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<span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Strands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiral_ropes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiral_ropes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spiral ropes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiral_ropes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stranded_ropes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stranded_ropes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stranded ropes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stranded_ropes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_according_to_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_according_to_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification according to usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_according_to_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rope_drive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rope_drive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rope drive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rope_drive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Terminations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thimbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thimbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Thimbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thimbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wire_rope_clips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire_rope_clips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Wire rope clips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire_rope_clips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eye_splice_or_Flemish_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eye_splice_or_Flemish_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Eye splice or Flemish eye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eye_splice_or_Flemish_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swaged_terminations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swaged_terminations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Swaged terminations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swaged_terminations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedge_sockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedge_sockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Wedge sockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedge_sockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potted_ends_or_poured_sockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potted_ends_or_poured_sockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Potted ends or poured sockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potted_ends_or_poured_sockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wire rope</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="سلك حديدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلك حديدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Трос – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_d%27acer" title="Cable d'acer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cable d'acer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Трос – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Трос" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%A9_lano" title="Drátěné lano – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drátěné lano" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5lwire" title="Stålwire – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stålwire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drahtseil" title="Drahtseil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drahtseil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tross" title="Tross – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tross" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Συρματόσχοινο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συρματόσχοινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_de_acero" title="Cable de acero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cable de acero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="طناب فولادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طناب فولادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ble_de_traction" title="Câble de traction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Câble de traction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="와이어로프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와이어로프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81" title="तार रज्जु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तार रज्जु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik-%C4%8Delo" title="Čelik-čelo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čelik-čelo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali_kawat" title="Tali kawat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tali kawat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fune" title="Fune – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fune" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drotseel" title="Drotseel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Drotseel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynas_(virv%C4%97)" title="Lynas (virvė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lynas (virvė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staalkabel" title="Staalkabel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staalkabel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="ワイヤーロープ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワイヤーロープ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5ltau" title="Ståltau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ståltau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5ltau" title="Ståltau – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ståltau" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_a%C3%A7o" title="Cabo de aço – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabo de aço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_rope" title="Wire rope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wire rope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4ten%C3%A9_lano" title="Drôtené lano – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drôtené lano" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajla" title="Sajla – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sajla" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaijeri" title="Vaijeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaijeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajer" title="Vajer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vajer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Трос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2y_c%C3%A1p" title="Dây cáp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dây cáp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%B9%A9%E7%B4%A2" title="金屬繩索 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金屬繩索" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q552034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metal rope</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_wire_rope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/220px-Steel_wire_rope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/330px-Steel_wire_rope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/440px-Steel_wire_rope.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Steel wire rope (right hand lang lay)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wire rope</b> is composed of as few as two solid, metal <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wires</a> twisted into a <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helix</a> that forms a composite <i><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a></i>, in a pattern known as <i>laid rope</i>. Larger diameter wire rope consists of multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern known as <i>cable laid</i>. Manufactured using an industrial machine known as a strander, the wires are fed through a series of barrels and spun into their final composite orientation. </p><p>In stricter senses, the term <i>wire rope</i> refers to a diameter larger than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>9.5 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in), with smaller gauges designated cable or cords.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> wires were used, but today <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> is the main material used for wire ropes. </p><p>Historically, wire rope evolved from wrought iron chains, which had a record of mechanical failure. While flaws in chain links or solid steel bars can lead to <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_failure" title="Catastrophic failure">catastrophic failure</a>, flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are less critical as the other wires easily take up the load. While friction between the individual wires and strands causes wear over the life of the rope, it also helps to compensate for minor failures in the short run. </p><p>Wire ropes were developed starting with mining hoist applications in the 1830s. Wire ropes are used dynamically for lifting and hoisting in <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)#Rope_drive" title="Belt (mechanical)">transmission of mechanical power</a>. Wire rope is also used to transmit <a href="/wiki/Force_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Force (physics)">force</a> in mechanisms, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bowden_cable" title="Bowden cable">Bowden cable</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Control_surface_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control surface (aviation)">control surfaces</a> of an airplane connected to levers and pedals in the cockpit. Only aircraft cables have WSC (wire strand core). Also, aircraft cables are available in smaller diameters than wire rope. For example, aircraft cables are available in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.2 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> in) diameter while most wire ropes begin at a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />6.4 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Static wire ropes are used to support structures such as <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Guy_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy wire">guy wires</a> to support towers. An <a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">aerial tramway</a> relies on wire rope to support and move cargo overhead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern wire rope was invented by the German <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Albert_(engineer)" title="Wilhelm Albert (engineer)">Wilhelm Albert</a> in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Clausthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausthal">Clausthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was quickly accepted because it proved superior strength from ropes made of hemp or of metal <a href="/wiki/Link_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Link chain">chains</a>, such as had been used before.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of three strands consisting of four wires each. In 1840, Scotsman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stirling_Newall" title="Robert Stirling Newall">Robert Stirling Newall</a> improved the process further.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America wire rope was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/John_A._Roebling" title="John A. Roebling">John A. Roebling</a>, starting in 1841<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_History_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forming the basis for his success in <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridge</a> building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope. Ever with an ear to technology developments in mining and railroading, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_White" title="Josiah White">Josiah White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Hazard" title="Erskine Hazard">Erskine Hazard</a>, principal owners<sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Coal_%26_Navigation_Company" title="Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company">Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company</a> (LC&N Co.) — as they had with the first blast furnaces in the Lehigh Valley — built a Wire Rope factory in <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania" title="Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania">Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_History_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenckman1918Improvements_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenckman1918Improvements-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1848, which provided lift cables for the <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Planes" title="Ashley Planes">Ashley Planes</a> project, then the back track planes of the <a href="/wiki/Summit_Hill_%26_Mauch_Chunk_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Hill & Mauch Chunk Railroad">Summit Hill & Mauch Chunk Railroad</a>, improving its attractiveness as a premier tourism destination, and vastly improving the throughput of the coal capacity since return of cars dropped from nearly four hours to less than 20 minutes. </p><p>The following decades featured a burgeoning increase in deep shaft mining in both <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> as surface mineral deposits were exhausted and miners had to chase layers along inclined layers. The era was early in railroad development and steam engines lacked sufficient tractive effort to climb steep slopes, so inclined plane railways were common. This pushed development of cable hoists rapidly in the United States as surface deposits in the Anthracite <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a> north and south dove deeper every year, and even the rich deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Panther_Creek_Valley" title="Panther Creek Valley">Panther Creek Valley</a> required LC&N Co. to drive their first shafts into lower slopes beginning <a href="/wiki/Lansford,_Pennsylvania" title="Lansford, Pennsylvania">Lansford</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania">Schuylkill County</a> twin-town <a href="/wiki/Coaldale,_Schuylkill_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Coaldale, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania">Coaldale</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> engineering firm of <a href="/wiki/Bleichert" title="Bleichert">Adolf Bleichert & Co.</a> was founded in 1874 and began to build bicable aerial tramways for mining in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Valley">Ruhr Valley</a>. With important patents, and dozens of working systems in Europe, Bleichert dominated the global industry, later licensing its designs and manufacturing techniques to Trenton Iron Works, New Jersey, USA which built systems across America. Adolf Bleichert & Co. went on to build hundreds of aerial tramways around the world: from Alaska to Argentina, Australia and Spitsbergen. The Bleichert company also built hundreds of aerial tramways for both the Imperial German Army and the Wehrmacht. </p><p>In the latter part of the 19th century, wire rope systems were used as a means of transmitting mechanical power<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including for the new <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">cable cars</a>. Wire rope systems cost one-tenth as much and had lower friction losses than <a href="/wiki/Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">line shafts</a>. Because of these advantages, wire rope systems were used to transmit power for a distance of a few miles or kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WKA_spannglieder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WKA_spannglieder.jpg/220px-WKA_spannglieder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WKA_spannglieder.jpg/330px-WKA_spannglieder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WKA_spannglieder.jpg/440px-WKA_spannglieder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Inside view of a <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> tower, showing the wire ropes used as tendons</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wires">Wires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steel wires for wire ropes are normally made of non-alloy carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.4 to 0.95%. The very high strength of the rope wires enables wire ropes to support large tensile forces and to run over sheaves with relatively small diameters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strands">Strands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the so-called cross lay strands, the wires of the different layers cross each other. In the mostly used parallel lay strands, the lay length of all the wire layers is equal and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel, resulting in linear contact. The wire of the outer layer is supported by two wires of the inner layer. These wires are neighbors along the whole length of the strand. Parallel lay strands are made in one operation. The endurance of wire ropes with this kind of strand is always much greater than of those (seldom used) with cross lay strands. Parallel lay strands with two wire layers have the construction Filler, Seale or Warrington. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiral_ropes">Spiral ropes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spiral ropes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In principle, spiral ropes are round strands as they have an assembly of layers of wires laid helically over a centre with at least one layer of wires being laid in the opposite direction to that of the outer layer. Spiral ropes can be dimensioned in such a way that they are non-rotating which means that under tension the rope torque is nearly zero. The open spiral rope consists only of round wires. The half-locked coil rope and the full-locked coil rope always have a centre made of round wires. The locked coil ropes have one or more outer layers of profile wires. They have the advantage that their construction prevents the penetration of dirt and water to a greater extent and it also protects them from loss of lubricant. In addition, they have one further very important advantage as the ends of a broken outer wire cannot leave the rope if it has the proper dimensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stranded_ropes">Stranded ropes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stranded ropes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhol_wire_rope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lhol_wire_rope.jpg/300px-Lhol_wire_rope.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lhol_wire_rope.jpg/450px-Lhol_wire_rope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lhol_wire_rope.jpg/600px-Lhol_wire_rope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Left-hand ordinary lay (LHOL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a left-hand lay rope. </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhll_wire_rope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rhll_wire_rope.jpg/300px-Rhll_wire_rope.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rhll_wire_rope.jpg/450px-Rhll_wire_rope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rhll_wire_rope.jpg/600px-Rhll_wire_rope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Right-hand lang lay (RHLL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a right-hand lay rope. </figcaption></figure> <p>Stranded ropes are an assembly of several strands laid helically in one or more layers around a core. This core can be one of three types. The first is a fiber core, made up of synthetic material or natural fibers like sisal. Synthetic fibers are stronger and more uniform but cannot absorb much lubricant. Natural fibers can absorb up to 15% of their weight in lubricant and so protect the inner wires much better from corrosion than synthetic fibers do. Fiber cores are the most flexible and elastic, but have the downside of getting crushed easily. The second type, wire strand core, is made up of one additional strand of wire, and is typically used for suspension. The third type is independent wire rope core (IWRC), which is the most durable in all types of environments.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most types of stranded ropes only have one strand layer over the core (fibre core or steel core). The lay direction of the strands in the rope can be right (symbol Z) or left (symbol S) and the lay direction of the wires can be right (symbol z) or left (symbol s). This kind of rope is called <b>ordinary lay rope</b> if the lay direction of the wires in the outer strands is in the opposite direction to the lay of the outer strands themselves. If both the wires in the outer strands and the outer strands themselves have the same lay direction, the rope is called a <b>lang lay rope</b> (from Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">langslag</i></span> contrary to <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">kruisslag</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly Albert's lay or langs lay). <b>Regular lay</b> means the individual wires were wrapped around the centers in one direction and the strands were wrapped around the core in the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multi-strand ropes are all more or less resistant to rotation and have at least two layers of strands laid helically around a centre. The direction of the outer strands is opposite to that of the underlying strand layers. Ropes with three strand layers can be nearly non-rotating. Ropes with two strand layers are mostly only low-rotating.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_according_to_usage">Classification according to usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification according to usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on where they are used, wire ropes have to fulfill different requirements. The main uses are: </p> <ul><li>Running ropes (stranded ropes) are bent over sheaves and drums. They are therefore stressed mainly by bending and secondly by tension.</li> <li>Stationary ropes, stay ropes (spiral ropes, mostly full-locked) have to carry tensile forces and are therefore mainly loaded by static and fluctuating tensile stresses. Ropes used for suspension are often called <i>cables.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Track ropes (full locked ropes) have to act as rails for the rollers of cabins or other loads in aerial ropeways and cable cranes. In contrast to running ropes, track ropes do not take on the curvature of the rollers. Under the roller force, a so-called free bending radius of the rope occurs. This radius increases (and the bending stresses decrease) with the tensile force and decreases with the roller force.</li> <li>Wire rope slings (stranded ropes) are used to harness various kinds of goods. These slings are stressed by the tensile forces but first of all by bending stresses when bent over the more or less sharp edges of the goods.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rope_drive">Rope drive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rope drive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technical regulations apply to the design of rope drives for cranes, elevators, rope ways and mining installations. Factors that are considered in design include:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Number of working cycles allowed before replacement or breakage of the rope</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donandt_force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donandt force (page does not exist)">Donandt force</a> (yielding tensile force for a given bending diameter ratio <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">D</span>/<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">d</span>) - strict limit. The nominal rope tensile force <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">S</span> must be smaller than the Donandt force <span class="texhtml"><i>SD</i><sub>1</sub></span>.</li> <li>Rope safety factor, ratio between the rope's breaking strength and the maximum load to be expected</li> <li>Allowable number of broken strands before replacement</li> <li>Optimal rope diameter for a given sheave diameter, so as to obtain best working life</li></ul> <p>The calculation of the rope drive limits depends on: </p> <ul><li>Data of the used wire rope</li> <li>Rope tensile force <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">S</span></li> <li>Diameter <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">D</span> of sheave or drum</li> <li>Simple bendings per working cycle <span class="texhtml"><i>w</i><sub>sim</sub></span></li> <li>Reverse bendings per working cycle <span class="texhtml"><i>w</i><sub>rev</sub></span></li> <li>Combined fluctuating tension and bending per working cycle <span class="texhtml"><i>w</i><sub>com</sub></span></li> <li>Relative fluctuating tensile force <span class="texhtml">Δ<i>S</i>/<i>S</i></span></li> <li>Rope bending length <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">l</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wire ropes are stressed by fluctuating forces, by wear, by corrosion and in seldom cases by extreme forces. The rope life is finite and the safety is only ensured by inspection for the detection of wire breaks on a reference rope length, of cross-section loss, as well as other failures so that the wire rope can be replaced before a dangerous situation occurs. Installations should be designed to facilitate the inspection of the wire ropes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Lifting installations for passenger transportation</a> require that a combination of several methods should be used to prevent a car from plunging downwards. Elevators must have redundant bearing ropes and a safety gear. Ropeways and mine hoistings must be permanently supervised by a responsible manager and the rope must be inspected by a magnetic method capable of detecting inner wire breaks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminations">Terminations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Terminations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wire_rope_with_thimble_and_ferrule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wire_rope_with_thimble_and_ferrule.jpg/500px-Wire_rope_with_thimble_and_ferrule.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wire_rope_with_thimble_and_ferrule.jpg/750px-Wire_rope_with_thimble_and_ferrule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wire_rope_with_thimble_and_ferrule.jpg/1000px-Wire_rope_with_thimble_and_ferrule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Right-hand ordinary lay (RHOL) wire rope terminated in a loop with a thimble and ferrule</figcaption></figure> <p>The end of a wire rope tends to fray readily, and cannot be easily connected to plant and equipment. There are different ways of securing the ends of wire ropes to prevent fraying. The common and useful type of end fitting for a wire rope is to turn the end back to form a loop. The loose end is then fixed back on the wire rope. Termination efficiencies vary from about 70% for a Flemish eye alone; to nearly 90% for a Flemish eye and splice; to 100% for potted ends and swagings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thimbles">Thimbles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thimbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the wire rope is terminated with a loop, there is a risk that it will bend too tightly, especially when the loop is connected to a device that concentrates the load on a relatively small area. A thimble can be installed inside the loop to preserve the natural shape of the loop, and protect the cable from pinching and abrading on the inside of the loop. The use of thimbles in loops is industry <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best practice</a>. The thimble prevents the load from coming into direct contact with the wires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wire_rope_clips">Wire rope clips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wire rope clips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wire_rope_clamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wire_rope_clamps.jpg/220px-Wire_rope_clamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wire_rope_clamps.jpg/330px-Wire_rope_clamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wire_rope_clamps.jpg/440px-Wire_rope_clamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Clamps securing wire rope on logging equipment</figcaption></figure> <p>A wire rope clip, sometimes called a clamp, is used to fix the loose end of the loop back to the wire rope. It usually consists of a <a href="/wiki/U-bolt" title="U-bolt">U-bolt</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forged</a> saddle, and two nuts. The two layers of wire rope are placed in the U-bolt. The saddle is then fitted to the bolt over the ropes (the saddle includes two holes to fit to the U-bolt). The nuts secure the arrangement in place. Two or more clips are usually used to terminate a wire rope depending on the diameter. As many as eight may be needed for a 2 in (50.8 mm) diameter rope. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> "never saddle a dead horse" means that when installing clips, the saddle portion of the assembly is placed on the load-bearing or "live" side, not on the non-load-bearing or "dead" side of the cable. This is to protect the live or stress-bearing end of the rope against crushing and abuse. The flat bearing seat and extended prongs of the body are designed to protect the rope and are always placed against the live end.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Navy and most regulatory bodies do not recommend the use of such clips as permanent terminations unless periodically checked and re-tightened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye_splice_or_Flemish_eye">Eye splice or Flemish eye</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eye splice or Flemish eye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wire_rope_eye_splice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Wire_rope_eye_splice.jpg/170px-Wire_rope_eye_splice.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Wire_rope_eye_splice.jpg/255px-Wire_rope_eye_splice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Wire_rope_eye_splice.jpg/340px-Wire_rope_eye_splice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>The ends of individual strands of this eye splice used aboard a cargo ship are served with natural fiber cord after splicing to help protect seamens' hands when handling.</figcaption></figure><p> An <a href="/wiki/Eye_splice" title="Eye splice">eye splice</a> may be used to terminate the loose end of a wire rope when forming a loop. The strands of the end of a wire rope are unwound a certain distance, then bent around so that the end of the unwrapped length forms an eye. The unwrapped strands are then <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">plaited</a> back into the wire rope, forming the loop, or an eye, called an eye splice. </p><p>A Flemish eye, or Dutch Splice, involves unwrapping three strands (the strands need to be next to each other, not alternates) of the wire and keeping them off to one side. The remaining strands are bent around, until the end of the wire meets the "V" where the unwrapping finished, to form the eye. The strands kept to one side are now re-wrapped by wrapping from the end of the wire back to the "V" of the eye. These strands are effectively rewrapped along the wire in the opposite direction to their original lay. When this type of rope splice is used specifically on wire rope, it is called a "Molly Hogan", and, by some, a "Dutch" eye instead of a "Flemish" eye.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swaged_terminations">Swaged terminations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Swaged terminations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swage" class="mw-redirect" title="Swage">Swaging</a> is a method of wire rope termination that refers to the installation technique. The purpose of swaging wire rope fittings is to connect two wire rope ends together, or to otherwise terminate one end of wire rope to something else. A mechanical or hydraulic swager is used to compress and deform the fitting, creating a permanent connection. Threaded studs, ferrules, sockets, and <a href="/wiki/Nicopress_Swaged_Sleeve" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicopress Swaged Sleeve">sleeves</a> are examples of different swaged terminations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swaging ropes with fibre cores is not recommended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wedge_sockets">Wedge sockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wedge sockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wedge socket termination is useful when the fitting needs to be replaced frequently. For example, if the end of a wire rope is in a high-wear region, the rope may be periodically trimmed, requiring the termination hardware to be removed and reapplied. An example of this is on the ends of the drag ropes on a <a href="/wiki/Dragline_excavator" title="Dragline excavator">dragline</a>. The end loop of the wire rope enters a tapered opening in the socket, wrapped around a separate component called the wedge. The arrangement is knocked in place, and load gradually eased onto the rope. As the load increases on the wire rope, the wedge become more secure, gripping the rope tighter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potted_ends_or_poured_sockets">Potted ends or poured sockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potted ends or poured sockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poured sockets are used to make a high strength, permanent termination; they are created by inserting the wire rope into the narrow end of a conical cavity which is oriented in-line with the intended direction of strain. The individual wires are splayed out inside the cone or 'capel', and the cone is then filled with molten lead–antimony–tin (Pb<sub>80</sub>Sb<sub>15</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>) solder or 'white metal capping',<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, or now more commonly, an unsaturated <a href="/wiki/Polyester_resin" title="Polyester resin">polyester resin</a> compound.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber rope">Fiber rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">Tensile structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_rope_spooling_technology" title="Wire rope spooling technology">Wire rope spooling technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bergencable.com/cable-101/">Bergen Cable Technology -- Cable 101</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506112618/http://www.bergencable.com/technology/technology_cable101.html">Archived</a> 2014-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexcocable.com/faq.html?cat=3">"FAQ | Lexco Cable"</a>. <i>www.lexcocable.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104234041/http://www.lexcocable.com/faq.html?cat=3">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lexcocable.com&rft.atitle=FAQ+%7C+Lexco+Cable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexcocable.com%2Ffaq.html%3Fcat%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12706/Wilhelm-Albert">"Wilhelm Albert"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409102021/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12706/Wilhelm-Albert">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Albert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F12706%2FWilhelm-Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoetsier,TeunCeccarelli,_Marc2012" class="citation book cs1">Koetsier,Teun; Ceccarelli, Marc (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-x9NHOLSnNUC&q=wilhelm+albert+inventor+wire+rope&pg=PA388"><i>Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400741324" title="Special:BookSources/9789400741324"><bdi>9789400741324</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331154144/https://books.google.com/books?id=-x9NHOLSnNUC&pg=PA388&dq=wilhelm+albert+inventor+wire+rope&hl=en&sa=X&ei=faREU_W6JcSjtAaFpYHwBQ&ved=0CGcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=wilhelm%20albert%20inventor%20wire%20rope&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+the+History+of+Machines+and+Mechanisms&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789400741324&rft.au=Koetsier%2CTeun&rft.au=Ceccarelli%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-x9NHOLSnNUC%26q%3Dwilhelm%2Balbert%2Binventor%2Bwire%2Brope%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Sayenga" class="citation web cs1">Donald Sayenga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlantic-cable.com//Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm">"Modern History of Wire Rope"</a>. History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy (atlantic-cable.com). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203130816/http://atlantic-cable.com//Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+History+of+Wire+Rope&rft.pub=History+of+the+Atlantic+Cable+%26+Submarine+Telegraphy+%28atlantic-cable.com%29&rft.au=Donald+Sayenga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlantic-cable.com%2F%2FArticle%2FWireRope%2FSayenga%2Fwirerope4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm">Modern History of Wire Rope - Donald Sayenga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027084945/http://atlantic-cable.com/Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iron: An illustrated weekly journal for iron and steel</i>, Volume 63 by <a href="/wiki/Sholto_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sholto Percy">Sholto Percy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_History-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_History_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_History_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm">Modern History of Wire Rope - Donald Sayenga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027084945/http://atlantic-cable.com/Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrenckman1918" class="citation book cs1">Brenckman, Fred (1918) [1884]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcarbonc00inbren"><i>History of Carbon County Pennsylvania: Also Containing a Separate Account of the Several Boroughs and Townships in the County with Biographical Sketches</i></a> (2nd ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: James J. Nungesser. p. 627 – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Carbon+County+Pennsylvania%3A+Also+Containing+a+Separate+Account+of+the+Several+Boroughs+and+Townships+in+the+County+with+Biographical+Sketches&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=627&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=James+J.+Nungesser&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Brenckman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcarbonc00inbren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenckman1918Improvements-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenckman1918Improvements_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenckman1918">Brenckman 1918</a>, Improvements.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9885">The Mechanical Transmission of Power: Endless Rope Drives by Kris De Decker, March 27, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707225723/http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9885">Archived</a> July 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunterBryant,_Lynwood1991" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00hunt"><i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08198-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08198-9"><bdi>0-262-08198-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Power+in+the+United+States%2C+1730-1930%2C+Vol.+3%3A+The+Transmission+of+Power&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+London&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-262-08198-9&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Lynwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindustr00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.falckproductions.com/resources/air-winches/what-are-the-characteristics-of-a-wire-rope/">"Wire Rope Safety Training"</a>. Falck Productions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119082149/http://www.falckproductions.com/resources/air-winches/what-are-the-characteristics-of-a-wire-rope/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wire+Rope+Safety+Training&rft.pub=Falck+Productions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.falckproductions.com%2Fresources%2Fair-winches%2Fwhat-are-the-characteristics-of-a-wire-rope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staalkabel#Slagrichting" class="extiw" title="nl:Staalkabel">nl:Staalkabel#Slagrichting</a> nl:<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Staalkabel</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bzwxw.com/soft/UploadSoft/new4/ISO--17893-2004.pdf">bzwxw.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>|title=Steel Wire Ropes - Vocabulary, designation, and classification</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvalloneBaumesiter_III1978" class="citation book cs1">Avallone, Eugene; Baumesiter III, Theodore (1978). <i>Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers</i> (Ninth ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-004127-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-004127-X"><bdi>0-07-004127-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marks%27+Standard+Handbook+for+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-07-004127-X&rft.aulast=Avallone&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Baumesiter+III%2C+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feyrer, K.: Wire Ropes, Tension, Endurance, Reliability. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-33821-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-33821-7">3-540-33821-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/nstm/ch613.pdf">"S9086-UU-STM-010/CH-613R3 NAVAL SHIPS' TECHNICAL MANUAL, CHAPTER 613, WIRE AND FIBER ROPE AND RIGGING"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305181751/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/nstm/ch613.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S9086-UU-STM-010%2FCH-613R3+NAVAL+SHIPS%27+TECHNICAL+MANUAL%2C+CHAPTER+613%2C+WIRE+AND+FIBER+ROPE+AND+RIGGING&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fman%2Fdod-101%2Fsys%2Fship%2Fnstm%2Fch613.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primer of Towing / George H. Reid - 3rd ed. Fig. 3-5 p30 - Cornell Maritime Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87033-563-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87033-563-4">0-87033-563-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/nstm/ch613.pdf">"S9086-UU-STM-010/CH-613R3 NAVAL SHIPS' TECHNICAL MANUAL, CHAPTER 613, WIRE AND FIBER ROPE AND RIGGING"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305181751/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/nstm/ch613.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S9086-UU-STM-010%2FCH-613R3+NAVAL+SHIPS%27+TECHNICAL+MANUAL%2C+CHAPTER+613%2C+WIRE+AND+FIBER+ROPE+AND+RIGGING&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fman%2Fdod-101%2Fsys%2Fship%2Fnstm%2Fch613.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quicksearch.dla.mil/Transient/DAB3D9DA8ACB43BDB838C27FA3658377.pdf">"Sleeve, Swaging-Wire Rope"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sleeve%2C+Swaging-Wire+Rope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquicksearch.dla.mil%2FTransient%2FDAB3D9DA8ACB43BDB838C27FA3658377.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT_R_Barnard1959" class="citation book cs1">T R Barnard (1959). "Winding Ropes and Guide Ropes". <i>Mechanical Engineering</i>. Coal Mining Series (2nd ed.). London: Virtue. pp. <span class="nowrap">374–</span>375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Winding+Ropes+and+Guide+Ropes&rft.btitle=Mechanical+Engineering&rft.place=London&rft.series=Coal+Mining+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Virtue&rft.date=1959&rft.au=T+R+Barnard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escocorp.com/EN/Products/Pages/socketfast-resin-compound.aspx">"Socketfast® Resin Compound"</a>. <i>ESCO Corporation</i>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421070944/http://www.escocorp.com/EN/Products/Pages/socketfast-resin-compound.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESCO+Corporation&rft.atitle=Socketfast%C2%AE+Resin+Compound&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escocorp.com%2FEN%2FProducts%2FPages%2Fsocketfast-resin-compound.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socket-lock.com">"Socket-Lock"</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416194908/http://www.socket-lock.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socket-Lock&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socket-lock.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWire+rope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_rope&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecableconnection.com/strand-cable.html">Types and construction of wire rope strand and cable</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/nstm/ch613.pdf">U.S. Navy Technical Manual for Wire and Fiber Rope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm">Modern history of wire rope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unols.org/publications/winch_wire_handbook__3rd_ed/05_rope_cable_terminations.pdf">Handbook of Oceanographic Winch, Wire and Cable Technology </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062334/http://www.unols.org/publications/winch_wire_handbook__3rd_ed/05_rope_cable_terminations.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quicksearch.dla.mil/docimages/A/0000/0005/1303/000005244064_000000218127_CWKWJUMLGE.PDF?CFID=5369909&CFTOKEN=29597218">US Federal Specification RR-W-410 for Wire 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