Cell Biology Research

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Owing to cellular complexity, the study of cell biology encompasses many disciplines including physiology, biochemistry, biophysics, developmental and molecular biology.</p><h3>On this Page</h3><ul><li><a href="#research-areas">Cell Biology Research Areas</a></li><li><a href="#targets">Cell Biology Targets</a></li><li><a href="#markers">Cell and Organelle Markers</a> </li><li><a href="#products-and-services">Products and Services</a> </li><li><a href="#resources">Tools and Resources</a></li><li><a href="#background">Background</a></li></ul><p> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/cell-biology-research-fig-1.jpg" alt="Immunocytochemistry (ICC)/immunofluorescence confocal analysis of C6 cells using alpha Tubulin antibody" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h2><a name="research-areas"></a>Cell Biology Research Areas</h2><figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-striped"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/research-areas/angiogenesis">Angiogenesis</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/autophagy">Autophagy</a></td><td><a href="https://www.tocris.com/cell-biology/cell-cycle" target="_blank">Cell Cycle</a> (on Tocris.com)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology/dna-repair">DNA Repair</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></td><td class="w-25"><a href="/research-areas/exosomes">Exosomes</a></td><td class="w-25"><a href="/research-areas/metabolism/glucose-homeostasis">Glucose Metabolism</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/research-areas/glycobiology">Glycobiology</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/gpcrs">GPCRs</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology/hippo-signaling">Hippo Signaling </a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/hypoxia">Hypoxia</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/research-areas/metabolism/lipid-metabolism">Lipid Metabolism</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/organoids-3d-culture">Organoids</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/stem-cells">Stem Cells</a></td><td><a href="/research-areas/targeted-protein-degradation">Targeted Protein Degradation</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/research-areas/metabolism/upr-and-er-stress">UPR and ER Stress</a></td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h2><a name="targets"></a>Cell Biology Research Targets</h2><p>Browse research products by cell biology target:</p><figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-bordered overflow-auto"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Akt%20(Protein%20Kinase%20B)" target="_parent">Akt (Protein Kinase B)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Cyclin-dependent%20Kinases%20(CDK)%20" target="_parent">Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDK) </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=DNA%20Methyltransferases%20(DMT)" target="_parent">DNA Methyltransferases (DMT)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=FGFR" target="_parent">FGFR</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Glycogen%20Synthase%20kinase%203%20(GSK-3)" target="_parent">Glycogen Synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Hypoxia%20Inducible%20Factors%20(HIF)" target="_parent">Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIF)</a></td><td class="w-25"><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Matrix%20Metalloproteases%20(MMP)" target="_parent">Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Rho-Kinases%20(ROCK)" target="_parent">Rho-Kinases (ROCK)</a></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-view-full-list-of-cell-biology-targets13" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>View Full List of Cell Biology Targets</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-view-full-list-of-cell-biology-targets13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-striped"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=14.3.3%20Proteins" target="_parent">14.3.3 Proteins</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=DRAM" target="_parent">DRAM</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=mTOR" target="_parent">mTOR</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Actin%20" target="_parent">Actin </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=EGFR" target="_parent">EGFR</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Myosin" target="_parent">Myosin</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Adiponectin%20" target="_parent">Adiponectin </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Fatty%20acid%20binding%20proteins%20(FABP)" target="_parent">Fatty acid binding proteins (FABP)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=NF-κB" target="_parent">NF-κB</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Akt%20(Protein%20Kinase%20B)" target="_parent">Akt (Protein Kinase B)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Fatty%20Acid%20Synthase%20(FASN)" target="_parent">Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=NIMA%20related%20Kinase%202%20(Nek2)" target="_parent">NIMA related Kinase 2 (Nek2)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Aldose%20Reductase" target="_parent">Aldose Reductase</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=FGFR" target="_parent">FGFR</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Oxidative%20Phosphorylation" target="_parent">Oxidative Phosphorylation</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=AMPK" target="_parent">AMPK</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Focal%20Adhesion%20Kinase%20(FAK)" target="_parent">Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=p38%20MAPK" target="_parent">p38 MAPK</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Apaf1" target="_parent">Apaf1</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Free%20Fatty%20Acid%20Receptors%20(FFAR)" target="_parent">Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFAR)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=p53" target="_parent">p53</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ASK1" target="_parent">ASK1</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=GBPA%20Receptors%20(TGR5)" target="_parent">GBPA Receptors (TGR5)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=p97%20ATPase%20(VCP)" target="_parent">p97 ATPase (VCP)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATG10" target="_parent">ATG10</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Glucose%20Transporters%20" target="_parent">Glucose Transporters </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=PDGFR" target="_parent">PDGFR</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATG12" target="_parent">ATG12</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Glycogen%20Synthase%20kinase%203%20(GSK-3)" target="_parent">Glycogen Synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=PI%203-Kinase" target="_parent">PI 3-Kinase</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATG16" target="_parent">ATG16</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Glycosylases" target="_parent">Glycosylases</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=PKR-like%20ER%20kinase%20(PERK)" target="_parent">PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATG5" target="_parent">ATG5</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Haspin" target="_parent">Haspin</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=PMAIP1" target="_parent">PMAIP1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATG7" target="_parent">ATG7</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Hexokinases%20" target="_parent">Hexokinases </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Poly%20(ADP-ribose)%20Polymerase%20(PARP)" target="_parent">Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATM" target="_parent">ATM</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Histone%20Acetyltransferases%20(HAT)%09" target="_parent">Histone Acetyltransferases (HAT)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Proteasome%20" target="_parent">Proteasome </a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATP%20Citrate%20Lyase%20(ACLY)" target="_parent">ATP Citrate Lyase (ACLY)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Histone%20Deacetylases%20(HDAC)" target="_parent">Histone Deacetylases (HDAC)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Protein%20Arginine%20Methyltransferases%20(PRMT)" target="_parent">Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMT)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ATR" target="_parent">ATR</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Histone%20Lysine%20%20Methyltransferases%0a(KMT)" target="_parent">Histone Lysine  Methyltransferases (KMT)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=PUMA" target="_parent">PUMA</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Aurora%20Kinases" target="_parent">Aurora Kinases</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Histone%20Lysine%20Demethylases" target="_parent">Histone Lysine Demethylases</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Rho-Kinases%20(ROCK)" target="_parent">Rho-Kinases (ROCK)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=BAX" target="_parent">BAX</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=HMG-CoA%20Reductase" target="_parent">HMG-CoA Reductase</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Sphingosine%20Kinase" target="_parent">Sphingosine Kinase</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Bcl-2" target="_parent">Bcl-2</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Hypoxia%20Inducible%20Factors%20(HIF)" target="_parent">Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIF)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SQSTM1%20(p62)" target="_parent">SQSTM1 (p62)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Beclin%201" target="_parent">Beclin 1</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Inositol-requiring%20Enzyme%201%20(IRE1)" target="_parent">Inositol-requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SREBP" target="_parent">SREBP</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Caspase%203" target="_parent">Caspase 3</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Insulin%20and%20Insulin-like%20Receptors%20" target="_parent">Insulin and Insulin-like Receptors </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Stearoyl-CoA%209%20Desaturase%20(SCD-1)" target="_parent">Stearoyl-CoA 9 Desaturase (SCD-1)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Caspase%208" target="_parent">Caspase 8</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Integrins%20" target="_parent">Integrins </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=TLR4" target="_parent">TLR4</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Caspase%209" target="_parent">Caspase 9</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=JNK" target="_parent">JNK</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=TNFR1" target="_parent">TNFR1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Cdc25%20Phosphatase%20" target="_parent">Cdc25 Phosphatase </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Kinesin" target="_parent">Kinesin</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=TRAILR2" target="_parent">TRAILR2</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=CDKN2A%09" target="_parent">CDKN2A</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=LC3A" target="_parent">LC3A</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Ubiquitin%20E3%20Ligases%20" target="_parent">Ubiquitin E3 Ligases </a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Cell%20Adhesion%20Molecules%20" target="_parent">Cell Adhesion Molecules </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=LC3B" target="_parent">LC3B</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Ubiquitin/Ubl%20E2%20Conjugating%20Enzymes" target="_parent">Ubiquitin/Ubl E2 Conjugating Enzymes</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Chk1/Chk2" target="_parent">Chk1/Chk2</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=LC3C" target="_parent">LC3C</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Ubiquitin-activating%20enzyme%20(E1)" target="_parent">Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1)</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Cyclin-dependent%20Kinases%20(CDK)%20" target="_parent">Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDK) </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Matrix%20Metalloproteases%20(MMP)" target="_parent">Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ULK" target="_parent">ULK</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Cytochrome%20C" target="_parent">Cytochrome C</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=MDM2" target="_parent">MDM2</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=VEGFR" target="_parent">VEGFR</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Deubiquitinating%20enzymes%20(DUB)" target="_parent">Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Mitochondrial%20Carriers%20" target="_parent">Mitochondrial Carriers </a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=XIAP" target="_parent">XIAP</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=DNA%20Methyltransferases%20(DMT)" target="_parent">DNA Methyltransferases (DMT)</a></td><td><a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=Mitochondrial%20Complex%20I" target="_parent">Mitochondrial Complex I</a></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Related Product Areas</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h3><a name="markers"></a>Cell and Organelle Markers</h3> <p>Identify cells and organelles with our antibodies:</p> <h4>Cell Markers</h4> <figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="overflow-auto table table-bordered"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology/cell-markers/fibroblast-cell-markers">Fibroblast Cell Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/immunology/adaptive-immunity">Immune Cell Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/neuroscience/neuroscience-cell-identity-markers">Neural Cell Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/stem-cells/stem-cell-markers">Stem Cell Markers</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology/cell-markers">Other Cell and Organelle Markers</a></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure> <h3> </h3> <h4>Organelle Markers</h4> <figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-striped"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/centrosome-markers">Centrosome Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/cytoskeletal-markers">Cytoskeletal Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/endosome-markers">Endosome Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/er-markers">ER Markers</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/golgi-apparatus-markers">Golgi Apparatus Markers</a></td> <td class="w-25"><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/lysosome-markers">Lysosome Cell Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/mitochondrial-markers">Mitochondrial Cell Markers</a></td> <td><a href="/research-areas/cellular-biology/cellular-markers/plasma-membrane-markers">Plasma Membrane Markers</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology/organelle-markers">All Organelle Markers</a></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure> <p> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="products-and-services"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--clickable-icons-container paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col p-0 "> <h2>Products and Services</h2> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col "> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-6 mb-4"> <div class="paragraph 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class="row"> <div class="col-4 column-group"><h3> View All <a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways">Signal Transduction Pathways</a></h3><ul><li><a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways/akt-signaling-pathway">AKT Signaling Pathway</a></li><li><a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways/mapk-erk-pathway">ERK/MAPK Signaling Pathway</a></li><li><a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways/hedgehog-pathway">Hedgehog Signaling Pathway</a></li><li><a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways/insulin">Insulin Receptor Signaling Pathway</a></li><li><a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways/jnk-signaling-pathway">JNK Signaling Pathway</a></li><li><a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways/p38-mapk">p38/MAPK Signaling Pathway</a></li><li><a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways/tgf-beta-pathway">TGF-β Signaling Pathway</a></li></ul></div> <div class="col-4 column-group"><h3>View All <a href="/resources">Blogs and Articles</a> </h3><ul><li><a 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Mechanisms to Mechanical Stress in Physiology and Disease</a></li><li><a href="/resources/webinars/secret-for-optimal-msc-growth">Controlling HIF-1α: The Secret for Optimal MSC Growth</a></li><li><a href="/resources/webinars/spatial-mapping-of-genes-using-rnascope">Spatial Mapping of Genes using RNAscope™ Technology</a></li><li><a href="/resources/webinars/exploiting-tumor-hypoxia-for-targeted-immunotherapy">Exploiting Tumor Hypoxia for Targeted Immunotherapy</a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="background"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Background</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a href="#cell-cycle">Cell Cycle </a>| <a href="#signaling">Cell Signaling</a> | <a href="#disease">Cell Biology and Disease</a> </p><h3> </h3><h3><a name="cell-cycle"></a>Cell Cycle and Replication</h3><p>The cell cycle consists of a regulatory network of proteins that controls the order and timing of cellular proliferation events. The cell cycle is an essential process, enabling cellular replication and growth and renewal of an organism. The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells consists of four phases: G<sub>1</sub> phase, S phase, G<sub>2</sub> phase and M phase. Cells increase in size during G<sub>1</sub> phase, which is followed by DNA replication in S phase. Protein synthesis and the production of microtubules occurs during G<sub>2</sub> phase, which is then followed by mitosis. Mitosis is the briefest phase of the cell cycle; during this period, nuclear and cytoplasmic division occurs, concluding with cytokinesis. When cells are not actively dividing they are considered to be in a state of quiescence, known as the G<sub>0</sub> phase. The passage of a cell through the cell cycle is controlled by various cytoplasmic proteins in order to assure quality control.</p><p> </p><h3><a name="signaling"></a>Cell Signaling </h3><p>Cell signaling, or signal transduction, is the process by which an extracellular or intracellular stimulus is transformed via a series of biochemical events into cellular response. There are different types of stimuli, such as a change in cellular membrane potential due to movement of ions across the membrane, or binding of a ligand to a receptor. <a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways">Signal transduction pathways</a> amplify the incoming signal via a signaling cascade using a network of enzymes that act on one another in specific ways to ultimately generate a precise and appropriate physiological response by the cell. Signal transduction involves altering the behavior of proteins in the cascade, in effect switching them on or off. Adding or removing phosphates is a fundamental mechanism for altering the shape, and therefore the behavior, of a protein. </p><h3> </h3><h3><a name="disease"></a>Cell Biology and Disease</h3><p>Cellular processes form a fundamental system that involves complicated cascades of biochemical reactions and <a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways">signaling pathways</a>. In order for proper cell function, these processes are required to be tightly controlled. Dysregulation of any element of these pathways, from over- or underactivity of an enzyme, increase or decrease in the level of a protein, to under- or overexpression of an ion channel, can lead to a vast array of human pathologies. 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