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a{pointer-events:auto;font-size:10px;display:inline-block;margin:0 5px 5px 0;line-height:1;color:#fff;padding:3px 6px 4px 6px;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;vertical-align:middle}.tdb_single_categories a:hover .tdb-cat-bg{opacity:0.9}.tdb_single_categories a:hover .tdb-cat-bg:before{opacity:1}.tdb-category i:last-of-type{display:none}.tdb-cat-text{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:10px}.tdb-cat-sep{font-size:14px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative}.tdb-cat-sep-svg{line-height:0}.tdb-cat-sep-svg svg{width:14px;height:auto}.tdb-cat-bg{position:absolute;background-color:#222;border:1px solid #222;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;z-index:-1}.tdb-cat-bg:before{content:'';width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;position:absolute;z-index:-1;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.3s ease;transition:opacity 0.3s ease}.tdb-cat-style2 .tdb-cat-bg{background-color:rgba(34,34,34,0.85)}.tdi_60 .tdb-entry-category{padding:0px;margin:5px 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td-fix-index"><a class="tdb-entry-category" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/./bible-101/" ><span class="tdb-cat-bg"></span>Bible 101</a><i class="tdb-cat-sep td-icon-slashh"></i><a class="tdb-entry-category" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/./bible-101/about-the-bible/" ><span class="tdb-cat-bg"></span>About the Bible</a><i class="tdb-cat-sep td-icon-slashh"></i></div></div><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_title tdi_61 tdb-single-title td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1" data-td-block-uid="tdi_61" > <style>.tdi_61{margin-top:20px!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:50px!important;margin-left:auto!important;width:90%!important}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_61{margin-bottom:40px!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_61{margin-top:15px!important;margin-bottom:30px!important;width:95%!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_61{margin-top:10px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;padding-right:10px!important;padding-left:10px!important;width:100%!important}}</style> <style>.tdb_title{margin-bottom:19px}.tdb_title.tdb-content-horiz-center{text-align:center}.tdb_title.tdb-content-horiz-center .tdb-title-line{margin:0 auto}.tdb_title.tdb-content-horiz-right{text-align:right}.tdb_title.tdb-content-horiz-right .tdb-title-line{margin-left:auto;margin-right:0}.tdb-title-text{display:inline-block;position:relative;margin:0;word-wrap:break-word;font-size:30px;line-height:38px;font-weight:700}.tdb-first-letter{position:absolute;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none;pointer-events:none;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.08);font-size:6em;font-weight:300;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);left:-0.36em;z-index:-1;-webkit-text-fill-color:initial}.tdb-title-line{display:none;position:relative}.tdb-title-line:after{content:'';width:100%;position:absolute;background-color:var(--td_theme_color,#4db2ec);top:0;left:0;margin:auto}.tdb-single-title .tdb-title-text{font-size:41px;line-height:50px;font-weight:400}.tdi_61 .tdb-title-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:PT Serif!important;font-size:32px!important;line-height:1.1!important;font-weight:700!important}.tdi_61 .tdb-title-line:after{height:2px;bottom:40%}.tdi_61 .tdb-title-line{height:50px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.td-theme-wrap .tdi_61{text-align:center}.tdi_61 .tdb-first-letter{left:0;right:0}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_61 .tdb-title-text{font-size:42px!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_61 .tdb-title-text{font-size:36px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_61 .tdb-title-text{font-size:30px!important}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><h1 class="tdb-title-text">What Is the Septuagint? Discover the World’s First Bible Translation</h1><div></div><div class="tdb-title-line"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="td_block_wrap td_block_raw_css tdi_62 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1" data-td-block-uid="tdi_62" ><div id=tdi_62 class="td_block_inner td-fix-index"><style>.bgn-header-title { display: flex; align-items: flex-end; } .bgn-header-title .tdb-category, .bgn-header-title .tdb-title-text { max-width: 100%; } </style></div></div><div class="vc_row_inner tdi_64 vc_row vc_inner wpb_row td-pb-row" > <style scoped>.tdi_64{position:relative!important;top:0;transform:none;-webkit-transform:none}.tdi_64,.tdi_64 .tdc-inner-columns{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.tdi_64 .tdc-inner-columns{width:100%}.tdi_64{margin-top:20px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;padding-right:25px!important;padding-left:25px!important}.tdi_64 .td_block_wrap{text-align:left}</style><div class="vc_column_inner tdi_66 wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-inner-column td-pb-span12"> <style scoped>.tdi_66{vertical-align:baseline}.tdi_66 .vc_column-inner>.wpb_wrapper,.tdi_66 .vc_column-inner>.wpb_wrapper .tdc-elements{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:center;align-items:flex-start}.tdi_66 .vc_column-inner>.wpb_wrapper .tdc-elements{width:100%}.tdi_66 .vc_column-inner,.tdi_66 .vc_column-inner>.wpb_wrapper{width:100%;height:100%}.tdi_66{margin-bottom:10px!important;padding-bottom:20px!important;border-color:#eaeaea!important;border-style:solid!important;border-width:0px 0px 1px 0px!important}</style><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper" ><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_author tdi_67 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1 tdb-post-meta" data-td-block-uid="tdi_67" > <style>.tdi_67{margin-bottom:0px!important}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_67{margin-bottom:-!important}}</style> <style>.tdb-post-meta{margin-bottom:16px;color:#444;font-family:var(--td_default_google_font_1,'Open Sans','Open Sans Regular',sans-serif);font-size:11px;font-weight:400;clear:none;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1}.tdb-post-meta span,.tdb-post-meta i,.tdb-post-meta time{vertical-align:middle}.tdb_single_author{line-height:30px}.tdb_single_author a{vertical-align:middle}.tdb_single_author .tdb-block-inner{display:flex;align-items:center}.tdb_single_author .tdb-author-name-wrap{display:flex}.tdb_single_author .tdb-author-name{font-weight:700;margin-right:3px}.tdb_single_author .tdb-author-by{margin-right:3px}.tdb_single_author .tdb-author-photo img{display:block}.tdi_67{display:inline-block}.tdi_67 .tdb-block-inner{justify-content:center}.tdi_67 .tdb-author-name-wrap{align-items:baseline}.tdi_67 .avatar{width:20px;height:20px;margin-right:6px;border-radius:50%}.tdi_67 .tdb-author-by{color:#000000;font-family:Work Sans!important;font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.2!important;font-weight:600!important}.tdi_67 .tdb-author-name{color:#000000;font-family:Work Sans!important;font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.2!important;font-weight:600!important;text-transform:capitalize!important}.tdi_67 .tdb-author-name:hover{color:#ec3535}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_67 .tdb-author-by{margin-right:8px;font-size:14px!important}.tdi_67 .tdb-author-name{font-size:14px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_67 .tdb-author-by{font-size:14px!important}.tdi_67 .tdb-author-name{font-size:14px!important}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><a class="tdb-author-photo" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/" title="Jacob Edson"><img alt='Jacob Edson' src='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg' srcset='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' decoding='async'/></a><div class="tdb-author-name-wrap"><span class="tdb-author-by"></span> <a class="tdb-author-name" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/">Jacob Edson</a></div></div></div><div class="tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_68 tdm-inline-block td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1" data-td-block-uid="tdi_68" > <style>.tdi_68{margin-right:10px!important;margin-left:0px!important;padding-left:10px!important;border-color:#999999!important;border-style:solid!important;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px!important}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_68{margin-right:10px!important;margin-left:0px!important;padding-top:0px!important;padding-left:10px!important;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_68{margin-right:8px!important;margin-left:12px!important;padding-left:16px!important}}</style> <style>.tdm_block.tdm_block_inline_text{margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:top}.tdm_block.tdm_block_inline_text .tdm-descr{margin-bottom:0;-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0)}.tdc-row-content-vert-center .tdm-inline-text-yes{vertical-align:middle}.tdc-row-content-vert-bottom .tdm-inline-text-yes{vertical-align:bottom}.tdi_68{text-align:left!important}.tdi_68 .tdm-descr{color:#000000;font-family:Work Sans!important;font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.2!important;font-weight:600!important}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_68 .tdm-descr{font-size:14px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_68 .tdm-descr{font-size:14px!important}}</style><p class="tdm-descr">|</p></div><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_date tdi_69 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1 tdb-post-meta" data-td-block-uid="tdi_69" > <style>.tdi_69{margin-top:-!important;margin-bottom:0px!important}@media(min-width:1141px){.tdi_69{display:inline-block!important}}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_69{display:inline-block!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_69{display:inline-block!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_69{margin-top:-!important;margin-bottom:-!important;display:inline-block!important}}</style> <style>.tdb_single_date{line-height:30px}.tdb_single_date a{vertical-align:middle}.tdb_single_date .tdb-date-icon-svg{position:relative;line-height:0}.tdb_single_date svg{height:auto}.tdb_single_date svg,.tdb_single_date svg *{fill:#444}.tdi_69 i{font-size:14px}.tdi_69 .tdb-date-icon{margin-right:6px}.tdi_69{color:#000000;font-family:Work Sans!important;font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.2!important;font-weight:600!important}.tdi_69 svg,.tdi_69 svg *{fill:#000000}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_69{font-size:14px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_69{font-size:14px!important}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><i class="tdb-date-icon tdc-font-fa tdc-font-fa-calendar-o"></i><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2024-10-14T07:32:00-04:00">October 14, 2024</time></div></div> </div></div></div></div><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_content tdi_70 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1 td-post-content tagdiv-type" data-td-block-uid="tdi_70" > <style>.tdi_70{margin-top:0px!important}</style> <style>.tdb_single_content{margin-bottom:0;*zoom:1}.tdb_single_content:before,.tdb_single_content:after{display:table;content:'';line-height:0}.tdb_single_content:after{clear:both}.tdb_single_content .tdb-block-inner>*:not(.wp-block-quote):not(.alignwide):not(.alignfull.wp-block-cover.has-parallax):not(.td-a-ad){margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.tdb_single_content a{pointer-events:auto}.tdb_single_content .td-spot-id-top_ad .tdc-placeholder-title:before{content:'Article Top 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img,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right img,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center img{margin-bottom:0}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center{text-align:center}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center img{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left{float:left;margin-top:9px;margin-right:21px}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right{float:right;margin-top:6px;margin-left:21px}.tdb_single_content .tdc-a-ad .tdc-placeholder-title{width:300px;height:250px}.tdb_single_content .tdc-a-ad .tdc-placeholder-title:before{position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);margin:auto;display:table;width:100%}.tdb_single_content .tdb-block-inner.td-fix-index{word-break:break-word}.tdi_70,.tdi_70>p,.tdi_70 .tdb-block-inner>p{font-family:Work Sans!important;font-size:16px!important;line-height:1.6!important;font-weight:400!important}.tdi_70 h1{font-family:PT Serif!important}.tdi_70 h2{font-family:PT Serif!important}.tdi_70 h3:not(.tds-locker-title){font-family:PT Serif!important}.tdi_70 h4{font-family:PT Serif!important}.tdi_70 h5{font-family:PT Serif!important}.tdi_70 h6{font-family:PT Serif!important}.tdi_70 li{font-family:Work Sans!important;font-size:16px!important;font-weight:400!important}.tdi_70 li:before{margin-top:1px;line-height:16px!important}.tdi_70 .tdb-block-inner blockquote p{font-family:PT Serif!important;font-weight:700!important;text-transform:none!important;letter-spacing:-0.5px!important;color:#ec3535}.tdi_70 .wp-caption-text,.tdi_70 figcaption{font-family:PT Serif!important;color:#999999}.tdi_70,.tdi_70 p{color:#000000}.tdi_70 h1,.tdi_70 h2,.tdi_70 h3:not(.tds-locker-title),.tdi_70 h4,.tdi_70 h5,.tdi_70 h6{color:#000000}.tdi_70 a:not(.wp-block-button__link){color:#ec3535}.tdi_70 a:not(.wp-block-button__link):hover{color:#c11f1f}.tdi_70 .page-nav a,.tdi_70 .page-nav span,.tdi_70 .page-nav>div{font-family:Work Sans!important}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center{margin:0 auto 26px auto}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left{margin-right:0}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right{margin-left:0}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .td-a-ad{float:none;text-align:center}.tdb_single_content .td-a-ad img{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.tdb_single_content .tdc-a-ad{float:none}}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_70,.tdi_70>p,.tdi_70 .tdb-block-inner>p{font-size:15px!important}.tdi_70 li{font-size:15px!important}.tdi_70 li:before{margin-top:1px;line-height:15px!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_70,.tdi_70>p,.tdi_70 .tdb-block-inner>p{font-size:14px!important}.tdi_70 li{font-size:14px!important}.tdi_70 li:before{margin-top:1px;line-height:14px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_70 img.aligncenter,.tdi_70 .aligncenter img{margin-left:-20px;width:calc(100% + (2 * 20px));max-width:none!important}.tdi_70,.tdi_70>p,.tdi_70 .tdb-block-inner>p{font-size:15px!important}.tdi_70 li{font-size:15px!important}.tdi_70 li:before{margin-top:1px;line-height:15px!important}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"> <p>The Septuagint is a Greek version of the Hebrew Old Testament and the first known translation of the Bible outside of its original language. It was completed by Hellenistic (Greek-speaking) Jewish rabbis a few hundred years before Christ.</p> <p>The Septuagint, also called the LXX (or Seventy), was also the version of the Bible that the early Christians primarily relied on — both in Greek and then in Latin translation — until Protestants returned to the Masoretic Hebrew in the 16<sup>th</sup> century. Even today, it is the version exclusively used by the Eastern Orthodox churches.</p><div class="td-a-ad id_inline_ad0 id_ad_content-horiz-center"><span class="td-adspot-title"></span><div id="FreeStarVideoAdContainer"> <div id="freestar-video-parent"> <div id="freestar-video-child"></div> </div> </div> <style> .td-fix-index { transform: initial !important; -webkit-transform: initial !important; } </style></div> <p>For that reason, the Septuagint is anything but ancient history, and its impact is still felt vividly in relations between Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, and Jewish Bible readers.</p> <p><strong>This article will survey the history and development of the LXX</strong> — including how it earned its nickname — and explain the tensions caused by the differences between its text and the Masoretic Hebrew.</p> <h2 id="origins-of-the-septuagint" class="wp-block-heading">Origins of the Septuagint</h2> <p>After Alexander the Great’s massive conquests across the Near East and North Africa around 330 BC, Greek quickly became the primary spoken language throughout his empire. Within a few generations, most Jews outside Israel no longer spoke Hebrew (and even the ones there mostly spoke Aramaic).</p> <p>This created the same problem Christians would have much later in Western Europe with the Latin mass: that is, most people couldn’t read or understand their own scriptures!</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/plus/?utm_source=bg&utm_medium=bglearn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="696" height="86" src="https://i0.wp.com/staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/25121420/BG_FallMemDr24_728x90b.jpg?resize=696%2C86&ssl=1" alt="Banner reading "Bible Gateway Plus, Less Than $5.00 per month, Free Trial"" class="wp-image-4558" style="width:728px;height:auto" srcset="https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/25121420/BG_FallMemDr24_728x90b.jpg 728w, https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/25121420/BG_FallMemDr24_728x90b.jpg 300w, https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/25121420/BG_FallMemDr24_728x90b.jpg 150w, https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/25121420/BG_FallMemDr24_728x90b.jpg 696w" sizes="(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a></figure> <p>So, sometime in the late 3rd century BC, a collection of rabbis in Alexandria, Egypt translated first the Torah (the first five books of the Bible) and then, later, the rest of the Old Testament into Greek. This became known as the Septuagint, or LXX (the Roman numerals for Seventy).</p> <h3 id="why-lxx-seventy" class="wp-block-heading">Why LXX (‘Seventy’)?</h3> <p>Technically, it should be LXXII (seventy-two).</p> <p>Legend has it that King Ptolemy of Egypt gathered 72 elders — six from each tribe of Israel — and placed them each in a separate room of his palace with instructions to write the Torah in Greek. When they emerged, each had written the exact same thing.</p> <p>Historically this event is pretty unlikely (for one thing, ten of the twelve tribes no longer existed by that time), and few Jews or Christians today believe that was exactly what happened. But the story stuck enough that their translation eventually became known in Latin as the <em>Versio Septuaginta Interpretum</em>, or “Version of the Seventy Translators” — which I suppose sounded nicer than “of the Seventy-Two.”</p> <h3 id="an-enormous-and-enormously-controversial-achievement" class="wp-block-heading">An Enormous — and Enormously Controversial — Achievement</h3> <p>It’s easy to overlook today, with our <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/bible-versions-guide/">plethora of Bible versions</a>, what an incredible accomplishment this translation was. Even now it takes dozens of scholars (if not <em>exact multiples</em> of a dozen) collaborating for years or even decades to complete a satisfactory translation of the Bible.</p> <p>In the ancient world, it was unheard-of — literally! Translating the Hebrew scriptures had <em>never been done before</em>. But, again just like in the Latin Christian West, it was also a highly controversial move — lauded by some Greek-speaking Jews outside the Holy Land, loathed by the Hebrew-speaking rabbinate in Jerusalem.</p> <p>Still, regardless of the actual number of rabbis or how they compiled their translation, their work enabled thousands of Jews over the next few centuries to read the scriptures (or more likely hear them, since most people were illiterate back then) in their native language.</p> <p>And some of those Jews would become some of the first Christians.</p> <h2 id="the-septuagint-s-influence-on-christianity" class="wp-block-heading">The Septuagint’s Influence on Christianity</h2> <p>A few centuries after the creation of the Septuagint, when Paul and the other apostles were making their rounds across the Roman Empire, they used the Septuagint to engage with Greek-speaking Jews and gentiles and articulate the prophetic basis of their faith in Christ.</p> <p>(Remember that <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/original-language-of-the-bible/">the New Testament was written in Greek</a> for much the same reason — even if it often drew from Aramaic sources — and most of its quotations from the Old Testament come directly from the Septuagint instead of retranslating from the Hebrew.)</p> <p>Those early believers then used the Greek Septuagint, rather than the original Hebrew, to translate the Bible into Latin as they continued to expand westward.</p> <p>In fact, by the time Jerome undertook his Vulgate translation in the late 4<sup>th</sup> century AD, the Septuagint was so entrenched in the Christian community that Jerome was accused of heresy (by Augustine, no less!) for daring to work from the Hebrew instead. In the end he relented and embraced the Septuagint as well, drawing from both texts to produce his translation. But his preference remained with the Hebrew.</p> <h3 id="the-septuagint-s-lack-of-influence-on-judaism" class="wp-block-heading">The Septuagint’s (Lack of) Influence on Judaism</h3> <p>At the same time the Septuagint was being embraced by early Christians, it was falling out of (already tepid) favor with Jews.</p> <p>It’s unclear to what extent the Greek Old Testament was ever embraced by the Jewish community, though its use by major figures like Philo and Josephus suggests that it had its share of fans.</p> <p>But after the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 AD and subsequent exile into diaspora, many Jews sought to recover a purer Hebraic faith free from Greco-Roman influence. Though some Jews made a few further attempts to translate the Old Testament, by the Middle Ages, each group had settled into their standard liturgical languages: Hebrew for Jews, Latin for Catholics, and Greek for Eastern Orthodox (with translations into Russian, Ethiopian Ge’ez, and other local languages when necessary).</p> <p>Those liturgical languages persisted (and continue to persist) — with one major exception: the upheaval brought by the Reformation.</p> <h3 id="the-rediscovery-of-the-hebrew-bible-during-the-reformation" class="wp-block-heading">The Rediscovery of the Hebrew Bible During the Reformation</h3> <p>As with so many sacred traditions in the West, the dethroning of the Septuagint as the preferred Old Testament version was precipitated by the Protestant Reformation.</p> <p>Starting with Martin Luther and quickly picked up by John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli, and others, the emphasis on <em>sola scriptura</em> — the Bible alone as sufficient for a life of faith — demanded not just the availability of the Bible in people’s native languages, but also a return to its study in its original form. (Remember, until this time, nearly everyone in Western Christianity was reading — or hearing — the Bible in Latin, which fewer and fewer people could actually understand.)</p> <p>For the New Testament, this meant working from its original Greek. For the Old Testament, it meant recovering the Hebrew, which had scarcely been used for over 1,000 years.</p> <p>Scarcely used by European Christians, that is. Fortunately, Jews had continued to use the Masoretic (or rabbinic) Hebrew Bible throughout that whole time. So, early Protestant translators went back to the source, using the Hebrew text for early vernacular Bible translations, including the <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/king-james-version/">King James Version</a>.</p> <h3 id="the-greek-septuagint-vs-the-masoretic-hebrew-today" class="wp-block-heading">The Greek Septuagint vs. the Masoretic Hebrew Today</h3> <p>Today, nearly all Western translations of the Bible — Protestant, Jewish, and Catholic — work primarily from the Masoretic text, only referring back to the Septuagint (or other ancient versions such as the <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/lost-books-bible/">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>) for unclear passages (and for the Apocrypha — more on that below).</p> <p>For the Eastern Churches, where the effects of the Reformation were barely felt, if at all — and where much of the population still uses Greek liturgically — the Septuagint remains the preferred version. For non-Greek speakers such as Russian and Ethiopian Orthodox, their Bibles are translated from the Greek Septuagint, rather than the Hebrew. (You can even find the Septuagint in English in the <a href="https://faithgateway.com/products/orthodox-study-bible-ancient-christianity-speaks-to-todays-world?variant=34351776825480&utm_source=bg&utm_medium=bglearn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orthodox Study Bible</a>.)</p> <p>Only the Syriac Orthodox Church (active in the Levant, Turkey, and the Middle East) uses the Peshitta, a simplified Hebrew Old Testament, liturgically.</p> <h2 id="septuagint-greek-vs-masoretic-hebrew-bibles-similarities-and-differences" class="wp-block-heading">Septuagint Greek vs. Masoretic Hebrew Bibles: Similarities and Differences</h2> <p>For the most part, the Masoretic and Septuagint Old Testaments feature the same content in the same format with whatever small variations you might expect to see in a translation. There are some subtle differences, though — and some very obvious ones.</p> <h3 id="the-differences-apocryphal-books-and-textual-discrepancies" class="wp-block-heading">The Differences: Apocryphal Books and Textual Discrepancies</h3> <p>The biggest difference between the Septuagint and Masoretic texts is that <strong>the Septuagint includes the Deuterocanonical books, also known as the Apocrypha, and the Masoretic does not.</strong></p> <p>Why?</p> <p>The simple reason is that the Apocryphal books were in fact <em>written </em>in Greek. Because of that, they were never fully embraced into Jewish canon — and because of <em>that</em>, they were excluded when Protestants rejected the Septuagint in favor of the original Hebrew Bible.</p> <p>Perhaps more troublingly, there are <a href="https://www.kalvesmaki.com/LXX/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">some subtle textual differences</a> between the Septuagint and Masoretic texts. For example, the books of Job and Jeremiah are much shorter in the Septuagint, and the latter is in a different order. The book of Exodus also varies significantly between the two versions. And there are other places where verses are added, removed, or altered throughout.</p> <p>But which were added, and which were removed? Which verses are the correct ones?</p> <h3 id="is-the-septuagint-or-masoretic-more-reliable" class="wp-block-heading">Is the Septuagint or Masoretic More Reliable?</h3> <p>Both scholars and believers disagree among each other about whether the Septuagint or Masoretic versions are more likely to represent the original form of the Bible. Most Eastern Christians side with the Septuagint, while Western Christians (especially Protestants) and Jews prefer the Masoretic — and scholars are all over the place.</p> <p>There are compelling reasons to trust them both. Basically what it comes down to, is that <strong>the Masoretic was <em>written</em> first, but the Septuagint was <em>compiled</em> first.</strong></p> <p>Christians recognized these discrepancies very early on. The second-century scholar and theologian Origen famously created a side-by-side comparison of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin known as the <em>Hexapla</em>. He attempted to reconcile the different versions, beginning a process picked up by Jerome’s combined translation, later rediscovered by post-Reformation Protestant translators, then probed by 19<sup>th</sup> century German and English scholars, and still continuing today.</p> <p>You can see the fruits of all of their labors in the footnotes of most modern Bible translations.</p> <h3 id="the-similarities-are-far-greater-than-the-differences" class="wp-block-heading">The Similarities Are Far Greater than the Differences</h3> <p>In any case, these differences between Greek and Hebrew Bibles should not be overstated. Aside from the Apocrypha, the vast majority of the Old Testament’s <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/bible-verses-and-chapters/">23,000-plus verses</a> are very close across its different versions. That is remarkable — even miraculous — when you consider that each and every one of them had to be copied by hand, over and over, for hundreds of years.</p> <h3 id="list-of-books-in-the-septuagint" class="wp-block-heading">List of Books in the Septuagint</h3> <p>Here is a list of the books that appear in the Septuagint, and which denominations consider them canonical.</p> <p>Note how closely aligned the Protestant and Jewish canons are: that’s because they both use the Masoretic text. Catholic Bibles have <em>most</em> — but not all — of the books that Orthodox Bibles have. Only the Psalms of Solomon do not appear in any canon; the Odes are songs taken from elsewhere in the Bible and made into a separate book for liturgical readings.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Book</strong></td><td><strong>Protestant</strong></td><td><strong>Jewish</strong></td><td><strong>Catholic</strong></td><td><strong>Orthodox</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Genesis</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Exodus</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Leviticus</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Numbers</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Deuteronomy</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Joshua</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Judges</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Ruth</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>1 Kings</td><td>✔ [as 1 Samuel]</td><td>✔ [as Samuel]</td><td>✔ [as 1 Samuel]</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>2 Kings</td><td>✔ [as 2 Samuel]</td><td>✔ [as Samuel]</td><td>✔ [as 2 Samuel]</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>3 Kings</td><td>✔ [as 1 Kings]</td><td>✔ [as Kings]</td><td>✔ [as 1 Kings]</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>4 Kings</td><td>✔ [as 2 Kings]</td><td>✔ [as Kings]</td><td>✔ [as 2 Kings]</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>1 Chronicles</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>2 Chronicles</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>1 Esdras</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>2 Esdras</td><td>✔ [as Ezra & Nehemiah]</td><td>✔ [as Ezra-Nehemiah]</td><td>✔ [as Ezra & Nehemiah]</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Esther</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔ [with additions]</td><td>✔ [with additions]</td></tr><tr><td>Judith</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Tobit</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>1 Maccabees</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>2 Maccabees</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>3 Maccabees</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Psalms</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔ [with Psalm 151]</td></tr><tr><td>Odes</td><td colspan="4">[These exist elsewhere in the Bible and not as a separate book in modern Bibles.]</td></tr><tr><td>Proverbs</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Ecclesiastes</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Song of Solomon</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Job</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Wisdom of Solomon</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Sirach</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Hosea</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Amos</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Micah</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Joel</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Obadiah</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Jonah</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Nahum</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Habakkuk</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Zephaniah</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Haggai</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Zechariah</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Malachi</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Isaiah</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Jeremiah</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Baruch</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Lamentations</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Letter of Jeremiah</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Ezekiel</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel</td><td>✔</td><td>✔</td><td>✔ [with additions]</td><td>✔ [with additions]</td></tr><tr><td>4 Maccabees</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>✔ [in appendix]</td></tr><tr><td>Psalms of Solomon</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <h2 id="conclusion-the-legacy-of-the-septuagint" class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion: The Legacy of the Septuagint</h2> <p>From its origins among ancient Greek-speaking Jews, to its use as a bridge between Jews and Gentiles in early Christianity, to its foundational role in Eastern Orthodox and — to a lesser extent — Roman Catholic liturgy and doctrine, the Septuagint has played an integral role in Biblical history and translation.</p> <p>Though it ultimately fell out of favor in the West and remains in use today mainly among Orthodox Christians, it remains a critical piece of the tapestry that makes up our Scriptures — and our faith. It continues to inform our understanding of the Bible by filling in the blanks when the Hebrew texts are unclear, and reminds us of the rich cultural and linguistic diversity that exists within Christianity — now more than ever.</p> <p>So next time you pick up your Bible, keep an eye on the footnotes — you just might see a few of the seams that hold that tapestry together.</p> <p><strong>Go deeper into Biblical history, theology, and faith with a </strong><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/plus/?utm_source=bg&utm_medium=bglearn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>free 14-day trial of Bible Gateway Plus</strong></a><strong>. You’ll get access to dozens of resources for every type of reader</strong> <strong>— including the Septuagint commentary from the </strong><a href="https://faithgateway.com/products/orthodox-study-bible-ancient-christianity-speaks-to-todays-world?variant=34351776825480&utm_source=bg&utm_medium=bglearn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Orthodox Study Bible</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p>   <div class="molongui-clearfix"></div><div id="mab-6657264942" class="m-a-box " data-box-layout="slim" data-box-position="below" data-multiauthor="false" data-author-id="3" data-author-type="user" data-author-archived=""><div class="m-a-box-container"><div class="m-a-box-tab m-a-box-content m-a-box-profile" data-profile-layout="layout-1" data-author-ref="user-3" itemscope itemid="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="m-a-box-content-top"></div><div class="m-a-box-content-middle"><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-avatar" data-source="local"><a class="m-a-box-avatar-url" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://i0.wp.com/staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723841809840-150x150.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" class="attachment-150x150 size-150x150" alt="Jacob Edson headshot" itemprop="image"/></a></div><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-data"><div class="m-a-box-name m-a-box-title"><h5 id="jacob-edson" itemprop="name"><a class="m-a-box-name-url " href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/" itemprop="url"> Jacob Edson</a></h5></div><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-meta"></div><div class="m-a-box-bio" itemprop="description"><p>Jacob is Editorial Director of Bible Gateway. He holds a Master of Theological Studies in Early Christian Thought from Harvard Divinity School, and a Bachelor of Arts in Religious History from Memorial University of Newfoundland, though with most of his coursework from the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. His work has appeared in Ekstasis and in Geez Magazine's "Embracing Darkness" Advent devotional.</p></div><div class="m-a-box-related" data-related-layout="layout-1"><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-related-entries" style="display:none;"><ul><li><div class="m-a-box-related-entry" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="molongui-display-none" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><div itemprop="name">Jacob Edson</div><div itemprop="url">https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/</div></div><div class="m-a-box-related-entry-title"><i class="m-a-icon-doc"></i><a class="molongui-remove-underline" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/biblically-accurate-angels/" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="headline">A Field Guide to Biblically Accurate Angels (With Bible Verses)</span></a></div></div></li><li><div class="m-a-box-related-entry" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="molongui-display-none" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><div itemprop="name">Jacob Edson</div><div itemprop="url">https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/</div></div><div class="m-a-box-related-entry-title"><i class="m-a-icon-doc"></i><a class="molongui-remove-underline" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/protestant-reformation/" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="headline">What Was the Protestant Reformation? 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</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_80 td-pb-border-top toc-header td_block_template_1" data-td-block-uid="tdi_80" > <style>.tdi_80{margin-bottom:25px!important;padding-bottom:12px!important;border-color:#ec3535!important;border-style:solid!important;border-width:0px 0px 3px 0px!important}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_80{margin-bottom:16px!important;padding-bottom:8px!important}}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_80{padding-bottom:10px!important}}</style> <style>.tdi_80{text-align:left!important}.tdi_80 .tdm-descr{color:#000000;font-family:Work Sans!important;font-size:32px!important;line-height:1!important;font-weight:700!important;letter-spacing:-1px!important}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_80 .tdm-descr{font-size:28px!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_80 .tdm-descr{font-size:24px!important}}</style><p class="tdm-descr">In This Article</p></div><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_toc tdi_81 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1" data-td-block-uid="tdi_81" > <style>.tdb_single_toc{transform:translateZ(0);font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif}.tdb_single_toc .tdb-block-inner{padding:20px 18px;background-color:#fff}.tdb_single_toc .tdb-stoc-title{margin:0 0 15px;font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:500}.tdb_single_toc ul{list-style:none;margin:0;width:100%}.tdb_single_toc ul li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;color:#444}.tdb_single_toc .tdb-block-inner>ul>li{margin-left:0}.tdb_single_toc a{flex:1;margin-bottom:4px;color:inherit}.tdb_single_toc a:hover,.tdb_single_toc a.tdb-toc-active{color:var(--td_theme_color,#4db2ec)}.tdb_single_toc .tdb-block-inner>ul>li:last-child a{margin-bottom:0}.tdi_81 .tdb-block-inner>ul>li{margin-left:0}.tdi_81 .tdb-block-inner{text-align:left}.tdi_81 ul li{justify-content:left}body .tdi_81 .tdb-block-inner{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:#e3e3e5;border-radius:8px}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){body .tdi_81 .tdb-block-inner{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:#e3e3e5}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){body .tdi_81 .tdb-block-inner{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:#e3e3e5}}@media (max-width:767px){body .tdi_81 .tdb-block-inner{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:#e3e3e5}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><ul><li><a href="#origins-of-the-septuagint">Origins of the Septuagint</a><ul><li><a href="#why-lxx-seventy">Why LXX (‘Seventy’)?</a></li><li><a href="#an-enormous-and-enormously-controversial-achievement">An Enormous — and Enormously Controversial — Achievement</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#the-septuagint-s-influence-on-christianity">The Septuagint’s Influence on Christianity</a><ul><li><a href="#the-septuagint-s-lack-of-influence-on-judaism">The Septuagint’s (Lack of) Influence on Judaism</a></li><li><a href="#the-rediscovery-of-the-hebrew-bible-during-the-reformation">The Rediscovery of the Hebrew Bible During the Reformation</a></li><li><a href="#the-greek-septuagint-vs-the-masoretic-hebrew-today">The Greek Septuagint vs. the Masoretic Hebrew Today</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#septuagint-greek-vs-masoretic-hebrew-bibles-similarities-and-differences">Septuagint Greek vs. Masoretic Hebrew Bibles: Similarities and Differences</a><ul><li><a href="#the-differences-apocryphal-books-and-textual-discrepancies">The Differences: Apocryphal Books and Textual Discrepancies</a></li><li><a href="#is-the-septuagint-or-masoretic-more-reliable">Is the Septuagint or Masoretic More Reliable?</a></li><li><a href="#the-similarities-are-far-greater-than-the-differences">The Similarities Are Far Greater than the Differences</a></li><li><a href="#list-of-books-in-the-septuagint">List of Books in the Septuagint</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#conclusion-the-legacy-of-the-septuagint">Conclusion: The Legacy of the Septuagint</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="td_block_wrap td_block_raw_css tdi_82 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1" data-td-block-uid="tdi_82" ><div id=tdi_82 class="td_block_inner td-fix-index"><style>.tdb_single_toc a:hover, .tdb_single_toc a.tdb-toc-active { color: #f43f3f; } </style></div></div><div class="td-a-rec td-a-rec-id-sidebar tdi_83 td_block_template_1"> <style>.tdi_83{height:640px!important}</style> <style>.tdi_83.td-a-rec{text-align:center}.tdi_83.td-a-rec:not(.td-a-rec-no-translate){transform:translateZ(0)}.tdi_83 .td-element-style{z-index:-1}</style><div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__300x600" id="biblegateway_blog_siderail_right"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "biblegateway_blog_siderail_right", slotId: 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class="td-block-title-wrap"></div><div id=tdi_100 class="td_block_inner td-mc1-wrap"> <div class="td_module_flex td_module_flex_1 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack td-cpt-post"> <div class="td-module-container td-category-pos-above"> <div class="td-image-container"> <div class="td-module-thumb"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/early-english-bible-translations/" rel="bookmark" class="td-image-wrap " title="The Earliest English Bible Translations" ><span class="entry-thumb td-thumb-css" data-type="css_image" data-img-url="https://i0.wp.com/staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/07145240/Wycliffe-Tyndale.jpg?resize=696%2C392&ssl=1" ></span></a></div> </div> <div class="td-module-meta-info"> <h3 class="entry-title td-module-title"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/early-english-bible-translations/" rel="bookmark" title="The Earliest English Bible Translations">The Earliest English Bible Translations</a></h3> <div class="td-editor-date"> <span class="td-author-date"> <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/tim-wildsmith/" aria-label="author-photo" class="td-author-photo"><img alt='Jacob Edson' src='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/01140641/Tim-Wildsmith-reduced-e1730484430474.png' srcset='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/01140641/Tim-Wildsmith-reduced-e1730484430474.png 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' decoding='async'/></a> <span class="td-post-author-name"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/tim-wildsmith/">Tim Wildsmith</a> <span>-</span> </span> <span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2024-11-18T07:17:00-05:00" >November 18, 2024</time></span> </span> </div> <div class="td-excerpt">Pastor, professor, and popular YouTuber Tim Wildsmith conducts a quick tour through the first English Bible translations, from Wycliffe and Tyndale to the KJV.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="td_module_flex td_module_flex_1 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack td-cpt-post"> <div class="td-module-container td-category-pos-above"> <div class="td-image-container"> <div class="td-module-thumb"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/biblically-accurate-angels/" rel="bookmark" class="td-image-wrap " title="A Field Guide to Biblically Accurate Angels (With Bible Verses)" ><span class="entry-thumb td-thumb-css" data-type="css_image" data-img-url="https://i0.wp.com/staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/28152505/biblically-accurate-angels.jpeg?resize=696%2C392&ssl=1" ></span></a></div> </div> <div class="td-module-meta-info"> <h3 class="entry-title td-module-title"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/biblically-accurate-angels/" rel="bookmark" title="A Field Guide to Biblically Accurate Angels (With Bible Verses)">A Field Guide to Biblically Accurate Angels (With Bible Verses)</a></h3> <div class="td-editor-date"> <span class="td-author-date"> <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/" aria-label="author-photo" class="td-author-photo"><img alt='Jacob Edson' src='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg' srcset='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' decoding='async'/></a> <span class="td-post-author-name"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/">Jacob Edson</a> <span>-</span> </span> <span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2024-11-11T07:36:00-05:00" >November 11, 2024</time></span> </span> </div> <div class="td-excerpt">What does a Biblically accurate angel look like? It depends — there are a lot of different types of angels in the Bible. Here’s a look at each of them. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="td_module_flex td_module_flex_1 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack td-cpt-post"> <div class="td-module-container td-category-pos-above"> <div class="td-image-container"> <div class="td-module-thumb"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/protestant-reformation/" rel="bookmark" class="td-image-wrap " title="What Was the Protestant Reformation? 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Complete Guide to Its Origins and Impact</a></h3> <div class="td-editor-date"> <span class="td-author-date"> <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/" aria-label="author-photo" class="td-author-photo"><img alt='Jacob Edson' src='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg' srcset='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' decoding='async'/></a> <span class="td-post-author-name"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/">Jacob Edson</a> <span>-</span> </span> <span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2024-10-28T07:34:00-04:00" >October 28, 2024</time></span> </span> </div> <div class="td-excerpt">A (not so) quick overview of the major figures, events, ideas, and results of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="td_module_flex td_module_flex_1 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack td-cpt-post"> <div class="td-module-container td-category-pos-above"> <div class="td-image-container"> <div class="td-module-thumb"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/bible-monsters/" rel="bookmark" class="td-image-wrap " title="Giants, Dragons, and Unicorns? A Bible Monster Bestiary" ><span class="entry-thumb td-thumb-css" data-type="css_image" data-img-url="https://i0.wp.com/staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/27113657/Leviathan.jpg?resize=696%2C392&ssl=1" ></span></a></div> </div> <div class="td-module-meta-info"> <h3 class="entry-title td-module-title"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/bible-monsters/" rel="bookmark" title="Giants, Dragons, and Unicorns? A Bible Monster Bestiary">Giants, Dragons, and Unicorns? A Bible Monster Bestiary</a></h3> <div class="td-editor-date"> <span class="td-author-date"> <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/" aria-label="author-photo" class="td-author-photo"><img alt='Jacob Edson' src='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg' srcset='https://staticblog.bgcdn.com/learn/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/16165603/jacob-edson-scaled-e1723842136227.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' decoding='async'/></a> <span class="td-post-author-name"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/">Jacob Edson</a> <span>-</span> </span> <span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2024-10-21T07:31:00-04:00" >October 21, 2024</time></span> </span> </div> <div class="td-excerpt">The Bible is full of strange and scary creatures, from giants and dragons to mighty “chaos monsters.” Here’s a survey of Bible monsters — and their significance for us today.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="wpb_wrapper td_block_wrap vc_raw_html tdi_102 "><div class="td-fix-index"><script> if (document.querySelectorAll(".related-posts .td-cpt-post").length === 0) { document.querySelector(".related-header").style.display = "none" } </script></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <span class="td-page-meta" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><meta itemprop="name" content="Jacob Edson"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/author/jacob-edson/"></span><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-10-14T07:32:00-04:00"><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2024-10-15T11:50:43-04:00"><meta itemscope itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemType="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemid="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/septuagint/"/><span class="td-page-meta" itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><span class="td-page-meta" itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/bible-101/about-the-bible/septuagint/"></span><meta itemprop="name" content="Bible Gateway News & Knowledge"></span><meta itemprop="headline" content="What Is the Septuagint? 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