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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter summaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_summaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_one" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_one"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chapter one</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_one-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chapter two</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_three" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_three"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chapter three</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_three-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_four" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_four"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chapter four</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_four-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_five_(orig._ch._6)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_five_(orig._ch._6)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chapter five (orig. ch. 6)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_five_(orig._ch._6)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_six_(orig._ch._7)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_six_(orig._ch._7)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Chapter six (orig. ch. 7)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_six_(orig._ch._7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_seven_(orig._ch._8)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_seven_(orig._ch._8)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Chapter seven (orig. ch. 8)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_seven_(orig._ch._8)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_eight_(orig._ch._9)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_eight_(orig._ch._9)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Chapter eight (orig. ch. 9)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_eight_(orig._ch._9)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_nine_(orig._ch._10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_nine_(orig._ch._10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Chapter nine (orig. ch. 10)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_nine_(orig._ch._10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_ten_(orig._ch._12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_ten_(orig._ch._12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Chapter ten (orig. ch. 12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_ten_(orig._ch._12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_eleven_(orig._ch._13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_eleven_(orig._ch._13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Chapter eleven (orig. ch. 13)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_eleven_(orig._ch._13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_twelve_(orig._ch._14)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_twelve_(orig._ch._14)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Chapter twelve (orig. ch. 14)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_twelve_(orig._ch._14)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appendix_one_(orig._ch._5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appendix_one_(orig._ch._5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Appendix one (orig. ch. 5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appendix_one_(orig._ch._5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appendix_two_(orig._ch._11)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appendix_two_(orig._ch._11)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Appendix two (orig. ch. 11)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appendix_two_(orig._ch._11)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publication history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publication_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publication history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publication_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Later editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_reviews_(1930s–1940s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_reviews_(1930s–1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Contemporary reviews (1930s–1940s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_reviews_(1930s–1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-communist_reevaluation_(1950s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communist_reevaluation_(1950s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Anti-communist reevaluation (1950s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communist_reevaluation_(1950s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_reevaluation_and_communist_backlash_(1960s–1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_reevaluation_and_communist_backlash_(1960s–1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Socialist reevaluation and communist backlash (1960s–1970s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_reevaluation_and_communist_backlash_(1960s–1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiographical_evaluation_(1970s–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographical_evaluation_(1970s–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Historiographical evaluation (1970s–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographical_evaluation_(1970s–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_Orwell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_Orwell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Effect on Orwell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_Orwell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_inspired_by_the_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_inspired_by_the_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Works inspired by the book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_inspired_by_the_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Homage to Catalonia</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الحنين إلى كاتالونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحنين إلى كاتالونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataloniyaya_m%C9%99h%C9%99bb%C9%99tl%C9%99" title="Kataloniyaya məhəbbətlə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kataloniyaya məhəbbətlə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homenatge_a_Catalunya" title="Homenatge a Catalunya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homenatge a Catalunya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Katal%C3%A1nsku" title="Hold Katalánsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hold Katalánsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyldest_til_Catalonien" title="Hyldest til Catalonien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hyldest til Catalonien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Katalonien" title="Mein Katalonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mein Katalonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummardus_Katalooniale" title="Kummardus Katalooniale – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kummardus Katalooniale" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φόρος Τιμής στην Καταλωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φόρος Τιμής στην Καταλωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homenaje_a_Catalu%C3%B1a" title="Homenaje a Cataluña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homenaje a Cataluña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="درود بر کاتالونیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درود بر کاتالونیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hommage_%C3%A0_la_Catalogne" title="Hommage à la Catalogne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hommage à la Catalogne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%B0%AC%EA%B0%80" title="카탈로니아 찬가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카탈로니아 찬가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaggio_alla_Catalogna" title="Omaggio alla Catalogna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omaggio alla Catalogna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מחווה לקטלוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחווה לקטלוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Во чест на Каталонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Во чест на Каталонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluut_aan_Cataloni%C3%AB" title="Saluut aan Catalonië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saluut aan Catalonië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AE%83%E6%AD%8C" title="カタロニア讃歌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタロニア讃歌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_ho%C5%82dzie_Katalonii" title="W hołdzie Katalonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="W hołdzie Katalonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagiu_Cataloniei" title="Omagiu Cataloniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Omagiu Cataloniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Памяти Каталонии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Памяти Каталонии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Katal%C3%A1nsku" title="Hold Katalánsku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hold Katalánsku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homage to Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalonia,_Katalonia" title="Katalonia, Katalonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katalonia, Katalonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyllning_till_Katalonien" title="Hyllning till Katalonien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hyllning till Katalonien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalonya%27ya_Selam" title="Katalonya'ya Selam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katalonya'ya Selam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Данина Каталонії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Данина Каталонії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%B9%D9%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(1938)" title="ہومیج ٹو کیٹالونیا (1938) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہومیج ٹو کیٹالونیا (1938)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%91%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%B4%E6%95%AC" title="向加泰罗尼亚致敬 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book by George Orwell</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Homage to Catalonia <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.author=%5B%5BGeorge+Orwell%5D%5D&rft.date=April+1938&rft.pub=%5B%5BSecker+and+Warburg%5D%5D+%28London%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=368+%28paperback%29+%3Cbr+%2F%3E+248+%28hardback%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Homage_to_Catalonia,_Cover,_1st_Edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Homage_to_Catalonia%2C_Cover%2C_1st_Edition.jpg/220px-Homage_to_Catalonia%2C_Cover%2C_1st_Edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Homage_to_Catalonia%2C_Cover%2C_1st_Edition.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Non-fiction, political</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a> (London)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hardback & paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">368 (paperback) <br /> 248 (hardback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Homage to Catalonia</b></i> is a 1938 <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a> by English writer <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, in which he accounts his personal experiences and observations while fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. </p><p>Covering the period between December 1936 and June 1937, Orwell recounts <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>'s revolutionary fervor during his training in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, his boredom on the front lines in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, his involvement in the interfactional <a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a> conflict back in Barcelona on leave, his getting shot in the throat back on the front lines, and his escape to France after the <a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a> was declared an illegal organization. The war was one of the defining events of his political outlook and a significant part of what led him to write in 1946, "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, <i>against</i> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> and <i>for</i> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, as I understand it."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial reception was mixed, often depending on whether the reviewers' analyses of events aligned with Orwell's. Praise was reserved for his vivid depiction of life on the frontlines, while criticisms were aimed at his denunciations of the Republican government and Communist Party. It received a second wave of popularity during the 1950s, after the popularity of Orwell's novels <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> (1945) and <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949) attracted a reevaluation of the book, with American liberal intellectuals presenting it as a work of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>. During the 1960s, figures in the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> again recontextualised it through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a>, opposed both to <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, which attracted another wave of criticism from figures in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB). Since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>, it has received a reevaluation by historians in debates about its quality as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a>, with British historian <a href="/wiki/Tom_Buchanan_(historian)" title="Tom Buchanan (historian)">Tom Buchanan</a> noting its limited, unbalanced viewpoint and cautioning against reading it as a representation of the conflict as a whole. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century, a motif known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_two_Spains" title="The two Spains">the two Spains</a></i> began to emerge in Spanish literature, in which writers such as <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Mariano José de Larra</a> depicted a polarised Spain, divided into <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> factions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201138–39_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201138–39-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> was established in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201137_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it came at a time when Europe was experiencing rise in <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> broke out on 18 July 1936, when the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, launched a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">coup d'état</a> against the elected government of the Spanish Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201135_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201135-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_(1936%E2%80%9339).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg/220px-General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg/330px-General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg/440px-General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>General map of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–39).</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Republican government was initially paralysed by the coup, resistance to it was organised by the general population in cities throughout the country, culminating in a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">social revolution</a> that saw <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">socialist</a> workers bring Spain's industrial economy under <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201139_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the autumn of 1936, workers' militias had defeated the Nationalist coup in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, forming a frontline through <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Castile_(Spain)" title="New Castile (Spain)">New Castile</a> that divided Spain into Republican and Nationalist zones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican faction</a> consisted of several different political parties and trade unions, of varying political positions and influence, including: the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">National Confederation of Labour</a> (CNT), an <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarchist trade union</a> which controlled the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_metropolitan_area" title="Barcelona metropolitan area">Barcelona metropolitan area</a>; the <a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">Workers' Party of Marxist Unification</a> (POUM), a small <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> party; the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">General Union of Workers</a> (UGT), a socialist trade union which predominated in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE) and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> (PCE), which had amalgamated together in Catalonia into the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia</a> (PSUC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201143_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French government of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> and the British government of <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">non-intervention</a>, ostensibly to prevent any escalation, but also motivated by their fear of revolutionary sentiments spreading outside of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141–42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141–42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Nationalists were supported militarily from the Nazis and fascists, the Republicans found themselves economically and diplomatically isolated, forcing them to purchase military equipment from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to combat the rise of fascism and defend the social revolution, thousands of volunteers came to Spain and joined the Republican militias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531Martín_Moruno201139–40_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531Martín_Moruno201139–40-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_context">Biographical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biographical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/220px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/330px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/440px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, the author of <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>, who travelled to Spain to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> was born in 1903, in the Indian city of <a href="/wiki/Motihari" title="Motihari">Motihari</a>, which was at the time under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. He was raised by his mother in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and returned to Asia at the age of 19, in order to join the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Imperial Police</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a>. There he was exposed first-hand to the material realities of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, which became the subject of his first novel <i><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a></i>, published in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201140_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201140-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Europe, he spent years living in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in the cities of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, an experience which formed the basis for his first full-length work <i><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Orwell was already a committed <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201140_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201140-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1930s, Orwell had become concerned about the rise of fascism in Europe and wanted to take action to oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he did not speak or write about Spain during the first months of the conflict, so his thought process on the matter is not known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the autumn of 1936, he had decided to go to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201141–42_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201141–42-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to obtain a passport that would permit his entry into Spain, he initially went to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB) in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_London" title="Queen Street, London">King Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the party's leader, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a>, asked if he would join the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, Orwell replied that he wanted to see for himself what was happening first.<sup id="cite_ref-Transformation200_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transformation200-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Pollitt refused to help, Orwell contacted the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> (ILP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Transformation200_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transformation200-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They accredited Orwell as a correspondent for their weekly paper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leader" title="Labour Leader">New Leader</a></i>, which provided Orwell the means to go legitimately to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Transformation200_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transformation200-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orwell received a letter of recommendation from the ILP's general secretary <a href="/wiki/Fenner_Brockway" title="Fenner Brockway">Fenner Brockway</a>, who put him in touch with <a href="/wiki/John_McNair_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McNair (UK politician)">John McNair</a>, the ILP's representative in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and an affiliate of the POUM, a Catalan party of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201142_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201142-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After putting the finishing touches on his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he departed for Spain on 23 December 1936. He briefly stopped in Paris, where he met up with his friend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, before he continued his journey south by train, finally crossing over the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="France–Spain border">France–Spain border</a> and arriving in Barcelona by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arriving in Spain, Orwell is reported to have told McNair that he had come to Spain to join the militia to fight against Fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While McNair also describes Orwell as expressing a desire to write "some articles" for the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman"><i>New Statesman and Nation</i></a> with an intention "to stir working-class opinion in Britain and France", when presented the opportunity to write, Orwell told him writing "was quite secondary and his main reason for coming was to fight against Fascism." McNair took Orwell to the POUM (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i>Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista;</i> English: Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By Orwell's own admission, it was somewhat by chance that he joined the POUM: "I knew that I was serving in something called the POUM. (I had only joined the POUM militia rather than any other because I happened to arrive in Barcelona with ILP papers), but I did not realize that there were serious differences between the political parties."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later notes, "As far as my purely personal preferences went I would have liked to join the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchists</a>." He also nearly joined <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Column</a> midway through his tour because he thought they were likeliest to send him to Madrid, where he wanted to join the action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_summaries">Chapter summaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chapter summaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appendices in this summary correspond to chapters 5 and 11 in editions that do not include appendices. Orwell felt these chapters, as journalistic accounts of the political situation in Spain, were out of place in the midst of the narrative and should be moved so that readers could ignore them if they wished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_one">Chapter one</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chapter one"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell describes the atmosphere of Barcelona in December 1936. "The anarchists were still in virtual control of Catalonia and the revolution was still in full swing ... It was the first time that I had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle ... every wall was scrawled with the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a> ... every shop and café had an inscription saying that it had been <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivized</a>." Further to this, "<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">The Anarchists</a>" (referring to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a>) were "in control", <a href="/wiki/Tip_(gratuity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tip (gratuity)">tipping</a> was prohibited by workers themselves, and servile forms of speech, such as "<i>Señor</i>" or "<i>Don</i>", were abandoned. At the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> Barracks (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a> Barracks), militiamen were given instruction in the form of "parade-ground drill of the most antiquated, stupid kind; right turn, left turn, about turn, marching at attention in column of threes and all the rest of that useless nonsense, which I had learned when I was fifteen years old".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milicianas_em_1936_por_Gerda_Taro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Milicianas_em_1936_por_Gerda_Taro.jpg/180px-Milicianas_em_1936_por_Gerda_Taro.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Milicianas_em_1936_por_Gerda_Taro.jpg/270px-Milicianas_em_1936_por_Gerda_Taro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Milicianas_em_1936_por_Gerda_Taro.jpg/360px-Milicianas_em_1936_por_Gerda_Taro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>"There were still women serving in the militias, though not very many. In the early battles they had fought side by side with the men as a matter of course." (<i>Barcelona, 1936. Militiawomen on beach near Barcelona</i>. Photo: <a href="/wiki/Gerda_Taro" title="Gerda Taro">Gerda Taro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>He describes the deficiencies of the POUM workers' militia, the absence of weapons, the recruits mostly boys of sixteen or seventeen ignorant of the meaning of war, half-complains about the sometimes frustrating tendency of Spaniards to put things off until "<i>mañana</i>" (tomorrow), notes his struggles with Spanish (or more usually, the local use of <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>). He praises the generosity of the Catalan working class. Orwell leads to the next chapter by describing the "conquering-hero stuff"—parades through the streets and cheering crowds—that the militiamen experienced at the time he was sent to the Aragón front. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_two">Chapter two</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chapter two"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1937, Orwell's <a href="/wiki/Centuria_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuria (Spanish Civil War)">centuria</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre" title="Alcubierre">Alcubierre</a>, just behind the line fronting <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>. He sketches the squalor of the region's villages and the "Fascist deserters" indistinguishable from themselves. On the third day rifles are handed out. Orwell's "was a German <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> dated 1896 ... it was corroded and past praying for." The chapter ends on his centuria's arrival at trenches near Zaragoza and the first time a bullet nearly hit him. To his dismay, instinct made him duck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_three">Chapter three</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chapter three"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the hills around Zaragoza, Orwell experiences the "mingled boredom and discomfort of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">stationary warfare</a>," the mundaneness of a situation in which "each army had dug itself in and settled down on the hill-tops it had won." He praises the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> for their relative <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>, for their holding of the front while the army was trained in the rear, and for the "democratic 'revolutionary' type of discipline ... more reliable than might be expected." "'Revolutionary' discipline depends on political consciousness—on an understanding of <i>why</i> orders must be obeyed; it takes time to diffuse this, but it also takes time to drill a man into an automaton on the barrack-square".<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the chapter Orwell describes the various shortages and problems at the front—firewood ("We were between two and three thousand feet above sea-level, it was mid winter and the cold was unspeakable"),<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> food, candles, tobacco, and adequate munitions—as well as the danger of accidents inherent in a badly trained and poorly armed group of soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_four">Chapter four</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chapter four"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After some three weeks at the front, Orwell and the other English militiaman in his unit, Williams, join a contingent of fellow Englishmen sent out by the Independent Labour Party to a position at Monte Oscuro, within sight of Zaragoza. "Perhaps the best of the bunch was Bob Smillie—the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smillie" title="Robert Smillie">the famous miners' leader</a>—who afterwards died such an evil and meaningless death in <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this new position he witnesses the sometimes <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propagandistic</a> shouting between the Rebel and Loyalist trenches and hears of the fall of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)" title="Battle of Málaga (1937)">Málaga</a>. "... every man in the militia believed that the loss of Malaga was due to treachery. It was the first talk I had heard of treachery or divided aims. It set up in my mind the first vague doubts about this war in which, hitherto, the rights and wrongs had seemed so beautifully simple."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, he is sent with the other POUM militiamen 50 miles to make a part of the army besieging <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a>; he mentions the running joke phrase, "Tomorrow we'll have coffee in Huesca," attributed to a general commanding the Government troops who, months earlier, made one of many failed assaults on the town. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miliciananos_Taro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miliciananos_Taro.jpg/220px-Miliciananos_Taro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miliciananos_Taro.jpg/330px-Miliciananos_Taro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miliciananos_Taro.jpg/440px-Miliciananos_Taro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption> "I knew that I was serving in something called the POUM. (I had only joined the POUM militia rather than any other because I happened to arrive in Barcelona with ILP papers), but I did not realise that there were serious differences between the political parties." (<i>Republican soldiers, June 1937</i>. Photo: <a href="/wiki/Gerda_Taro" title="Gerda Taro">Gerda Taro</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_five_(orig._ch._6)"><span id="Chapter_five_.28orig._ch._6.29"></span>Chapter five (orig. ch. 6)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chapter five (orig. ch. 6)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell complains that on the eastern side of Huesca, where he was stationed, nothing ever seemed to happen—except the onslaught of spring, and, with it, <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>. He was in a ("so-called") hospital at <a href="/wiki/Monflorite-Lascasas" title="Monflorite-Lascasas">Monflorite</a> for ten days at the end of March 1937 with a poisoned hand that had to be lanced and put in a sling. He describes rats that "really were as big as cats, or nearly" (in Orwell's novel <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i>, the protagonist <a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a> has a phobia of rats that Orwell himself shared to a lesser degree). He makes reference to the lack of "religious feeling, in the orthodox sense," and that the Catholic Church was, "to the Spanish people, at any rate in Catalonia and Aragon, a racket, pure and simple. And possibly Christian belief was replaced to some extent by Anarchism".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter portion of the chapter briefly details various operations in which Orwell took part: silently advancing the Loyalist frontline by night, for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_six_(orig._ch._7)"><span id="Chapter_six_.28orig._ch._7.29"></span>Chapter six (orig. ch. 7)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapter six (orig. ch. 7)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell takes part in a "holding attack" on Huesca, designed to draw the Nationalist troops away from an Anarchist attack on "the <a href="/wiki/Jaca" title="Jaca">Jaca</a> road." He suspects two of the bombs he threw may have killed their targets, but he cannot be sure. They capture the position and pull back with captured rifles and ammunition, but Orwell laments that they fled too hurriedly to bring back a telescope they had discovered, which Orwell sees as more useful than any weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_seven_(orig._ch._8)"><span id="Chapter_seven_.28orig._ch._8.29"></span>Chapter seven (orig. ch. 8)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chapter seven (orig. ch. 8)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell shares memories of the 115 days he spent on the war front, and its influence on his political ideas, "... the prevailing mental atmosphere was that of Socialism ... the ordinary class-division of society had disappeared to an extent that is almost unthinkable in the money-tainted air of England ... the effect was to make my desire to see Socialism established much more actual than it had been before."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he left Spain, he had become a "convinced democratic Socialist." The chapter ends with Orwell's arrival in Barcelona on the afternoon of 26 April 1937. "And after that the trouble began." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_eight_(orig._ch._9)"><span id="Chapter_eight_.28orig._ch._9.29"></span>Chapter eight (orig. ch. 9)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chapter eight (orig. ch. 9)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POUM_militiaman_at_rest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/POUM_militiaman_at_rest.jpg/160px-POUM_militiaman_at_rest.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/POUM_militiaman_at_rest.jpg/240px-POUM_militiaman_at_rest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/POUM_militiaman_at_rest.jpg/320px-POUM_militiaman_at_rest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>POUM militiaman</figcaption></figure> <p>Orwell details noteworthy changes in the social and political atmosphere of Barcelona when he returns after three months at the front. He describes a lack of revolutionary atmosphere and the class division that he had thought would not reappear, i.e., with visible division between rich and poor and the return of servile language. Orwell had been determined to leave the POUM, and confesses here that he "would have liked to join the Anarchists," but instead sought a recommendation to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Column</a>, so that he could go to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">Madrid front</a>. The latter half of this chapter is devoted to describing the conflict between the anarchist CNT and the socialist <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a> (UGT) and the resulting cancellation of the May Day demonstration and the build-up to the street fighting of the "Barcelona May Days". "It was the antagonism between those who wished the revolution to go forward and those who wished to check or prevent it—ultimately, between Anarchists and Communists."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_nine_(orig._ch._10)"><span id="Chapter_nine_.28orig._ch._10.29"></span>Chapter nine (orig. ch. 10)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chapter nine (orig. ch. 10)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell relates his involvement in the "May Days"' Barcelona street fighting that began on 3 May when the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia de Asalto">Government Assault Guards</a> tried to take the Telephone Exchange from the CNT workers who controlled it. For his part, Orwell acted as part of the POUM, guarding a POUM-controlled building. Although he realises that he is fighting on the side of the working class, Orwell describes his dismay at coming back to Barcelona on leave from the front only to get mixed up in street fighting. Assault Guards from Valencia arrive—"All of them were armed with brand-new rifles ... vastly better than the dreadful old <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbusses</a> we had at the front." The Communist-controlled <a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia</a> newspapers declare POUM to be a disguised Fascist organisation—"No one who was in Barcelona then, or for months later, will forget the horrible atmosphere produced by fear, suspicion, hatred, censored newspapers, crammed jails, enormous food queues, and prowling gangs of armed men."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his second appendix to the book, Orwell discusses the political issues at stake in the May 1937 Barcelona fighting, as he saw them at the time and later on, looking back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_ten_(orig._ch._12)"><span id="Chapter_ten_.28orig._ch._12.29"></span>Chapter ten (orig. ch. 12)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chapter ten (orig. ch. 12)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell speculates on how the Spanish Civil War might turn out. Orwell predicts that the "tendency of the post-war Government ... is bound to be Fascistic." </p><p>He returns to the front, where he is shot through the throat by a sniper,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an injury that takes him out of the war. After spending some time in a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, he was moved to <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> where his wound was finally examined more than a week after he'd left the front. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_eleven_(orig._ch._13)"><span id="Chapter_eleven_.28orig._ch._13.29"></span>Chapter eleven (orig. ch. 13)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chapter eleven (orig. ch. 13)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell tells us of his various movements between hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A9tamo" title="Siétamo">Siétamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbastro" title="Barbastro">Barbastro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n" title="Monzón">Monzón</a> while getting his discharge papers stamped, after being declared medically unfit. He returns to Barcelona only to find out from his wife that the POUM had been "suppressed": it had been declared illegal the very day he had left to obtain discharge papers and POUM members were being arrested without charge. "The attack on Huesca was beginning ... there must have been numbers of men who were killed without ever learning that the newspapers in the rear were calling them Fascists. This kind of thing is a little difficult to forgive."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his wife went back to the hotel, he sleeps that night in the ruins of a church; he cannot go back to his hotel because of the danger of arrest. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_Facade_of_the_Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_panoramio_-_roadmap_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nativity_Facade_of_the_Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_panoramio_-_roadmap_%286%29.jpg/180px-Nativity_Facade_of_the_Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_panoramio_-_roadmap_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nativity_Facade_of_the_Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_panoramio_-_roadmap_%286%29.jpg/270px-Nativity_Facade_of_the_Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_panoramio_-_roadmap_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nativity_Facade_of_the_Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_panoramio_-_roadmap_%286%29.jpg/360px-Nativity_Facade_of_the_Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia_-_panoramio_-_roadmap_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>La Sagrada Família in 1980 "When Orwell speaks about the cathedral of Barcelona, he is talking in fact about <a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">La Sagrada Família temple</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a> ..."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "... I went to have a look at the cathedral—a modern cathedral, and one of the most hideous buildings in the world. It has four crenellated spires exactly the shape of hock bottles ... I think the Anarchists showed bad taste in not blowing it up ... though they did hang a red and black banner between its spires."(Ch. XII)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_twelve_(orig._ch._14)"><span id="Chapter_twelve_.28orig._ch._14.29"></span>Chapter twelve (orig. ch. 14)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chapter twelve (orig. ch. 14)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This chapter describes his visits accompanied by his wife to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Kopp" title="Georges Kopp">Georges Kopp</a>, unit commander of the <a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a> while Kopp was held in a Spanish makeshift jail—"really the ground floor of a shop." Having done all he could to free Kopp, ineffectively and at great personal risk, Orwell decides to leave Spain. Crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> frontier, he and his wife arrived in France "without incident". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appendix_one_(orig._ch._5)"><span id="Appendix_one_.28orig._ch._5.29"></span>Appendix one (orig. ch. 5)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Appendix one (orig. ch. 5)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell explains the divisions within the Republican side: "On the one side the CNT-FAI, the POUM, and a section of the Socialists, standing for workers' control: on the other side the Right-wing Socialists, Liberals, and Communists, standing for centralized government and a militarized army."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also writes: "One of the dreariest effects of this war has been to teach me that the Left-wing press is every bit as spurious and dishonest as that of the Right."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appendix_two_(orig._ch._11)"><span id="Appendix_two_.28orig._ch._11.29"></span>Appendix two (orig. ch. 11)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Appendix two (orig. ch. 11)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An attempt to dispel some of the myths in the foreign press at the time (mostly the pro-Communist press) about the "<a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a>", the street fighting that took place in <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia" title="Revolutionary Catalonia">revolutionary Catalonia</a> in early May 1937. This was between anarchists and POUM members, against Communist/government forces which sparked off when local police forces occupied the Telephone Exchange, which had until then been under the control of CNT workers. He relates the suppression of the POUM on 15–16 June 1937, gives examples of the Communist Press of the world—(<i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Worker (UK)">Daily Worker</a></i>, 21 June, "Spanish Trotskyists Plot With Franco"), indicates that <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a> hinted, "fairly broadly to the delegation that the government could not afford to offend the Communist Party while the Russians were supplying arms."<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quotes <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Zugazagoitia" title="Julián Zugazagoitia">Julián Zugazagoitia</a>, the Minister of the Interior; "We have received aid from Russia and have had to permit certain actions which we did not like."<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell wrote diaries, made press-cuttings, and took photographs during his time in Spain, but they were all stolen before he left. In May 1937, he wrote the publisher of his previous books saying, "I greatly hope I come out of this alive if only to write a book about it."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his eventual publisher, "<i>Homage</i> was begun in February [1937] in the trenches, written on scraps, the backs of envelopes, toilet paper. The written material was sent to Barcelona to McNair's office, where his wife <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Blair" title="Eileen Blair">Eileen Blair</a>, working as a volunteer, typed it out section by section. Slowly it grew into a sizable parcel. McNair kept it in his own room."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon escaping across the French border in June 1937, he stopped at the first post office available to telegram the <i>National Statesman</i>, asking if it would like a first-hand article. The offer was accepted but the article, "Eyewitness in Barcelona",<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was rejected by editor <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Martin" title="Kingsley Martin">Kingsley Martin</a> on grounds that his writing "could cause trouble"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004228–229_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004228–229-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it was picked up by <a href="/wiki/Controversy_(magazine)" title="Controversy (magazine)"><i>Controversy</i></a>). In the months after leaving Spain, Orwell wrote a number of essays on the war, notably "<a href="/wiki/Spilling_the_Spanish_Beans" title="Spilling the Spanish Beans">Spilling the Spanish Beans</a>" and a praiseful review of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Franz Borkenau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Cockpit" title="The Spanish Cockpit">The Spanish Cockpit</a></i>. </p><p>Writing from his cottage at <a href="/wiki/Wallington,_Hertfordshire" title="Wallington, Hertfordshire">Wallington, Hertfordshire</a>, he finished around New Year's Day 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-newsinger_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsinger-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_edition">First edition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: First edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Orwell had returned to England in 1937, his pitch for the memoir was quickly turned down by his own publisher <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>, who worried that its publication might harm the cause of <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orwell concluded that Gollancz was "part of the Communism-racket" and sought out a different publisher;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was recommended by ILP secretary <a href="/wiki/Fenner_Brockway" title="Fenner Brockway">Fenner Brockway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Warburg">Frederic Warburg</a>, a publisher associated with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist left</a>, who agreed to a contract with Orwell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September, a deal was signed for an advance of £150 (equivalent to £12,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004234_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004234-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 1938, Orwell had completed the book and, on 25 April 1938, <a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a> published it under the title <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Orwell remarked to <a href="/wiki/Jack_Common" title="Jack Common">Jack Common</a> that they hadn't been able to think of a better title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book was initially commercially unsuccessful, selling only 683 copies (out of 1,500) in its first 6 months, with many copies of its initial print run remaining unsold at the time of Orwell's death in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orwell himself had wondered if the book had been <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotted</a> by the British press,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304–305_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304–305-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while publisher <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Warburg" title="Fredric Warburg">Fredric Warburg</a> himself believed that the book had been "ignored and hectored into failure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ten years ago it was almost impossible to get anything printed in favour of Communism; today it is almost impossible to get anything printed in favour of Anarchism or '<a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>'," Orwell wrote bitterly in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004230_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004230-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_editions">Later editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Later editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the success of Orwell's later books, <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>, it was posthumously recognised as a "lost classic" of the now-famous author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302,_308_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302,_308-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book received a second wave of sales after the first American edition was published by <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt Brace</a>, in 1952, with an introduction from literary critic <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, Secker & Warburg published a new edition of the book in 1951; publication was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> in 1962 and it has never fallen out of print since then.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book received a third wave of sales during the late 1960s, buoyed by interest from the period's <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a> speculated in 2017 that <i>Homage</i> had become the highest selling and most read book about the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston20171_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston20171-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These later editions incorporated revisions requested by Orwell himself, in order to correct some mistakes he had made in the first edition and to rearrange the chapter sequence so the "general information" about political context was moved to an appendices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309–310_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309–310-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Davison (professor)">Peter Davison</a> published an edition with a few footnotes based on Orwell's own footnotes found among his papers after he died.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston201712_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston201712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only translation published in Orwell's lifetime was into Italian, in December 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French translation by Yvonne Davet—with whom Orwell corresponded, commenting on her translation and providing explanatory notes—in 1938–39, was not published until 1955, five years after Orwell's death.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston201712_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston201712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orwell's <i>Homage</i> finally received publication in Spain during the early 1970s, although much its content was suppressed and distorted by the <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Spain" title="Censorship in Spain">Francoist censors</a>. It received a second Spanish edition in 1978, after the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spanish Constitution</a>, but it wasn't until 2007 that an uncensored, comprehensive edition of the book was published in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201136–37_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201136–37-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_reviews_(1930s–1940s)"><span id="Contemporary_reviews_.281930s.E2.80.931940s.29"></span>Contemporary reviews (1930s–1940s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contemporary reviews (1930s–1940s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial reception of <i>Homage</i> were mixed and few in number, with reviews being divided between supporters and opponents of Orwell's analysis of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304–305_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304–305-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many positive reviews of the book came from Orwell's friends and political allies, such as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Gorer" title="Geoffrey Gorer">Geoffrey Gorer</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McNair_(British_politician)" title="John McNair (British politician)">John McNair</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterans of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Brenan" title="Gerald Brenan">Gerald Brenan</a>, praised the book for its vivid depiction of life on the frontlines of a war. Read commented that, except for a lack of artillery bombardment, Orwell's "physical miseries" in Aragon seemed worse than his own in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ypres" title="Battle of Ypres">Ypres</a>; while Brenan related to his descriptions of war's "immense boredom and its immense charm, the sense of being a human being again among other human beings." <a href="/wiki/Irene_Rathbone" title="Irene Rathbone">Irene Rathbone</a> likewise wrote that he had captured the feelings of the men that fought in the World War, commenting that he was "in essence" a part of that same generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other positive reviews came from staunch <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">Catholic</a> circles, who had opposed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a> from the outset. A review for the conservative magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> concluded that the "dismal record of intrigue, injustice, incompetence, quarrelling, lying communist propaganda, police spying, illegal imprisonment, filth and disorder" was evidence that the Spanish Republic had deserved to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book also received a positive review from Austrian journalist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Franz Borkenau</a>, who wrote that <i>Homage</i> and his own book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Cockpit" title="The Spanish Cockpit">The Spanish Cockpit</a></i> formed a complete picture of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mixed review for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Listener_(magazine)" title="The Listener (magazine)">The Listener</a></i> described the book as a "muddle-headed and inaccurate" account of the war and criticised it for its positive depiction of the POUM, while also praising Orwell's vivid description of "the horror and filth, the futility and comedy, and even the beauty of war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another mixed review was supplied by <a href="/wiki/V._S._Pritchett" title="V. S. Pritchett">V. S. Pritchett</a> who called Orwell naïve about Spain but added that "no one excels him in bringing to the eyes, ears and nostrils the nasty ingredients of fevered situations; and I would recommend him warmly to all who are concerned about the realities of personal experience in a muddled cause".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004237–238_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004237–238-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a negative review for the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>'s newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)#The_Daily_Worker_(1930–1966)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">The Daily Worker</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon-Davies" title="John Langdon-Davies">John Langdon-Davies</a> wrote that "the value of the book is that it gives an honest picture of the sort of mentality that toys with revolutionary romanticism but shies violently at revolutionary discipline. It should be read as a warning."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-fascist poet <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cunard" title="Nancy Cunard">Nancy Cunard</a> later wrote that the book was riddled with "perfidious inaccuracies" and came away from it thinking Orwell was a <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a>, wondering "what kind of damage he has been doing, or trying to do, in Spain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other negative reviews were published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004237–238_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004237–238-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British historian <a href="/wiki/Tom_Buchanan_(historian)" title="Tom Buchanan (historian)">Tom Buchanan</a> believed that, at the time of its initial publication, Orwell had "delivered a message that was too unwelcome, and at too late a stage in the war, to stimulate the kind of debate that he may have wished to initiate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305–306_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305–306-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the British left believed that the Spanish Civil War had been a simple conflict between <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, ignoring the role of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionaries</a> on the Republican side, which Orwell himself believed had made them complacent regarding the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1937, when Nancy Cunard began soliciting opinions from British authors on which side of the conflict they supported, Orwell responded that he refused to write about "defending democracy", retorting that the Spanish Republican government had forced fascism onto Spanish workers "under the pretext of resisting Fascism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Martin" title="Kingsley Martin">Kingsley Martin</a> subsequently refused to publish any of Orwell's "anti-government propaganda" in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>, which led Orwell himself to conclude that he was a victim of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306–307_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306–307-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-communist_reevaluation_(1950s)"><span id="Anti-communist_reevaluation_.281950s.29"></span>Anti-communist reevaluation (1950s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Anti-communist reevaluation (1950s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of Orwell's novels, and his death in 1950, brought <i>Homage</i> back into the limelight as people began to reassess the effect that his experiences in Spain had on his work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The release of several memoirs by Spanish ex-communists also triggered a reevaluation of the prescience of Orwell's criticisms of Communism, with <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Valentín González">Valentín González</a> commenting that his writings had been "confirmed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an obituary on Orwell, British literary critic <a href="/wiki/V._S._Pritchett" title="V. S. Pritchett">V. S. Pritchett</a> commented that "Don Quixote saw the poker face of Communism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1950, the anti-communist writer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a> praised <i>Homage</i> as "one of the most serious indictments of Communism which has been written", remarking that the book demonstrated that all ideologies were capable of terrible things, if they aren't taken together with "a scrupulous regard for the sacredness of the truth of an individual life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commented that: "politically, the liquidation of the POUM was not an event of great importance; humanly speaking, it was a greater failure for the Republic even than the defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spender even argued that <i>Homage</i> was a better book than <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i>, as it depicted "real horrors and real betrayals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002314_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002314-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the publication of the book's first American edition in 1952, American literary critic <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a> exalted Orwell as a "<a href="/wiki/Secular_saint" title="Secular saint">secular saint</a>", who was wholly committed to <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">journalistic objectivity</a>. Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rodden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rodden (page does not exist)">John Rodden</a> argued that Trilling's introduction to <i>Homage</i> was instrumental in bringing the book to prominence, as the American intelligentsia of the period had been in search of a "moral and political condemnation" of Spanish communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American reviews re-conceived the book as a key piece of context for understanding Orwell's later work, presenting it as about "the making of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-totalitarian</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some understood it as a demonstration of communist tactics for seizing power, placing it within the post-WWII context of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American journalist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Matthews" title="Herbert Matthews">Herbert Matthews</a> was sharply critical of the book's re-contextualisation by Americans during the Cold War, arguing that its importance as an account of the Spanish Civil War had been eclipsed by its status as an anti-communist exposé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_reevaluation_and_communist_backlash_(1960s–1970s)"><span id="Socialist_reevaluation_and_communist_backlash_.281960s.E2.80.931970s.29"></span>Socialist reevaluation and communist backlash (1960s–1970s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Socialist reevaluation and communist backlash (1960s–1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another reevaluation of <i>Homage</i> came during the 1960s, as the emerging <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> brought a new generation of readers to pick up the book. The anti-communist tendencies of the 1950s, which had buried Orwell's positive depiction of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a>, were partly reversed and Orwell was again reconceived as a predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>. In 1971, the Welsh socialist scholar <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a> commented that <i>Homage</i> had been reevaluated, in the context of the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a>, as taking a position in favour of revolutionary socialism and opposed to both <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311–312_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311–312-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/American_Power_and_the_New_Mandarins" title="American Power and the New Mandarins">American Power and the New Mandarins</a></i>, in which the author used <i>Homage</i> to directly compare the Spanish revolution with <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnamese resistance to US intervention</a>, arguing that neither complied with the "liberal dogma" of the American intelligentsia. He speculated that the book's status as a symbol of 1950s anti-communism would have been "of little comfort to the author".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311–312_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311–312-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Raymond Carr</a> praised Orwell in 1971 for being "determined to set down the truth as he saw it."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1971 memoir, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Matthews" title="Herbert Matthews">Herbert Matthews</a> of <i>The New York Times</i> declared, "The book did more to blacken the Loyalist cause than any work written by enemies of the Second Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revival in the book's popularity also triggered indignation from figures in the CPGB, which had never forgiven Orwell for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Jellinek_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Jellinek (historian) (page does not exist)">Frank Jellinek</a> expressed regret that the book had been exploited by <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a> and that it had brought the suppression of the POUM, which he called a "fairly minor piece of wartime expediency", to a prominent place within historiography of the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307–308_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307–308-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s, British communist veterans of the war, such as Thomas Murray and Frank Graham, denounced the book respectively as a "weapon" of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist left</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slander</a> against the International Brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, CPGB politician and former commander of the International Brigades, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Alexander_(British_politician)" title="Bill Alexander (British politician)">Bill Alexander</a>, accused Orwell of lacking anti-fascist sentiments and called the book an "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a>" denigration of the "real issues" of anti-fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_and_Wishart" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence and Wishart">Lawrence and Wishart</a> published <i>Inside the Myth</i>, a collection of essays from authors hostile to Orwell, which <a href="/wiki/John_Newsinger" title="John Newsinger">John Newsinger</a> described as "an obvious attempt to do as much damage to his reputation as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-newsinger_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsinger-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Tom Buchanan, the sustained Communist campaign against <i>Homage</i> had been "so wrongheaded and ill-informed that it has probably, if anything, bolstered Orwell's reputation." He concluded that the legacy of the book, which cemented the repression of the POUM in popular historiography and damaged the reputation of the Communist Party, revealed the potential that single books can have to leave their mark on history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307–308_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307–308-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the revolutionary conception of <i>Homage</i> continued through the subsequent decades, with British film-maker <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> notably adapting the book into his 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/Land_and_Freedom_(film)" title="Land and Freedom (film)">Land and Freedom</a></i>. Tom Buchanan comments that the film may not have been received as well if previous generations hadn't been primed to view the Spanish Civil War through the lens of "the Revolution betrayed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan was critical of the far-left's adoption of the book, pointing out that Orwell had never fully agreed with the POUM's politics and that his view of revolutionary Spain "ignit[ing] the passions of workers around the world" had been naïve, given the prevalence of dictatorship at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also commented that Orwell's revolutionary politics had been "unconvincing" and only a brief phase of his political development, which evolved and changed following his publication of <i>Homage</i>, as evidenced by his more <a href="/wiki/Moderate_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate politics">moderate</a> reflection in his 1942 essay "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Looking_Back_on_the_Spanish_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Looking Back on the Spanish War (page does not exist)">Looking Back on the Spanish War</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiographical_evaluation_(1970s–present)"><span id="Historiographical_evaluation_.281970s.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Historiographical evaluation (1970s–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historiographical evaluation (1970s–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When histories of the civil war first started to be published, historians generally disregarded <i>Homage</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a>. In his 1962 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Civil_War_(book)" title="The Spanish Civil War (book)">The Spanish Civil War</a></i>, English historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Hugh Thomas</a> wrote that, while he thought <i>Homage</i> was a well-written memoir that was "perceptive about war", he also considered it to be misleading about the events of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought that Orwell had misjudged the war by believing that revolutionary idealism alone was capable of achieving victory; Thomas himself believed that the only way that the Republic could have won the war was through a process of <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarisation">militarisation</a>, backed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tom Buchanan himself disputed Thomas' assessment that <i>Homage</i> was "misleading" on the war, so long as it wasn't considered a description of the conflict as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a> likewise cautioned against taking the book as an "overview of the civil war, which it is not".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <i>Homage</i> has also contributed to a historiographical trend that centred the internal conflict within the Republican faction, exemplified by the work of <a href="/wiki/Burnett_Bolloten" title="Burnett Bolloten">Burnett Bolloten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310–311_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310–311-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A revival of interest in the Spanish Civil War was later ignited by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a> in the 1970s, as a new generation of historians began studying the conflict and Orwell's own account of it, which received increasing amounts of scrutiny over his interpretation of the events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312–313_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312–313-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jackson_(Hispanist)" title="Gabriel Jackson (Hispanist)">Gabriel Jackson</a> wrote that Orwell had understood the civil war only as an analogue to the situation in Europe and lacked an understanding of the local political context in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Seidman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Seidman (page does not exist)">Michael Seidman</a> argued that Orwell's depiction of the "working-class paradise" in Barcelona was questionable, as he had only been accounting for the convinced militants and not the "indifference" of many individual workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Graham_(historian)" title="Helen Graham (historian)">Helen Graham</a> pointed out how the internecine conflicts witnessed by Orwell had predated the civil war and Soviet intervention in the conflict, arguing against the "Cold War parable of an alien Stalinism which 'injected' conflict into Spanish Republican politics", although her analysis of the consequences of the May Days ultimately aligned with Orwell's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his own analysis of the book's effect on historiography, Tom Buchanan found that research on the conflict had not entirely disqualified <i>Homage</i>, but had instead emphasised it as a "snapshot of a complex political situation" taken by an outsider.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Orwell himself warned readers to be aware of his own biases, mistakes and distortions, even engaging in <a href="/wiki/Self-deprecation" title="Self-deprecation">self-deprecation</a> over his own lack of knowledge of Spanish history and culture, Buchanan worried that people whose only insight into the conflict was Orwell's book would "receive a very unbalanced picture of the conflict as a whole."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002314_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002314-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan concluded that the "very real danger" presented by the book was that it had been recontextualised, from an individual's personal account, into a book that was seen as representative of the civil war as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313–314_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313–314-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within weeks of leaving Spain, a deposition (discovered in 1989<sup id="cite_ref-auto_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason, Valencia, charging the Orwells with 'rabid Trotskyism' and being agents of the POUM.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial of the leaders of the POUM and of Orwell (in his absence) took place in Barcelona, in October and November 1938. Observing events from <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a>, Orwell wrote that they were "only a by-product of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Russian Trotskyist trials</a> and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Kopp" title="Georges Kopp">Georges Kopp</a>, deemed "quite likely" shot in the book's final chapter, was released in December 1938. </p><p>Barcelona fell to Franco's forces on 26 January 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 1 April 1939, the last of the Republican forces surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_Orwell">Effect on Orwell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Effect on Orwell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health">Health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell never knew the source of his tuberculosis, from complications of which he died in 1950. However, in 2018, researchers studying bacteria on his letters announced that there was a "very high probability" that Orwell contracted the disease in a Spanish hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell reflected that he "had <i>felt</i> what socialism could be like"<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to biographer <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bowker_(writer)" title="Gordon Bowker (writer)">Gordon Bowker</a>, "Orwell never did abandon his socialism: if anything, his Spanish experience strengthened it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004224_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004224-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a>, written on 8 June 1937, Orwell said, "At last [I] really believe in Socialism, which I never did before".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade later he wrote: "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, <i>against</i> totalitarianism and <i>for</i> democratic Socialism, as I understand it."<sup id="cite_ref-RoddenRodden2007_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoddenRodden2007-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orwell's experiences, culminating in his and his wife <a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a>'s narrow escape from the communist purges in Barcelona in June 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-newsinger_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsinger-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greatly increased his sympathy for the POUM and, while not affecting his moral and political commitment to socialism, made him a lifelong anti-Stalinist. </p><p>After reviewing Koestler's bestselling <i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></i>, Orwell decided that fiction was the best way to describe totalitarianism. He soon wrote <i>Animal Farm</i>, "his scintillating 1944 satire on Stalinism".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dalrymple20190824_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalrymple20190824-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_inspired_by_the_book">Works inspired by the book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Works inspired by the book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placegeorgeorwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Placegeorgeorwell.jpg/180px-Placegeorgeorwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Placegeorgeorwell.jpg/270px-Placegeorgeorwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Placegeorgeorwell.jpg/360px-Placegeorgeorwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>In 1996 a public square in Barcelona was named after Orwell.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Orwell himself went on to write a poem about the Italian militiaman he described in the book's opening pages. The poem was included in Orwell's 1942 essay "Looking Back on the Spanish War", published in <i><a href="/wiki/Wrey_Gardiner#New_Road" title="Wrey Gardiner">New Road</a></i> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closing phrase of the poem, "No bomb that ever burst shatters the crystal spirit", was later taken by <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> for the title of his <a href="/wiki/1966_Governor_General%27s_Awards" title="1966 Governor General's Awards">Governor General's Award</a>-winning critical study of Orwell and his work, <i>The Crystal Spirit</i> (1966).<sup id="cite_ref-matt_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> released the film <i><a href="/wiki/Land_and_Freedom_(film)" title="Land and Freedom (film)">Land and Freedom</a></i>, heavily inspired by <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Homage to Catalonia</i> influenced <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Solnit" title="Rebecca Solnit">Rebecca Solnit</a>'s second book, <i><a href="/wiki/Savage_Dreams_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Dreams (book)">Savage Dreams</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Catalonia">Anarchist Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Orwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of George Orwell">Bibliography of George Orwell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a> described in <i>Homage to Catalonia</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_grands_cimeti%C3%A8res_sous_la_lune" title="Les grands cimetières sous la lune">Les grands cimetières sous la lune</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herrick_(novelist)" title="William Herrick (novelist)">William Herrick</a> 'an American Orwell', also disillusioned by Stalinism in Spain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/why-i-write/">"Why I Write | The Orwell Foundation"</a>. <i>orwellfoundation.com</i>. 3 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021134139/https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/why-i-write/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orwellfoundation.com&rft.atitle=Why+I+Write+%7C+The+Orwell+Foundation&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwellfoundation.com%2Fthe-orwell-foundation%2Forwell%2Fessays-and-other-works%2Fwhy-i-write%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201138–39-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201138–39_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201137-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201137_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_Aceituno2005">Caballero Aceituno 2005</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201135-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201135_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201139-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201139_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201143-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201143_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141–42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201141–42_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531Martín_Moruno201139–40-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaballero_Aceituno200531Martín_Moruno201139–40_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaballero_Aceituno2005">Caballero Aceituno 2005</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201140-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201140_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201140_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201142_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201141–42-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201141–42_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transformation200-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Transformation200_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Transformation200_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Transformation200_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansky,_PeterAbrahams,_William" class="citation book cs1">Stansky, Peter; Abrahams, William. <i>Orwell: The Transformation</i>. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+The+Transformation&rft.pages=200&rft.au=Stansky%2C+Peter&rft.au=Abrahams%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201142-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002303Martín_Moruno201142_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If you had asked me why I had joined the militia I should have answered: 'To fight against Fascism', and if you had asked me what I was fighting <i>for</i>, I should have answered: 'Common decency'". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2013" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2013). <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-39302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-39302-5"><bdi>978-0-141-39302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-141-39302-5&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDag" class="citation web cs1">Dag, O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwell.ru/a_life/Bernard_Crick/english/e_a-life_2.html">"Bernard Crick: George Orwell: A Life -- Chapters 7 to 12"</a>. <i>orwell.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230058/https://www.orwell.ru/a_life/Bernard_Crick/english/e_a-life_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orwell.ru&rft.atitle=Bernard+Crick%3A+George+Orwell%3A+A+Life+--+Chapters+7+to+12&rft.aulast=Dag&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwell.ru%2Fa_life%2FBernard_Crick%2Fenglish%2Fe_a-life_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Out of the Shadows, a life of Gerda Taro</i>, François Maspero, p. 18, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-285-63825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-285-63825-9">978-0-285-63825-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3475881.html">"Harry Milton – The Man Who Saved Orwell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224001114/http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3475881.html">Archived</a> 24 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Hoover Institute. Retrieved 23 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Davison (professor)">Peter Davison</a> (ed.), <i>The Lost Orwell</i>, Timewell Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85725-214-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85725-214-4">1-85725-214-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a footnote, however, he adds that "I should like to make an exception of the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i>... which is the only one that leaves me with an increased respect for its honesty". George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>. Penguin Books 2013. p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/george-orwell-to-victor-gollancz-9-may-1937/">"George Orwell to Victor Gollancz, 9 May 1937 | The Orwell Foundation"</a>. <i>orwellfoundation.com</i>. 30 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230058/https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/george-orwell-to-victor-gollancz-9-may-1937/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orwellfoundation.com&rft.atitle=George+Orwell+to+Victor+Gollancz%2C+9+May+1937+%7C+The+Orwell+Foundation&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwellfoundation.com%2Fthe-orwell-foundation%2Forwell%2Fessays-and-other-works%2Fgeorge-orwell-to-victor-gollancz-9-may-1937%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarburg2019" class="citation book cs1">Warburg, Fredric (17 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29GpDwAAQBAJ"><i>An Occupation For Gentlemen</i></a>. Plunkett Lake Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316070016/https://books.google.com/books?id=29GpDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Occupation+For+Gentlemen&rft.pub=Plunkett+Lake+Press&rft.date=2019-08-17&rft.aulast=Warburg&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29GpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell,_George" class="citation web cs1">Orwell, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2010/01/08/eyewitness-barcelona-george-orwell">"Eyewitness in Barcelona"</a>. <i>Workers' Liberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Workers%27+Liberty&rft.atitle=Eyewitness+in+Barcelona&rft.au=Orwell%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workersliberty.org%2Fstory%2F2010%2F01%2F08%2Feyewitness-barcelona-george-orwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004228–229-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004228–229_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2004">Bowker 2004</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2013/05/orwell-wars">"The Orwell wars"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>. 10 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230057/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2013/05/orwell-wars">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Orwell+wars&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2F2013%2F05%2Forwell-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2013" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (12 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WE4AAAAQBAJ"><i>George Orwell: A Life in Letters</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-462-6"><bdi>978-0-87140-462-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+A+Life+in+Letters&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-462-6&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WE4AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsinger-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsinger_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsinger_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsinger_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsinger,_John1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Newsinger,_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsinger, John">Newsinger, John</a> (Spring 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj62/newsinger.htm">"Orwell and the Spanish Revolution"</a>. <i>International Socialism Journal</i> (62). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017022834/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj62/newsinger.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism+Journal&rft.atitle=Orwell+and+the+Spanish+Revolution&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=62&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Newsinger%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk%2Fisj62%2Fnewsinger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004234-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004234_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2004">Bowker 2004</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304–305-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304–305_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002304–305_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004230-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004230_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2004">Bowker 2004</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302,_308-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002302,_308_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 302, 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002308–309_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston20171-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston20171_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2017">Preston 2017</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309–310-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309–310_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 309–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://readfrom.net/george-orwell/page,6,216513-orwell_in_spain.html"><i>Orwell in Spain</i></a>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230057/https://readfrom.net/george-orwell/page,6,216513-orwell_in_spain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell+in+Spain&rft.pages=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freadfrom.net%2Fgeorge-orwell%2Fpage%2C6%2C216513-orwell_in_spain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston201712-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston201712_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston201712_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2017">Preston 2017</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Omaggio alla Catalogna</i>, translated by Giorgio Monicelli (Mondadori, Verona, December 1948), <i>The Lost Orwell</i>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Facing Unpleasant Facts</i>, 1937–39, Secker & Warburg, 1998, p. xvi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-20538-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-20538-6">0-436-20538-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201136–37-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_Moruno201136–37_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011">Martín Moruno 2011</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004237–238-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004237–238_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004237–238_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2004">Bowker 2004</a>, pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305–306-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002305–306_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 305–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306–307-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002306–307_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002314-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002314_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002314_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002309_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311–312-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311–312_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002311–312_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 311–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, Raymond, "Orwell and the Spanish war", essay in <i>The World of George Orwell</i>, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-00479-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-00479-4">0-297-00479-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1971" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Herbert Lionel (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xQrAAAAMAAJ"><i>A World in Revolution: A Newspaperman's Memoir</i></a>. Scribner. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-12536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-12536-7"><bdi>978-0-684-12536-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316070044/https://books.google.com/books?id=-xQrAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+in+Revolution%3A+A+Newspaperman%27s+Memoir&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-684-12536-7&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xQrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307–308-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307–308_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002307–308_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310–311-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002310–311_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312–313-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002312–313_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313–314-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan2002313–314_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2002">Buchanan 2002</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1989" class="citation web cs1">Low, Robert (19 November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/1989/11/19/18833104/1937-document-reveals-dangers-orwell-faced-in-spanish-civil-war">"1937 DOCUMENT REVEALS DANGERS ORWELL FACED IN SPANISH CIVIL WAR"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230056/https://www.deseret.com/1989/11/19/18833104/1937-document-reveals-dangers-orwell-faced-in-spanish-civil-war">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=1937+DOCUMENT+REVEALS+DANGERS+ORWELL+FACED+IN+SPANISH+CIVIL+WAR&rft.date=1989-11-19&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F1989%2F11%2F19%2F18833104%2F1937-document-reveals-dangers-orwell-faced-in-spanish-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1998" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8nyAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Complete Works of George Orwell: Facing unpleasant facts, 1937-1939</i></a>. Secker & Warburg. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-436-20377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-436-20377-0"><bdi>978-0-436-20377-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316070026/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8nyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+George+Orwell%3A+Facing+unpleasant+facts%2C+1937-1939&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-436-20377-0&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8nyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Facing Unpleasant Facts</i>, pp. 31, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/jul/22/barcelona-spanish-civil-war-travel">"Barcelona and the Spanish civil war"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. 22 July 2012. p. 58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202104137/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/jul/22/barcelona-spanish-civil-war-travel">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Barcelona+and+the+Spanish+civil+war&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2012%2Fjul%2F22%2Fbarcelona-spanish-civil-war-travel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerby2009" class="citation book cs1">Derby, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658985037"><i>Kiwi Compañeros: New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Christchurch, New Zealand. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927145-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-927145-15-9"><bdi>978-1-927145-15-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/658985037">658985037</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316070019/https://www.worldcat.org/title/kiwi-companeros-new-zealand-and-the-spanish-civil-war/oclc/658985037">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiwi+Compa%C3%B1eros%3A+New+Zealand+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Christchurch%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F658985037&rft.isbn=978-1-927145-15-9&rft.aulast=Derby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F658985037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/31/traces-on-george-orwell-letter-suggest-he-caught-tb-from-spanish-hospital">"Traces on George Orwell letter suggest he caught TB from Spanish hospital"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 31 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019055651/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/31/traces-on-george-orwell-letter-suggest-he-caught-tb-from-spanish-hospital">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Traces+on+George+Orwell+letter+suggest+he+caught+TB+from+Spanish+hospital&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fjul%2F31%2Ftraces-on-george-orwell-letter-suggest-he-caught-tb-from-spanish-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The World of George Orwell</i>, p.72 <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2004224-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2004224_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2004">Bowker 2004</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1996" class="citation book cs1">Das, Satyabrata (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3hbtomlTIIC&pg=PA32"><i>George Orwell: The Man who Saw Tomorrow</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-435-4"><bdi>978-81-7156-435-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101002955/https://books.google.com/books?id=U3hbtomlTIIC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+The+Man+who+Saw+Tomorrow&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-435-4&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Satyabrata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3hbtomlTIIC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoddenRodden2007-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoddenRodden2007_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodden2007" class="citation book cs1">Rodden, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8-fnamQuUkC&pg=PA133"><i>The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67507-9"><bdi>978-0-521-67507-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121012334/https://books.google.com/books?id=x8-fnamQuUkC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+George+Orwell&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67507-9&rft.aulast=Rodden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8-fnamQuUkC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Foot_(journalist)" title="Paul Foot (journalist)">Foot, Paul</a>, <i>Articles of Resistance</i>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalrymple20190824-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dalrymple20190824_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">Dalrymple, William</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826033137/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/novel-explosives-of-the-cold-war/">"Novel explosives of the Cold War"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/novel-explosives-of-the-cold-war/">the original</a> on 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Novel+explosives+of+the+Cold+War&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2019%2F08%2Fnovel-explosives-of-the-cold-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outline.com/X9SnJv">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827041148/https://outline.com/X9SnJv">Archived</a> 27 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/16/bigbrotheriswatchingyouge">"Big Brother is watching you, George Orwell"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 15 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019135725/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/16/bigbrotheriswatchingyouge">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Big+Brother+is+watching+you%2C+George+Orwell&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2008%2Fjun%2F16%2Fbigbrotheriswatchingyouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemeroteca-paginas.lavanguardia.com/LVE01/PUB/1996/03/02/REV19960302-004.pdf">"George Orwell ya tiene plaza"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200353/http://hemeroteca-paginas.lavanguardia.com/LVE01/PUB/1996/03/02/REV19960302-004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+Orwell+ya+tiene+plaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemeroteca-paginas.lavanguardia.com%2FLVE01%2FPUB%2F1996%2F03%2F02%2FREV19960302-004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgeorwellnovels.com/poems/the-crystal-spirit/">"The Crystal Spirit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084607/http://georgeorwellnovels.com/poems/the-crystal-spirit/">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> George Orwell Novels. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matt-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matt_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiebert, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/case-study/canada-and-abroad-diverse-publishing-career-george-woodcock">"In Canada and Abroad: The Diverse Publishing Career of George Woodcock".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130819135113/http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/case-study/canada-and-abroad-diverse-publishing-career-george-woodcock">Archived</a> 19 August 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Retrieved 19 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albavolunteer.org/2013/09/differing-views-on-orwell-at-len-crome-memorial-event/">"Orwell's Homage to Catalonia revisited"</a>. <i>The Volunteer</i>. 15 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230058/https://albavolunteer.org/2013/09/differing-views-on-orwell-at-len-crome-memorial-event/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Volunteer&rft.atitle=Orwell%27s+Homage+to+Catalonia+revisited&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbavolunteer.org%2F2013%2F09%2Fdiffering-views-on-orwell-at-len-crome-memorial-event%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolnit2021" class="citation news cs1">Solnit, Rebecca (16 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/16/every-time-you-commit-an-antisocial-act-push-an-acorn-into-the-ground-rebecca-solnit-on-orwells-lessons-from-nature">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Every time you commit an antisocial act, push an acorn into the ground': Rebecca Solnit on Orwell's lessons from nature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031132638/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/16/every-time-you-commit-an-antisocial-act-push-an-acorn-into-the-ground-rebecca-solnit-on-orwells-lessons-from-nature">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Every+time+you+commit+an+antisocial+act%2C+push+an+acorn+into+the+ground%27%3A+Rebecca+Solnit+on+Orwell%27s+lessons+from+nature&rft.date=2021-10-16&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Solnit&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2021%2Foct%2F16%2Fevery-time-you-commit-an-antisocial-act-push-an-acorn-into-the-ground-rebecca-solnit-on-orwells-lessons-from-nature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bowker_(writer)" title="Gordon Bowker (writer)">Bowker, Gordon</a> (2004) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/articles/gordon-bowker-the-road-to-morocco/">"The Road to Morocco"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeorwell0000bowk"><i>George Orwell</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Book_Group" title="Little, Brown Book Group">Abacus</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">228–</span>252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11551-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11551-6"><bdi>0-349-11551-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Morocco&rft.btitle=George+Orwell&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-349-11551-6&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwellfoundation.com%2Fthe-orwell-foundation%2Forwell%2Farticles%2Fgordon-bowker-the-road-to-morocco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Buchanan_(historian)" title="Tom Buchanan (historian)">Buchanan, Tom</a> (1 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/library/3.3.302">"Three Lives of Homage to Catalonia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Library_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library (journal)">The Library</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">302–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2F3.3.302">10.1093/library/3.3.302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2160">0024-2160</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=Three+Lives+of+Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2F3.3.302&rft.issn=0024-2160&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2F3.3.302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaballero_Aceituno2005" class="citation journal cs1">Caballero Aceituno, Yolanda (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10835/1313">"Homage to Catalonia revisited. From Vulnerability to resistance"</a>. <i>Odisea: Revista de Estudios Ingleses</i> (6). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25115%2Fodisea.v0i6.171">10.25115/odisea.v0i6.171</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10835%2F1313">10835/1313</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-3820">1578-3820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Odisea%3A+Revista+de+Estudios+Ingleses&rft.atitle=Homage+to+Catalonia+revisited.+From+Vulnerability+to+resistance&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10835%2F1313&rft.issn=1578-3820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25115%2Fodisea.v0i6.171&rft.aulast=Caballero+Aceituno&rft.aufirst=Yolanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10835%2F1313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartín_Moruno2011" class="citation journal cs1">Martín Moruno, Dolores (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423143516/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/files/downloads/0/0/0/3/6/4/2/4/unige_36424_attachment01.pdf">"Revisiting Spanish Memory: George Orwell's Homage to Catalonia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-1088">1944-1088</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/files/downloads/0/0/0/3/6/4/2/4/unige_36424_attachment01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alternative+Perspectives+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Spanish+Memory%3A+George+Orwell%27s+Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1944-1088&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADn+Moruno&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive-ouverte.unige.ch%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2F0%2F0%2F0%2F3%2F6%2F4%2F2%2F4%2Funige_36424_attachment01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/85333/">"Lights and Shadows in George Orwell's Homage to Catalonia"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Spanish Studies</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14753820.2018.1388550">10.1080/14753820.2018.1388550</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3820">1475-3820</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Spanish+Studies&rft.atitle=Lights+and+Shadows+in+George+Orwell%27s+Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14753820.2018.1388550&rft.issn=1475-3820&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F85333%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, Valentine (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1987_num_65_3_3589">"Homage to Catalonia revisited: remembering and misremembering the Spanish civil war"</a>. <i>Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</i>. <b>65</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">501–</span>514. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2295-9068">2295-9068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Homage+to+Catalonia+revisited%3A+remembering+and+misremembering+the+Spanish+civil+war&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=2295-9068&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_1987_num_65_3_3589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerns1988" class="citation book cs1">Ferns, John (1988). "Orwell and the Language: Speaking the Truth in Homage to Catalonia". In Buitenhuis, Peter; Nadel, Ira B. (eds.). <i>George Orwell: A Reassessment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19589-3"><bdi>978-1-349-19589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orwell+and+the+Language%3A+Speaking+the+Truth+in+Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-349-19589-3&rft.aulast=Ferns&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco2021" class="citation journal cs1">Marco, Josep (2021). "Orwell's Homage to Catalonia in Catalan and Spanish translation". <i>Perspectives</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0907676X.2019.1677731">10.1080/0907676X.2019.1677731</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10234%2F205771">10234/205771</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives&rft.atitle=Orwell%27s+Homage+to+Catalonia+in+Catalan+and+Spanish+translation&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10234%2F205771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0907676X.2019.1677731&rft.aulast=Marco&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrozco2007" class="citation journal cs1">Orozco, Lourdes (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/52540c162746836708b106c1b7e34e0a/">"Performing the Spanish Civil War in the Catalan Stage: Homage to Catalonia"</a>. <i>Gestos</i>. <b>22</b> (44): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gestos&rft.atitle=Performing+the+Spanish+Civil+War+in+the+Catalan+Stage%3A+Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Orozco&rft.aufirst=Lourdes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F52540c162746836708b106c1b7e34e0a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2009" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Bill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2445/108973">"Constructing Catalonia"</a>. <i>Coolabah</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">199–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1344%2Fco20093199-206">10.1344/co20093199-206</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F108973">2445/108973</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1988-5946">1988-5946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coolabah&rft.atitle=Constructing+Catalonia&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F108973&rft.issn=1988-5946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1344%2Fco20093199-206&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2445%2F108973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomage+to+Catalonia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homage_to_Catalonia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/Homage_to_Catalonia/"><i>Homage to Catalonia</i></a> – Searchable, indexed etext.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040911082304/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/books/homagetocatalonia.htm"><i>Homage to Catalonia</i></a> Complete book with publication data and search option.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0201111.txt"><i>Homage to Catalonia</i></a> Complete book as plain text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/Looking_Back_On_The_Spanish_War/0.html">Looking back on the Spanish War</a> – an essay written 6 years later.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9XA5O_O0VA"><span class="plainlinks">BBC Arena <i>Homage to Catalonia</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Orwell103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Orwell" title="Template:George Orwell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Orwell" title="Template talk:George Orwell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Orwell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Orwell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_bibliography" title="George Orwell bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homage to Catalonia</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hanging" title="A Hanging">A Hanging</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Spike_(essay)" title="The Spike (essay)">The Spike</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bookshop_Memories" title="Bookshop Memories">Bookshop Memories</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shooting_an_Elephant" title="Shooting an Elephant">Shooting an Elephant</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spilling_the_Spanish_Beans" title="Spilling the Spanish Beans">Spilling the Spanish Beans</a>" (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Weeklies" title="Boys' Weeklies">Boys' Weeklies</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale" title="Inside the Whale">Inside the Whale</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Country_Right_or_Left" title="My Country Right or Left">My Country Right or Left</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Donald_McGill" title="The Art of Donald McGill">The Art of Donald McGill</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/England_Your_England" title="England Your England">England Your England</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poetry_and_the_Microphone" title="Poetry and the Microphone">Poetry and the Microphone</a>" (1943)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raffles_and_Miss_Blandish" title="Raffles and Miss Blandish">Raffles and Miss Blandish</a>" (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Bad_Books" title="Good Bad Books">Good Bad Books</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism" title="Notes on Nationalism">Notes on Nationalism</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Spirit" title="The Sporting Spirit">The Sporting Spirit</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lear,_Tolstoy_and_the_Fool" title="Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool">Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_English_People_(essay)" title="The English People (essay)">The English People</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toward_European_Unity" title="Toward European Unity">Toward European Unity</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Gandhi" title="Reflections on Gandhi">Reflections on Gandhi</a>" (1949)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19464" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Books_v._Cigarettes" title="Books v. Cigarettes">Books v. Cigarettes</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Book_Reviewer" title="Confessions of a Book Reviewer">Confessions of a Book Reviewer</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_English_Murder" title="Decline of the English Murder">Decline of the English Murder</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Good_Word_for_the_Vicar_of_Bray" title="A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray">A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_the_Poor_Die" title="How the Poor Die">How the Poor Die</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pleasure_Spots" title="Pleasure Spots">Pleasure Spots</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Starvation" title="The Politics of Starvation">The Politics of Starvation</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_vs._Literature:_An_Examination_of_Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels">Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Literature" title="The Prevention of Literature">The Prevention of Literature</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Riding_Down_from_Bangor_(essay)" title="Riding Down from Bangor (essay)">Riding Down from Bangor</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_on_James_Burnham" title="Second Thoughts on James Burnham">Second Thoughts on James Burnham</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_on_the_Common_Toad" title="Some Thoughts on the Common Toad">Some Thoughts on the Common Toad</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>" (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/As_I_Please" title="As I Please">As I Please</a>" (1943–1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/London_Letters" title="London Letters">London Letters</a>" (1941–1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_of_the_Left" title="Betrayal of the Left">Betrayal of the Left</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale_and_Other_Essays" title="Inside the Whale and Other Essays">Inside the Whale and Other Essays</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Books" title="Searchlight Books">Searchlight Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Orwell" title="Sonia Orwell">Sonia Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eric_%26_Us" title="Eric & Us">Eric & Us</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Foundation" title="The Orwell Foundation">The Orwell Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Portal</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4820555-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16639841m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16639841m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36565063">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3383760">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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