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kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Perisa" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Perisa" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Perisa" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Perisa" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pemerisa_atau_bahan_perisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemerisa_atau_bahan_perisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pemerisa atau bahan perisa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pemerisa_atau_bahan_perisa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pemerisa atau bahan perisa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pemerisa_atau_bahan_perisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Warna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penentuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penentuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Penentuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penentuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_saintifik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_saintifik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sumber saintifik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_saintifik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perisa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 38 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87%D8%A9" title="نكهة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نكهة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyedap_rasa" title="Penyedap rasa – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyedap rasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phang-li%C4%81u" title="Phang-liāu – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phang-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagtabang" title="Pagtabang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagtabang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gschmo" title="Gschmo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gschmo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ароматизанти – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ароматизанти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabor" title="Sabor – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sabor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma" title="Aroma – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aroma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma" title="Aroma – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aroma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flavoring" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabor" title="Sabor – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sabor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapore" title="Zapore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zapore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="طعم‌دهنده – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طعم‌دهنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%B4me" title="Arôme – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arôme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabor" title="Sabor – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sabor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%A5%EB%AF%B8_(%EB%A7%9B)" title="향미 (맛) – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="향미 (맛)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="सुवास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुवास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97" title="חומרי טעם וריח – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומרי טעם וריח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa" title="Rasa – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rasa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gou" title="Gou – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapor" title="Sapor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sapor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardis" title="Gardis – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_(voedingsadditief)" title="Aroma (voedingsadditief) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aroma (voedingsadditief)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="香料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor" title="Flavor – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Flavor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavorizante" title="Flavorizante – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Flavorizante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arom%C4%83" title="Aromă – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aromă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ароматизаторы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ароматизаторы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor" title="Flavor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flavor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maku" title="Maku – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arom%C3%A4mne" title="Aromämne – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aromämne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasa" title="Lasa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lasa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA" title="รส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Hương liệu – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hương liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma" title="Aroma – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aroma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ароматизатори – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ароматизатори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%91%B3" title="口味 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="口味" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="香料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4173974#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perisa" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Perisa&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perisa"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perisa"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Perisa" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Perisa" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&oldid=5782778" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Perisa&id=5782778&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerisa"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerisa"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Perisa"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Perisa&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_flavorings" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4173974" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Perisa</b> atau <b>rasa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_British" title="Bahasa Inggeris British">Bahasa Inggeris British</a>; <i>flavour</i>) ialah gambaran deria untuk <a href="/wiki/Makanan" title="Makanan">makanan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Bahan_kimia" title="Bahan kimia">bahan</a> lain, dan ditentukan terutamanya oleh deria bahan kimia <a href="/wiki/Rasa" title="Rasa">rasa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Deria_bau" title="Deria bau">bau</a>. "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deria_trigeminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deria trigeminal (laman tidak wujud)">Deria trigeminal</a>", yang mengesan kimia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perengsaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perengsaan (laman tidak wujud)">perangsang</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Mulut" title="Mulut">mulut</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tekak" title="Tekak">tekak</a>, serta suhu dan tekstur, juga penting untuk keseluruhan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psikologi_gestalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psikologi gestalt (laman tidak wujud)">gestalt</a> persepsi rasa. Rasa makanan boleh diubah dengan perisa <a href="/wiki/Alam_semula_jadi" title="Alam semula jadi">asli</a> atau buatan yang akan mempengaruhi deria ini. </p><p>"Bahan perisa" ditakrifkan sebagai bahan yang memberikan rasa kepada satu lagi bahan, mengubah ciri-ciri zat terlarut, menyebabkan ia menjadi manis, masam, tajam, dan lain-lain. </p><p>Dari ketiga-tiga deria kimia, bau adalah penentu utama rasa makanan. Walaupun hanya lima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasa_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasa asas (laman tidak wujud)">rasa asas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Manis" title="Manis">manis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masam" title="Masam">masam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahit (laman tidak wujud)">pahit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masin" title="Masin">masin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a> (savori) diiktiraf secara universal, jumlah bau makanan tidak dibatasi. Oleh itu, rasa makanan dapat dengan mudah diubah dengan mengubah baunya sambil mengekalkan rasa yang sama. Ini dicontohkan dalam pencuci mulut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelatin_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelatin buatan (laman tidak wujud)">jeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minuman_ringan" title="Minuman ringan">minuman ringan</a> dan gula-gula, yang, sementara terbuat dari asas dengan rasa yang sama, mempunyai rasa yang berbeza secara dramatik kerana penggunaan aroma atau wangian yang berbeza. Perisa produk makanan yang dihasilkan secara komersial biasanya dibuat oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavoris (laman tidak wujud)">flavoris</a>. </p><p>Walaupun istilah bahan perisa (<i>flavouring</i>) dan pemerisa (<i>flavourant</i>) dalam bahasa yang sama menandakan gabungan sensasi kimia rasa dan bau, istilah yang sama digunakan dalam industri wangian dan perisa untuk merujuk kepada bahan kimia dan ekstrak yang boleh dimakan yang boleh mengubah rasa makanan dan produk makanan melalui deria bau. Disebabkan kos yang tinggi atau ketiadaan ekstrak rasa semula jadi, kebanyakan perisa komersial adalah "menyerupai alam semula jadi", yang bermaksud bahawa mereka adalah <a href="/wiki/Sebatian_kimia" title="Sebatian kimia">bahan kimia</a> yang mempunyai rasa asli, tetapi disintesis secara kimia berbanding diekstrak dari bahan sumber itu sendiri. Pengenalpastian komponen makanan semulajadi, contohnya raspberi, boleh dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknologi seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknologi_ruang_depan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknologi ruang depan (laman tidak wujud)">teknik ruang depan</a>, lalu flavoris dapat meniru rasa dengan menggunakan beberapa bahan kimia sama yang ada. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemerisa_atau_bahan_perisa">Pemerisa atau bahan perisa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Pemerisa atau bahan perisa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pemerisa atau bahan perisa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahan perisa (<i>flavouring</i>) memberi tumpuan kepada mengubah rasa produk makanan semulajadi seperti daging dan sayuran, atau mencipta rasa untuk produk makanan yang tidak mempunyai perisa yang dikehendaki seperti <a href="/wiki/Gula-gula" title="Gula-gula">gula-gula</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Makanan_ringan" class="mw-redirect" title="Makanan ringan">makanan ringan</a> lain. Kebanyakan jenis perisa difokuskan pada aroma dan rasa. Beberapa produk komersial wujud untuk merangsang deria <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigeminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigeminal (laman tidak wujud)">trigeminal</a>, kerana ini adalah rasa tajam, astringen, dan biasanya tidak menyenangkan. </p><p>Tiga jenis perisa utama digunakan dalam makanan, di bawah definisi yang dipersetujui di <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">EU</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Jenis </th> <th>Penerangan </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bahan perisa semula jadi </td> <td>Bahan perisa ini diperolehi dari bahan mentah tumbuhan atau haiwan, melalui proses fizikal, mikrobiologi, atau enzim. Mereka boleh sama ada digunakan dalam keadaan alaminya atau diproses untuk kegunaan manusia, tetapi tidak boleh mengandungi sebarang bahan perisa serupa semula jadi atau bahan perisa tiruan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahan perisa serupa semula jadi </td> <td>Ini diperoleh dengan sintesis atau pencil melalui proses kimia, yang secara kimia dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoleptik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organoleptik (laman tidak wujud)">organoleptik</a> serupa dengan bahan perisa semula jadi yang hadir dalam produk yang dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan manusia. Mereka tidak boleh mengandungi sebarang bahan perisa tiruan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahan perisa tiruan </td> <td>Ini tidak dikenal pasti dalam produk semula jadi yang dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan manusia, sama ada produk diproses atau tidak. Ini biasanya dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Penyulingan_berperingkat" title="Penyulingan berperingkat">penyulingan berperingkat</a> dan manipulasi kimia tambahan terhadap bahan kimia yang bersumber secara semula jadi, <a href="/wiki/Minyak_mentah" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyak mentah">minyak mentah</a>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tar_batu_arang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tar batu arang (laman tidak wujud)">tar batu arang</a>. Walaupun mereka berbeza secara kimia, dalam ciri-ciri deria mereka sama dengan yang semula jadi. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kebanyakan perisa tiruan adalah campuran khusus dan biasanya rumit dari sebatian rasa secara semula jadi yang digabungkan bersama sama ada untuk meniru atau meningkatkan rasa semula jadi. Campuran ini diformulasikan oleh flavoris untuk memberikan produk makanan rasa yang unik dan untuk mengekalkan konsistensi rasa antara kelompok produk yang berbeza atau selepas perubahan resipi. Senarai agen perisa yang diketahui termasuk beribu-ribu sebatian molekul, dan ahli kimia rasa (flavoris) sering boleh mencampurkan bersama-sama untuk menghasilkan banyak rasa umum. Banyak pemerisa terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a>, yang sering digambarkan sebagai "manis" atau "buah".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin-left:10%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bahan kimia </th> <th>Bau </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diasetil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diasetil (laman tidak wujud)">Diasetil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asetilpropionil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asetilpropionil (laman tidak wujud)">asetilpropionil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asetoin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asetoin (laman tidak wujud)">asetoin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mentega" title="Mentega">Mentega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoamil_asetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoamil asetat (laman tidak wujud)">Isoamil asetat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang">Pisang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzaldehid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzaldehid (laman tidak wujud)">Benzaldehid</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badam_pahit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badam pahit (laman tidak wujud)">Badam pahit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri">ceri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinamaldehid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinamaldehid (laman tidak wujud)">Cinamaldehid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayu_manis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayu manis">Kayu manis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etil_propionat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etil propionat (laman tidak wujud)">Etil propionat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buah" title="Buah">Buah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metil_antranilat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metil antranilat (laman tidak wujud)">Metil antranilat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur">Anggur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limonina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limonina (laman tidak wujud)">Limonina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oren_(buah)" title="Oren (buah)">Oren</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etil_dekadienoat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etil dekadienoat (laman tidak wujud)">Etil dekadienoat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear">Pear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alil_heksanoat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alil heksanoat (laman tidak wujud)">Alil heksanoat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenas">Nenas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etil_maltol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etil maltol (laman tidak wujud)">Etil maltol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">Gula</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gula-gula_kapas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gula-gula kapas (laman tidak wujud)">gula-gula kapas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etilvanillin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etilvanillin (laman tidak wujud)">Etilvanillin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanila" title="Vanila">Vanila</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metil_salisilat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metil salisilat (laman tidak wujud)">Metil salisilat</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandapura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandapura (laman tidak wujud)">Gandapura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manzanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manzanat (laman tidak wujud)">Manzanat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epal" title="Epal">Epal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sebatian yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan rasa tiruan hampir sama dengan yang berlaku secara semulajadi. Telah dicadangkan bahawa perisa tiruan mungkin lebih selamat untuk dimakan daripada perisa semulajadi kerana piawaian kesucian dan konsistensi campuran yang dikuatkuasakan sama ada oleh syarikat atau oleh undang-undang.<sup id="cite_ref-Smitha_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smitha-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya, perisa semula jadi mungkin mengandungi kekotoran dari sumber mereka, sementara perasa tiruan biasanya lebih murni dan dikehendaki menjalani ujian lebih banyak sebelum dijual untuk digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-Smitha_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smitha-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perisa dari produk makanan biasanya adalah hasil dari gabungan rasa alami, yang membentuk profil bau asas produk makanan, sementara rasa buatan mengubah bau untuk menguatkannya.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidak seperti hidu, yang berlaku semasa penyedutan nafas, deria rasa di mulut berlaku dalam fasa penghembusan dan berbeza secara individu. Dalam erti kata lain, bau makanan adalah berbeza bergantung kepada sama ada seseorang it bau sebelum atau selepas ia memasuki mulut seseorang.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rasa">Rasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Rasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sementara <a href="/wiki/Garam" title="Garam">garam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">gula</a> secara tekal dianggap sebagai rasa pemerisa yang meningkatkan rasa masin dan manis, biasanya hanya sebatian yang meningkatkan umami, serta perisa sekunder lain, dianggap dan dirujuk sebagai pemerisa rasa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemanis_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemanis buatan (laman tidak wujud)">Pemanis buatan</a> juga secara teknikalnya ialah pemerisa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerisa umami atau "savori", lebih dikenali sebagai penambah rasa, sebahagian besarnya berasaskan <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida">nukleotida</a>. Ini biasanya digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> <a href="/wiki/Garam_(kimia)" title="Garam (kimia)">garam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemerisa umami yang diiktiraf dan diluluskan oleh Kesatuan Eropah termasuk:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Asid </th> <th>Penerangan </th></tr> <tr> <td>Garam <a href="/wiki/Asid_glutamik" title="Asid glutamik">asid glutamik</a> </td> <td>Garam natrium asid amino ini, <a href="/wiki/Mononatrium_glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononatrium glutamat">mononatrium glutamat</a> (MSG), adalah salah satu penambah rasa paling lazim digunakan dalam pemprosesan makanan. Garam mono- dan diglutamate juga biasa digunakan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garam <a href="/wiki/Glisina" title="Glisina">glisina</a> </td> <td>Garam asid amino mudah biasanya digabungkan dengan asid glutamik sebagai penambah rasa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_guanilik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid guanilik (laman tidak wujud)">asid guanilik</a> </td> <td>Garam nukleotida biasanya digabungkan dengan asid glutamik sebagai penambah rasa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_inosinik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid inosinik (laman tidak wujud)">asid inosinik</a> </td> <td>Garam nukleotida dicipta daripada pecahan AMP, kerana kos pengeluaran yang tinggi, biasanya digabungkan dengan asid glutamik sebagai penambah rasa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garam 5'-<a href="/wiki/Ribonukleotida" title="Ribonukleotida">ribonukleotida</a> </td> <td>Garam nukleotida biasanya digabungkan dengan asid amino dan garam nukleotida lain sebagai penambah rasa </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beberapa asid organik dan bukan organik boleh digunakan untuk meningkatkan rasa masam, tetapi seperti garam dan gula, ini biasanya tidak dipertimbangkan dan dikawal sebagai perisa di bawah undang-undang. Setiap asid memberikan rasa masam yang sedikit berbeza yang mengubah rasa makanan. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Asid </th> <th>Penerangan </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_asetik" title="Asid asetik">Asid asetik</a> </td> <td>Memberi <a href="/wiki/Cuka" title="Cuka">cuka</a> rasa masam dan bau yang tersendiri </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_askorbik" class="mw-redirect" title="Asid askorbik">Asid askorbik</a> </td> <td>Ditemui dalam oren dan lada hijau dan memberikan rasa yang tajam, sedikit masam, lebih dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_sitrik" title="Asid sitrik">Asid sitrik</a> </td> <td>Ditemui dalam buah-buahan <a href="/wiki/Sitrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitrus">sitrus</a> dan memberi mereka rasa masam </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_fumarik" title="Asid fumarik">Asid fumarik</a> </td> <td>Tidak dijumpai dalam buah-buahan, digunakan sebagai pengganti asid sitrik dan tartarik </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_laktik" title="Asid laktik">Asid laktik</a> </td> <td>Ditemui dalam pelbagai susu atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penapaian_asid_laktik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penapaian asid laktik (laman tidak wujud)">produk tapai</a> dan memberi rasa masam yang kuat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_malik" title="Asid malik">Asid malik</a> </td> <td>Ditemui dalam epal dan memberi mereka rasa masam </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_fosforik" title="Asid fosforik">Asid fosforik</a> </td> <td>Digunakan dalam beberapa minuman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kola (laman tidak wujud)">kola</a> untuk memberikan rasa asid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_tartarik" title="Asid tartarik">Asid tartarik</a> </td> <td>Ditemui dalam anggur dan wain dan memberi mereka rasa masam </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warna">Warna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Warna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Warna"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Warna" title="Warna">Warna</a> makanan boleh menjejaskan jangkaan seseorang dengan rasa yang ketara.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam satu kajian, menambah lebih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warna_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warna makanan (laman tidak wujud)">warna merah</a> ke dalam minuman meningkatkan kemanisan yang dilihat, dengan larutan berwarna gelap yang diberi nilai 2-10% lebih baik daripada yang lebih ringan, walaupun ia mempunyai kepekatan sukrosa kurang 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penentuan">Penentuan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Penentuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penentuan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa standard wujud atau sedang disediakan untuk menganalisis deria rasa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_analisis" title="Kimia analisis">analisis kimia</a> rasa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengekstrakan_fasa_pepejal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengekstrakan fasa pepejal (laman tidak wujud)">pengekstrakan fasa pepejal</a>, pengekstrakan mikro fasa pepejal, dan <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas" title="Kromatografi gas">kromatografi gas</a> ruang depan digunakan untuk ekstrak dan memisahkan sebatian perisa dalam sampel. Penentuan biasanya dilakukan oleh berbagai teknik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektrometri_jisim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektrometri jisim (laman tidak wujud)">spektrometri jisim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leksikon_rasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leksikon rasa (laman tidak wujud)">leksikon rasa</a> yang boleh membantu pembangunan objektif bahasa untuk makanan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sumber_saintifik">Sumber saintifik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber saintifik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber saintifik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Rasa dan Aroma Jurnal</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid 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code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031218011706/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/flavourings_user_guide_0802.pdf">"From Australian Food Standards Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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M. (1982). "Perceived Sweetness and Redness in Colored Sucrose Solutions". <i>Journal of Food Science</i>. <b>47</b> (3): 747. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1982.tb12706.x">10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb12706.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Perceived+Sweetness+and+Redness+in+Colored+Sucrose+Solutions&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=747&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1982.tb12706.x&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Clydesdale%2C+F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerisa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. ISO 13301:2002 Sensory analysis -- Methodology -- General guidance for measuring odor, flavor and taste detection thresholds by a three-alternative forced-choice (3-AFC) procedure, or ISO 6564:1985 Sensory analysis -- Methodology -- Flavor profile methods.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 2003:516. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/pub/ebook/2003-516.pdf">norden.org</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perisa&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/question391.htm">How Stuff Works <i>How do artificial flavors work?</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monell.org/">Monell Chemical Senses Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flavornet.org/flavornet.html">Flavornet</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perisa&oldid=5782778">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perisa&oldid=5782778</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ralat_templat_webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ralat templat webarchive (laman tidak wujud)">Ralat templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sains_makanan" title="Kategori:Sains makanan">Sains makanan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kualia" title="Kategori:Kualia">Kualia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_uses_authors_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: uses authors parameter">CS1 maint: uses authors parameter</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 19:42, 20 Februari 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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