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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Telecine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Telecine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Telecine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Telecine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How_telecine_coloring_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_telecine_coloring_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>How telecine coloring works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_telecine_coloring_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_correction/enhancement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_correction/enhancement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Color correction/enhancement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Color_correction/enhancement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Color correction/enhancement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Color_correction/enhancement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_color_grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_color_grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Primary and secondary color grading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_color_grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masks,_mattes,_power_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masks,_mattes,_power_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Color+grading%22">"Color grading"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Color+grading%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Color+grading%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Color+grading%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Color+grading%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Color+grading%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Time_for_Experimentation_(38896311835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Time_for_Experimentation_%2838896311835%29.jpg/220px-A_Time_for_Experimentation_%2838896311835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Time_for_Experimentation_%2838896311835%29.jpg/330px-A_Time_for_Experimentation_%2838896311835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Time_for_Experimentation_%2838896311835%29.jpg/440px-A_Time_for_Experimentation_%2838896311835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A photograph color graded into orange and teal, complementary colors commonly used in Hollywood films</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Color grading</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> process common to <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> of altering the appearance of an image for presentation in different environments on different devices. Various attributes of an image such as contrast, color, saturation, detail, black level, and white balance may be enhanced whether for motion pictures, videos, or still images. Color grading and color correction are often used synonymously as terms for this process and can include the generation of artistic color effects through creative blending and compositing of different layer masks of the source image. Color grading is generally now performed in a digital process either in a controlled environment such as a <a href="/wiki/Color_suite" title="Color suite">color suite</a>, and is usually done in a dim or dark environment. </p><p>The earlier <a href="/wiki/Film_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Film processing">photochemical film process</a>, referred to as <b>color timing</b>, was performed at a <a href="/wiki/Film_laboratory" title="Film laboratory">film lab</a> during <a href="/wiki/Release_print" title="Release print">printing</a> by varying the intensity and color of light used to expose the rephotographed image. Since, with this process alone, the user was unable to immediately view the outcome of their changes, the use of a Hazeltine color analyzer was common for viewing these modifications in real time. In the 2000s, with the increase of digital technology, color grading in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood films">Hollywood films</a> became more common. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_timing">Color timing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Color timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color timing is used in reproducing film elements. "Color grading" was originally a lab term for the process of changing color appearance in film reproduction when going to the <a href="/wiki/Answer_print" title="Answer print">answer print</a> or release print in the film reproduction chain. By the late 2010s, this film grading technique had become known as <i>color timing</i> and still involved changing the duration of exposure through different filters during the film development process. Color timing is specified in <a href="/wiki/Printer_point" title="Printer point">printer points</a> which represent presets in a lab contact printer where 7 to 12 printer points represent one <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">stop</a> of light. The number of points per stop varied based upon negative or print stock and different presets at film labs. </p><p>In a film production, the creative team would meet with the “lab timer” who would watch a running film and make notes dependent upon the team's directions. After the session, the timer would return to the lab and put the film negative on a device (the Hazeltine) which had preview filters with a controlled backlight, picking exact settings of each printer point for each scene. These settings were then punched onto a paper tape and fed to the high-speed printer where the negative was exposed through a backlight to a print stock. Filter settings were changed on the fly to match the printer lights that were on the paper tape. For complex work such as visual effects shots, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Step_wedge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Step wedge (page does not exist)">wedges</a>” running through combinations of filters were sometimes processed to aid the choice of the correct grading. </p><p>This process is used wherever film materials are being reproduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telecine">Telecine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Telecine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">Telecine</a></div> <p>With the advent of television, broadcasters quickly realised the limitations of <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> broadcasts and they turned to broadcasting feature films from release prints directly from a <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">telecine</a>. This was before 1956 when <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a> introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex videotape</a> recorder (VTR) VRX-1000. Live television shows could also be recorded to film and aired at different times in different time zones by filming a video monitor. The heart of this system was the <i><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a></i>, a device for recording a television broadcast to film.<sup id="cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmintovideo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early telecine hardware was the "<a href="/wiki/Film_chain" title="Film chain">film chain</a>" for broadcasting from film and utilized a film projector connected to a video camera. As explained by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_Holben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay Holben (page does not exist)">Jay Holben</a> in <i>American Cinematographer Magazine</i>, "The telecine didn't truly become a viable <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> tool until it was given the ability to perform colour correction on a video signal."<sup id="cite_ref-filmtotape_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmtotape-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_telecine_coloring_works">How telecine coloring works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: How telecine coloring works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) system, an electron beam is projected at a phosphor-coated envelope, producing a small spot of light. This beam is then scanned across a film frame from left to right, capturing the "vertical" frame information. Horizontal scanning of the frame is then accomplished as the film moves past the CRT's beam. Once this photon beam passes through the film frame, it encounters a series of <a href="/wiki/Dichroic_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichroic mirror">dichroic mirrors</a> which separate the image into its primary red, green and blue components. From there, each individual beam is reflected onto a <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier tube</a> (PMT) where the photons are converted into an electronic signal to be recorded to tape. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) <a href="/wiki/Telecine#CCD" title="Telecine">telecine</a>, a white light is shone through the exposed film image onto a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a>, which separates the image into the three primary colors, red, green and blue. Each beam of colored light is then projected at a different CCD, one for each color. The CCD converts the light into an electronic signal, and the telecine electronics modulate these into a video signal that can then be color graded. </p><p>Early color correction on Rank Cintel MkIII CRT <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">telecine</a> systems was accomplished by varying the primary gain voltages on each of the three photomultiplier tubes to vary the output of red, green and blue. Further advancements converted much of the color-processing equipment from analog to digital and then, with the next-generation telecine, the Ursa, the coloring process was completely digital in the 4:2:2 <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>. The Ursa Gold brought about color grading in the full 4:4:4 color space.<sup id="cite_ref-filmtotape_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmtotape-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Color correction control systems started with the Rank Cintel TOPSY (Telecine Operations Programming SYstem) in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmintovideo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984 <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems" title="Da Vinci Systems">Da Vinci Systems</a> introduced their first color corrector, a computer-controlled interface that would manipulate the color voltages on the Rank Cintel MkIII systems. Since then, technology has improved to give extraordinary power to the digital colorist. Today there are many companies making color correction control interfaces including <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems" title="Da Vinci Systems">Da Vinci Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandora_International" title="Pandora International">Pandora International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandora_International#Pogle_color_corrector" title="Pandora International">Pogle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecine#Controllers" title="Telecine">more</a>. </p><p>Some telecines are still in operation in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_correction/enhancement"><span id="Color_correction.2Fenhancement"></span>Color correction/enhancement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Color correction/enhancement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the main artistic functions of color correction (digital color grading) include:<sup id="cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmintovideo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reproducing accurately what was shot</li> <li>Compensating for variations in the material (i.e., film errors, white balance, varying lighting conditions)</li> <li>Compensating for the intended viewing environment (dark, dim, bright surrounds)</li> <li>Optimizing base appearance for inclusion of special visual effects</li> <li>Establishing a desired artistic 'look'</li> <li>Enhancing and/or altering the mood of a scene — the visual equivalent to the musical accompaniment of a film; compare also <a href="/wiki/Film_tinting" title="Film tinting">film tinting</a></li></ul> <p>Note that some of these functions must be prioritized over others; for example, color grading may be done to ensure that the recorded colors match those of the original scene, whereas other times, the goal may instead be to establish a very artificial stylized look. Color grading is one of the most labour intensive parts of video editing. </p><p>Traditionally, color grading was done towards practical goals. For example, in the film <a href="/wiki/Marianne_(2011_film)" title="Marianne (2011 film)"><i>Marianne</i></a>, grading was used so that night scenes could be filmed more cheaply in daylight. Secondary color grading was originally used to establish color continuity; however, the trend today is increasingly moving towards creative goals such as improving the aesthetics of an image, establishing stylized looks, and setting the mood of a scene through color. Due to this trend, some colorists suggest the phrase "color enhancement" over "color correction". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_color_grading">Primary and secondary color grading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary color grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary color grading affects the whole image by providing control over the <a href="/wiki/Sensitometry" title="Sensitometry">color density curves</a> of red, green, blue color channels, across the entire frame. Secondary grading can isolate a range of hue, saturation and brightness values to bring about alterations in hue, saturation and luminance only in that range, allowing the grading of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">secondary colors</a>, while having a minimal or usually no effect on the remainder of the color spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmintovideo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> grading, objects and color ranges within a scene can be isolated with precision and adjusted. Color tints can be manipulated and visual treatments pushed to extremes not physically possible with laboratory processing. With these advancements, the color grading process has become increasingly similar to well-established digital painting techniques, ushering forth a new era of <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">digital cinematography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masks,_mattes,_power_windows"><span id="Masks.2C_mattes.2C_power_windows"></span>Masks, mattes, power windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Masks, mattes, power windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of digital color grading tools has advanced to the point where the colorist can use geometric shapes (such as mattes or masks in photo software such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>) to isolate color adjustments to specific areas of an image. These tools can highlight a wall in the background and color only that wall, leaving the rest of the frame alone, or color everything but that wall. Subsequent color grading tools (typically software-based) have the ability to use spline-based shapes for even greater control over isolating color adjustments. Color keying is also used for isolating areas to adjust. </p><p>Inside and outside of area-based isolations, digital filtration can be applied to soften, sharpen or mimic the effects of traditional glass photographic filters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_tracking">Motion tracking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Motion tracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When trying to isolate a color adjustment on a moving subject, the colorist traditionally would manually move a mask to follow the subject. In its most simple form, motion tracking software automates this time-consuming process using algorithms to evaluate the motion of a group of pixels. These techniques are generally derived from <a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">match moving</a> techniques used in special effects and compositing work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange_and_teal">Orange and teal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orange and teal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s, with the increase of digital technology, color grading in Hollywood films became more common. From 2010, many films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Tub_Time_Machine" title="Hot Tub Time Machine">Hot Tub Time Machine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_2" title="Iron Man 2">Iron Man 2</a>,</i> began using the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">complementary colors</a> orange and teal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_intermediate">Digital intermediate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital intermediate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">Digital intermediate</a></div> <p>The evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">telecine</a> device into <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner" title="Motion picture film scanner">film scanning</a> allowed the digital information scanned from a film negative to be of sufficient resolution to transfer back to film. In the early 1990s, Kodak developed the Cineon Film System to capture, manipulate, and record back to film and they called this the “Digital Intermediate”. This term stuck. The first full digital intermediate of any form was the Cinesite restoration of “<a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"><i>Snow White and The Seven Dwarves</i></a>” in 1993 (previously, in 1990, for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under" title="The Rescuers Down Under">Rescuers Down Under</a></i>, the Disney CAPS system had been used to scan artwork, color and composite it, and then record it to film, but this was also intermixed with a traditional lab development process over a length of time). </p><p>In the late 1990s, the films <i><a href="/wiki/Pleasantville_(film)" title="Pleasantville (film)">Pleasantville</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a></i> advanced the technology to the point that the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> was practical, which greatly expanded the capabilities of the digital telecine colorist to the traditionally-oriented world of feature films. Since 2010, almost all feature films have gone through the DI process, while manipulation through photochemical processing is rare or used on archival films. </p><p>In Hollywood, <i>O Brother, Where Art Thou?</i> was the first film to be wholly digitally graded. The negative was scanned with a <a href="/wiki/Spirit_DataCine" title="Spirit DataCine">Spirit DataCine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">2K</a> resolution, then colors were digitally fine-tuned using a Pandora MegaDef color corrector on a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_telecine#2k_virtual_DataCine_products" title="Virtual telecine">Virtual DataCine</a>. The process took several weeks, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Digital_master" title="Digital master">digital master</a> was output to film again with a Kodak laser <a href="/wiki/Film-out" title="Film-out">recorder</a> to create a master <a href="/wiki/Internegative" title="Internegative">internegative</a>. </p><p>Modern motion picture processing typically uses both digital cameras and digital projectors. Calibrated devices are most commonly used to maintain a consistent appearance within the workflow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware-based_versus_software-based_systems">Hardware-based versus software-based systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hardware-based versus software-based systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colour_grading_with_Scratch_(18000309972).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Colour_grading_with_Scratch_%2818000309972%29.jpg/220px-Colour_grading_with_Scratch_%2818000309972%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Colour_grading_with_Scratch_%2818000309972%29.jpg/330px-Colour_grading_with_Scratch_%2818000309972%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Colour_grading_with_Scratch_%2818000309972%29.jpg/440px-Colour_grading_with_Scratch_%2818000309972%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Color grading with Scratch</figcaption></figure> <p>In early use, hardware-based systems (da Vinci 2K, <a href="/wiki/Pandora_International" title="Pandora International">Pandora International</a> MegaDEF, etc.) have historically offered better performance but a smaller feature set than software-based systems. Their real time performance was optimized to particular resolution and bit depths, as opposed to software platforms using standard computer industry hardware that often trade speed for resolution independence, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Color_(software)" title="Color (software)">Apple's Color</a> (previously Silicon Color Final Touch), <a href="/w/index.php?title=ASSIMILATE_SCRATCH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASSIMILATE SCRATCH (page does not exist)">ASSIMILATE SCRATCH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_SpeedGrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe SpeedGrade">Adobe SpeedGrade</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=SGO_Mistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SGO Mistika (page does not exist)">SGO Mistika</a>. While hardware-based systems always offer real-time performance, some software-based systems need to pre-render as the complexity of the color grading increases. On the other hand, software-based systems tend to have more features such as spline-based windows/masks and advanced motion tracking. </p><p>The line between hardware and software no longer exists as many software-based color correctors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pablo" title="Pablo">Pablo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mistika (page does not exist)">Mistika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCRATCH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCRATCH (page does not exist)">SCRATCH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Lustre" title="Autodesk Lustre">Autodesk Lustre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucoda_Film_Master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucoda Film Master (page does not exist)">Nucoda Film Master</a> and FilmLight's Baselight) use multi processor workstations and a <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> (graphics processing unit) as a means of <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware acceleration</a>. As well, some newer software-based systems use a cluster of multiple parallel GPUs on the one computer system to improve performance at the very high resolutions required for feature film grading. e.g. <a href="/wiki/Blackmagic_Design" title="Blackmagic Design">Blackmagic Design</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DaVinci_Resolve" title="DaVinci Resolve">DaVinci Resolve</a>. Some color grading software like Synthetic Aperture's Color Finesse runs solely as software and will even run on low-end computer systems. High-speed RAID arrays are an essential part of the process for all systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pogle" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pogle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pogle (disambiguation)">Pogle (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Hardware systems are no longer common because of the price/performance of software systems. The control panels are placed in a <a href="/wiki/Color_suite" title="Color suite">color suite</a> for the colorist to operate the telecine remotely. </p> <ul><li>Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> telecines were controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems" title="Da Vinci Systems">Da Vinci Systems</a> color corrector 2k or 2k Plus.</li> <li>Other hardware systems are controlled by Pandora Int.'s Pogle, often with either a MegaDEF, Pixi, or Revolution color grading system.</li> <li>For some real-time systems used in "linear" editing, color grading systems required an edit controller. The edit controller controls the telecine and a <a href="/wiki/VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="VTR">VTR</a>(s) or other recording/playback devices to ensure frame accurate film frame <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear editing system">editing</a>. There are a number of systems which can be used for edit control. Some color grading products such as Pandora Int.'s Pogle have a built-in edit controller. Otherwise, a separate device such as <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems" title="Da Vinci Systems">Da Vinci Systems</a>' TLC edit controller would be used.</li> <li>Older systems are: Renaissance, Classic analog, <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems" title="Da Vinci Systems">Da Vinci Systems</a>'s: The Whiz (1982) and 888; The Corporate Communications's System 60XL (1982–1989) and Copernicus-Sunburst; Bosch <a href="/wiki/Fernseh" title="Fernseh">Fernseh</a>'s FRP-60 (1983–1989); Dubner (1978–1985?), <a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Cintel</a>'s TOPSY (1978), Amigo (1983), and ARCAS (1992) systems. All of these older systems work only with <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-definition">standard-definition</a> <a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">525</a> and <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">625</a> video signals, and are considered near obsolete today.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-light" title="One-light">One-light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-filmintovideo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filmintovideo_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kallenberger, Richard H., Cvjetnicanin, George D. (1994). <i>Film into Video: A Guide to Merging the Technologies</i>. Focal Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80215-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80215-2">0-240-80215-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmtotape-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-filmtotape_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filmtotape_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holben, Jay (May 1999). "From Film to Tape" <i>American Cinematographer Magazine</i>, pp. 108–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad2010" class="citation news cs1">Hoad, Phil (26 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/26/colour-grading-orange-teal-hollywood">"Hollywood's new colour craze"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hollywood%27s+new+colour+craze&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2010%2Faug%2F26%2Fcolour-grading-orange-teal-hollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+grading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_grading&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloristsociety.com/">Colorist Society International (CSI) - The Professional Body for Colourists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128070719/http://www.editorslounge.com/special-coloringwithalphadogs/oct2014-coloring.html">Why Do You Need Color Correction, video by Terence Curren, senior colorist at Apha Dogs, Inc.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Film_crew_(filmmaking)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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actor">Supporting actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">Ensemble cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_actor" title="Character actor">Character actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_actor" title="Child actor">Child actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">Cameo actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_part" title="Bit part">Bit actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-five" title="Under-five">Under-five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">Voice actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">Film director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">Film producer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">Executive producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_producer" title="Line producer">Line producer</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_production_manager" title="Unit production manager">Unit production manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_coordinator" title="Production coordinator">Production coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Production accountant">Production accountant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_director" title="Assistant director">Assistant director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_assistant" title="Production assistant">Production assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_supervisor" title="Script supervisor">Script supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_coordinator" title="Script coordinator">Script coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)" title="Casting (performing arts)">Casting director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_manager" title="Location manager">Location manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_scouting" title="Location scouting">Location scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard_artist" title="Storyboard artist">Storyboard artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">Cinematographer / director of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">Camera operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_puller" title="Focus puller">Focus puller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapper_loader" title="Clapper loader">Clapper loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging_technician" title="Digital imaging technician">Digital imaging technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_unit" title="Second unit">Second unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(occupation)" title="Gaffer (occupation)">Gaffer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_boy" title="Best boy">Best boy electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_grip" title="Key grip">Key grip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_boy" title="Best boy">Best boy grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_grip" title="Dolly grip">Dolly grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(occupation)" title="Grip (occupation)">Grip</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production <br /> design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Set_(film_and_TV_scenery)" title="Set (film and TV scenery)">Sets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_director#In_film" title="Art director">Art director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_decorator" title="Set decorator">Set decorator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dresser" title="Set dresser">Set dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_gang" title="Swing gang">Swing gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensman" title="Greensman">Greensman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Props" class="mw-redirect" title="Props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_master" title="Weapons master">Weapons master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Wardrobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special<br />effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects_supervisor" title="Special effects supervisor">Special effects supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects_supervisor" title="Visual effects supervisor">Visual effects supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hairdresser" title="Hairdresser">Hairdresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_audiography" title="Director of audiography">Director of audiography / sound director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sound_mixer" title="Production sound mixer">Production sound mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_operator_(media)" title="Boom operator (media)">Boom operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_sound_technician" title="Utility sound technician">Utility sound technician</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Layout artist">Layout artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Talent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">Acting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_coach" title="Acting coach">Acting coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Body double">Body double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_coach" title="Dialect coach">Dialect coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_director" title="Movement director">Movement director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">Talent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-in" title="Stand-in">Stand-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acting_instructor" title="Acting instructor">Acting instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimacy_coordinator" title="Intimacy coordinator">Intimacy coordinator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunts">Stunts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_coordinator" title="Stunt coordinator">Stunt coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunt double">Stunt double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">Stunt performer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(profession)#Film_industry" title="Wrangler (profession)">Animal wrangler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture">Picture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Sound editor (filmmaking)">Sound editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_editor" title="Dialogue editor">Dialogue editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foley_(filmmaking)" title="Foley (filmmaking)">Foley artist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_foley" title="Voice foley">Voice foley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#ADR/post-sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">ADR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Subtitles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Subtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Score</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_supervisor" title="Music supervisor">Music supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Music editor (filmmaking)">Music editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual<br />effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VFX_creative_director" title="VFX creative director">VFX creative director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director#Film" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_still_photographer" title="Unit still photographer">Unit still photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft services">Craft services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_processing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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