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[[Education]] developed the fastest out of the social services, while health and welfare services attempted to maintain the basic state-planned structure of the [[Soviet era]], following [[Armenia]]'s [[History of Armenia|independence]] in 1991.<ref name=loc>Curtis, Glenn E. and Ronald G. Suny. "Education". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/amtoc.html Armenia: A Country Study]. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (March 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''</ref> Today, Armenia is trying to implement a new vision for its higher education system while pursuing the goals of the [[European Higher Education Area]].<ref name="insidehighered.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/armenian-higher-education-european-higher-education-area|title=Armenian Higher Education in the European Higher Education Area &#124; Inside Higher Ed|website=www.insidehighered.com}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Education and Science (Armenia)|Ministry of Education and Science]] oversees education in the country. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative |url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/ |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> finds that Armenia is fulfilling only 84.9% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.<ref name="Armenia - Rights Tracker">{{cite web |title=Armenia - Rights Tracker |url=https://rightstracker.org/en/country/ARM?as=core&tab=report-esr |website=rightstracker.org |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Armenia's income level, the nation is achieving 78.2% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 91.6% for secondary education.<ref name="Armenia - Rights Tracker"/> ==Literacy rate== [[File:Circular park IMAG3370.jpg|thumb|A boy reading a book at a public park in Yerevan]] A [[literacy rate]] of 100% was reported as early as 1960.<ref name=loc/> The numeracy level was amongst the lowest in the late 18th and 19th centuries, which might be an outcome of Ottoman and Persian education policies that only gradually improved during the Russian period.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=51,52|isbn=9781107507180}}</ref> [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|In the communist era]], Armenian education followed the standard Soviet model of complete state control (from [[Moscow]]) of [[curricula]] and teaching methods and close integration of education activities with other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and the economy.<ref name=loc/> As in the Soviet period, [[primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]] in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is [[compulsory education|compulsory]].<ref name=loc/> In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralized and regimented Soviet system.<ref name=loc/> Because at least 98% of students in [[higher education]] were Armenian, curricula began to emphasize [[Armenian history]] and [[Culture of Armenia|culture]].<ref name=loc/> [[Armenian language|Armenian]] became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in [[Russian language|Russian]] closed by the end of 1991.<ref name=loc/> Russian is still widely taught, however, as a second language.<ref name=loc/> Today, learning English is rapidly growing among Armenia's youth with several programs being implemented by the [[British Council]] aimed at learning English language and development of skills among youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediamax.am/en/news/education/32096/|title=Armenia's remote communities to deepen their knowledge of English|website=mediamax.am}}</ref> In September 2018, a decision was made by the Armenian government to open the first [[Chinese language]] school in Yerevan. The [[Chinese-Armenian Friendship School]] became the first link in a network of technically equipped educational institutions with an in-depth learning of Chinese and is set to become the largest training center for teaching Chinese not only in Armenia, but also in [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arka.am/en/news/society/armenian_chinese_school_to_open_in_yerevan_on_september_1/|title=Armenian-Chinese school to open in Yerevan on September 1|website=arka.am}}</ref> ==Educational institutions== [[Image:Yerevan State University.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yerevan State University]] in [[Yerevan]] (est. 1919)]] In the 1990-91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students.<ref name=loc/> Another 70 specialized secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten post-secondary institutions that included [[universities]].<ref name=loc/> In addition, 35% of eligible children attended [[preschool]]s.<ref name=loc/> In the 1988-89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 population were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average.<ref name=loc/> In 1989, some 58% of Armenians over age 15 had completed their secondary education, and 14% had higher education.<ref name=loc/> [[Image:American University of Armenia - Avedisian Building - HDR.JPG|thumb|The [[American University of Armenia]] (est. 1991)]] In 1992, Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, [[Yerevan State University]], had 18 departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law.<ref name=loc/> Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students.<ref name=loc/> The Yerevan Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute was founded in 1989.<ref name=loc/> On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University, a number of higher education independent institutions were formed including the Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up as a medical faculty. In 1980, Yerevan State Medical University (YSMU) was awarded one of the main awards of the former USSR — the [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of medical science. In 1995, YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after [[Mkhitar Heratsi]], a medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The doctor played the same role in Armenian medical science as Hippocrates in Old Greek, Galen in Roman, and Ibn Sina in Arabic medicine. [[Image:Ayb High School.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ayb School]] in Yerevan (est. 2011)]] [[Image:Tumo Center for Creative Technologies.jpg|thumb|[[Tumo Center for Creative Technologies]] in Yerevan (est. 2011)]] [[Image:UWC Dilijan.jpg|thumb|[[UWC Dilijan|United World College]] in [[Dilijan]] (est. 2014)]] The YSMU is a medical institution, corresponding to international requirements, trains medical staff from Armenia and neighboring countries (Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia) and from several other countries across the world. A great number of foreign students from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the United States and Russia study together with Armenian students. The university is ranked among the famous higher medical institutions and takes its honorable place in the [[World Directory of Medical Schools]], published by the [[WHO]]. The Foreign Students' Department for the [[Armenian diaspora]] was established in 1957; it later was enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began. Other schools in Armenia include the [[American University of Armenia]], the [[European University of Armenia]], [[QSI International School of Yerevan]], and the [[Eurasia International University]] (EIU). The EIU is a private higher education institution established in Yerevan in 1996. On 13 March 1997, EIU was fully accredited based on the decision made by the Ministry of Science and Education. Since then, the EIU was authorized to issue State Diplomas. Starting from September 2007, Eurasia International University has fully conformed to the requirements of the Bologna Process. [[Children of Armenia Fund|COAF]] SMART educational center in Lori province provides residents of Armenia’s rural communities an opportunity to obtain a non-formal education and skills development, offering free training in information technology, art, communication, ecology, healthy lifestyle, business and civic skills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://repatarmenia.org/en/engage/inspiration/a/coaf-smart-center-a-chance-for-rural-community|title=COAF SMART Center: A Chance for Rural Community|date=2018-05-31|work=RepatArmenia|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018203153/http://repatarmenia.org/en/engage/inspiration/a/coaf-smart-center-a-chance-for-rural-community|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.coafkids.org/smart-center-in-lori/|title=SMART Center In Lori|work=COAF Kids|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Armenia has a comparatively large number of tertiary institutions. Armenia is home to 26 state universities, including four international institutions, and 33 licensed private higher educational institutions. Armenia offers a variety of higher education institutions, including universities, institutes, academies, and a conservatory. The country's scientific and educational system is particularly strong in fields such as Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Microbiology, Engineering, Medicine, Information Technology, and [[Armenian studies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study in Armenia |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/study-in-armenia/ |website=Ministry Of Foreign Affairs - The Republic Of Armenia}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Some notable universities in Armenia'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study In Armenia |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/study-in-armenia/ |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs - The Republic Of Armenia}}</ref> !Sr. No. !Name Of the University !Founded In !Departments !Official Website |- |1 |'''Yerevan State University''' |1920 |History, Armenian Philology, Chemistry, Physics, Economics, Mathematics and Mechanics, Biology, Geography and Geology, Law, Russian Philology, Oriental Studies, Journalism, Philosophy and Psychology, Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Radio physics, Sociology, Romano-Germanic Languages, International Relations, Theology. Languages of study: Armenian. |[http://www.ysu.am/ https://www.ysu.am/] |- |2 |'''Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi''' |1930 |Departments: General Medicine, Public Health, Stomatology, Pharmacy, Military Medicine, Postgraduate and Continuing Education. Languages of study: Armenian, Russian, English. |[http://www.ysmu.am/ https://www.ysmu.am/] |- |3 |'''State Engineering University of Armenia''' |1933 |Departments: Chemical Technologies and Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Machine Building, Mining and Metallurgy, Cybernetics, Power Engineering, Radio Engineering and Communication Systems, Computer Systems and Informatics, Transportation Systems, Applied Mathematics, Mechanics and Machine Study, Correspondence Education. Languages of study: Armenian, Russian, English. |[http://www.seua.am/ https://www.seua.am/] |- |4 |'''Yerevan State Linguistic University after Valeri Brusov''' |1935 |Departments: Foreign Languages (English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Greek, Persian); Russian Language, Literature and Foreign Languages (English, Spanish, German, French); Linguistics and Intercultural Communication. Languages of study: Armenian, Russian, English. |https://www.brusov.am/ |- |5 |'''Yerevan State University of Economy''' |1975 |Departments: Management, Regulation of Economy and International Economic Relations, Finance, Marketing and Business Organization, Computer Science and Statistics, Accounting and Auditing. Languages of study: Armenian, Russian, English. |https://asue.am/ |- |6 |'''Armenian-Russian (Slavonic) State University''' |1997 |Departments: Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Economics, Foreign Languages, Law, Medicine&Biology, Social&Political Science, Philology, Engineering&Technology, Tourism&Publicity. Language of study: Russian. |https://rau.am/ |- |7 |'''French university in Armenia (UFAR)''' |2000 |Departments: Law, Management, Marketing, Finance, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. Languages of study: Armenian, French, English. | |- |8 |'''American University of Armenia''' |1991 |Departments: Business and Economics, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, and School of Public Health. |https://aua.am/ |- |9 |'''European Regional Educational Academy''' |2001 |Departments: Information Technologies, Economy and Management, International Relations, Law, Tourism, Linguistics, Public Health Management. Languages of study: Armenian, English. |https://eua.am/ |- |10 |'''Plekhanov Russian University of Economics''' |1999 |Departments: Bachelor's and MBA in economics, management, and applied informatics. Also Banking, Economics, Accounting, and Applied Informatics. | |- |11 |'''Eurasia International University''' |1997 |Departments: Bachelor's, Master's, and Postgraduate Degrees in Management, Law, Foreign Languages, Pharmacy, Journalism, Information Systems (IT), and Elementary Pedagogy. | |} ==Higher education agreements== Armenia has signed the [[Lisbon Recognition Convention]] in 1997 and the [[Bologna Process]], an agreement between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications in 2005 and subsequently became a full member of the [[European Higher Education Area]].<ref name="ehea.info">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ehea.info/page-armenia|title=European Higher Education Area and Bologna Process|website=www.ehea.info}}</ref> Armenia is also a member of the [[European University Association]], the [[European Students' Union]], and an associate member of [[Horizon Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eua.am/en/archives/12147/|title=Armenia will become an Associate Member of the EU Horizon Europe Programme|date=November 4, 2021}}</ref> Since 2004, Armenian higher educational institutions and individual students have been involved in the European Union's [[Erasmus Mundus]] mobility programmes, the [[Jean Monnet Programme]], and from 2015 in various [[Erasmus Programme]] projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supporthere.org/page/higher-education-armenia|title=Higher Education in Armenia &#124; SPHERE|website=supporthere.org}}</ref> Armenia is also a [[TEMPUS]] (Trans-European Mobility Programme for University Studies) partner country, which allows structured cooperation between higher education institutions in EU member states and partner countries.<ref name="ehea.info"/> In addition, thanks to the Erasmus+ capacity building projects, Armenian universities have been able to upgrade their administrative and organizational structures and modernize study courses.<ref name="armenpress.am">{{Cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/975571.html|title=EU-Armenia Partnership Implementation Report: EU is a crucial partner for Armenia's reform agenda|website=armenpress.am}}</ref> Another major reform in Armenian higher education system included the establishment of a quality assurance agency that has been incorporated into the [[European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education]] (ENQA) and that was added to the European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (EQAR) in 2017.<ref name="insidehighered.com"/> The standards and procedures for quality assurance, as well as for institutional and program accreditation, were developed and approved consistent with the European Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance. A [[European Union]]-Armenia Education Policy Dialogue was inaugurated in March 2019 to support the continued reform in the education sector.<ref name="armenpress.am"/> ==Student absenteeism== [[File:ATC Sudents in the Computer Lab.jpg|thumb]] According to two studies carried out with the help of [[UNICEF]] — "Child Labour in Armenia" and "School Wastage Focusing on Student Absenteeism in Armenia" — a rapidly growing student absenteeism and dropout rate are closely linked to child labor and the quality of education in Armenia.<ref name="Hetq-Nov-10-2008">[http://www.hetq.am/eng/society/8528/ ''Newly Appointed UNICEF Representative to Armenia — “Child labor robs children of their childhood itself”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531155332/http://hetq.am/eng/society/8528/ |date=2011-05-31 }}, Hetq Online, November 10, 2008.</ref> Between 2002 and 2005 school dropout rates grew at the rate of 250% a year. In 2002-2003 total dropouts were 1,531 students; in 2004-2005 this number increased to 7,630.<ref name="Hetq-Nov-10-2008"/> == After school education == There are several new, technology based education centers in Armenia that provide youth with 21st century skills and knowledge to advance in their field, such as the [[Tumo Center for Creative Technologies]], [[Children of Armenia Fund]] SMART center, among others. ==See also== *[[AEGEE Yerevan]] *[[Armenian-language schools outside Armenia]] *[[Armenian National Students Association]] *[[Children of Armenia Fund]] *[[Erasmus Student Network Yerevan]] *[[European Youth Parliament – Armenia]] *[[List of universities in Armenia]] *[[List of universities in Yerevan]] *[[National Erasmus+ Office in Armenia]] *[[National Youth Council of Armenia]] *[[Tumo Center for Creative Technologies]] *[[Young European Ambassadors – Armenia]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://aua.am American University of Armenia] * 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