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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of concepts related to organizational theory</div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Outline_(list)" title="Outline (list)">outline</a> is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organizational theory: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">Organizational theory</a></b> – the interdisciplinary study of social <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a>. Organizational theory also concerns understanding how groups of individuals behave, which may differ from the behavior of individuals. The theories of organizations include bureaucracy, rationalization (scientific management), and the division of labor. </p><p>Each theory provides distinct advantages and disadvantages when applied. The classical perspective emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the private sector and the need for improved <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> in the public sector. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_organization" title="Community organization">Community organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_organization" title="Formal organization">Formal organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_organization" title="Articles of organization">Articles of organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_structure" title="Corporate structure">Corporate structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-regulatory_organization" title="Self-regulatory organization">Self-regulatory organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_organization" title="Functional organization">Functional organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_organization" title="Informal organization">Informal organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_organization" title="Intellectual property organization">Intellectual property organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_organization" title="Membership organization">Membership organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">Charitable organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">Consumer organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_organization" title="Multidimensional organization">Multidimensional organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_organisation" title="Organic organisation">Organic organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">Pacifist organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_organization" title="Participatory organization">Participatory organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_network" title="Collaborative network">Collaborative network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">Umbrella organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_organization" title="Emergent organization">Emergent organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_organization" title="Sister organization">Sister organization</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Advocacy group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employers%27_organization" title="Employers' organization">Employers' organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">Front organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_organization" title="Hybrid organization">Hybrid organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Military organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-organization" title="Meta-organization">Meta-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_services_network" title="Professional services network">Professional services network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_organization" title="Virtual organization">Virtual organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">Co-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_concept_mapping" title="Group concept mapping">Group concept mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">Collective action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoupling_(organizational_studies)" title="Decoupling (organizational studies)">Decoupling (organizational studies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">Deliberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fail_fast_(business)" title="Fail fast (business)">Fail fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_effect" title="Hawthorne effect">Hawthorne effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_logic" title="Institutional logic">Institutional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_learning" title="Just-in-time learning">Just-in-time learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_organization" title="Learning organization">Learning organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_model" title="Maturity model">Maturity model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_hierarchical_complexity" title="Model of hierarchical complexity">Model of hierarchical complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Public_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="New Public Management">New Public Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Organizational patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participative_decision-making_in_organizations" title="Participative decision-making in organizations">Participative decision-making in organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal-agent_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal-agent problem">Principal-agent problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior-subordinate_communication" title="Superior-subordinate communication">Superior-subordinate communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology%E2%80%93organization%E2%80%93environment_framework" title="Technology–organization–environment framework">Technology–organization–environment framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_redundancy" title="Voluntary redundancy">Voluntary redundancy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I/O_psychology"><span id="I.2FO_psychology"></span>I/O psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: I/O psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational psychology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industrial_organization" title="Outline of industrial organization">Outline of industrial organization</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Job_characteristic_theory" title="Job characteristic theory">Job characteristic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader%E2%80%93member_exchange_theory" title="Leader–member exchange theory">Leader–member exchange theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_climate" title="Organisation climate">Organisation climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_identification" title="Organizational identification">Organizational identification</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requisite_organization" title="Requisite organization">Requisite organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_activation_theory" title="Trait activation theory">Trait activation theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organizational architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Organizational chart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Organizational structure</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_organizational_structure" title="Cellular organizational structure">Cellular organizational structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departmentalization" title="Departmentalization">Departmentalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_organization" title="Flat organization">Flat organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostructure" title="Technostructure">Technostructure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Organizational behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_effectiveness" title="Organizational effectiveness">Organizational effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Organizational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_identity" title="Organizational identity">Organizational identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_digital_identity" title="Organizational digital identity">Organizational digital identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_identification" title="Organizational identification">Organizational identification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_safety" title="Organizational safety">Organizational safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Organizational space</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor_network_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Actor network theory">Actor network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_theory" title="Contingency theory">Contingency theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)" title="Imprinting (organizational theory)">Imprinting (organizational theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalization_theory" title="Internalization theory">Internalization theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory" title="Institutional theory">Institutional theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_theory" title="Order theory">Order theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_information_theory" title="Organizational information theory">Organizational information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_dependence_theory" title="Resource dependence theory">Resource dependence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network theory">Social network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_theory" title="Stakeholder theory">Stakeholder theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Choice_Theory" title="Strategic Choice Theory">Strategic Choice Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intentionality" title="Collective intentionality">Collective intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity_and_inclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Diversity, equity and inclusion">Diversity, equity and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_analysis" title="Organizational analysis">Organizational analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis" title="Organizational network analysis">Organizational network analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_assimilation" title="Organizational assimilation">Organizational assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Organizational chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ecology" title="Organizational ecology">Organizational ecology</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ethics" title="Organizational ethics">Organizational ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_justice" title="Organizational justice">Organizational justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_technoethics" title="Organizational technoethics">Organizational technoethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational performance">Organizational performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisational_semiotics" title="Organisational semiotics">Organisational semiotics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizational_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational studies">Organizational studies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organizations" title="History of organizations">History of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_climate" title="Organisation climate">Organisation climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_adaptation" title="Organizational adaptation">Organizational adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_storytelling" title="Organizational storytelling">Organizational storytelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_capital" title="Organizational capital">Organizational capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_life_cycle" title="Organizational life cycle">Organizational life cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_learning" title="Organizational learning">Organizational learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_memory" title="Organizational memory">Organizational memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_metacognition" title="Organizational metacognition">Organizational metacognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambidextrous_organization" title="Ambidextrous organization">Ambidextrous organization</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Barnard" title="Chester Barnard">Chester Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Waldo" title="Dwight Waldo">Dwight Waldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_Mayo" title="Elton Mayo">Elton Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Parker_Follett" title="Mary Parker Follett">Mary Parker Follett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbo_de_Sitter_(sociologist)" title="Ulbo de Sitter (sociologist)">Ulbo de Sitter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cyert, Richard & March, James (1963). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Behavioral_Theory_of_the_Firm" title="A Behavioral Theory of the Firm">A Behavioral Theory of the Firm</a></i></li> <li>Simon, Herbert A. (1947). <i><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Behavior" title="Administrative Behavior">Administrative Behavior</a></i></li> <li>Weber, Max (1968). <i><a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a></i></li> <li>Waldo, Dwight (1948). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Administrative_State" title="The Administrative State">The Administrative State</a></i></li> <li>Senge, Peter (1990). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline" title="The Fifth Discipline">The Fifth Discipline</a></i></li> <li>Barnard, Chester (1938). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Functions_of_the_Executive" title="The Functions of the Executive">The Functions of the Executive</a></i></li> <li>Lipset, Seymour Martin et al. (1956). <i><a href="/wiki/Union_Democracy" title="Union Democracy">Union Democracy</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_lists">Related lists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Outline of academic disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industrial_organization" title="Outline of industrial organization">Outline of industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline of sociology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPasmoreFrancisHaldemanShani1982" class="citation journal cs1">Pasmore, William; Francis, Carole; Haldeman, Jeffrey; Shani, Abraham (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/001872678203501207">"Sociotechnical Systems: A North American Reflection on Empirical Studies of the Seventies"</a>. <i>Human Relations</i>. <b>35</b> (12). SAGE Journals: <span class="nowrap">1179–</span>1204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001872678203501207">10.1177/001872678203501207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145396363">145396363</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Relations&rft.atitle=Sociotechnical+Systems%3A+A+North+American+Reflection+on+Empirical+Studies+of+the+Seventies&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1179-%3C%2Fspan%3E1204&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001872678203501207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145396363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pasmore&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Francis%2C+Carole&rft.au=Haldeman%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Shani%2C+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F001872678203501207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+organizational+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfshariYoungGibsonKarimi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Afshari, Leila; Young, Suzanne; Gibson, Paul; Karimi, Leila (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PR-04-2019-0148/full/html">"Organizational commitment: exploring the role of identity"</a>. <i>Personnel Review</i>. <b>49</b> (3). Emerald Insight: <span class="nowrap">774–</span>790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FPR-04-2019-0148">10.1108/PR-04-2019-0148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210553616">210553616</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personnel+Review&rft.atitle=Organizational+commitment%3A+exploring+the+role+of+identity&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E774-%3C%2Fspan%3E790&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FPR-04-2019-0148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210553616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Afshari&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft.au=Young%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Paul&rft.au=Karimi%2C+Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FPR-04-2019-0148%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+organizational+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrne1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ahrne, Göran (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/protosociology/content/protosociology_1992_0003_0052_0060">"Outline of an Organizational Theory of Society"</a>. <i>Protosociology</i>. <b>3</b>. Philosophy Documentation Center: <span class="nowrap">52–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fprotosociology1992320">10.5840/protosociology1992320</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protosociology&rft.atitle=Outline+of+an+Organizational+Theory+of+Society&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fprotosociology1992320&rft.aulast=Ahrne&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Fprotosociology%2Fcontent%2Fprotosociology_1992_0003_0052_0060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+organizational+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaligh2006" class="citation book cs1">Baligh, Helmy H. (2006). <i>Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387258478" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387258478"><bdi>978-0387258478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organization+Structures%3A+Theory+and+Design%2C+Analysis+and+Prescription&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0387258478&rft.aulast=Baligh&rft.aufirst=Helmy+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+organizational+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrow2000" class="citation journal cs1">Perrow, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2653934">"An Organizational Analysis of Organizational Theory"</a>. <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2653934">10.2307/2653934</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2653934">2653934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.atitle=An+Organizational+Analysis+of+Organizational+Theory&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2653934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2653934%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Perrow&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2653934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+organizational+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchterbergVriens2010" class="citation book cs1">Achterberg, Jan; Vriens, Dirk (2010). <i>Organizations: Social Systems Conducting Experiments</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14316-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14316-8"><bdi>978-3-642-14316-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizations%3A+Social+Systems+Conducting+Experiments&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-14316-8&rft.aulast=Achterberg&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Vriens%2C+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+organizational+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_organizational_theory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template talk:Aspects of organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects of organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aspects_of_organizations374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blame#In_organizations" title="Blame">Blame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_capital" title="Organizational capital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_organizational_structure" title="Cellular organizational structure">Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_citizenship_behavior" title="Organizational citizenship behavior">Citizenship behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_climate" title="Organisation climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_theory_and_organizations" title="Complexity theory and organizations">Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_diagnostics" title="Organizational diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ecology" title="Organizational ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_effectiveness" title="Organizational effectiveness">Effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ethics" title="Organizational ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_field" title="Organizational field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_identification" title="Organizational identification">Identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_intelligence" title="Organizational intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_justice" title="Organizational justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_learning" title="Organizational learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_life_cycle" title="Organizational life cycle">Life cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis" title="Organizational network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ombudsman" title="Organizational ombudsman">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceived_organizational_support" title="Perceived organizational support">Perceived support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(organizational)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resilience (organizational)">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_retaliatory_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational retaliatory behavior">Retaliatory behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_safety" title="Organizational safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_storytelling" title="Organizational storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_workshop" title="Organization workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organizations" title="History of organizations">History of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_studies" 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