropon_(sculpture)" title="Hiropon (sculpture)">Hiropon (sculpture)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Methamphetamine <abbr title="International nonproprietary name">INN</abbr>: Metamfetamine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Racemic_methamphetamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A racemic image of the methamphetamine compound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Racemic_methamphetamine.svg/220px-Racemic_methamphetamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Racemic_methamphetamine.svg/330px-Racemic_methamphetamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Racemic_methamphetamine.svg/440px-Racemic_methamphetamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="113" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><table style="width:100%; margin:0;"><tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/File:(R)-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 3d image of the levo-methamphetamine compound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%28R%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/110px-%28R%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%28R%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/165px-%28R%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%28R%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/220px-%28R%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1620" /></a></td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/File:(S)-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 3d image of the dextro-methamphetamine compound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%28S%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/110px-%28S%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%28S%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/165px-%28S%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%28S%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/220px-%28S%29-methamphetamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1464" /></a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɛθæmˈfɛtəmiːn/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">METH-am-FET-ə-meen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɛθəmˈfɛtəmiːn/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">METH-əm-FET-ə-meen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɛθəmˈfɛtəmən/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">METH-əm-FET-ə-mən</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Desoxyn, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">N-<a href="/wiki/Methylamphetamine" title="Methylamphetamine">methylamphetamine</a>, N,α-<a href="/wiki/Dimethylphenethylamine" title="Dimethylphenethylamine">dimethylphenethylamine</a>, desoxyephedrine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine-hydrochloride.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical</a>: None</li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological</a>: Very High</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Very High</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/By_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="By mouth">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous administration">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular administration">intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_administration" title="Subcutaneous administration">subcutaneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">rectal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravaginal_administration" title="Intravaginal administration">vaginal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06" title="ATC code N06">N06BA03</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA03">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S8</a> (Controlled drug)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_F2" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class F2</a> (Prohibited psychotropics)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule I</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_II" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage II</a> (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="New Zealand">NZ</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1975#Class_A" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1975">Class A</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_A_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class A</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule II</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Schedule_II" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Psychotropic Schedule II</a></li> <li>SE: Förteckning II</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a>: 67%<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25176528-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25724762-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">Intranasal</a>: 79%<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inhalational_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational administration">Inhalation</a>: 67–90%<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25176528-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous administration">Intravenous</a>: 100%<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25724762-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies widely<a href="#cite_note-Pubchem1-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a><a href="#cite_note-Methamphetamine_–_p-hydroxymethamphetamine_CYP2D6_review-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3">FMO3</a><a href="#cite_note-FMO-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMO3-Primary-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">• <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Hydroxymethamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Hydroxymethamphetamine (page does not exist)">N-Hydroxymethamphetamine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a>: 3 hours (peak)<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intranasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal">Intranasal</a>: <15 minutes<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inhalational_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational administration">Inhalation</a>: <18 minutes<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a>: <15 minutes<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9–12 hours (range 5–30 hours); irrespective of route<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8–12 hours<a href="#cite_note-pmid25176528-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(RS)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=537-46-2">537-46-2</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li>(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=300-42-5">300-42-5</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206">1206</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=4803">4803</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01577">DB01577</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1169.html">1169</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/44RAL3456C">44RAL3456C</a></li><li>(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/24GNZ56D62">24GNZ56D62</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08187">D08187</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6809">CHEBI:6809</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1201201">ChEMBL1201201</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB ligand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>B40 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=B40">PDBe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/B40">RCSB PDB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8037128">DTXSID8037128</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191924#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.007.882">100.007.882</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191924#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C10H15N</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">149.237 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CNC%28C%29Cc1ccccc1">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">Chirality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">Racemic mixture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170 °C (338 °F) <a href="#cite_note-Pubchem2-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">212 °C (414 °F) at 760 <a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a><a href="#cite_note-Pubchem2-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=589084691&page2=Methamphetamine">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Methamphetamine<a href="#cite_note-23">[note 1]</a> (contracted from N-methylamphetamine) is a potent <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> that is mainly used as a <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational</a> or <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">performance-enhancing</a> drug and less commonly as a <a href="/wiki/Second-line_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-line treatment">second-line treatment</a> for <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a> It has also been researched as a potential treatment for <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25724762-7">[7]</a> Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Levo-methamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levo-methamphetamine">levo-methamphetamine</a> and dextro-methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-26">[note 2]</a> Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">free base</a>, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a> salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoriant</a>, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">substitute drugs</a> with comparable treatment efficacy such as <a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyvanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyvanse">Vyvanse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a> Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a> Both racemic methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are illicitly trafficked and sold owing to their potential for recreational use. The highest prevalence of illegal methamphetamine use occurs in parts of Asia and Oceania, and in the United States, where racemic methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are classified as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule II drugs (US)">Schedule II</a> controlled substances. <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a> is available as an <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter">over-the-counter</a> (OTC) drug for use as an inhaled <a href="/wiki/Nasal_decongestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal decongestant">nasal decongestant</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-OTC_levmetamfetamine-29">[note 3]</a> Internationally, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or banned in many countries, owing to its placement in schedule II of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a> treaty. While dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug, racemic methamphetamine is illicitly produced more often, owing to the relative ease of <a href="#Synthesis">synthesis</a> and regulatory limits of <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">chemical precursor</a> availability. In low to moderate doses, methamphetamine can <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">elevate mood</a>, increase alertness, concentration and energy in fatigued individuals, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. At very high doses, it can induce <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis#Substituted_amphetamines" title="Stimulant psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">breakdown of skeletal muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalized_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized seizures">seizures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">bleeding in the brain</a>. Chronic high-dose use can precipitate unpredictable and rapid <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">stimulant psychosis</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">violent behavior</a>. Recreationally, methamphetamine's ability to <a href="/wiki/Mental_energy" title="Mental energy">increase energy</a> has been reported to <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">lift mood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">increase sexual desire</a> to such an extent that users are able to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days while binging the drug.<a href="#cite_note-AP-NBC_2004-30">[27]</a> Methamphetamine is known to possess a high <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> liability (i.e., a high likelihood that long-term or high dose use will lead to compulsive drug use) and high <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a> liability (i.e., a high likelihood that <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> symptoms will occur when methamphetamine use ceases). Discontinuing methamphetamine after heavy use may lead to a <a href="/wiki/Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome" title="Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome">post-acute-withdrawal syndrome</a>, which can persist for months beyond the typical <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> period. At high doses, methamphetamine is <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxic</a> to human <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">dopaminergic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> neurons.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25861156-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> Methamphetamine neurotoxicity causes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey matter</a> volume in several brain regions, as well as adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> Methamphetamine belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">substituted phenethylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">substituted amphetamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical classification">chemical classes</a>. It is related to the other <a href="/wiki/Dimethylphenethylamine" title="Dimethylphenethylamine">dimethylphenethylamines</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Positional_isomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional isomer">positional isomer</a> of these compounds, which share the common <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>10<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>15<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desoxyn_Package_of_100_Pills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Desoxyn_Package_of_100_Pills.jpg/220px-Desoxyn_Package_of_100_Pills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Desoxyn_Package_of_100_Pills.jpg/330px-Desoxyn_Package_of_100_Pills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Desoxyn_Package_of_100_Pills.jpg/440px-Desoxyn_Package_of_100_Pills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Desoxyn (methamphetamine hydrochloride) 100 tablets</figcaption></figure> In the United States, methamphetamine hydrochloride, sold under the brand name Desoxyn, is approved by the FDA for treating <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> in both adults and children;<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22089317-33">[30]</a> however, the FDA also indicates that the limited therapeutic usefulness of methamphetamine should be weighed against the inherent risks associated with its use.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> To avoid toxicity and risk of side effects, FDA guidelines recommend an initial dose of methamphetamine at doses 5–10 mg/day for ADHD in adults and children over six years of age, and may be increased at weekly intervals of 5 mg, up to 25 mg/day, until optimum clinical response is found; the usual effective dose is around 20–25 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25724762-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Methamphetamine is sometimes prescribed <a href="/wiki/Off_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Off label">off label</a> for <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_hypersomnia" title="Idiopathic hypersomnia">idiopathic hypersomnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8341891-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">methamphetamine's levorotary form</a> is available in some <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter">over-the-counter</a> (OTC) <a href="/wiki/Nasal_decongestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal decongestant">nasal decongestant</a> products.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-OTC_levmetamfetamine-29">[note 3]</a> As methamphetamine is associated with a high potential for misuse, the drug is regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> and is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule II drugs (US)">listed under Schedule II</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Methamphetamine hydrochloride dispensed in the United States is required to include a <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">boxed warning</a> regarding its potential for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational</a> misuse and <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> liability.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Desoxyn and Desoxyn Gradumet are both pharmaceutical forms of the drug. The latter is no longer produced and is a <a href="/wiki/Extended-release" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended-release">extended-release</a> form of the drug, flattening the curve of the effect of the drug while extending it.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational">Recreational</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines#Recreational_routes_of_administration" title="History and culture of substituted amphetamines">Recreational routes of methamphetamine administration</a></div> Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoriant</a> and stimulant as well as <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> qualities.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-37">[34]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic</a> TV documentary on methamphetamine, an entire subculture known as <a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">party and play</a> is based around sexual activity and methamphetamine use.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-37">[34]</a> Participants in this subculture, which consists almost entirely of homosexual male methamphetamine users, will typically meet up through <a href="/wiki/Internet_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet dating">internet dating</a> sites and have sex.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-37">[34]</a> Because of its strong stimulant and aphrodisiac effects and inhibitory effect on <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, with repeated use, these sexual encounters will sometimes occur continuously for several days on end.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-37">[34]</a> The crash following the use of methamphetamine in this manner is very often severe, with marked <a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">hypersomnia</a> (excessive daytime sleepiness).<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-37">[34]</a> The party and play subculture is prevalent in major US cities such as San Francisco and New York City.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:504px;max-width:504px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Desoxyn_(methamphetamine)_5_mg_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Desoxyn tablet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Desoxyn_%28methamphetamine%29_5_mg_tablets.jpg/260px-Desoxyn_%28methamphetamine%29_5_mg_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Desoxyn_%28methamphetamine%29_5_mg_tablets.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Desoxyn tablets – pharmaceutical methamphetamine hydrochloride</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crystal meth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg/236px-Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg/354px-Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg/472px-Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1380" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crystal meth – illicit methamphetamine hydrochloride</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2></div> Methamphetamine is <a href="/wiki/Contraindicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraindicated">contraindicated</a> in individuals with a history of <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, or severe <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">agitation</a> or anxiety, or in individuals currently experiencing <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>, or severe <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> The FDA states that individuals who have experienced <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> reactions to other stimulants in the past or are currently taking <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> should not take methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> The FDA also advises individuals with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, elevated <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, liver or kidney problems, <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raynaud%27s_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud's phenomenon">Raynaud's phenomenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> problems, <a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a> to monitor their symptoms while taking methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Owing to the potential for stunted growth, the FDA advises monitoring the height and weight of growing children and adolescents during treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/220px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/330px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/440px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>A 2010 study ranking various illegal and legal drugs based on statements by drug-harm experts. Methamphetamine was found to be the fourth most damaging to users.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</h4></div> Methamphetamine is a <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug"> sympathomimetic </a> drug that causes <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>. Methamphetamine also promotes <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_beat" title="Ectopic beat"> abnormal extra heart beats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia"> irregular heart rhythms</a> some of which may be life threatening. <a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_physical_effects">Other physical effects</h4></div> The effects can also include <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a>, hyperactivity, <a href="/wiki/Dilated_pupils" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilated pupils">dilated pupils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">flushed skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">excessive sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">increased movement</a>, dry mouth and <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">teeth grinding</a> (potentially leading to condition informally known as <a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">meth mouth</a>), headache, <a href="/wiki/Tachypnea" title="Tachypnea">rapid breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">high body temperature</a>, diarrhea, constipation, <a href="/wiki/Blurred_vision" title="Blurred vision">blurred vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasciculation" title="Fasciculation">twitching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>, dry skin, <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pale appearance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-41">[38]</a> Long-term meth users may have <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">sores</a> on their skin;<a href="#cite_note-NIH-What-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elkins-43">[40]</a> these may be caused by scratching due to <a href="/wiki/Itchiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Itchiness">itchiness</a> or the belief that insects are crawling under their skin,<a href="#cite_note-NIH-What-42">[39]</a> and the damage is compounded by poor diet and hygiene.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins-43">[40]</a> Numerous deaths related to methamphetamine overdoses have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Additionally, "[p]ostmortem examinations of human tissues have linked use of the drug to diseases associated with aging, such as coronary atherosclerosis and pulmonary fibrosis",<a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-46">[43]</a> which may be caused "by a considerable rise in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Ceramides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramides">ceramides</a>, pro-inflammatory molecules that can foster cell aging and death."<a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dental_and_oral_health_("meth_mouth")">Dental and oral health ("meth mouth")</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">Meth mouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05.jpg/220px-Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05.jpg/330px-Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05.jpg/440px-Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>A suspected case of <a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">meth mouth</a></figcaption></figure> Methamphetamine users, particularly heavy users, may lose their teeth abnormally quickly, regardless of the route of administration, from a condition informally known as <a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">meth mouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22782046-47">[44]</a> The condition is generally most severe in users who inject the drug, rather than swallow, smoke, or inhale it.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22782046-47">[44]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Dental_Association" title="American Dental Association">American Dental Association</a>, meth mouth "is probably caused by a combination of drug-induced psychological and physiological changes resulting in <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">xerostomia</a> (dry mouth), extended periods of poor <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a>, frequent consumption of high-calorie, carbonated beverages and <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">bruxism</a> (teeth grinding and clenching)".<a href="#cite_note-pmid22782046-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADA-48">[45]</a> As dry mouth is also a common side effect of other stimulants, which are not known to contribute severe tooth decay, many researchers suggest that methamphetamine-associated tooth decay is more due to users' other choices. They suggest the side effect has been exaggerated and stylized to create a stereotype of current users as a deterrence for new ones.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22089317-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexually_transmitted_infection">Sexually transmitted infection</h4></div> Methamphetamine use was found to be related to higher frequencies of unprotected sexual intercourse in both <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV-positive</a> and unknown casual partners, an association more pronounced in HIV-positive participants.<a href="#cite_note-STD-49">[46]</a> These findings suggest that methamphetamine use and engagement in unprotected anal intercourse are co-occurring risk behaviors, behaviors that potentially heighten the risk of HIV transmission among gay and bisexual men.<a href="#cite_note-STD-49">[46]</a> Methamphetamine use allows users of both sexes to engage in prolonged sexual activity, which may cause genital sores and abrasions as well as <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">priapism</a> in men.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Moore-50">[47]</a> Methamphetamine may also cause sores and abrasions in the mouth via <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">bruxism</a>, increasing the risk of sexually transmitted infection.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Moore-50">[47]</a> Besides the sexual transmission of HIV, it may also be transmitted between users who <a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">share a common needle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unsw-51">[48]</a> The level of needle sharing among methamphetamine users is similar to that among other drug injection users.<a href="#cite_note-unsw-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3></div> The psychological effects of methamphetamine can include <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, changes in <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, apprehension and <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a>, decreased sense of fatigue, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-confidence">self-confidence</a>, sociability, irritability, restlessness, <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(psychology)" title="Fixation (psychology)">repetitive and obsessive</a> behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merck_Manual_Amphetamines-52">[49]</a> Peculiar to methamphetamine and related stimulants is "<a href="/wiki/Punding" title="Punding">punding</a>", persistent non-goal-directed repetitive activity.<a href="#cite_note-NeurClin-53">[50]</a> Methamphetamine use also has a high association with <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis#Substituted_amphetamines" title="Stimulant psychosis">amphetamine psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, and violent behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-Darke-2008-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sword-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glial_ntox_review.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Glial_ntox_review.jpg/330px-Glial_ntox_review.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Glial_ntox_review.jpg/495px-Glial_ntox_review.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Glial_ntox_review.jpg/660px-Glial_ntox_review.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>This diagram depicts the <a href="/wiki/Neuroimmune_system" title="Neuroimmune system">neuroimmune mechanisms</a> that mediate methamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration in the human brain.<a href="#cite_note-Glial_tox_review_–_Ntox_diagram-56">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>-mediated neuroimmune response to methamphetamine use which results in the increased permeability of the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> arises through its binding at and activation of <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma receptors</a>, the increased production of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> (ROS), <a href="/wiki/Reactive_nitrogen_species" title="Reactive nitrogen species">reactive nitrogen species</a> (RNS), and <a href="/wiki/Damage-associated_molecular_pattern_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules">damage-associated molecular pattern molecules</a> (DAMPs), the dysregulation of <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter" title="Glutamate transporter">glutamate transporters</a> (specifically, <a href="/wiki/EAAT1" class="mw-redirect" title="EAAT1">EAAT1</a> and <a href="/wiki/EAAT2" class="mw-redirect" title="EAAT2">EAAT2</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Glucose_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose metabolism">glucose metabolism</a>, and excessive <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Ca2+ ion</a> influx in <a href="/wiki/Glial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Glial cell">glial cells</a> and dopamine <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glial_tox_review_–_Ntox_diagram-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuroimmune_meth_toxicity-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-58">[55]</a></figcaption></figure> Methamphetamine is directly <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxic">neurotoxic</a> to dopaminergic neurons in both lab animals and humans.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25861156-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">Excitotoxicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, metabolic compromise, UPS dysfunction, protein nitration, <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum_stress_in_beta_cells" title="Endoplasmic reticulum stress in beta cells">endoplasmic reticulum stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/P53_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="P53 expression">p53 expression</a> and other processes contributed to this neurotoxicity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25861156-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22392347-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a> In line with its dopaminergic neurotoxicity, methamphetamine use is associated with a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cisneros_2014_and_review-60">[57]</a> In addition to its dopaminergic neurotoxicity, a review of evidence in humans indicated that high-dose methamphetamine use can also be neurotoxic to <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> neurons.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> It has been demonstrated that a high core temperature is correlated with an increase in the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Withdrawal of methamphetamine in dependent persons may lead to <a href="/wiki/Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome" title="Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome">post-acute withdrawal</a> which persists months beyond the typical withdrawal period.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">Magnetic resonance imaging</a> studies on human methamphetamine users have also found evidence of neurodegeneration, or adverse <a href="/wiki/Neuroplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroplastic">neuroplastic</a> changes in brain structure and function.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> In particular, methamphetamine appears to cause <a href="/wiki/Hyperintensity" title="Hyperintensity">hyperintensity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a>, marked shrinkage of <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampi</a>, and reduced <a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">gray matter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">cingulate cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbic_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbic cortex">limbic cortex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paralimbic_cortex" title="Paralimbic cortex">paralimbic cortex</a> in recreational methamphetamine users.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> Moreover, evidence suggests that adverse changes in the level of <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> of metabolic integrity and synthesis occur in recreational users, such as a reduction in <a href="/wiki/N-acetylaspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="N-acetylaspartate">N-acetylaspartate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a> levels and elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myoinositol" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoinositol">myoinositol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> Methamphetamine has been shown to activate <a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> in human <a href="/wiki/Astrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrocytes">astrocytes</a> and generate <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_AMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic AMP">cAMP</a> as a result.<a href="#cite_note-Cisneros_2014_and_review-60">[57]</a> Activation of astrocyte-localized TAAR1 appears to function as a mechanism by which methamphetamine attenuates membrane-bound <a href="/wiki/EAAT2" class="mw-redirect" title="EAAT2">EAAT2</a> (SLC1A2) levels and function in these cells.<a href="#cite_note-Cisneros_2014_and_review-60">[57]</a> Methamphetamine binds to and activates both <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma receptor</a> subtypes, <a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ2</a>, with micromolar affinity.<a href="#cite_note-Sigma-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-SigmaB-62">[59]</a> Sigma receptor activation may promote methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity by facilitating <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>, increasing dopamine synthesis and release, influencing microglial activation, and modulating <a href="/wiki/Apoptotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoptotic">apoptotic</a> signaling cascades and the formation of reactive oxygen species.<a href="#cite_note-Sigma-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-SigmaB-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addiction">Addiction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:610px; ; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; background:#FFCC66; box-shadow: inset 3px 3px 0 #fafafa, inset -3px -3px 0 #fafafa;; padding:5px;">Addiction and dependence glossary<a href="#cite_note-Addiction_glossary-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brain_disease-65">[62]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopsychosocial">biopsychosocial</a> disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictive drug</a> – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a> – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_tolerance" title="Reverse tolerance">drug sensitization</a> or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">drug withdrawal</a> – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a> – dependence that involves persistent physical–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/somatic" class="extiw" title="wikt:somatic">somatic</a> withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and <a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium tremens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">psychological dependence</a> – dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">reinforcing</a> stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">rewarding</a> stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitization" title="Sensitization">sensitization</a> – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a> – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:right; padding-top:0; padding-right:5px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="annotation_475x425" style="position:absolute; left:475px; top:425px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">Plasma membrane</a></div> <div id="annotation_65x48" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:48px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel,_voltage-dependent,_L_type,_alpha_1C_subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit">Cav1.2</a></div> <div id="annotation_43x98" style="position:absolute; left:43px; top:98px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDAR</a></div> <div id="annotation_33x185" style="position:absolute; left:33px; top:185px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPAR</a></div> <div id="annotation_41x238" style="position:absolute; left:41px; top:238px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">DRD1</a></div> <div id="annotation_42x285" style="position:absolute; left:42px; top:285px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">DRD5</a></div> <div id="annotation_47x331" style="position:absolute; left:47px; top:331px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">DRD2</a></div> <div id="annotation_56x366" style="position:absolute; left:56px; top:366px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">DRD3</a></div> <div id="annotation_84x385" style="position:absolute; left:84px; top:385px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">DRD4</a></div> <div id="annotation_172x256" style="position:absolute; left:172px; top:256px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">Gs</a></div> <div id="annotation_173x325" style="position:absolute; left:173px; top:325px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">Gi/o</a></div> <div id="annotation_234x288" style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:288px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">AC</a></div> <div id="annotation_18x595" style="position:absolute; left:18px; top:595px; font-size:9.5px; font-size:9.5; line-height:11.5px;"><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a></div> <div id="annotation_269x340" style="position:absolute; left:269px; top:340px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;"><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a></div> <div id="annotation_312x288" style="position:absolute; left:312px; top:288px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">PKA</a></div> <div id="annotation_228x110.5" style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:110.5px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">CaM</a></div> <div id="annotation_329x99" style="position:absolute; left:329px; top:99px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase_II" title="Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II">CaMKII</a></div> <div id="annotation_301x215" style="position:absolute; left:301px; top:215px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine-_and_cAMP-regulated_neuronal_phosphoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein">DARPP-32</a></div> <div id="annotation_328x161.5" style="position:absolute; left:328px; top:161.5px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphatase_1" title="Protein phosphatase 1">PP1</a></div> <div id="annotation_247.5x159" style="position:absolute; left:247.5px; top:159px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphatase_2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein phosphatase 2B">PP2B</a></div> <div id="annotation_458x163" style="position:absolute; left:458px; top:163px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_AMP_response_element-binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein">CREB</a></div> <div id="annotation_440x222" style="position:absolute; left:440px; top:222px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94FosB" class="mw-redirect" title="ΔFosB">ΔFosB</a></div> <div id="annotation_447x241" style="position:absolute; left:447px; top:241px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/JunD" title="JunD">JunD</a></div> <div id="annotation_542x233.5" style="position:absolute; left:542px; top:233.5px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></div> <div id="annotation_442x274.5" style="position:absolute; left:442px; top:274.5px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sirtuin_1" title="Sirtuin 1">SIRT1</a></div> <div id="annotation_468.5x299" style="position:absolute; left:468.5px; top:299px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Histone deacetylase 1">HDAC1</a></div> <div id="annotation_495x35" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:35px; line-height:110%;"><a href="#cite_note-66">[Color legend 1]</a></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></div>This diagram depicts the signaling events in the <a href="/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" title="Mesolimbic pathway">brain's reward center</a> that are induced by chronic high-dose exposure to psychostimulants that increase the concentration of synaptic dopamine, like <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, methamphetamine, and <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a>. Following presynaptic <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotransmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotransmission">co-release</a> by such psychostimulants,<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-Renthal_Figure_2-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glutamate-dopamine_cotransmission_review-68">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">postsynaptic receptors</a> for these <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> trigger internal signaling events through a <a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway" title="CAMP-dependent pathway">cAMP-dependent pathway</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Calcium_signaling" title="Calcium signaling">calcium-dependent pathway</a> that ultimately result in increased <abbr title="cAMP response element-binding protein">CREB</abbr> phosphorylation.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-Renthal_Figure_2-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_KEGG_ΔFosB-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meth_cAMP/calcium-dependent_cascade-70">[66]</a> Phosphorylated CREB increases levels of ΔFosB, which in turn represses the c-Fos gene with the help of <a href="/wiki/Corepressor" title="Corepressor">corepressors</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-Renthal_Figure_2-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler1-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler2-72">[68]</a> c-Fos <a href="/wiki/Gene_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene repression">repression</a> acts as a molecular switch that enables the accumulation of ΔFosB in the neuron.<a href="#cite_note-c-Fos_repression-73">[69]</a> A highly stable (phosphorylated) form of ΔFosB, one that persists in neurons for 1–2 months, slowly accumulates following repeated high-dose exposure to stimulants through this process.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler1-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler2-72">[68]</a> ΔFosB functions as "one of the master control proteins" that produces addiction-related <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">structural changes in the brain</a>, and upon sufficient accumulation, with the help of its downstream targets (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_factor_kappa_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear factor kappa B">nuclear factor kappa B</a>), it induces an addictive state.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler1-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler2-72">[68]</a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Current models of addiction from chronic drug use involve alterations in <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> in certain parts of the brain, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler,_Hyman,_and_Malenka_2-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a> The most important <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[note 4]</a> that produce these alterations are <a href="/wiki/%CE%94FosB" class="mw-redirect" title="ΔFosB">ΔFosB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> response element binding protein (<a href="/wiki/CAMP_response_element_binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMP response element binding protein">CREB</a>), and nuclear factor kappa B (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_factor_kappa_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear factor kappa B">NFκB</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a> ΔFosB plays a crucial role in the development of drug addictions, since its overexpression in <a href="/wiki/D1-type" class="mw-redirect" title="D1-type">D1-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron" title="Medium spiny neuron">medium spiny neurons</a> in the nucleus accumbens is <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary and sufficient">necessary and sufficient</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[note 5]</a> for most of the behavioral and neural adaptations that arise from addiction.<a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-79">[73]</a> Once ΔFosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it induces an addictive state that becomes increasingly more severe with further increases in ΔFosB expression.<a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-79">[73]</a> It has been implicated in addictions to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted amphetamines">substituted amphetamines</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alcoholism_ΔFosB-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPH_ΔFosB-82">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%94JunD" class="mw-redirect" title="ΔJunD">ΔJunD</a>, a transcription factor, and <a href="/wiki/EHMT2" title="EHMT2">G9a</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Histone_methyltransferase" title="Histone methyltransferase">histone methyltransferase</a> enzyme, both directly oppose the induction of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens (i.e., they oppose increases in its expression).<a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23643695-83">[77]</a> Sufficiently overexpressing ΔJunD in the nucleus accumbens with <a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">viral vectors</a> can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug use (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB).<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a> ΔFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to <a href="/wiki/Natural_reward" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural reward">natural rewards</a>, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-ΔFosB_reward-84">[78]</a> Since both natural rewards and addictive drugs <a href="/wiki/Inducible_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Inducible gene">induce expression</a> of ΔFosB (i.e., they cause the brain to produce more of it), chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological state of addiction.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> ΔFosB is the most significant factor involved in both amphetamine addiction and amphetamine-induced <a href="/wiki/Sex_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex addiction">sex addictions</a>, which are compulsive sexual behaviors that result from excessive sexual activity and amphetamine use.<a href="#cite_note-85">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amph_and_sex_addiction-86">[79]</a> These sex addictions (i.e., drug-induced compulsive sexual behaviors) are associated with a <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" title="Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a> which occurs in some patients taking <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic#Supplements_and_drugs" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic drugs</a>, such as amphetamine or methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-ΔFosB_reward-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amph_and_sex_addiction-86">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epigenetic_factors">Epigenetic factors</h4></div> Methamphetamine addiction is persistent for many individuals, with 61% of individuals treated for addiction relapsing within one year.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24685563-87">[80]</a> About half of those with methamphetamine addiction continue with use over a ten-year period, while the other half reduce use starting at about one to four years after initial use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23313146-88">[81]</a> The frequent persistence of addiction suggests that long-lasting changes in <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression#Regulation_of_transcription_in_addiction" title="Regulation of gene expression">gene expression</a> may occur in particular regions of the brain, and may contribute importantly to the addiction phenotype. In 2014, a crucial role was found for <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> mechanisms in driving lasting changes in gene expression in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23643695-83">[77]</a> A review in 2015<a href="#cite_note-Godino-89">[82]</a> summarized a number of studies involving chronic methamphetamine use in rodents. Epigenetic alterations were observed in the brain <a href="/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" title="Mesolimbic pathway">reward pathways</a>, including areas like <a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>, and dorsal <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>. Chronic methamphetamine use caused gene-specific <a href="/wiki/Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation" title="Histone acetylation and deacetylation">histone acetylations, deacetylations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histone_methylation" title="Histone methylation">methylations</a>. Gene-specific DNA methylations in particular regions of the brain were also observed. The various epigenetic alterations caused <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">downregulations or upregulations</a> of specific genes important in addiction. For instance, chronic methamphetamine use caused <a href="/wiki/Histone_methylation#Function" title="Histone methylation">methylation of the lysine</a> in position 4 of histone 3 located at the <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">promoters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/C-fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-fos">c-fos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CCR2" title="CCR2">C-C chemokine receptor 2</a> (ccr2) genes, activating those genes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc).<a href="#cite_note-Godino-89">[82]</a> c-fos is well known to be important in <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25446457-90">[83]</a> The ccr2 gene is also important in addiction, since mutational inactivation of this gene impairs addiction.<a href="#cite_note-Godino-89">[82]</a> In methamphetamine addicted rats, epigenetic regulation through reduced <a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">acetylation</a> of histones, in brain striatal neurons, caused reduced transcription of <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor#Conditions_with_demonstrated_associations_to_glutamate_receptors" title="Glutamate receptor">glutamate receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24239129-91">[84]</a> Glutamate receptors play an important role in regulating the reinforcing effects of addictive drugs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15120493-92">[85]</a> Administration of methamphetamine to rodents causes <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> in their brain, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> During repair of such DNA damages, persistent chromatin alterations may occur such as in the <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">methylation of DNA</a> or the acetylation or <a href="/wiki/Histone_methylation" title="Histone methylation">methylation of histones</a> at the sites of repair.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> These alterations can be <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic scars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> that contribute to the persistent epigenetic changes found in methamphetamine addiction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment_and_management">Treatment and management</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Addiction#Research" title="Addiction">Addiction § Research</a></div> A 2018 systematic review and <a href="/wiki/Network_meta-analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Network meta-analysis">network meta-analysis</a> of 50 trials involving 12 different psychosocial interventions for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine addiction found that <a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">combination therapy</a> with both <a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">contingency management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Community reinforcement approach">community reinforcement approach</a> had the highest efficacy (i.e., abstinence rate) and acceptability (i.e., lowest dropout rate).<a href="#cite_note-Psychosocial_interventions_network_meta-analysis-96">[89]</a> Other treatment modalities examined in the analysis included <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">monotherapy</a> with contingency management or community reinforcement approach, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/12-step_program" class="mw-redirect" title="12-step program">12-step programs</a>, non-contingent reward-based therapies, <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychodynamic therapy">psychodynamic therapy</a>, and other combination therapies involving these.<a href="#cite_note-Psychosocial_interventions_network_meta-analysis-96">[89]</a> As of December 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methamphetamine&action=edit">[update]</a>, there is no effective <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">pharmacotherapy</a> for methamphetamine addiction.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24716825-97">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-SystRev-Meta_analysis_amphetamine_addiction_pharmacotherapy-98">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23039267-99">[92]</a> A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2019 assessed the efficacy of 17 different pharmacotherapies used in <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a> (RCTs) for amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction;<a href="#cite_note-SystRev-Meta_analysis_amphetamine_addiction_pharmacotherapy-98">[91]</a> it found only low-strength evidence that methylphenidate might reduce amphetamine or methamphetamine self-administration.<a href="#cite_note-SystRev-Meta_analysis_amphetamine_addiction_pharmacotherapy-98">[91]</a> There was low- to moderate-strength evidence of no benefit for most of the other medications used in RCTs, which included antidepressants (bupropion, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a>), antipsychotics (<a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>), anticonvulsants (<a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">topiramate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">varenicline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">citicoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometa">prometa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">riluzole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">atomoxetine</a>, dextroamphetamine, and <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SystRev-Meta_analysis_amphetamine_addiction_pharmacotherapy-98">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Although the abstract says "Studies of anticonvulsants, ... provided either low-strength or insufficient evidence of no effect on the outcomes of interest", this sounds like a misprint for "of any effect...". (June 2023)">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dependence_and_withdrawal">Dependence and withdrawal</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Tolerance</a> is expected to develop with regular methamphetamine use and, when used recreationally, this tolerance develops rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Abuse-101">[94]</a> In dependent users, withdrawal symptoms are positively correlated with the level of drug tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Withdrawal-102">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> from methamphetamine withdrawal lasts longer and is more severe than that of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17990840-103">[96]</a> According to the current Cochrane review on <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">drug dependence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> in recreational users of methamphetamine, "when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue [methamphetamine] use, many report a time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24 hours of their last dose".<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Withdrawal-102">[95]</a> Withdrawal symptoms in chronic, high-dose users are frequent, occurring in up to 87.6% of cases, and persist for three to four weeks with a marked "crash" phase occurring during the first week.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Withdrawal-102">[95]</a> Methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Craving_(withdrawal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Craving (withdrawal)">drug craving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoric mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperphagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperphagia">increased appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">increased movement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_retardation" title="Psychomotor retardation">decreased movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">lack of motivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">sleeplessness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">sleepiness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">vivid or lucid dreams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Withdrawal-102">[95]</a> Methamphetamine that is present in a mother's <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a> can pass through the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> and be secreted into <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17990840-103">[96]</a> Infants born to methamphetamine-abusing mothers may experience a <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">neonatal withdrawal</a> syndrome, with symptoms involving of abnormal sleep patterns, poor feeding, tremors, and <a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">hypertonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17990840-103">[96]</a> This withdrawal syndrome is relatively mild and only requires medical intervention in approximately 4% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17990840-103">[96]</a> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable unsortable" style="width: 100%; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Summary of addiction-related plasticity </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%;" rowspan="2">Form of <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_plasticity" title="Behavioral plasticity">behavioral plasticity</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%;" colspan="6">Type of <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement#Primary_reinforcers" title="Reinforcement">reinforcer</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;" rowspan="2">Sources </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;">Opiates </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;">Psychostimulants </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;">High fat or sugar food </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;"><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise (aerobic)</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_enrichment" title="Environmental enrichment">Environmental enrichment</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94FosB" class="mw-redirect" title="ΔFosB">ΔFosB</a> expression in <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> <a href="/wiki/D1-type" class="mw-redirect" title="D1-type">D1-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium spiny neurons"><abbr title="medium spiny neurons">MSNs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip medium spiny neurons </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="8">Behavioral plasticity </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Escalation of intake </td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Psychostimulant <a href="/wiki/Addiction#Reward_sensitization" title="Addiction">cross-sensitization</a> </td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Not applicable</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Attenuated</td> <td>Attenuated</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Psychostimulant <a href="/wiki/Self-administration" title="Self-administration">self-administration</a> </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↓</td> <td></td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Psychostimulant <a href="/wiki/Conditioned_place_preference" title="Conditioned place preference">conditioned place preference</a> </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/Reinstatement_of_drug-seeking_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior">Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior</a> </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="8">Neurochemical plasticity </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/CAMP_response_element-binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMP response element-binding protein"><abbr title="cAMP response element-binding protein">CREB</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip cAMP response element-binding protein <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> in the nucleus accumbens </td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td></td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Sensitized <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> response in the nucleus accumbens </td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Altered <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">dopamine signaling</a> </td> <td>↓<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a>, ↑<a href="/wiki/DRD3" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD3">DRD3</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD1" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD1">DRD1</a>, ↓<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a>, ↑<a href="/wiki/DRD3" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD3">DRD3</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD1" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD1">DRD1</a>, ↓<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a>, ↑<a href="/wiki/DRD3" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD3">DRD3</a></td> <td></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Altered striatal <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid signaling</a> </td> <td>No change or ↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a> ↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>No change</td> <td>No change</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Changes in striatal <a href="/wiki/Opioid_peptide" title="Opioid peptide">opioid peptides</a> </td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a> No change: <a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">enkephalin</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a></td> <td>↓<a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">enkephalin</a></td> <td></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways#Pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">Mesocorticolimbic</a> <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Number of <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a> in the nucleus accumbens </td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_spine" title="Dendritic spine">Dendritic spine</a> density in the nucleus accumbens </td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">[74]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neonatal">Neonatal</h3></div> Unlike other drugs, babies with <a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy#Methamphetamine" title="Drugs in pregnancy">prenatal exposure to methamphetamine</a> do not show immediate signs of withdrawal. Instead, cognitive and behavioral problems start emerging when the children reach school age.<a href="#cite_note-2020-01-03_ABC-104">[97]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study" title="Prospective cohort study">prospective cohort study</a> of 330 children showed that at the age of 3, children with methamphetamine exposure showed increased emotional reactivity, as well as more signs of anxiety and depression; and at the age of 5, children showed higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Externalizing_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalizing disorders">externalizing disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD).<a href="#cite_note-LaGasse_2012-105">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2></div> Methamphetamine overdose is a diverse term. It frequently refers to the exaggeration of the unusual effects with features such as irritability, agitation, hallucinations and paranoia.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> The cardiovascular effects are typically not noticed in young healthy people. Hypertension and tachycardia are not apparent unless measured. A moderate overdose of methamphetamine may induce symptoms such as: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_dysrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac dysrhythmia">abnormal heart rhythm</a>, confusion, <a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">difficult and/or painful urination</a>, high or low blood pressure, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">high body temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">over-active and/or over-responsive reflexes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">muscle aches</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachypnea" title="Tachypnea">rapid breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_hesitancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary hesitancy">urinary hesitancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urinary_retention" title="Urinary retention">an inability to pass urine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-41">[38]</a> An extremely large overdose may produce symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_storm" title="Adrenergic storm">adrenergic storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Methamphetamine psychosis">methamphetamine psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuria" title="Anuria">substantially reduced or no urine output</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiogenic_shock" title="Cardiogenic shock">cardiogenic shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">bleeding in the brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory collapse">circulatory collapse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperpyrexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperpyrexia">hyperpy rexia</a> (i.e., dangerously high body temperature), <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rapid muscle breakdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a>, and a form of <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy#Associated_terms" title="Stereotypy">stereotypy</a> ("tweaking").<a href="#cite_note-109">[sources 1]</a> A methamphetamine overdose will likely also result in mild <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a> owing to <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> neurotoxicity.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-32">[29]</a> Death from methamphetamine poisoning is typically preceded by convulsions and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosis">Psychosis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main section: <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis#Substituted_amphetamines" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis § Substituted amphetamines</a></div> Use of methamphetamine can result in a stimulant psychosis which may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-111">[103]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a> review on treatment for amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine use-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-111">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann-112">[104]</a> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a> medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-111">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis#Substituted_amphetamines" title="Stimulant psychosis">Amphetamine psychosis</a> may also develop occasionally as a treatment-emergent side effect.<a href="#cite_note-Berman-2009-113">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_from_overdose">Death from overdose</h3></div> The CDC reported that the number of deaths in the United States involving psychostimulants with abuse potential to be 23,837 in 2020 and 32,537 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> This category code (ICD–10 of T43.6) includes primarily methamphetamine but also other stimulants such as amphetamine, and methylphenidate. The mechanism of death in these cases is not reported in these statistics and is difficult to know.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> Unlike fentanyl which causes respiratory depression, methamphetamine is not a respiratory depressant. Some deaths are as a result of intracranial hemorrhage<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> and some deaths are cardiovascular in nature including flash pulmonary edema<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> and ventricular fibrillation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_treatment">Emergency treatment</h3></div> Acute methamphetamine intoxication is largely managed by treating the symptoms and treatments may initially include administration of <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> There is not enough evidence on <a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">hemodialysis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">peritoneal dialysis</a> in cases of methamphetamine intoxication to determine their usefulness.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_acid_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced acid diuresis">Forced acid diuresis</a> (e.g., with <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) will increase methamphetamine excretion but is not recommended as it may increase the risk of aggravating acidosis, or cause seizures or rhabdomyolysis.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> Hypertension presents a risk for <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage" title="Intracranial hemorrhage">intracranial hemorrhage</a> (i.e., bleeding in the brain) and, if severe, is typically treated with intravenous <a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">phentolamine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nitroprusside" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroprusside">nitroprusside</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> Blood pressure often drops gradually following sufficient sedation with a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> and providing a calming environment.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> Antipsychotics such as <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a> are useful in treating agitation and psychosis from methamphetamine overdose.<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2015-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> with lipophilic properties and CNS penetration such as <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a> may be useful for treating CNS and cardiovascular toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_meth_toxicity-122">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The mixed <a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">alpha-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-blocker">beta-blocker</a> labetalol is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2015-120">[112]</a> The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta-blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2015-120">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2></div> Methamphetamine is metabolized by the liver enzyme <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, so <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6#Ligands" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6 inhibitors</a> will prolong the <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_Enzymes-123">[115]</a> Methamphetamine also interacts with <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs), since both MAOIs and methamphetamine increase plasma catecholamines; therefore, concurrent use of both is dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Methamphetamine may decrease the effects of <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressants</a> and increase the effects of <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Methamphetamine may counteract the effects of <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensives">antihypertensives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a> owing to its effects on the cardiovascular system and cognition respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of gastrointestinal content and urine affects the absorption and excretion of methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Specifically, acidic substances will reduce the absorption of methamphetamine and increase urinary excretion, while alkaline substances do the opposite.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> Owing to the effect pH has on absorption, <a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitor">proton pump inhibitors</a>, which reduce <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid</a>, are known to interact with methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphetamine_mechanism_of_action.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of methamphetamine pharmacodynamics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amphetamine_mechanism_of_action.svg/260px-Amphetamine_mechanism_of_action.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amphetamine_mechanism_of_action.svg/390px-Amphetamine_mechanism_of_action.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amphetamine_mechanism_of_action.svg/520px-Amphetamine_mechanism_of_action.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="168" /></a><figcaption>This illustration depicts the normal operation of the <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic</a> terminal to the left, and the dopaminergic terminal in the presence of methamphetamine to the right. Methamphetamine reverses the action of the dopamine transporter (DAT) by activating <a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> (not shown). TAAR1 activation also causes some of the dopamine transporters to move into the presynaptic neuron and cease transport (not shown). At VMAT2 (labeled VMAT), methamphetamine causes dopamine efflux (release).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3></div> Methamphetamine has been identified as a potent <a href="/wiki/Full_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Full agonist">full agonist</a> of <a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">trace amine-associated receptor 1</a> (TAAR1), a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> (GPCR) that regulates brain <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamine</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meth_Targets-125">[117]</a> Activation of TAAR1 increases <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> (cAMP) production and either completely inhibits or reverses the transport direction of the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a> (DAT), <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine transporter</a> (NET), and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">serotonin transporter</a> (SERT).<a href="#cite_note-Miller-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11459929-126">[118]</a> When methamphetamine binds to TAAR1, it triggers transporter <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> via <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">protein kinase A</a> (PKA) and <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_C" title="Protein kinase C">protein kinase C</a> (PKC) signaling, ultimately resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">internalization</a> or reverse function of <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_transporter" title="Monoamine transporter">monoamine transporters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xie_and_Miller_2009-127">[119]</a> Methamphetamine is also known to increase intracellular calcium, an effect which is associated with DAT phosphorylation through a <a href="/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase">Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase</a> (CAMK)-dependent signaling pathway, in turn producing dopamine efflux.<a href="#cite_note-TAAR1_IUPHAR-128">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-EAAT3-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-DAT_regulation_review-130">[122]</a> TAAR1 has been shown to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">firing rate</a> of neurons through direct activation of <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly-rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel">G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GIRK-131">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genatlas_TAAR1-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-TAAR1-Paradoxical-133">[125]</a> TAAR1 activation by methamphetamine in <a href="/wiki/Astrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrocytes">astrocytes</a> appears to negatively modulate the membrane expression and function of <a href="/wiki/EAAT2" class="mw-redirect" title="EAAT2">EAAT2</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter" title="Glutamate transporter">glutamate transporter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cisneros_2014_and_review-60">[57]</a> In addition to its effect on the plasma membrane monoamine transporters, methamphetamine inhibits synaptic vesicle function by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/VMAT2" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT2">VMAT2</a>, which prevents monoamine uptake into the vesicles and promotes their release.<a href="#cite_note-Meth_Transporters-134">[126]</a> This results in the outflow of monoamines from <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">synaptic vesicles</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> (intracellular fluid) of the <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic neuron">presynaptic neuron</a>, and their subsequent release into the synaptic cleft by the phosphorylated transporters.<a href="#cite_note-E_Weihe-135">[127]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporters</a> that methamphetamine is known to inhibit are <a href="/wiki/SLC22A3" title="SLC22A3">SLC22A3</a> and <a href="/wiki/SLC22A5" title="SLC22A5">SLC22A5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meth_Transporters-134">[126]</a> SLC22A3 is an extraneuronal monoamine transporter that is present in astrocytes, and SLC22A5 is a high-affinity <a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">carnitine</a> transporter.<a href="#cite_note-Meth_Targets-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13677912-136">[128]</a> Methamphetamine is also an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">alpha-2 adrenergic receptors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma receptors</a> with a greater <a href="/wiki/Binding_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding affinity">affinity</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ1</a> than <a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ2</a>, and inhibits <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A" title="Monoamine oxidase A">monoamine oxidase A</a> (MAO-A) and <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B" title="Monoamine oxidase B">monoamine oxidase B</a> (MAO-B).<a href="#cite_note-Sigma-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meth_Targets-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-SigmaB-62">[59]</a> Sigma receptor activation by methamphetamine may facilitate its central nervous system stimulant effects and promote neurotoxicity within the brain.<a href="#cite_note-Sigma-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-SigmaB-62">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a> is a stronger <a href="/wiki/Psychostimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulant">psychostimulant</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">levomethamphetamine</a> has stronger <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral</a> effects, a longer half-life, and longer perceived effects among heavy substance users.<a href="#cite_note-Melega-137">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuczenski-138">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mendelson-139">[131]</a> At high doses, both enantiomers of methamphetamine can induce similar <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">stereotypy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Methamphetamine psychosis">methamphetamine psychosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kuczenski-138">[130]</a> but levomethamphetamine has shorter psychodynamic effects.<a href="#cite_note-Mendelson-139">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of methamphetamine is 67% <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a>, 79% <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">intranasally</a>, 67 to 90% via <a href="/wiki/Inhalational_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational administration">inhalation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>), and 100% <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous administration">intravenously</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25176528-6">[6]</a> Following oral administration, methamphetamine is well-absorbed into the bloodstream, with peak plasma methamphetamine concentrations achieved in approximately 3.13–6.3 hours post ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a> Methamphetamine is also well absorbed following inhalation and following intranasal administration.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> Because of the high <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilicity</a> of methamphetamine due to its methyl group, it can readily move through the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> faster than other stimulants, where it is more resistant to degradation by <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">monoamine oxidase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30731099-141">[133]</a> The amphetamine metabolite peaks at 10–24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a> Methamphetamine is excreted by the kidneys, with the rate of excretion into the urine heavily influenced by urinary pH.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a> When taken orally, 30–54% of the dose is excreted in urine as methamphetamine and 10–23% as amphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a> Following IV doses, about 45% is excreted as methamphetamine and 7% as amphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of methamphetamine varies with a range of 5–30 hours, but it is on average 9 to 12 hours in most studies.<a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a> The elimination half-life of methamphetamine does not vary by <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">route of administration</a>, but is subject to substantial <a href="/wiki/Interindividual_variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Interindividual variability">interindividual variability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19426289-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_%CE%B2-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine β-hydroxylase">dopamine β-hydroxylase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3">flavin-containing monooxygenase 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyrate-CoA_ligase" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyrate-CoA ligase">butyrate-CoA ligase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glycine_N-acyltransferase" title="Glycine N-acyltransferase">glycine N-acyltransferase</a> are the enzymes known to metabolize methamphetamine or its metabolites in humans.<a href="#cite_note-methamphetamine_metabolism-148">[sources 2]</a> The primary metabolites are amphetamine and <a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">4-hydroxymethamphetamine</a>;<a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a> other minor metabolites include: <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxyamphetamine">4-hydroxyamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxynorephedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxynorephedrine">4-hydroxynorephedrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxyphenylacetone" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxyphenylacetone">4-hydroxyphenylacetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">benzoic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippuric_acid" title="Hippuric acid">hippuric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norephedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norephedrine">norephedrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenylacetone" title="Phenylacetone">phenylacetone</a>, the metabolites of amphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metabolites-142">[134]</a> Among these metabolites, the active <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetics">sympathomimetics</a> are amphetamine, 4‑hydroxyamphetamine,<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a> 4‑hydroxynorephedrine,<a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a> 4-hydroxymethamphetamine,<a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a> and norephedrine.<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> Methamphetamine is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.<a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_Enzymes-123">[115]</a> The main metabolic pathways involve aromatic para-hydroxylation, aliphatic alpha- and beta-hydroxylation, N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, and deamination.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pubchem_Kinetics-152">[143]</a> The known metabolic pathways include: <div class="skin-invert-image"> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb center" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:752px;"> <div style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; font-size: 106.4%; text-align: center; background-color: transparent;margin-bottom:3px;">Metabolic pathways of methamphetamine in humans<a href="#cite_note-methamphetamine_metabolism-148">[sources 2]</a></div> <div style="position:relative; width:750px; height:514px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:2px; top:2px; width:742px; position:absolute"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meth_Pathway.svg" title="commons:File:Meth Pathway.svg"><img alt="Graphic of several routes of methamphetamine metabolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Meth_Pathway.svg/742px-Meth_Pathway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="742" height="506" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Meth_Pathway.svg/1113px-Meth_Pathway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Meth_Pathway.svg/1484px-Meth_Pathway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="349" /></a> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:16px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:black"><div id="annotation_46x87" style="position:absolute; left:46px; top:87px; line-height:110%;">Methamphetamine</div> <div id="annotation_276x92" style="position:absolute; left:276px; top:92px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">4-Hydroxymethamphetamine</a></div> <div id="annotation_5x495" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:495px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/P-hydroxyphenylacetone" class="mw-redirect" title="P-hydroxyphenylacetone">4-Hydroxyphenylacetone</a></div> <div id="annotation_45x354" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:354px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetone" title="Phenylacetone">Phenylacetone</a></div> <div id="annotation_336x490" style="position:absolute; left:336px; top:490px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></div> <div id="annotation_595x490" style="position:absolute; left:595px; top:490px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Hippuric_acid" title="Hippuric acid">Hippuric acid</a></div> <div id="annotation_51x219" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:219px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></div> <div id="annotation_336x354" style="position:absolute; left:336px; top:354px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Norephedrine</a></div> <div id="annotation_285x223" style="position:absolute; left:285px; top:223px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></div> <div id="annotation_558x283" style="position:absolute; left:558px; top:283px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/P-Hydroxynorephedrine" title="P-Hydroxynorephedrine">4-Hydroxynorephedrine</a></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></div>The primary metabolites of methamphetamine are amphetamine and 4-hydroxymethamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_microbiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Human microbiota">Human microbiota</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">Enterococcus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a> species, contribute to the metabolism of methamphetamine via an enzyme which N-demethylates methamphetamine and 4-hydroxymethamphetamine into amphetamine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Meth_demethylation_review-153">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meth_demethylation_primary-154">[145]</a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detection_in_biological_fluids">Detection in biological fluids</h4></div> Methamphetamine and amphetamine are often measured in urine or blood as part of a <a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">drug test</a> for sports, employment, poisoning diagnostics, and forensics.<a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9700558-156">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17468860-157">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8075776-158">[149]</a> Chiral techniques may be employed to help distinguish the source of the drug to determine whether it was obtained illicitly or legally via prescription or prodrug.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15516295-159">[150]</a> Chiral separation is needed to assess the possible contribution of <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">levomethamphetamine</a>, which is an active ingredients in some OTC nasal decongestants,<a href="#cite_note-OTC_levmetamfetamine-29">[note 3]</a> toward a positive test result.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15516295-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14871155-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a> Dietary zinc supplements can mask the presence of methamphetamine and other drugs in urine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21740689-162">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Meth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Crystal_Meth.jpg/288px-Crystal_Meth.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Crystal_Meth.jpg/432px-Crystal_Meth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Crystal_Meth.jpg/576px-Crystal_Meth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_methamphetamine_Canadian_quarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_methamphetamine_Canadian_quarter.jpg/288px-Crystal_methamphetamine_Canadian_quarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_methamphetamine_Canadian_quarter.jpg/432px-Crystal_methamphetamine_Canadian_quarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_methamphetamine_Canadian_quarter.jpg/576px-Crystal_methamphetamine_Canadian_quarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Shards of pure methamphetamine hydrochloride, also known as crystal meth</div></div></div></div> Methamphetamine is a <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a> compound with two enantiomers, <a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">dextromethamphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">levomethamphetamine</a>. At room temperature, the <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">free base</a> of methamphetamine is a clear and colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Geranium" title="Geranium">geranium</a> leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Pubchem2-13">[13]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">miscible</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pubchem2-13">[13]</a> In contrast, the methamphetamine hydrochloride salt is odorless with a bitter taste.<a href="#cite_note-Pubchem2-13">[13]</a> It has a melting point between 170 and 175 °C (338 and 347 °F) and, at room temperature, occurs as white crystals or a white <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystalline</a> powder.<a href="#cite_note-Pubchem2-13">[13]</a> The hydrochloride salt is also freely soluble in ethanol and water.<a href="#cite_note-Pubchem2-13">[13]</a> The crystal structure of either enantiomer is <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> with P21 <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a>; at 90 K (−183.2 °C; −297.7 °F), it has <a href="/wiki/Lattice_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice parameter">lattice parameters</a> a = 7.10 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Å</a>, b = 7.29 Å, c = 10.81 Å, and β = 97.29°.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degradation">Degradation</h3></div> A 2011 study into the destruction of methamphetamine using bleach showed that effectiveness is correlated with exposure time and concentration.<a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> A year-long study (also from 2011) showed that methamphetamine in soils is a persistent pollutant.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21777940-165">[156]</a> In a 2013 study of bioreactors in <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>, methamphetamine was found to be largely degraded within 30 days under exposure to light.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23886544-166">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on illicit amphetamine synthesis: <a href="/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines#Illegal_synthesis" title="History and culture of substituted amphetamines">History and culture of substituted amphetamines § Illegal synthesis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Racemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemic">Racemic</a> methamphetamine may be prepared starting from <a href="/wiki/Phenylacetone" title="Phenylacetone">phenylacetone</a> by either the <a href="/wiki/Leuckart_reaction" title="Leuckart reaction">Leuckart</a><a href="#cite_note-Crossley_1944-167">[158]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reductive_amination" title="Reductive amination">reductive amination</a> methods.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19637924-168">[159]</a> In the Leuckart reaction, one equivalent of phenylacetone is reacted with two equivalents of <a href="/wiki/N-methylformamide" class="mw-redirect" title="N-methylformamide">N-methylformamide</a> to produce the formyl <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> of methamphetamine plus carbon dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">methylamine</a> as side products.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19637924-168">[159]</a> In this reaction, an <a href="/wiki/Iminium" title="Iminium">iminium</a> cation is formed as an intermediate which is <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> by the second equivalent of N-methylformamide.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19637924-168">[159]</a> The intermediate formyl amide is then <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed">hydrolyzed</a> under acidic aqueous conditions to yield methamphetamine as the final product.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19637924-168">[159]</a> Alternatively, phenylacetone can be reacted with methylamine under reducing conditions to yield methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19637924-168">[159]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:504px;max-width:504px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Methamphetamine synthesis</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:502px;max-width:502px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Methamphetamine_reductive_amination.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of methamphetamine synthesis by reductive amination" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Methamphetamine_reductive_amination.png/500px-Methamphetamine_reductive_amination.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Methamphetamine_reductive_amination.png/750px-Methamphetamine_reductive_amination.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Methamphetamine_reductive_amination.png/1000px-Methamphetamine_reductive_amination.png 2x" data-file-width="3825" data-file-height="574" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Method of methamphetamine synthesis of methamphetamine via <a href="/wiki/Reductive_amination" title="Reductive amination">reductive amination</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:502px;max-width:502px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Methamphetamine_leuckart_synthesis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of methamphetamine synthesis by Leuckart reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Methamphetamine_leuckart_synthesis.png/500px-Methamphetamine_leuckart_synthesis.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Methamphetamine_leuckart_synthesis.png/750px-Methamphetamine_leuckart_synthesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Methamphetamine_leuckart_synthesis.png/1000px-Methamphetamine_leuckart_synthesis.png 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2175" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Methods of methamphetamine synthesis via the <a href="/wiki/Leuckart_reaction" title="Leuckart reaction">Leuckart reaction</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History,_society,_and_culture">History, society, and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines" title="History and culture of substituted amphetamines">History and culture of substituted amphetamines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pervitindose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A methamphetamine tablet container" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pervitindose.jpg/220px-Pervitindose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pervitindose.jpg/330px-Pervitindose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pervitindose.jpg/440px-Pervitindose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Pervitin, a methamphetamine brand used by German soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, was dispensed in these tablet containers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/220px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/330px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/440px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">drug overdose</a> related fatalities in 2017 were 70,200, including 10,333 of those related to psychostimulants (including methamphetamine).<a href="#cite_note-NIDA-deaths-169">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> Amphetamine, discovered before methamphetamine, was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist <a href="/wiki/Laz%C4%83r_Edeleanu" title="Lazăr Edeleanu">Lazăr Edeleanu</a> who named it phenylisopropylamine.<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vermont-172">[163]</a> Shortly after, methamphetamine was synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> in 1893 by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagai_Nagayoshi" title="Nagai Nagayoshi">Nagai Nagayoshi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grobler_et_al_2011-173">[164]</a> Three decades later, in 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist <a href="/wiki/Akira_Ogata" title="Akira Ogata">Akira Ogata</a> via <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> of ephedrine using red <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-174">[165]</a> From 1938, methamphetamine was marketed on a large scale in Germany as a nonprescription drug under the brand name Pervitin, produced by the Berlin-based <a href="/wiki/Temmler" title="Temmler">Temmler</a> pharmaceutical company.<a href="#cite_note-CISP-175">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a> It was used by all branches of the combined <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">armed forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, for its stimulant effects and to induce extended <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22849208-178">[169]</a> Pervitin became colloquially known among the German troops as "<a href="/wiki/Stuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuka">Stuka</a>-Tablets" (Stuka-Tabletten) and "<a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Herman-Göring</a>-Pills" (Hermann-Göring-Pillen), as a snide allusion to Göring's widely-known addiction to drugs. However, the side effects, particularly the withdrawal symptoms, were so serious that the army sharply cut back its usage in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-shooting_up-179">[170]</a> By 1941, usage was restricted to a doctor's prescription, and the military tightly controlled its distribution. Soldiers would only receive a couple of tablets at a time, and were discouraged from using them in combat. Historian Łukasz Kamieński says, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A soldier going to battle on Pervitin usually found himself unable to perform effectively for the next day or two. Suffering from a drug hangover and looking more like a zombie than a great warrior, he had to recover from the side effects.</blockquote> Some soldiers turned violent, committing war crimes against civilians; others attacked their own officers.<a href="#cite_note-shooting_up-179">[170]</a> At the end of the war, it was used as part of a new drug: <a href="/wiki/D-IX" title="D-IX">D-IX</a>. <a href="/wiki/Obetrol" title="Obetrol">Obetrol</a>, patented by Obetrol Pharmaceuticals in the 1950s and indicated for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, was one of the first brands of pharmaceutical methamphetamine products.<a href="#cite_note-Real_Obetrol_Ad-180">[171]</a> Because of the psychological and stimulant effects of methamphetamine, Obetrol became a popular diet pill in America in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Real_Obetrol_Ad-180">[171]</a> Eventually, as the addictive properties of the drug became known, governments began to strictly regulate the production and distribution of methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Vermont-172">[163]</a> For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, methamphetamine became a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_controlled_substances" title="Controlled Substances Act">schedule II controlled substance</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a> Currently, methamphetamine is sold under the trade name Desoxyn, <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarked</a> by the Danish pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Lundbeck" title="Lundbeck">Lundbeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_(Lundbeck)-182">[173]</a> As of January 2013, the Desoxyn trademark had been sold to Italian pharmaceutical company Recordati.<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trafficking">Trafficking</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a>, Myanmar, is the world's leading producer of methamphetamine as production has shifted to <a href="/wiki/Yaba_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaba (drug)">Yaba</a> and crystalline methamphetamine, including for export to the United States and across East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> Concerning the accelerating synthetic drug production in the region, the Cantonese Chinese syndicate <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gor" title="Sam Gor">Sam Gor</a>, also known as The Company, is understood to be the main international crime syndicate responsible for this shift.<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> It is made up of members of five different triads. Sam Gor is primarily involved in drug trafficking, earning at least $8 billion per year.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> Sam Gor is alleged to control 40% of the Asia-Pacific methamphetamine market, while also trafficking <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>. The organization is active in a variety of countries, including Myanmar, Thailand, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Sam Gor previously produced meth in Southern China and is now believed to manufacture mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>, specifically Shan State, Myanmar, responsible for much of the massive surge of crystal meth in circa 2019.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> The group is understood to be headed by <a href="/wiki/Tse_Chi_Lop" title="Tse Chi Lop">Tse Chi Lop</a>, a gangster born in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> who also holds a Canadian passport. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhaohua" title="Liu Zhaohua">Liu Zhaohua</a> was another individual involved in the production and trafficking of methamphetamine until his arrest in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:0-188">[179]</a> It was estimated over 18 tonnes of methamphetamine were produced under his watch.<a href="#cite_note-:0-188">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Legal status of methamphetamine</a></div> The production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-incb-190">[181]</a> In some jurisdictions, it is legally available as a prescription medication. Methamphetamine has been placed in schedule II of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a> treaty, indicating that it has limited medical use.<a href="#cite_note-incb-190">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> Animal models have shown that low-dose methamphetamine improves cognitive and behavioural functioning following TBI (<a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid25724762-7">[7]</a> This is in contrast to high, repeated doses which cause neurotoxicity. These models demonstrate that low-dose methamphetamine increases neurogenesis and reduces apoptosis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus following TBI.<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> It has also been found that TBI patients testing positive for methamphetamine at the time of emergency department admission have lower rates of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> It has been suggested, based on animal research, that calcitriol, the active metabolite of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, can provide significant protection against the DA- and 5-HT-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> Protection against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity has also been observed following administration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C),<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> cobalamin (vitamin B12),<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> and vitamin E.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a>, a TV drama series centered on illicit methamphetamine synthesis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faces_of_Meth" title="Faces of Meth">Faces of Meth</a>, a drug prevention project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_and_Native_Americans" title="Methamphetamine and Native Americans">Methamphetamine and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_use_in_Australia" title="Methamphetamine use in Australia">Methamphetamine in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_in_Bangladesh" title="Methamphetamine in Bangladesh">Methamphetamine in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines#Methamphetamine_production" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Methamphetamine in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_in_the_United_States" title="Methamphetamine in the United States">Methamphetamine in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Meth_Project" title="Montana Meth Project">Montana Meth Project</a>, a Montana-based organization aiming to reduce meth use among teenagers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a>, a transportable laboratory that is used to illegally produce methamphetamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya_ba" title="Ya ba">Ya ba</a>, Southeast Asian tablets containing a mixture of methamphetamine and caffeine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/G_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="G proteins">G proteins</a> & <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">linked receptors</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  (Text color) <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a></div> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Synonyms and alternate spellings include: N-methylamphetamine, desoxyephedrine, Syndrox, Methedrine, and Desoxyn.<a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA_profile-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB_ID-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Common slang terms for methamphetamine include: meth, speed, crank and shabu (also sabu and shabu-shabu) in Indonesia and the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and for the hydrochloride crystal, crystal meth, glass, shards, and ice,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and, in New Zealand, P.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of one another; they are structurally identical, but of the opposite orientation. Levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are also known as L-methamphetamine, (R)-methamphetamine, or levmetamfetamine (<a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">International Nonproprietary Name</a> [INN]) and D-methamphetamine, (S)-methamphetamine, or metamfetamine (<a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">INN</a>), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA_profile-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OTC_levmetamfetamine-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OTC_levmetamfetamine_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OTC_levmetamfetamine_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OTC_levmetamfetamine_29-2">c</a> The active ingredient in some OTC inhalers in the United States is listed as levmetamfetamine, the <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">INN</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name">USAN</a> of levomethamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_levmetamfetamine-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Transcription factors are proteins that increase or decrease the <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of specific genes.<a href="#cite_note-NHM-Transcription_factor-76">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> In simpler terms, this necessary and sufficient relationship means that ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens and addiction-related behavioral and neural adaptations always occur together and never occur alone. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The associated research only involved amphetamine, not methamphetamine; however, this statement is included here due to the similarity between the pharmacodynamics and aphrodisiac effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_notes">Reference notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Schep-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn_FDA_label-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merck_Manual_Amphetamines-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Albertson_2011-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17874986-108">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-methamphetamine_metabolism-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-methamphetamine_metabolism_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-methamphetamine_metabolism_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_note-Methamphetamine_–_p-hydroxymethamphetamine_CYP2D6_review-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMO-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMO3-Primary-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank_methamphetamine_metabolism-140">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metabolites-142">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines,_FMO,_and_DBH-143">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-DBH_amph_primary-144">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13977820-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benzoic1-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benzoic2-147">[139]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614004641/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/methamphetamine">"methamphetamine"</a>. 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The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 362 (3): 474–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.116.238501">10.1124/jpet.116.238501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11047030">11047030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28630283">28630283</a>. <q>METH is a schedule II drug, which can only be prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), extreme obesity, or narcolepsy (as Desoxyn; Recordati Rare Diseases LLC, Lebanon, NJ), with amphetamine being prescribed more often for these conditions due to amphetamine having lower reinforcing potential than METH (Lile et al., 2013). ... As discussed earlier, the d-enantiomer has stronger CNS effects but is metabolized more quickly than the l-enantiomer, which is longer lasting due to the slower breakdown. ... l-METH, a vasoconstrictor, is the active constituent of the Vicks Inhaler decongestant (Proctor & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH), an over-the-counter product containing about 50 mg of the drug (Smith et al., 2014). Desoxyn, which is d-METH, is rarely medically prescribed due to its strong reinforcing properties. Therapeutic doses of Desoxyn are 20–25 mg daily, taken every 12 hours, with dosing not exceeding 60 mg/day</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Molecular%2C+Behavioral%2C+and+Physiological+Consequences+of+Methamphetamine+Neurotoxicity%3A+Implications+for+Treatment&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=474-488&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11047030%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28630283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fjpet.116.238501&rft.aulast=Moszczynska&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Callan%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11047030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=36604">"Levomethamphetamine"</a>. 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April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225081836/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=341.80">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2016. <q>Topical nasal decongestants --(i) For products containing levmetamfetamine identified in 341.20(b)(1) when used in an inhalant dosage form. 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Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2009.03.002">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731235">2731235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19328213">19328213</a>. <q>Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ... Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ... There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ... Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). 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Despite their prevalence and spectrum of functions, appreciation of their potential general importance has been elusive since their identification in the mid-1800s, and only relatively recently have they been gaining their due respect. This development of appreciation has been nurtured by the growing awareness that drugs of abuse, including the psychostimulants, affect glial activity, and glial activity, in turn, has been found to modulate the effects of the psychostimulants</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glial+Modulators+as+Potential+Treatments+of+Psychostimulant+Abuse&rft.btitle=Emerging+Targets+%26+Therapeutics+in+the+Treatment+of+Psychostimulant+Abuse&rft.series=Advances+in+Pharmacology&rft.pages=1-69&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4103010%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24484974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-420118-7.00001-9&rft.isbn=978-0-12-420118-7&rft.aulast=Beardsley&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Hauser%2C+KF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuroimmune_meth_toxicity-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Neuroimmune_meth_toxicity_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoftisJanowsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Loftis JM, Janowsky A (2014). "Neuroimmune basis of methamphetamine toxicity". Neuroimmune Signaling in Drug Actions and Addictions. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol. 118. Academic Press. pp. 165–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5">10.1016/B978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-801284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-801284-0"><bdi>978-0-12-801284-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418472">4418472</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25175865">25175865</a>. <q>Collectively, these pathological processes contribute to neurotoxicity (e.g., increased BBB permeability, inflammation, neuronal degeneration, cell death) and neuropsychiatric impairments (e.g., cognitive deficits, mood disorders)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neuroimmune+basis+of+methamphetamine+toxicity&rft.btitle=Neuroimmune+Signaling+in+Drug+Actions+and+Addictions&rft.series=International+Review+of+Neurobiology&rft.pages=165-197&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418472%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25175865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-801284-0&rft.aulast=Loftis&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Janowsky%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoftisJanowsky2014" class="citation journal cs1">Loftis JM, Janowsky A (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418472">"Figure 7.1: Neuroimmune mechanisms of methamphetamine-induced CNS toxicity"</a>. International Review of Neurobiology. 118: 165–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5">10.1016/B978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418472">4418472</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25175865">25175865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Figure+7.1%3A+Neuroimmune+mechanisms+of+methamphetamine-induced+CNS+toxicity&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=165-197&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418472%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25175865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5&rft.aulast=Loftis&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Janowsky%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988">" </li> <li id="cite_note-Sigma-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_58-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaushalMatsumoto2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kaushal N, Matsumoto RR (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137201">"Role of sigma receptors in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity"</a>. Curr Neuropharmacol. 9 (1): 54–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F157015911795016930">10.2174/157015911795016930</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137201">3137201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886562">21886562</a>. <q>σ Receptors seem to play an important role in many of the effects of METH. They are present in the organs that mediate the actions of METH (e.g. brain, heart, lungs) [5]. In the brain, METH acts primarily on the dopaminergic system to cause acute locomotor stimulant, subchronic sensitized, and neurotoxic effects. σ Receptors are present on dopaminergic neurons and their activation stimulates dopamine synthesis and release [11–13]. σ-2 Receptors modulate DAT and the release of dopamine via protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca2+-calmodulin systems [14]. σ-1 Receptor antisense and antagonists have been shown to block the acute locomotor stimulant effects of METH [4]. Repeated administration or self administration of METH has been shown to upregulate σ-1 receptor protein and mRNA in various brain regions including the substantia nigra, frontal cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, and hippocampus [15, 16]. Additionally, σ receptor antagonists ... prevent the development of behavioral sensitization to METH [17, 18]. ... σ Receptor agonists have been shown to facilitate dopamine release, through both σ-1 and σ-2 receptors [11–14].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Neuropharmacol&rft.atitle=Role+of+sigma+receptors+in+methamphetamine-induced+neurotoxicity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-57&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3137201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F157015911795016930&rft.aulast=Kaushal&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+RR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3137201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22392347-59"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22392347_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalhoCarmoCostaCapela2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, et al. (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update". Arch. Toxicol. 86 (8): 1167–1231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ArTox..86.1167C">2012ArTox..86.1167C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0815-5">10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22392347">22392347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2873101">2873101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch.+Toxicol.&rft.atitle=Toxicity+of+amphetamines%3A+an+update&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1167-1231&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0815-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2873101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22392347&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ArTox..86.1167C&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Carmo%2C+H&rft.au=Costa%2C+VM&rft.au=Capela%2C+JP&rft.au=Pontes%2C+H&rft.au=Remi%C3%A3o%2C+F&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+F&rft.au=Bastos+Mde%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cisneros_2014_and_review-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cisneros_2014_and_review_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cisneros_2014_and_review_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cisneros_2014_and_review_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cisneros_2014_and_review_60-3">d</a>  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisnerosGhorpade2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cisneros IE, Ghorpade A (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315503">"Methamphetamine and HIV-1-induced neurotoxicity: role of trace amine associated receptor 1 cAMP signaling in astrocytes"</a>. Neuropharmacology. 85: 499–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2014.06.011">10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315503">4315503</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24950453">24950453</a>. <q>TAAR1 overexpression significantly decreased EAAT-2 levels and glutamate clearance ... METH treatment activated TAAR1 leading to intracellular cAMP in human astrocytes and modulated glutamate clearance abilities. Furthermore, molecular alterations in astrocyte TAAR1 levels correspond to changes in astrocyte EAAT-2 levels and function.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Methamphetamine+and+HIV-1-induced+neurotoxicity%3A+role+of+trace+amine+associated+receptor+1+cAMP+signaling+in+astrocytes&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=499-507&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4315503%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24950453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2014.06.011&rft.aulast=Cisneros&rft.aufirst=IE&rft.au=Ghorpade%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4315503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJingLi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jing L, Li JX (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532615">"Trace amine-associated receptor 1: A promising target for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction"</a>. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 761: 345–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2015.06.019">10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532615">4532615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26092759">26092759</a>. <q>TAAR1 is largely located in the intracellular compartments both in neurons (Miller, 2011), in glial cells (Cisneros and Ghorpade, 2014) and in peripheral tissues (Grandy, 2007)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=Trace+amine-associated+receptor+1%3A+A+promising+target+for+the+treatment+of+psychostimulant+addiction&rft.volume=761&rft.pages=345-352&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4532615%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26092759&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2015.06.019&rft.aulast=Jing&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Li%2C+JX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4532615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuanHatzidimitriouSutharMueller2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan J, Hatzidimitriou G, Suthar P, Mueller M, McCann U, Ricaurte G (March 2006). "Relationship between temperature, dopaminergic neurotoxicity, and plasma drug concentrations in methamphetamine-treated squirrel monkeys". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 316 (3): 1210–1218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.105.096503">10.1124/jpet.105.096503</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16293712">16293712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11909155">11909155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Relationship+between+temperature%2C+dopaminergic+neurotoxicity%2C+and+plasma+drug+concentrations+in+methamphetamine-treated+squirrel+monkeys&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1210-1218&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11909155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16293712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fjpet.105.096503&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Hatzidimitriou%2C+G&rft.au=Suthar%2C+P&rft.au=Mueller%2C+M&rft.au=McCann%2C+U&rft.au=Ricaurte%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SigmaB-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SigmaB_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SigmaB_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SigmaB_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SigmaB_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodveltMiller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rodvelt KR, Miller DK (September 2010). "Could sigma receptor ligands be a treatment for methamphetamine addiction?". Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 3 (3): 156–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874473711003030156">10.2174/1874473711003030156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21054260">21054260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Drug+Abuse+Rev&rft.atitle=Could+sigma+receptor+ligands+be+a+treatment+for+methamphetamine+addiction%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=156-162&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1874473711003030156&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21054260&rft.aulast=Rodvelt&rft.aufirst=KR&rft.au=Miller%2C+DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Addiction_glossary-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Addiction_glossary_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). 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New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274" title="Special:BookSources/9780071481274"><bdi>9780071481274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Reinforcement+and+Addictive+Disorders&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=364-375&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780071481274&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cellular_basis-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNestler_EJ2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nestler EJ (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898681">"Cellular basis of memory for addiction"</a>. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (4): 431–443. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898681">3898681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24459410">24459410</a>. <q>Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Cellular+basis+of+memory+for+addiction&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=431-443&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3898681%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24459410&rft.au=Nestler+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3898681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brain_disease-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Brain_disease_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkowKoobMcLellan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135257">"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction"</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (4): 363–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1511480">10.1056/NEJMra1511480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135257">6135257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26816013">26816013</a>. <q>Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Neurobiologic+Advances+from+the+Brain+Disease+Model+of+Addiction&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=363-371&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6135257%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26816013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1511480&rft.aulast=Volkow&rft.aufirst=ND&rft.au=Koob%2C+GF&rft.au=McLellan%2C+AT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6135257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler-Renthal_Figure_2-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler-Renthal_Figure_2_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler-Renthal_Figure_2_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler-Renthal_Figure_2_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenthal_W,_Nestler_EJ2009" class="citation journal cs1">Renthal W, Nestler EJ (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834246">"Chromatin regulation in drug addiction and depression"</a>. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 11 (3): 257–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31887%2FDCNS.2009.11.3%2Fwrenthal">10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.3/wrenthal</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834246">2834246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19877494">19877494</a>. <q>[Psychostimulants] increase cAMP levels in striatum, which activates protein kinase A (PKA) and leads to phosphorylation of its targets. This includes the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), the phosphorylation of which induces its association with the histone acetyltransferase, CREB binding protein (CBP) to acetylate histones and facilitate gene activation. This is known to occur on many genes including fosB and c-fos in response to psychostimulant exposure. ΔFosB is also upregulated by chronic psychostimulant treatments, and is known to activate certain genes (eg, cdk5) and repress others (eg, c-fos) where it recruits HDAC1 as a corepressor. ... Chronic exposure to psychostimulants increases glutamatergic [signaling] from the prefrontal cortex to the NAc. Glutamatergic signaling elevates Ca2+ levels in NAc postsynaptic elements where it activates CaMK (calcium/calmodulin protein kinases) signaling, which, in addition to phosphorylating CREB, also phosphorylates HDAC5.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Chromatin+regulation+in+drug+addiction+and+depression&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-268&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2834246%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19877494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31887%2FDCNS.2009.11.3%2Fwrenthal&rft.au=Renthal+W%2C+Nestler+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2834246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834246/figure/DialoguesClinNeurosci-11-257-g002/">Figure 2: Psychostimulant-induced signaling events</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glutamate-dopamine_cotransmission_review-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Glutamate-dopamine_cotransmission_review_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroussard2012" class="citation journal cs1">Broussard JI (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250102">"Co-transmission of dopamine and glutamate"</a>. The Journal of General Physiology. 139 (1): 93–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.201110659">10.1085/jgp.201110659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250102">3250102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22200950">22200950</a>. <q>Coincident and convergent input often induces plasticity on a postsynaptic neuron. The NAc integrates processed information about the environment from basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as projections from midbrain dopamine neurons. Previous studies have demonstrated how dopamine modulates this integrative process. For example, high frequency stimulation potentiates hippocampal inputs to the NAc while simultaneously depressing PFC synapses (Goto and Grace, 2005). The converse was also shown to be true; stimulation at PFC potentiates PFC–NAc synapses but depresses hippocampal–NAc synapses. In light of the new functional evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic inputs bias or filter either limbic or cortical inputs to guide goal-directed behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Physiology&rft.atitle=Co-transmission+of+dopamine+and+glutamate&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-96&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22200950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1085%2Fjgp.201110659&rft.aulast=Broussard&rft.aufirst=JI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_KEGG_ΔFosB-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_KEGG_ΔFosB_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanehisa_Laboratories2014" class="citation web cs1">Kanehisa Laboratories (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05031+2354">"Amphetamine – Homo sapiens (human)"</a>. KEGG Pathway. Retrieved 31 October 2014. <q>Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), projection areas of mesocorticolimbic DA neurons and key components of the "brain reward circuit". Amphetamine achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of DA by promoting efflux from synaptic terminals. ... Chronic exposure to amphetamine induces a unique transcription factor delta FosB, which plays an essential role in long-term adaptive changes in the brain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KEGG+Pathway&rft.atitle=Amphetamine+%E2%80%93+Homo+sapiens+%28human%29&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.au=Kanehisa+Laboratories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.jp%2Fkegg-bin%2Fshow_pathway%3Fhsa05031%2B2354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meth_cAMP/calcium-dependent_cascade-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Meth_cAMP/calcium-dependent_cascade_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadetBrannockJayanthiKrasnova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cadet JL, Brannock C, Jayanthi S, Krasnova IN (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359351">"Transcriptional and epigenetic substrates of methamphetamine addiction and withdrawal: evidence from a long-access self-administration model in the rat"</a>. Molecular Neurobiology. 51 (2): 696–717 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359351/figure/Fig1/">Figure 1</a>). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12035-014-8776-8">10.1007/s12035-014-8776-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359351">4359351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24939695">24939695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+and+epigenetic+substrates+of+methamphetamine+addiction+and+withdrawal%3A+evidence+from+a+long-access+self-administration+model+in+the+rat&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=696-717+%28Figure+1%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4359351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24939695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12035-014-8776-8&rft.aulast=Cadet&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Brannock%2C+C&rft.au=Jayanthi%2C+S&rft.au=Krasnova%2C+IN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4359351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler1-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler1_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler1_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler1_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobison_AJ,_Nestler_EJ2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robison AJ, Nestler EJ (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277">"Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction"</a>. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 12 (11): 623–637. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn3111">10.1038/nrn3111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277">3272277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21989194">21989194</a>. <q>ΔFosB serves as one of the master control proteins governing this structural plasticity. ... ΔFosB also represses G9a expression, leading to reduced repressive histone methylation at the cdk5 gene. The net result is gene activation and increased CDK5 expression. ... In contrast, ΔFosB binds to the c-fos gene and recruits several co-repressors, including HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1) and SIRT 1 (sirtuin 1). ... The net result is c-fos gene repression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+and+epigenetic+mechanisms+of+addiction&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=623-637&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21989194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn3111&rft.au=Robison+AJ%2C+Nestler+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277/figure/F4/">Figure 4: Epigenetic basis of drug regulation of gene expression</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler2-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler2_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler2_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler2_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNestler_EJ2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nestler EJ (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569166">"Transcriptional mechanisms of drug addiction"</a>. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience. 10 (3): 136–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9758%2Fcpn.2012.10.3.136">10.9758/cpn.2012.10.3.136</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569166">3569166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23430970">23430970</a>. <q>The 35-37 kD ΔFosB isoforms accumulate with chronic drug exposure due to their extraordinarily long half-lives. ... As a result of its stability, the ΔFosB protein persists in neurons for at least several weeks after cessation of drug exposure. ... ΔFosB overexpression in nucleus accumbens induces NFκB ... In contrast, the ability of ΔFosB to repress the c-Fos gene occurs in concert with the recruitment of a histone deacetylase and presumably several other repressive proteins such as a repressive histone methyltransferase</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Psychopharmacology+and+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+mechanisms+of+drug+addiction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=136-143&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3569166%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23430970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9758%2Fcpn.2012.10.3.136&rft.au=Nestler+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3569166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-Fos_repression-73"><a href="#cite_ref-c-Fos_repression_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNestler_EJ2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nestler EJ (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607320">"Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: Role of ΔFosB"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1507): 3245–3255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0067">10.1098/rstb.2008.0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607320">2607320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18640924">18640924</a>. <q>Recent evidence has shown that ΔFosB also represses the c-fos gene that helps create the molecular switch—from the induction of several short-lived Fos family proteins after acute drug exposure to the predominant accumulation of ΔFosB after chronic drug exposure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+mechanisms+of+addiction%3A+Role+of+%CE%94FosB&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1507&rft.pages=3245-3255&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2607320%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18640924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0067&rft.au=Nestler+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2607320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler,_Hyman,_and_Malenka_2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Nestler,_Hyman,_and_Malenka_2_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymanMalenkaNestler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919115435/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc1e/144037cd3c08aaf32d0a92b8c55a6ae451a5.pdf">"Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory"</a> (PDF). Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29: 565–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.29.051605.113009">10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16776597">16776597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15139406">15139406</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc1e/144037cd3c08aaf32d0a92b8c55a6ae451a5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Neural+mechanisms+of+addiction%3A+the+role+of+reward-related+learning+and+memory&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=565-598&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15139406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16776597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.29.051605.113009&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Malenka%2C+RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Ffc1e%2F144037cd3c08aaf32d0a92b8c55a6ae451a5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_75-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobisonNestler2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robison AJ, Nestler EJ (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277">"Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction"</a>. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12 (11): 623–637. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn3111">10.1038/nrn3111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277">3272277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21989194">21989194</a>. <q>ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant-negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high-fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+and+epigenetic+mechanisms+of+addiction&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=623-637&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21989194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn3111&rft.aulast=Robison&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHM-Transcription_factor-76"><a href="#cite_ref-NHM-Transcription_factor_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). 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New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148127-4"><bdi>978-0-07-148127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Signal+Transduction+in+the+Brain&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148127-4&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffle2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ruffle JK (November 2014). 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Drug Alcohol Abuse. 40 (6): 428–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00952990.2014.933840">10.3109/00952990.2014.933840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25083822">25083822</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19157711">19157711</a>. <q>ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Drug+Alcohol+Abuse&rft.atitle=Molecular+neurobiology+of+addiction%3A+what%27s+all+the+%28%CE%94%29FosB+about%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=428-437&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19157711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25083822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00952990.2014.933840&rft.aulast=Ruffle&rft.aufirst=JK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_80-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen CM (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704">"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"</a>. Neuropharmacology. 61 (7): 1109–1122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2011.03.010">10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704">3139704</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21459101">21459101</a>. <q>Similar to environmental enrichment, studies have found that exercise reduces self-administration and relapse to drugs of abuse (Cosgrove et al., 2002; Zlebnik et al., 2010). There is also some evidence that these preclinical findings translate to human populations, as exercise reduces withdrawal symptoms and relapse in abstinent smokers (Daniel et al., 2006; Prochaska et al., 2008), and one drug recovery program has seen success in participants that train for and compete in a marathon as part of the program (Butler, 2005). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al., 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Natural+rewards%2C+neuroplasticity%2C+and+non-drug+addictions&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1109-1122&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21459101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2011.03.010&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcoholism_ΔFosB-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Alcoholism_ΔFosB_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanehisa_Laboratories2014" class="citation web cs1">Kanehisa Laboratories (29 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05034+2354">"Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human)"</a>. 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Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. ... these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychoactive+Drugs&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+drugs%2C+and+rock+%27n%27+roll%3A+hypothesizing+common+mesolimbic+activation+as+a+function+of+reward+gene+polymorphisms&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-55&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22641964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02791072.2012.662112&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Werner%2C+T&rft.au=Carnes%2C+S&rft.au=Carnes%2C+P&rft.au=Bowirrat%2C+A&rft.au=Giordano%2C+J&rft.au=Oscar-Berman%2C+M&rft.au=Gold%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amph_and_sex_addiction-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amph_and_sex_addiction_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amph_and_sex_addiction_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitchersVialouNestlerLaviolette2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pitchers KK, Vialou V, Nestler EJ, Laviolette SR, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865508">"Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator"</a>. J. Neurosci. 33 (8): 3434–3442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865508">3865508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23426671">23426671</a>. <q>Drugs of abuse induce neuroplasticity in the natural reward pathway, specifically the nucleus accumbens (NAc), thereby causing development and expression of addictive behavior. ... Together, these findings demonstrate that drugs of abuse and natural reward behaviors act on common molecular and cellular mechanisms of plasticity that control vulnerability to drug addiction, and that this increased vulnerability is mediated by ΔFosB and its downstream transcriptional targets. ... Sexual behavior is highly rewarding (Tenk et al., 2009), and sexual experience causes sensitized drug-related behaviors, including cross-sensitization to amphetamine (Amph)-induced locomotor activity (Bradley and Meisel, 2001; Pitchers et al., 2010a) and enhanced Amph reward (Pitchers et al., 2010a). Moreover, sexual experience induces neural plasticity in the NAc similar to that induced by psychostimulant exposure, including increased dendritic spine density (Meisel and Mullins, 2006; Pitchers et al., 2010a), altered glutamate receptor trafficking, and decreased synaptic strength in prefrontal cortex-responding NAc shell neurons (Pitchers et al., 2012). Finally, periods of abstinence from sexual experience were found to be critical for enhanced Amph reward, NAc spinogenesis (Pitchers et al., 2010a), and glutamate receptor trafficking (Pitchers et al., 2012). 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Retrieved 11 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emergency+Central&rft.atitle=Amphetamine+Poisoning&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.aulast=Oskie&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Rhee%2C+JW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femergency.unboundmedicine.com%2Femergency%2Fub%2Fview%2F5-Minute_Emergency_Consult%2F307063%2Fall%2FAmphetamine_Poisoning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17874986-108"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17874986_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbisterBuckleyWhyte2007" class="citation journal cs1">Isbister GK, Buckley NA, Whyte IM (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/187_06_170907/isb10375_fm.pdf">"Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment"</a> (PDF). Med. J. Aust. 187 (6): 361–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2007.tb01282.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01282.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17874986">17874986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13108173">13108173</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704062057/https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/187_06_170907/isb10375_fm.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med.+J.+Aust.&rft.atitle=Serotonin+toxicity%3A+a+practical+approach+to+diagnosis+and+treatment&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=361-365&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13108173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17874986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2007.tb01282.x&rft.aulast=Isbister&rft.aufirst=GK&rft.au=Buckley%2C+NA&rft.au=Whyte%2C+IM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fissues%2F187_06_170907%2Fisb10375_fm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenka-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHymanHoltzman2015" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). 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New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071827706" title="Special:BookSources/9780071827706"><bdi>9780071827706</bdi></a>. <q>Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic at higher doses to midbrain dopamine neurons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+16%3A+Reinforcement+and+Addictive+Disorders&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780071827706&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rft.au=Holtzman%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochrane-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cochrane_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cochrane_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cochrane_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoptawKaoLing2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W (2009). Shoptaw SJ, Ali R (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7004251">"Treatment for amphetamine psychosis"</a>. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009 (1): CD003026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003026.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7004251">7004251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19160215">19160215</a>. <q>A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention ... About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ... 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In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60913-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60913-345-0"><bdi>978-1-60913-345-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113011526/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&pg=PA646">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2017. <q>The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39). ... 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Retrieved 6 November 2014. <q>Dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzed the removal of the pro-R hydrogen atom and the production of 1-norephedrine, (2S,1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyl-1-phenylpropane, from d-amphetamine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.+Stereochemical+course+of+the+reaction&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=454-458&rft.date=1974-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2943051-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4809526&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=KB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F249%2F2%2F454.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13977820-145"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13977820_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoerdsmavon_Studnitz1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sjoerdsma A, von Studnitz W (April 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1703637">"Dopamine-beta-oxidase activity in man, using hydroxyamphetamine as substrate"</a>. 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The lack of effect of administration of neomycin to one patient indicates that the hydroxylation occurs in body tissues. ... a major portion of the β-hydroxylation of hydroxyamphetamine occurs in non-adrenal tissue. 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Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 21 (4): 434–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22038%2FIJBMS.2018.23362.5897">10.22038/IJBMS.2018.23362.5897</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960763">5960763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29796230">29796230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+vitamin+B%3Csub%3E12%3C%2Fsub%3E+on+the+brain+damages+caused+by+methamphetamine+in+mice&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=434-438&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5960763%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29796230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22038%2FIJBMS.2018.23362.5897&rft.aulast=Moshiri&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hosseiniyan%2C+SM&rft.au=Moallem%2C+SA&rft.au=Hadizadeh%2C+F&rft.au=Jafarian%2C+AH&rft.au=Ghadiri%2C+A&rft.au=Hoseini%2C+T&rft.au=Seifi%2C+M&rft.au=Etemad%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5960763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnazodo2024" class="citation journal cs1">Anazodo G (May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wjpr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/article_issue/eefe2451ff2a6848f0249c533e1fc88d.pdf">"Protective effects of vitamin C and E on amygdala of methamphetamine-induced brain disorder on adult male Wistar rats"</a> (PDF). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 13 (9): 2121–2170. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922021107/https://wjpr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/article_issue/eefe2451ff2a6848f0249c533e1fc88d.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+Research&rft.atitle=Protective+effects+of+vitamin+C+and+E+on+amygdala+of+methamphetamine-induced+brain+disorder+on+adult+male+Wistar+rats&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2121-2170&rft.date=2024-05&rft.aulast=Anazodo&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwjpr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com%2Farticle_issue%2Feefe2451ff2a6848f0249c533e1fc88d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartMarvinSilverSmith2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hart CL, Marvin CB, Silver R, Smith EE (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260986">"Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review"</a>. Neuropsychopharmacology. 37 (3): 586–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2011.276">10.1038/npp.2011.276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0893-133X">0893-133X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260986">3260986</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22089317">22089317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Is+cognitive+functioning+impaired+in+methamphetamine+users%3F+A+critical+review&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=586-608&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3260986%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0893-133X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22089317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpp.2011.276&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=CL&rft.au=Marvin%2C+CB&rft.au=Silver%2C+R&rft.au=Smith%2C+EE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3260986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusyniak2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rusyniak DE (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148451">"Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse"</a>. Neurologic Clinics. 29 (3): 641–655. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ncl.2011.05.004">10.1016/j.ncl.2011.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148451">3148451</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21803215">21803215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurologic+Clinics&rft.atitle=Neurologic+manifestations+of+chronic+methamphetamine+abuse&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=641-655&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3148451%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21803215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ncl.2011.05.004&rft.aulast=Rusyniak&rft.aufirst=DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3148451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzalavitz2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Szalavitz M (21 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthland.time.com/2011/11/21/why-the-myth-of-the-meth-damaged-brain-may-hinder-recovery/">"Why the Myth of the Meth-Damaged Brain May Hinder Recovery"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922021109/https://healthland.time.com/2011/11/21/why-the-myth-of-the-meth-damaged-brain-may-hinder-recovery/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+the+Myth+of+the+Meth-Damaged+Brain+May+Hinder+Recovery&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft.aulast=Szalavitz&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthland.time.com%2F2011%2F11%2F21%2Fwhy-the-myth-of-the-meth-damaged-brain-may-hinder-recovery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethamphetamine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amphetamine" title="Template:Amphetamine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amphetamine" title="Template talk:Amphetamine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amphetamine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amphetamine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amphetamine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Main articles and pharmaceuticals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adzenys ER</li> <li>Adzenys XR-ODT</li> <li>Dyanavel XR</li> <li>Evekeo</li> <li>Evekeo ODT</li> <li>Mixed amphetamine salts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a></li> <li>Adderall XR</li> <li>Mydayis</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">N/A</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dexedrine</li> <li>ProCentra</li> <li>Zenzedi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vyvanse</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Neuropharmacology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biomolecular targets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agonist#Types_of_agonists" title="Agonist">full agonist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">CART</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA"><abbr title="messenger RNA">mRNA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip messenger RNA inducer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1A receptor</a> (low affinity <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">MAO</a> (weak <a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibition" title="Competitive inhibition">competitive inhibitor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">Carbonic anhydrases</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_4" title="Carbonic anhydrase 4">hCA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_5A" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonic anhydrase 5A">hCA5A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonic anhydrase 5B">hCA5B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_7" title="Carbonic anhydrase 7">hCA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_12" title="Carbonic anhydrase 12">hCA12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_13" title="Carbonic anhydrase 13">hCA13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_14" title="Carbonic anhydrase 14">hCA14</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">enzyme activator</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em">Inhibited <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_1" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 1">VMAT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_2" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 2">VMAT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter#EAATs" title="Glutamate transporter">EAAT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A3" title="SLC22A3">SLC22A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A5" title="SLC22A5">SLC22A5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Active metabolites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Hydroxynorephedrine" title="P-Hydroxynorephedrine">4-Hydroxynorephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Norephedrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management">ADHD management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis#Substituted_amphetamines" title="Stimulant psychosis">Amphetamine psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrine_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzedrine in popular culture">Benzedrine in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines" title="History and culture of substituted amphetamines">History and culture of substituted amphetamines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Motivational salience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience#Incentive_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive salience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">Performance-enhancing substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetone" title="Phenylacetone">Phenylacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Substituted amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">Trace amine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Amphetamine" title="Category:Amphetamine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Methamphetamine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Methamphetamine" title="Template:Methamphetamine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methamphetamine" title="Template talk:Methamphetamine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methamphetamine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methamphetamine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Methamphetamine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enantiomers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dextromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuropharmacology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em">Biomolecular targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> (agonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ1R</a> (agonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ2R</a> (agonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">α2A adrenoceptor</a> (agonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">α2B adrenoceptor</a> (agonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">α2C adrenoceptor</a> (agonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">MAO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive inhibitor">competitive inhibitor</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em">Inhibited transporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_1" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 1">VMAT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_2" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 2">VMAT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_transporter#EAAT1" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid transporter">EAAT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_transporter#EAAT2" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid transporter">EAAT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A3" title="SLC22A3">SLC22A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A5" title="SLC22A5">SLC22A5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">Meth mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Darkness" title="Crystal Darkness">Crystal Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Meth_Anonymous" title="Crystal Meth Anonymous">Crystal Meth Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faces_of_Meth" title="Faces of Meth">Faces of Meth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_culture_of_amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="History and culture of amphetamines">History and culture of amphetamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Meth_Project" title="Montana Meth Project">Montana Meth Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Sunsets" title="No More Sunsets">No More Sunsets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya_ba" title="Ya ba">Ya ba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Methamphetamine_Epidemic_Act_of_2005" title="Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005">Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Methamphetamine_Control_Act_of_1996" title="Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996">Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Methamphetamine_Precursor_Control_Act" title="Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act">Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnicity and nationality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_in_the_United_States" title="Methamphetamine in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_and_Native_Americans" title="Methamphetamine and Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_use_in_Australia" title="Methamphetamine use in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stimulants" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stimulants" title="Template:Stimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stimulants" title="Template talk:Stimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stimulants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamantane" title="Adamantane">Adamantanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapromine" title="Adapromine">Adapromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromantane" title="Bromantane">Bromantane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-Chlorotheophylline" title="8-Chlorotheophylline">8-Chlorotheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">8-Cyclopentyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Phenyltheophylline" title="8-Phenyltheophylline">8-Phenyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-15943" title="CGS-15943">CGS-15943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethazan" title="Dimethazan">Dimethazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">Paraxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychotropic_alkylamines" title="Psychotropic alkylamines">Alkylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaminol" title="Heptaminol">Heptaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhexanamine" title="Methylhexanamine">Methylhexaneamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octodrine" title="Octodrine">Octodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaminoheptane" title="Tuaminoheptane">Tuaminoheptane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">Ampakines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-614" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-614">CX-614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">CX-691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX-717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404,187" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-404,187">LY-404,187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-503,430" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-503,430">LY-503,430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_26576" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 26576">Org 26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunifiram" title="Sunifiram">Sunifiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifiram" title="Unifiram">Unifiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzazepine" title="Benzazepine">Benzazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Br-APB" title="6-Br-APB">6-Br-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-77434" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-77434">SKF-77434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-81297" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-81297">SKF-81297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82958" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-82958">SKF-82958</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">Cathinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-FMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FMC">3-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-MMC">3-MMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone" title="3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone">3,4-DMMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">4-BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloromethcathinone" title="4-Chloromethcathinone">4-CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylbuphedrone" title="4-Methylbuphedrone">4-Methylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylcathinone" title="4-Methylcathinone">4-Methylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1-ethylaminopentiophenone" title="4-Methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone">4-MEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylpentedrone" title="4-Methylpentedrone">4-Methylpentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrone" title="Benzedrone">Benzedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcathinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylcathinone">Dimethylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexedrone" title="Hexedrone">Hexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoethcathinone" title="Isoethcathinone">Isoethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxycathinone" title="Methylenedioxycathinone">Methylenedioxycathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexedrone" title="Mexedrone">Mexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylbuphedrone" title="N-Ethylbuphedrone">N-Ethylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylhexedrone" title="N-Ethylhexedrone">N-Ethylhexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentedrone" title="Pentedrone">Pentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylone" title="Pentylone">Pentylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Cholinergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradanicline" title="Bradanicline">Bradanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">Convulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMCM" title="DMCM">DMCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurothyl" title="Flurothyl">Flurothyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">Eugeroics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,940" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,940">CRL-40,940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,941" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,941">CRL-40,941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxazoline" title="Oxazoline">Oxazolines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylphenylisobutylamine" title="4-Methylphenylisobutylamine">1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane" title="1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane">1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Fluoroamphetamine" title="2-Fluoroamphetamine">2-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="2-FMA">2-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2-Hydroxyphenethylamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane" title="2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane">2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">2,3-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FA">3-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoroethamphetamine" title="3-Fluoroethamphetamine">3-Fluoroethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxyamphetamine" title="3-Methoxyamphetamine">3-Methoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methylamphetamine" title="3-Methylamphetamine">3-Methylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FA">4-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FMA">4-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-1095" title="AL-1095">AL-1095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine">a-Ethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-Aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole" class="mw-redirect" title="5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole">5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-Aminotetralin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acridorex" title="Acridorex">Acridorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Phenylmethamphetamine" title="Β-Phenylmethamphetamine">β-Phenylmethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfluorex" title="Benfluorex">Benfluorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Benzhydrylmorpholine" title="3-Benzhydrylmorpholine">3-Benzhydrylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane" title="Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane">BPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfetamine" title="Camfetamine">Camfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilobamine" title="Cilobamine">Cilobamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamedrine" title="Cinnamedrine">Cinnamedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">Dimethoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">DOPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/D-DOPA" title="D-DOPA">Dextrodopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">Levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="L-DOPS">Droxidopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinine">Epinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepefrine" title="Gepefrine">Gepefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapradol" title="Hexapradol">Hexapradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine">HMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-Iodo-2-aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">Indanylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">L-Deprenyl</a> (Selegiline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine" title="Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine">MDBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine">MDPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dextromethamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxymethamphetamine" title="3-Methoxymethamphetamine">MMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine">N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine" title="N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine">N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine">Norfenefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Norpseudoephedrine" title="L-Norpseudoephedrine">L-Norpseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxifentorex" title="Oxifentorex">Oxifentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilofrine" title="Oxilofrine">Oxilofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloromethamphetamine" title="Para-Chloromethamphetamine">PCMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpholedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpholedrine">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenatine" title="Phenatine">Phenatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxymethamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropylaminopentane" title="Phenylpropylaminopentane">PPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenylmorpholine" title="Substituted phenylmorpholine">Phenylmorpholines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluorophenmetrazine" title="3-Fluorophenmetrazine">3-Fluorophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-130" title="G-130">G-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-128,907" title="PD-128,907">PD-128,907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine" title="2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine">2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine">3C-PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM156" title="CM156">CM156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13119" title="GBR-13119">GBR-13119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">Piperidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine" title="1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine">1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Benzylpiperidine" title="2-Benzylpiperidine">2-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine" title="2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine">2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate" title="3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate">3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethylphenidate" title="4-Fluoromethylphenidate">4-Fluoromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethylphenidate" title="4-Methylmethylphenidate">4-Methylmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDEP-28" title="HDEP-28">Ethylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">Methylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropylphenidate" title="Isopropylphenidate">Isopropylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-CPCA" title="(+)-CPCA">Nocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Phacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylphenidate" title="Propylphenidate">Propylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-5472" title="SCH-5472">SCH-5472</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidine" title="Pyrrolidine">Pyrrolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine" title="2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine">2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone">4-Cl-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-DBFPV" title="5-DBFPV">5-DBFPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone">α-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone">α-PBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PCYP" title="Α-PCYP">α-PCYP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PHiP" title="Α-PHiP">α-PHiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone">α-PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone" title="Α-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone">α-PHPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">α-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone">α-PVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Dimethoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="3',4'-Dimethoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">DMPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone">FPOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">FPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MDPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MDPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">MPHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">MOPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MOPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indapyrophenidone" title="Indapyrophenidone">Indapyrophenidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picilorex" title="Picilorex">Picilorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racetam" title="Racetam">Racetams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam" title="Phenylpiracetam">Phenylpiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam_hydrazide" title="Phenylpiracetam hydrazide">Phenylpiracetam hydrazide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-fluorotropacocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-fluorotropacocaine">4-fluorotropacocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluorococaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluorococaine">4'-Fluorococaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane (IACFT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT (WIN 35,428)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">β-CIT (RTI-55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaethylene" title="Cocaethylene">Cocaethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane (RTI-111)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norcocaine" title="Norcocaine">Norcocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">PTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-31" title="RTI-31">RTI-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-32" title="RTI-32">RTI-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-51" title="RTI-51">RTI-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-120" title="RTI-120">RTI-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121 (IPCIT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-354" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-354">RTI-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-371" title="RTI-371">RTI-371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-386" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-386">RTI-386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylmethylecgonine" title="Salicylmethylecgonine">Salicylmethylecgonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-%CE%B1MT" title="4-HO-αMT">4-HO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αET">4-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αMT">4-Methyl-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-αMT">5-Chloro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluoro-αMT">5-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αET">5-MeO-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αMT">5-MeO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine">5-MeO-DIPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="6-Fluoro-αMT">6-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="7-Methyl-αET">7-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Ethyltryptamine" title="Α-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methyltryptamine" title="Α-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiphenazole" title="Amiphenazole">Amiphenazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cropropamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropropamide">Cropropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotetamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotetamide">Crotetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-161" title="D-161">D-161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamivan" title="Etamivan">Etamivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenisorex" title="Fenisorex">Fenisorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpentadiol" title="Fenpentadiol">Fenpentadiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamfexine" title="Gamfexine">Gamfexine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1360707F" title="GSK1360707F">GSK1360707F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazabemide" title="Lazabemide">Lazabemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptacline" title="Leptacline">Leptacline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomevactone" title="Lomevactone">Lomevactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefexamide" title="Mefexamide">Mefexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamnetamine" title="Methamnetamine">Methamnetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methastyridone" title="Methastyridone">Methastyridone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiopropamine" title="Methiopropamine">Methiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikethamide" title="Nikethamide">Nikethamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-99,194" title="PNU-99,194">PNU-99,194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasagiline" title="Rasagiline">Rasagiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">Rubidium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setazindol" title="Setazindol">Setazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropamine" title="Thiopropamine">Thiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothinone" title="Thiothinone">Thiothinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazium" title="Trazium">Trazium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-style:italic"><div><a href="/wiki/ATC_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code">ATC code</a>: <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06B" title="ATC code N06">N06B</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ADHD_pharmacotherapies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template talk:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ADHD_pharmacotherapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management#Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management"><abbr title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</abbr> pharmacotherapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system"><abbr title="central nervous system">CNS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip central nervous system <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_amphetamine_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed amphetamine salts">Mixed amphetamine salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate">+dexmethylphenidate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Non-classical <abbr title="central nervous system">CNS</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α2-adrenoceptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">Moclobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Miscellaneous/others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemic_sensory_overstimulation" title="Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation">Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent" title="Monoamine releasing agent">Monoamine releasing agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> (DA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">Dopamine transporter</a> (DAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a> (NE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">Norepinephrine transporter</a> (NET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> (5-HT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">Serotonin transporter</a> (SERT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SSRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NDRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNDRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacodynamics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Pharmacodynamics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoamine_releasing_agents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template talk:Monoamine releasing agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine releasing agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoamine_releasing_agents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent" title="Monoamine releasing agent">Monoamine releasing agents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine releasing agents"><abbr title="Dopamine releasing agents">DRAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine releasing agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Morpholines: <a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oxazolines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-MAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Me-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxymethamphetamine" title="Dimethoxymethamphetamine">DMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine_(123I)" title="Iofetamine (123I)">Iofetamine (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamfepramone" title="Metamfepramone">Metamfepramone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">pBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">pCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">pIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine" title="Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine">MDBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-ADN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-AT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDI" title="5-APDI">5-APDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-IAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaminol" title="Heptaminol">Heptaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhexanamine" title="Methylhexanamine">Methylhexanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octodrine" title="Octodrine">Octodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbiguanide" title="Phenylbiguanide">Phenylbiguanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_releasing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine releasing agents"><abbr title="Norepinephrine releasing agents">NRAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Morpholines: <a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oxazolines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-MAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Me-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxymethamphetamine" title="Dimethoxymethamphetamine">DMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDI" title="5-APDI">5-APDI</a> (IAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine_(123I)" title="Iofetamine (123I)">Iofetamine (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamfepramone" title="Metamfepramone">Metamfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">pBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">pCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">pIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a> (also <a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine" title="Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine">MDBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine" title="Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine">pFPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-ADN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-AT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Benzylpiperidine" title="2-Benzylpiperidine">2-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-IAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaminol" title="Heptaminol">Heptaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhexanamine" title="Methylhexanamine">Methylhexanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octodrine" title="Octodrine">Octodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaminoheptane" title="Tuaminoheptane">Tuaminoheptane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin releasing agents"><abbr title="Serotonin releasing agents">SRAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin releasing agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aminoindanes: <a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-IAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane" title="1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane">AMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltrifluoromethylaminoindane" title="Ethyltrifluoromethylaminoindane">ETAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDAI" title="MDAI">MDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMAI" title="MDMAI">MDMAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMAI" title="MMAI">MMAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylaminoindane" title="Trifluoromethylaminoindane">TAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aminotetralins: <a href="/wiki/6-CAT" title="6-CAT">6-CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-OH-DPAT" title="8-OH-DPAT">8-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDAT" title="MDAT">MDAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMAT" title="MDMAT">MDMAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oxazolines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-MDA" title="2-Methyl-MDA">2-Methyl-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-HA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDB" title="5-APDB">5-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methyl-MDA" title="5-Methyl-MDA">5-Methyl-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APDB" title="6-APDB">6-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Methyl-MDA" title="6-Methyl-MDA">6-Methyl-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methyl-%CE%B1-ethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3-Methoxy-4-methyl-α-ethylphenethylamine">AEMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiflamine" title="Amiflamine">Amiflamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">Brephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamfepramone" title="Metamfepramone">Metamfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloroamphetamine" title="3,4-Dichloroamphetamine">DCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMDA" title="DFMDA">DFMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxymethamphetamine" title="Dimethoxymethamphetamine">DMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDMA" title="EDMA">EDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etolorex" title="Etolorex">Etolorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucetorex" title="Flucetorex">Flucetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">IAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxymethamphetamine">MDHMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylmethamphetamine">MMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">NAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Trifluoromethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Trifluoromethylamphetamine">4-TFMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">pBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">pCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">pIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxymethamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetralinylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetralinylaminopropane">TAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxyphenylpiperazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (page does not exist)">3-MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichlorophenylpiperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Dichlorophenylpiperazine">DCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine" title="Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine">MDBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Para-Chlorophenylpiperazine">pCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine" title="Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine">pFPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazine">pTFMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tryptamines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-AET" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-AET">4-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-AMT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-AMT">4-Methyl-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AET" title="5-MeO-AET">5-MeO-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AMT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-AMT">5-MeO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqualine" title="Viqualine">Viqualine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>DAT modulators: Agonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-9804" title="SoRI-9804">SoRI-9804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)">SoRI-20040</a>; Antagonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-20041" title="SoRI-20041">SoRI-20041</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Adrenergic release blockers: <a href="/wiki/Bethanidine" title="Bethanidine">Bethanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanadrel" title="Guanadrel">Guanadrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanazodine" title="Guanazodine">Guanazodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxan" title="Guanoxan">Guanoxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_trace_amine-associated_receptor_ligands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TAAR_ligands" title="Template:TAAR ligands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TAAR_ligands" title="Template talk:TAAR ligands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TAAR_ligands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TAAR ligands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_trace_amine-associated_receptor_ligands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_trace_amine-associated_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trace amine-associated receptor">Human trace amine-associated receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">Endogenous</a>†</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:white"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Classical <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine neurotransmitters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine (adrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">Trace amines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine" title="3-Iodothyronamine">3-Iodothyronamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxytyramine" title="3-Methoxytyramine">3-Methoxytyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyltyramine" title="N-Methyltyramine">N-Methyltyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Octopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-Octopamine">m-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Octopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Octopamine">p-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">Phenylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Tyramine" title="Meta-Tyramine">m-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Tyramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Tyramine">p-Tyramine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align: center">Synthetic and natural‡</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:white"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine">DOET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine" title="N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine">N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halostachine" title="Halostachine">Halostachine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higenamine" title="Higenamine">Higenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyloctopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropyloctopamine">Isopropyloctopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methylphenethylamine" title="2-Methylphenethylamine">2-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methylphenethylamine" title="3-Methylphenethylamine">3-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylphenethylamine" title="4-Methylphenethylamine">4-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxymethamphetamine" title="3-Methoxymethamphetamine">3-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Phenyl-3-iodotyramine" title="O-Phenyl-3-iodotyramine">o-PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralmitaront" title="Ralmitaront">Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG-7351" title="RG-7351">RG-7351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG-7410" title="RG-7410">RG-7410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO5166017" title="RO5166017">RO-5166017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO5256390" title="RO5256390">RO-5256390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO5263397" title="RO5263397">RO-5263397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulotaront" title="Ulotaront">Ulotaront (SEP-363856)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral antagonist">Neutral antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTI-7470-44" title="RTI-7470-44">RTI-7470-44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPPTB" title="EPPTB">EPPTB (RO-5212773)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">TAAR2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center">Agonists‡</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center">Neutral antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">TAAR5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center">Agonists‡</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethylethylamine" title="N,N-Dimethylethylamine">N,N-Dimethylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylamine" title="Trimethylamine">Trimethylamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center">Neutral antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center">Inverse agonists‡</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine" title="3-Iodothyronamine">3-Iodothyronamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;">† References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at <a href="/wiki/Trace_amine#list" title="Trace amine">List of trace amines</a></div> <div style="float: left;">‡ References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at <a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see <a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor#Receptor_function_and_ligands" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> for references.</div> See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sigma_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sigma_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-PPBP" title="4-PPBP">4-PPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BD-737&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BD-737 (page does not exist)">BD-737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1052" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1052">BD-1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarcamesine" title="Blarcamesine">Blarcamesine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide"><abbr title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">CGRP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutamesine" title="Cutamesine">Cutamesine (SA-4503)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan (DXM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan (DXO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimemorfan" title="Dimemorfan">Dimemorfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditolylguanidine" title="Ditolylguanidine">Ditolylguanidine (DTG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">Donepezil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole (afobazole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igmesine" title="Igmesine">Igmesine (JO-1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPAB_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPAB (drug) (page does not exist)">IPAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-687384" class="mw-redirect" title="L-687384">L-687384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA"><abbr title="Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA</abbr> (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepinalone" title="Nepinalone">Nepinalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noscapine" title="Noscapine">Noscapine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPC-14523 (page does not exist)">OPC-14523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxyverine" title="Pentoxyverine">Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRE-084" title="PRE-084">PRE-084</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridopidine" title="Pridopidine">Pridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemethorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemethorphan">Racemethorphan (methorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan (morphanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-23 (page does not exist)">UMB-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-82 (page does not exist)">UMB-82</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-927" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-927">AC-927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1008" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1008">BD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1031" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1031">BD-1031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1047" title="BD-1047">BD-1047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1060" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1060">BD-1060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1063" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1063">BD-1063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1067" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1067">BD-1067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMY-14802" title="BMY-14802">BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-156" class="mw-redirect" title="CM-156">CM-156</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dup-734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dup-734 (page does not exist)">Dup-734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-5842&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-5842 (page does not exist)">E-5842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-52862" title="E-52862">E-52862 (S1RA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-132 (page does not exist)">LR-132</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-172 (page does not exist)">LR-172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-377" title="MS-377">MS-377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NE-100" title="NE-100">NE-100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-16377&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-16377 (page does not exist)">NPC-16377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamesine" title="Panamesine">Panamesine (EMD-57455)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-144418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-144418 (page does not exist)">PD-144418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimcazole" title="Rimcazole">Rimcazole (BW-234U)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-31742A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-31742A (page does not exist)">SR-31742A</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a>; Positive: <a href="/wiki/Methylphenylpiracetam" title="Methylphenylpiracetam">Methylphenylpiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SOMCL-668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOMCL-668 (page does not exist)">SOMCL-668</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)">3-Methoxydextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4C-T-2" title="4C-T-2">4C-T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-IBP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-IBP (page does not exist)">4-IBP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-IPBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-IPBS (page does not exist)">4-IPBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DALT" title="5-MeO-DALT">5-MeO-DALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azidopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azidopamil (page does not exist)">Azidopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorgiline" title="Clorgiline">Clorgiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KCR-12-83.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KCR-12-83.1 (page does not exist)">KCR-12-83.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RHL-033&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RHL-033 (page does not exist)">RHL-033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-67,333" title="RS-67,333">RS-67,333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">RTI-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spipethiane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spipethiane (page does not exist)">Spipethiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-18_(drug)" title="W-18 (drug)">W-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YKP10A" class="mw-redirect" title="YKP10A">YKP10A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1047" title="BD-1047">BD-1047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD1063" title="BD1063">BD1063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditolylguanidine" title="Ditolylguanidine">Ditolylguanidine (DTG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DKR-1005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DKR-1005 (page does not exist)">DKR-1005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DKR-1051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DKR-1051 (page does not exist)">DKR-1051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA"><abbr title="Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA</abbr> (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPC-14523 (page does not exist)">OPC-14523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PB-28" title="PB-28">PB-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siramesine" title="Siramesine">Siramesine (Lu 28-179)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UKH-1114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UKH-1114 (page does not exist)">UKH-1114</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/AC-927" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-927">AC-927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1008" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1008">BD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1067" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1067">BD-1067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-156" class="mw-redirect" title="CM-156">CM-156</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CT-1812&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CT-1812 (page does not exist)">CT-1812</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-172 (page does not exist)">LR-172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-101" class="mw-redirect" title="MIN-101">MIN-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamesine" title="Panamesine">Panamesine (EMD-57455)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAS-0132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAS-0132 (page does not exist)">SAS-0132</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)">3-Methoxydextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DALT" title="5-MeO-DALT">5-MeO-DALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_29-252" title="Lu 29-252">Lu 29-252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepinalone" title="Nepinalone">Nepinalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-67,333" title="RS-67,333">RS-67,333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine"><abbr title="3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine">TMA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-23 (page does not exist)">UMB-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-82 (page does not exist)">UMB-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-18_(drug)" title="W-18 (drug)">W-18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Berberine" title="Berberine">Berberine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourphit" title="Fourphit">Fourphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naluzotan" title="Naluzotan">Naluzotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AHD1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AHD1 (page does not exist)">AHD1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ66 (page does not exist)">AZ66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SM-21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SM-21 (page does not exist)">SM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-100 (page does not exist)">UMB-100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-101 (page does not exist)">UMB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-103 (page does not exist)">UMB-103</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-116 (page does not exist)">UMB-116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-011 (page does not exist)">YZ-011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-069&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-069 (page does not exist)">YZ-069</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-185&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-185 (page does not exist)">YZ-185</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/SKF-83959" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-83959">SKF-83959</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-Methoxycoronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMY-13980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMY-13980 (page does not exist)">BMY-13980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carvotroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carvotroline (page does not exist)">Carvotroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinuperone (page does not exist)">Cinuperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EMD-59983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EMD-59983 (page does not exist)">EMD-59983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericin" title="Hypericin">Hypericin</a> (<a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">Gevotroline (WY-47384)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proadifen" title="Proadifen">Proadifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SL_82.0715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SL 82.0715 (page does not exist)">SL 82.0715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-31747A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-31747A (page does not exist)">SR-31747A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">Tiospirone (BMY-13859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoaminergic_neurotoxins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template talk:Monoamine neurotoxins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine neurotoxins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoaminergic_neurotoxins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoaminergic_neurotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoaminergic neurotoxin">Monoaminergic neurotoxins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%E2%80%B2-CH3-MPTP" title="2′-CH3-MPTP">2′-CH3-MPTP (2′-methyl-MPTP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine" title="2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine">2,4,5-THA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine" title="2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine">2,4,5-THMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-S-Cysteinyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-S-Cysteinyldopamine (page does not exist)">5-S-Cysteinyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine" title="5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine">5,6-DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxydopa" title="6-Hydroxydopa">6-Hydroxydopa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-Hydroxydopamine_quinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-Hydroxydopamine quinone (page does not exist)">6-OHDA quinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor">ALDH inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">disulfiram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benomyl" title="Benomyl">Benomyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzin" title="Daidzin">Daidzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOPA_quinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOPA quinone (page does not exist)">DOPA quinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde" title="3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde">DOPAL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOPAL_quinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOPAL quinone (page does not exist)">DOPAL quinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_quinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopamine quinone (page does not exist)">Dopamine quinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpropathrin" title="Fenpropathrin">Fenpropathrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPP%2B" title="HPP+">HPP+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPTP" title="HPTP">HPTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancozeb" title="Mancozeb">Mancozeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneb" title="Maneb">Maneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyone (page does not exist)">Methyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPP%2B" title="MPP+">MPP+ (cyperquat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPTP" title="MPTP">MPTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methylnorsalsolinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methylnorsalsolinol (page does not exist)">N-Methylnorsalsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsalsolinol" title="Norsalsolinol">Norsalsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidopamine" title="Oxidopamine">Oxidopamine (6-OHDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraquat" title="Paraquat">Paraquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenone" title="Rotenone">Rotenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)" title="Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)">Ziram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Noradrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenergic">Noradrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%E2%80%B2-NH2-MPTP" title="2′-NH2-MPTP">2′-NH2-MPTP (2′-amino-MPTP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine" title="2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine">2,4,5-THA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine" title="5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine">5,6-DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine" title="5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine">5,7-DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxydopa" title="6-Hydroxydopa">6-Hydroxydopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde" title="3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde">DOPEGAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP-4" title="DSP-4">DSP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidopamine" title="Oxidopamine">Oxidopamine (6-OHDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylamine" title="Xylamine">Xylamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%E2%80%B2-NH2-MPTP" title="2′-NH2-MPTP">2′-NH2-MPTP (2′-amino-MPTP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dichloroamphetamine" title="2,4-Dichloroamphetamine">2,4-DCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine" title="2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine">2,4,5-THA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine" title="2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine">2,4,5-THMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Chloroamphetamine" title="3-Chloroamphetamine">3-CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloroamphetamine" title="3,4-Dichloroamphetamine">3,4-DCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB (α-ethyl-PCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloromethamphetamine" title="Para-Chloromethamphetamine">4-CMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Iodo-2-aminoindane" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Iodo-2-aminoindane">5-IAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MAPB" title="5-MAPB">5-MAPB (5-MBPB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine" title="5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine">5,6-DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine" title="5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine">5,7-DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine">HHA (α-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine" title="3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine">HHMA (α-methylepinine, α,N-dimethyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPP%2B" title="HPP+">HPP+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPTP" title="HPTP">HPTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBDB" title="MBDB">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">PIA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde" title="5-Hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde">5-HIAL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RHPP%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RHPP+ (page does not exist)">RHPP+</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RHPTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RHPTP (page does not exist)">RHPTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Melatonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Melatonergics">Melatonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phenethylamines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phenethylamines" title="Template:Phenethylamines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phenethylamines" title="Template talk:Phenethylamines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phenethylamines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phenethylamines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phenethylamines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Psychedelics: <a href="/wiki/25B-NBOMe" title="25B-NBOMe">25B-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25C-NBOMe" title="25C-NBOMe">25C-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D-NBOMe" title="25D-NBOMe">25D-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25N-NBOMe" title="25N-NBOMe">25N-NBOMe</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-B-AN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-B-AN (page does not exist)">2C-B-AN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Bn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Bn (page does not exist)">2C-Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Bu (page does not exist)">2C-Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-C" title="2C-C">2C-C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-CN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-CN (page does not exist)">2C-CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-CP" title="2C-CP">2C-CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-D" title="2C-D">2C-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-E" title="2C-E">2C-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-EF" title="2C-EF">2C-EF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-F" title="2C-F">2C-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G" title="2C-G">2C-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-1">2C-G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-2" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-2">2C-G-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-3" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-3">2C-G-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-4" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-4">2C-G-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-5" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-5">2C-G-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-6" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-6">2C-G-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-N" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-N">2C-G-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-H" title="2C-H">2C-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-iP" title="2C-iP">2C-iP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-N" title="2C-N">2C-N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-NH2 (page does not exist)">2C-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-O" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-O">2C-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-O-4" title="2C-O-4">2C-O-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-P" title="2C-P">2C-P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Ph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Ph (page does not exist)">2C-Ph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-SE" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-SE">2C-SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T" title="2C-T">2C-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-2" title="2C-T-2">2C-T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-3" title="2C-T-3">2C-T-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-4" title="2C-T-4">2C-T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-5 (page does not exist)">2C-T-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-6 (page does not exist)">2C-T-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-7" title="2C-T-7">2C-T-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-8" title="2C-T-8">2C-T-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-9" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-T-9">2C-T-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-10 (page does not exist)">2C-T-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-11 (page does not exist)">2C-T-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-12 (page does not exist)">2C-T-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-13" title="2C-T-13">2C-T-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-14 (page does not exist)">2C-T-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-15" title="2C-T-15">2C-T-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-16" title="2C-T-16">2C-T-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-17" title="2C-T-17">2C-T-17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-18 (page does not exist)">2C-T-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-19" title="2C-T-19">2C-T-19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-20 (page does not exist)">2C-T-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-21" title="2C-T-21">2C-T-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-22 (page does not exist)">2C-T-22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-22.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-22.5 (page does not exist)">2C-T-22.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-23 (page does not exist)">2C-T-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-24 (page does not exist)">2C-T-24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-25 (page does not exist)">2C-T-25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-27 (page does not exist)">2C-T-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-28" title="2C-T-28">2C-T-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-30 (page does not exist)">2C-T-30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-31 (page does not exist)">2C-T-31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-32 (page does not exist)">2C-T-32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-33 (page does not exist)">2C-T-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-TFE" title="2C-TFE">2C-TFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-TFM" title="2C-TFM">2C-TFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-YN" title="2C-YN">2C-YN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-V" title="2C-V">2C-V</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allylescaline" title="Allylescaline">Allylescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESOXY" title="DESOXY">DESOXY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escaline" title="Escaline">Escaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoproscaline" title="Isoproscaline">Isoproscaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimscaline" title="Jimscaline">Jimscaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromerine" title="Macromerine">Macromerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine">MEPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaescaline" title="Metaescaline">Metaescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallylescaline" title="Methallylescaline">Methallylescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proscaline" title="Proscaline">Proscaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi-2C-T-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi-2C-T-4">Psi-2C-T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCB-2" title="TCB-2">TCB-2</a></li></ul> Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">Phenylethanolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">α-Methylphenethylamine</a> (amphetamine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Methylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="M-Methylphenethylamine">m-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Methylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Methylphenethylamine">o-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Methylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Methylphenethylamine">p-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a> Others: <a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine" title="3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine">DMPEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Psychedelics: <a href="/wiki/3C-AL" title="3C-AL">3C-AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-BZ" title="3C-BZ">3C-BZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-E" title="3C-E">3C-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-MAL" title="3C-MAL">3C-MAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-P" title="3C-P">3C-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(psychedelic)" title="Aleph (psychedelic)">Aleph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_(psychedelic)" title="Beatrice (psychedelic)">Beatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY" title="Bromo-DragonFLY">Bromo-DragonFLY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-2,5-methoxyphenylcyclopropylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-2,5-methoxyphenylcyclopropylamine">DMCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMMDA" title="DMMDA">DMMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroethylamphetamine">DOEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine">DOET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine">DON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine">DOPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine">DOTFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_(psychedelic)" title="Ganesha (psychedelic)">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA-2" title="MMDA-2">MMDA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi-DOM" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi-DOM">Psi-DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethoxyamphetamine" title="Trimethoxyamphetamine">TMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethoxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetramethoxyamphetamine">TeMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDCM-04" title="ZDCM-04">ZDCM-04</a> Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/2-Fluoroamphetamine" title="2-Fluoroamphetamine">2-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="2-Fluoromethamphetamine">2-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoroamphetamine" title="3-Fluoroamphetamine">3-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="3-Fluoromethamphetamine">3-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acridorex" title="Acridorex">Acridorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfluorex" title="Benfluorex">Benfluorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucetorex" title="Flucetorex">Flucetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepefrine" title="Gepefrine">Gepefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropylamphetamine" title="Isopropylamphetamine">Isopropylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methamphetamine</a> (Dextromethamphetamine, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Norpseudoephedrine" title="L-Norpseudoephedrine">L-Norpseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine">N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxifentorex" title="Oxifentorex">Oxifentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilofrine" title="Oxilofrine">Oxilofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">PFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">PFMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxy-N-ethylamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxy-N-ethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a> Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APB" title="5-APB">5-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDB" title="5-APDB">5-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-EAPB" title="5-EAPB">5-EAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IT" title="5-IT">5-IT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MAPB" title="5-MAPB">5-MAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MAPDB" title="5-MAPDB">5-MAPDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APDB" title="6-APDB">6-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Chloro-MDMA" title="6-Chloro-MDMA">6-Chloro-MDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-EAPB" title="6-EAPB">6-EAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-IT" class="mw-redirect" title="6-IT">6-IT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-MAPB" title="6-MAPB">6-MAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-MAPDB" title="6-MAPDB">6-MAPDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine">EDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">IAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">2,3-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxylmethamphetamine">MDHMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamnetamine" title="Methamnetamine">Methamnetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetralinylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetralinylaminopropane">TAP</a> Others: <a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloroamphetamine" title="3,4-Dichloroamphetamine">3,4-DCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiflamine" title="Amiflamine">Amiflamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiFMDA" class="mw-redirect" title="DiFMDA">DiFMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a> (also <a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etolorex" title="Etolorex">Etolorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a> Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphentermine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphentermine">MDPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphentermine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphentermine">MDMPH</a> Others: <a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">Cathinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/3-Fluoromethcathinone" title="3-Fluoromethcathinone">3-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylcathinone" title="4-Methylcathinone">4-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">4-BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloromethcathinone" title="4-Chloromethcathinone">4-CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Ethylmethcathinone" title="4-Ethylmethcathinone">4-EMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">4-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylethcathinone" title="4-Methylethcathinone">4-MEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylbuphedrone" title="4-Methylbuphedrone">4-MeMABP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylpentedrone" title="4-Methylpentedrone">4-MPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrone" title="Benzedrone">Benzedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brephedrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Brephedrone">Brephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcathinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylcathinone">Dimethylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutylone" title="Eutylone">Eutylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylbuphedrone" title="N-Ethylbuphedrone">NEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylhexedrone" title="N-Ethylhexedrone">N-Ethylhexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylpentedrone" title="N-Ethylpentedrone">N-Ethylpentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentedrone" title="Pentedrone">Pentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylone" title="Pentylone">Pentylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a> Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone" title="3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone">3,4-DMMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methylmethcathinone" title="3-Methylmethcathinone">3-MMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxycathinone" title="Methylenedioxycathinone">Methylenedioxycathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylisobutylamine" title="Phenylisobutylamine">Phenylisobutylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylphenylisobutylamine" title="4-Methylphenylisobutylamine">4-MAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(psychedelic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariadne (psychedelic)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutylone" title="Eutylone">Eutylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBDB" title="MBDB">MBDB</a> Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Phenylisobutylamine" title="Phenylisobutylamine">Phenylisobutylamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">Phenylalkylpyrrolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone">α-PBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone">α-PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone">α-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">α-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MDPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MDPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">4-MePBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">4-MePHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">4-MePPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MOPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone">MOPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">MPHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">Catecholamines</a> (and close relatives)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxydopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="6-Hydroxydopamine">6-OHDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyldopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyldopamine">a-Me-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltyramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltyramine">a-Me-TRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenochrome" title="Adrenochrome">Adrenochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciladopa" title="Ciladopa">Ciladopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-DOPA" title="D-DOPA">D-DOPA</a> (Dextrodopa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetofrine" title="Dimetofrine">Dimetofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(neurotransmitter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine (neurotransmitter)">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinine">Epinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclonine" title="Fenclonine">Fenclonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a> (Levodopa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="L-DOPS">L-DOPS</a> (Droxidopa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Phenylalanine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Tyrosine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Tyramine" title="Meta-Tyramine">m-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaterol" title="Metaterol">Metaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metirosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metirosine">Metirosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyldopamine" title="N,N-Dimethyldopamine">N,N-Dimethyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordefrin">Nordefrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levonordefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonordefrin">Levonordefrin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine">Norfenefrine</a> (m-Octopamine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">p-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">p-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AL-LAD" title="AL-LAD">AL-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafedrine" title="Cafedrine">Cafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH-LAD" title="ETH-LAD">ETH-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapradol" title="Hexapradol">Hexapradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-LAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IP-LAD">IP-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_amide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid amide">Lysergic acid amide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">Lysergic acid diethylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-45" title="MT-45">MT-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PARGY-LAD" title="PARGY-LAD">PARGY-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRO-LAD" title="PRO-LAD">PRO-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronethalol" title="Pronethalol">Pronethalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamphenicol" title="Thiamphenicol">Thiamphenicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UWA-101" title="UWA-101">UWA-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191924#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191924#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191924#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191463-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85084377">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12236956z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12236956z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX551636">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529210905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642628">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methamphetamine&oldid=1258509899">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methamphetamine&oldid=1258509899</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methamphetamine" title="Category:Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1893_introductions" title="Category:1893 introductions">1893 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