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searchaux" style="display:none">Repeated invasions of the Kingdom of Georgia by Seljuq-led Turkic tribes in the 11th century</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Great Turkish Invasion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Seljuk_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rise of the Seljuk Empire (page does not exist)">Rise of the Seljuk Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg/300px-Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg/450px-Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg/600px-Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1080</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> & <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anatolia">East Anatolia</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Seljuk victory </p> <ul><li>The rise of the Seljuk Empire as a great power.</li> <li>Turkification of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</li> <li>Expanding Turkish culture and language in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_east" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle east">middle east</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> under <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> rule</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia" title="George II of Georgia">George II of Georgia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Sultan 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgian–Seljuk_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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Ertsukhi">Ertsukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trialeti" title="Battle of Trialeti">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tao (page does not exist)">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rakhsi" title="Battle of Rakhsi">Rakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Botora" title="Battle of Botora">Botora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Didgori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Turkish Invasion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Eastern_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Eastern Georgia">Kingdom of Eastern Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgian historiography</a>, the <b>Great Turkish Invasion</b>, also translated as the <b>Great Turkish Troubles</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">დიდი თურქობა</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">didi turkoba</span>), refers to the continuous attacks and settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Turkic tribes</a> in the Georgian lands during the reign of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia" title="George II of Georgia">George II</a> in the 1080s. The term has its origin in the 12th-century Georgian chronicle<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is accepted in the modern scholarship of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. The Seljuq invasions resulted in a severe crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">kingdom of Georgia</a>, leaving several of its provinces depopulated and weakening the royal authority, until the tide was reversed by the military victories of King <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV</a> (r. 1089–1125).<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-34_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Turkish_Invasion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a> made their first appearances in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> in the 1060s, when the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> laid waste to the south-western provinces of the Georgian kingdom and reduced <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a>. These intruders were part of the same wave of the Turkish movement which inflicted a crushing defeat on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Manzikert</a> in 1071.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-34_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion, the Byzantine withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> brought them in more direct contact with the Seljuks. In the 1070s, Georgia was twice attacked by the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah I">Malik Shah I</a>, but the Georgian <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia" title="George II of Georgia">King George II</a> was still able to fight back at times.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-310_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-310-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Turkish_Invasion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Sel%C3%A7uklu_Sultan%C4%B1_Melik%C5%9Fah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Sel%C3%A7uklu_Sultan%C4%B1_Melik%C5%9Fah.jpg/220px-B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Sel%C3%A7uklu_Sultan%C4%B1_Melik%C5%9Fah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Sel%C3%A7uklu_Sultan%C4%B1_Melik%C5%9Fah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik Shah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1080, George II was surprised, in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Queli" title="Queli">Queli</a>, by a large Turkish force led by Aḥmad, probably of the <a href="/wiki/Rawadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawadid">Mamlān</a> dynasty, whom the Georgian chronicle calls "a powerful emir and strong archer". George was put to flight, through <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>. The Turks conquered <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> from the Georgians and returned to their bases laden with wealth <sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-310_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-310-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was soon followed by even larger inroads, led by Yaʿqub and ʿIsā-Böri. On June 24, 1080,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the half-nomadic Turks began to arrive en masse in the southern provinces of Georgia, quickly moving deeper into the country and overrunning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asispori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asispori (page does not exist)">Asispori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Klarjeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavsheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shavsheti">Shavsheti</a>, Adjara, <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe">Samtskhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argueti" class="mw-redirect" title="Argueti">Argueti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samokalako" class="mw-redirect" title="Samokalako">Samokalako</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chqondidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chqondidi">Chqondidi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen-93-94_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-93-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key towns of <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artanuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Artanuji">Artanuji</a> and the vibrant Christian hermitages of Klarjeti were all burnt down. Those who survived the fighting had to flee to the mountains, where many of them found their death of cold and starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watching his kingdom being destroyed, George II, in despair, repaired to <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, to Malik Shah, who treated the Georgian monarch with much consideration and promised security from the nomads in exchange of a tribute (<i><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-312-3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-312-3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Turkish_Invasion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_1090_AC_de_alt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caucasus_1090_AC_de_alt.svg/220px-Caucasus_1090_AC_de_alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caucasus_1090_AC_de_alt.svg/330px-Caucasus_1090_AC_de_alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caucasus_1090_AC_de_alt.svg/440px-Caucasus_1090_AC_de_alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Caucasus <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1090</figcaption></figure> <p>George's acceptance of the Seljuq suzerainty did not bring a real peace for Georgia. The Turks continued their seasonal movement into the Georgian territory to make use of the rich herbage of the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura valley</a> and the Seljuq garrisons occupied the key fortresses in Georgia's south.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen-98_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-98-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inroads and settlements had a ruinous effect on Georgia's economic and political order. Cultivated lands were turned into pastures for the nomads and peasant farmers were compelled to seek safety in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-34_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary Georgian chronicler laments that "in those times there was neither sowing nor harvest. The land was ruined and turned into forest; in place of men beasts and animals of the field made their dwelling there. Insufferable oppression fell on all the inhabitants of the land; it was unparalleled and far worse than all ravages heard of or experienced."<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar situation was found in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> as related in <a href="/wiki/Aristakes_Lastivertsi" title="Aristakes Lastivertsi">Aristakes Lastivertsi</a>'s chronicle.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-76_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-76-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make the things worse, a severe <a href="/wiki/1088_Tmogvi_earthquake" title="1088 Tmogvi earthquake">earthquake</a> struck the southern provinces of Georgia, devastating <a href="/wiki/Tmogvi" title="Tmogvi">Tmogvi</a> and the surrounding area on April 16, 1088.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-314_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-314-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donor_figure_wearing_sharbush,_qaba_and_tiraz._Church_of_the_Archangels,_Zemo-Krikhi,_Racha,_northern_Georgia,_Inv._No._03086-75.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Donor_figure_wearing_sharbush%2C_qaba_and_tiraz._Church_of_the_Archangels%2C_Zemo-Krikhi%2C_Racha%2C_northern_Georgia%2C_Inv._No._03086-75.jpg/220px-Donor_figure_wearing_sharbush%2C_qaba_and_tiraz._Church_of_the_Archangels%2C_Zemo-Krikhi%2C_Racha%2C_northern_Georgia%2C_Inv._No._03086-75.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Donor_figure_wearing_sharbush%2C_qaba_and_tiraz._Church_of_the_Archangels%2C_Zemo-Krikhi%2C_Racha%2C_northern_Georgia%2C_Inv._No._03086-75.jpg/330px-Donor_figure_wearing_sharbush%2C_qaba_and_tiraz._Church_of_the_Archangels%2C_Zemo-Krikhi%2C_Racha%2C_northern_Georgia%2C_Inv._No._03086-75.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Donor_figure_wearing_sharbush%2C_qaba_and_tiraz._Church_of_the_Archangels%2C_Zemo-Krikhi%2C_Racha%2C_northern_Georgia%2C_Inv._No._03086-75.jpg/440px-Donor_figure_wearing_sharbush%2C_qaba_and_tiraz._Church_of_the_Archangels%2C_Zemo-Krikhi%2C_Racha%2C_northern_Georgia%2C_Inv._No._03086-75.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2558" /></a><figcaption>Donor figure wearing <i><a href="/wiki/Sharbush" title="Sharbush">sharbush</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Qaba" title="Qaba">qaba</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">tiraz</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Zemo_Krikhi_church" title="Zemo Krikhi church">Church of the Archangels</a>, Zemo-Krikhi, Racha, northern Georgia. 11th century, Inv. No. 03086-75.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The great nobles of Georgia capitalized on weakening of the royal power to promote their autonomy. George II attempted to make use of Malik Shah's favor to bend <a href="/wiki/Aghsartan_I_of_Kakheti" title="Aghsartan I of Kakheti">Aghsartan I</a>, the recalcitrant king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia, into submission, but failed to achieve any result due largely to his contradictory actions. Aghsartan was able to outplay him by offering submission to Malik Shah and buy security by converting to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-34_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-313_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-313-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-78_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-78-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Turkish_Invasion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Giorgi_II_king_of_GEORGIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coin_of_Giorgi_II_king_of_GEORGIA.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Giorgi_II_king_of_GEORGIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coin_of_Giorgi_II_king_of_GEORGIA.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Giorgi_II_king_of_GEORGIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coin_of_Giorgi_II_king_of_GEORGIA.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Giorgi_II_king_of_GEORGIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Coin of George II, 1081-1089</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costume_of_a_King_of_the_Georgian_royal_court_in_the_period_circa_1215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Costume_of_a_King_of_the_Georgian_royal_court_in_the_period_circa_1215.jpg/170px-Costume_of_a_King_of_the_Georgian_royal_court_in_the_period_circa_1215.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Costume_of_a_King_of_the_Georgian_royal_court_in_the_period_circa_1215.jpg/255px-Costume_of_a_King_of_the_Georgian_royal_court_in_the_period_circa_1215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Costume_of_a_King_of_the_Georgian_royal_court_in_the_period_circa_1215.jpg/340px-Costume_of_a_King_of_the_Georgian_royal_court_in_the_period_circa_1215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>Costume of a King of the Georgian royal court in the period circa 1215. <a href="/wiki/St_Gregory_of_Tigran_Honents" title="St Gregory of Tigran Honents">St Gregory of Tigran Honents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Such was the situation in Georgia, when, in 1089, George II chose to put the crown—or was forced to do so by his nobles—on the head of his 16-year-old son David IV.<sup id="cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-78_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lordkipanidze-78-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond-46_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-46-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This energetic young ruler was able to capitalize on the disorder in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuq empire</a> following Malik Shah's death in 1092 and the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in 1096 and embarked on a systematic campaign aimed at curbing the aristocratic opposition and expelling the Seljuqs from his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen-98_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-98-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1099, the year when <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> fell to the Crusaders, David felt strong enough to withhold annual tribute paid to the Seljuqs.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-317_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suny-35_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-35-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A string of military successes over the regional successors of the Seljuq empire was concluded by a major victory over the Muslim armies at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Didgori</a> in 1121, which made the Georgian kingdom a formidable power in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anatolia">East Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny-36-7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-36-7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peacock-127_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock-127-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Turkish_Invasion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-311-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-311_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1996">Thomson 1996</a>, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-34-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-34_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-34_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-34_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny-34_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-310-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-310_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-310_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1996">Thomson 1996</a>, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-93-94-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen-93-94_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1932">Allen 1932</a>, pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-312-3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-312-3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1996">Thomson 1996</a>, pp. 312–313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-98-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen-98_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen-98_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1932">Allen 1932</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lordkipanidze-76-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-76_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidze1987">Lordkipanidze 1987</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-314-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-314_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1996">Thomson 1996</a>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlood2017" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35061254/A_Turk_in_the_Dukhang_Comparative_Perspectives_on_Elite_Dress_in_Medieval_Ladakh_and_the_Caucasus"><i>A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus</i></a>. Austrian Academy of Science. p. 253, Fig. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Turk+in+the+Dukhang%3F+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Elite+Dress+in+Medieval+Ladakh+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=253%2C+Fig.+20&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Science&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35061254%2FA_Turk_in_the_Dukhang_Comparative_Perspectives_on_Elite_Dress_in_Medieval_Ladakh_and_the_Caucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-313-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-313_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1996">Thomson 1996</a>, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lordkipanidze-78-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-78_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lordkipanidze-78_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLordkipanidze1987">Lordkipanidze 1987</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eastmond, Antony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20060787">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Local" Saints, Art, and Regional Identity in the Orthodox World after the Fourth Crusade"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 740. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <q>The king to the left of Trdat has a distinct crown and a costume that closely matches that worn by members of the Georgian royal court in this period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=%22Local%22+Saints%2C+Art%2C+and+Regional+Identity+in+the+Orthodox+World+after+the+Fourth+Crusade&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=740&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20060787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond-46-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond-46_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastmond1998">Eastmond 1998</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-317-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-317_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1996">Thomson 1996</a>, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-35-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suny-35_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-36-7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suny-36-7_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peacock-127-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peacock-127_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeacock2006">Peacock 2006</a>, p. 127</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Turkish_Invasion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1932" class="citation book cs1">Allen, W.E.D. (1932). <i>A history of the Georgian people; from the beginning down to the Russian conquest in the nineteenth century</i>. London: Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-6959-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-6959-6"><bdi>0-7100-6959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Georgian+people%3B+from+the+beginning+down+to+the+Russian+conquest+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=0-7100-6959-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.E.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond1998" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony (1998). <i>Royal imagery in medieval Georgia</i>. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271016280" title="Special:BookSources/0271016280"><bdi>0271016280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+imagery+in+medieval+Georgia&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0271016280&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLordkipanidze1987" class="citation book cs1">Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). <i>Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries</i>. Tbilisi: Ganatleba. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976720564">976720564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+the+XI-XII+Centuries&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Ganatleba&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F976720564&rft.aulast=Lordkipanidze&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2006" class="citation journal cs1">Peacock, Andrew (2006). "Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries". <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>56</b>: 127–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066154600000806">10.1017/S0066154600000806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065551">20065551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155798755">155798755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Georgia+and+the+Anatolian+Turks+in+the+12th+and+13th+centuries&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=127-146&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155798755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20065551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066154600000806&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). <i>The making of the Georgian nation</i> (2. ed.). Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253209153" title="Special:BookSources/0253209153"><bdi>0253209153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+Georgian+nation&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0253209153&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Robert W. (1996). <i>Rewriting Caucasian history: the medieval Armenian adaptation of the Georgian chronicles ; the original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198263732" title="Special:BookSources/0198263732"><bdi>0198263732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+Caucasian+history%3A+the+medieval+Armenian+adaptation+of+the+Georgian+chronicles+%3B+the+original+Georgian+texts+and+the+Armenian+adaptation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0198263732&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Turkish+Invasion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Invasions_of_Georgia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Invasions_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Invasions of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scytho-Cimmerian_invasions_of_Caucasus_and_the_Ancient_Near_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of Caucasus and the Ancient Near East (page does not exist)">Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Georgian campaign of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Sasanian invasion of 526–532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Sasanian invasion of 541–562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War#Siege_of_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Turkic-Byzantine invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Sajid invasion of Georgia">Sajid invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine invasion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Turkish Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azat_Mousa%27s_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Azat Mousa's invasion of Georgia">Azat Mousa's invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah_Tahmasp_I%27s_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia (page does not exist)">Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha%27s_Caucasian_campaign" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign">Ottoman invasion of 1578</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's sack of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russian intervention of 2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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