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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بوابة:لسانيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:لسانيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Портал:Езикознание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:Езикознание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Portal:Lingüística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistik" title="Portal:Linguistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Portal:Lingüística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail:Linguistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Linguistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Linguistica" title="Portale:Linguistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Nyelv%C3%A9szet" title="Portál:Nyelvészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Nyelvészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Лингвистика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja 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title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div> <table width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:white; border-style:ridge; border-width:4px; border-color: #6CADE3"> <tbody><tr> <td width="55%" style="vertical-align:top;padding: 0; margin:0;"> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><h1 id="Welcome_to_the_Linguistics_Portal!" style="font-size:200%; color: #1F4D74;"><span id="Welcome_to_the_Linguistics_Portal.21"></span>Welcome to the Linguistics Portal!</h1></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></b> is the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. The areas of linguistic analysis are <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> (rules governing the structure of sentences), <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> (meaning), <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> (structure of words), <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> (the abstract sound system of a particular language), and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a> (how the context of use contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a> (the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a> (the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions. </p><p>Linguistics encompasses <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">many branches and subfields</a> that span both theoretical and practical applications. <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" title="Theoretical linguistics">Theoretical linguistics</a> (including traditional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the <a href="/wiki/Universal_grammar" title="Universal grammar">universal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language#Nature_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">fundamental nature</a> of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it. <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a> seeks to utilize the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy. </p><p>Linguistic features may be studied through a variety of perspectives: <a href="/wiki/Synchronic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronic analysis">synchronically</a> (by describing the structure of a language at a specific point in time) or <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronically</a> (through the historical development of a language over a period of time), in <a href="/wiki/Monolingualism" title="Monolingualism">monolinguals</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilinguals</a>, among children or among adults, in terms of how it is being learnt or how it was acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive structures, through written texts or through oral elicitation, and finally through mechanical data collection or through practical fieldwork. </p><p>Linguistics emerged from the field of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, of which some branches are more qualitative and holistic in approach. Today, philology and linguistics are variably described as related fields, subdisciplines, or separate fields of language study but, by and large, linguistics can be seen as an umbrella term. Linguistics is also related to the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">stylistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="portal-column-left-wide"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#D8B782;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_article_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected article - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Linguistics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFBF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Äldre Västgötalagen is one of the earliest texts in Swedish written in the Latin alphabet"><img alt="The Äldre Västgötalagen is one of the earliest texts in Swedish written in the Latin alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg/100px-V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg/150px-V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg/200px-V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span> </p> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic language">North Germanic language</a> spoken predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and on the autonomous <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> islands, by a total of over 9 million speakers. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a> is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well-established by the first decades of the 20th century. While distinct regional <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> still exist, influenced by the older rural <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, the spoken and <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> is uniform and standardized, with a 99% <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate among adults. Some of the genuine dialects differ considerably from the standard language in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> and are not always <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible languages">mutually intelligible</a> with Standard Swedish. These dialects are confined to <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> areas and spoken by a rather limited group of people of low education and <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>. Swedish is distinguished by its <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, which differs considerably between varieties. It includes both lexical <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> qualities. Swedish is also notable for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dorso-palatal_velar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative">voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative</a>, a sound found in many dialects, including the more prestigious forms of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#D8B782;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know..." style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Did you know...</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFBF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><i>From Wikipedia's "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DYK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DYK">Did You Know</a>" archives:</i> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_Numerals_-_605_from_the_Sambor_inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Khmer_Numerals_-_605_from_the_Sambor_inscriptions.jpg/100px-Khmer_Numerals_-_605_from_the_Sambor_inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Khmer_Numerals_-_605_from_the_Sambor_inscriptions.jpg/150px-Khmer_Numerals_-_605_from_the_Sambor_inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Khmer_Numerals_-_605_from_the_Sambor_inscriptions.jpg/200px-Khmer_Numerals_-_605_from_the_Sambor_inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>The number 605 in Khmer Numerals</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> experiment, designed by <b><a href="/wiki/Brian_Butterworth" title="Brian Butterworth">Brian Butterworth</a></b>, found women to be faster than men at <a href="/wiki/Subitizing" title="Subitizing">subitizing</a>?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer numerals</a></b> were the first material evidence of the figure <a href="/wiki/Zero#Zero_as_a_decimal_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero as a numerical figure</a>?</li> <li>... that in the <a href="/wiki/English_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="English plural">English plural</a>, the letter <i>-s</i> is pronounced differently in words like "cats", "cabs", and "buses", because of a <b><a href="/wiki/Phonological_rule" title="Phonological rule">phonological rule</a></b>?</li> <li>...that the 2005 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpreter_(2005_film)" title="The Interpreter (2005 film)">The Interpreter</a></i> by film director <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> was based on real-life <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter (communication)">conference interpreters</a> from the <b><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interpretation_Service" title="United Nations Interpretation Service">United Nations Interpretation Service</a></b>?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> spelled <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s last name as "<b><a href="/wiki/Spelling_of_Shakespeare%27s_name" title="Spelling of Shakespeare's name">Shakspere</a></b>"?</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"><b> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics/Did_you_know" title="Portal:Linguistics/Did you know">Archive</a></b></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#D8B782;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related Portals</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFBF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/25px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/25px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" 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flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#D8B782;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Things_you_can_do" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Things you can do</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFBF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><br /><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">There are no <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal/Opentask" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Community portal/Opentask">active tasks</a> for this page <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Expand <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_stubs" title="Category:Linguistics stubs">stubs</a></b>, where possible.</li> <li>Attend where <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_attention/Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Linguistics">attention is needed</a></b>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:Linguistics#Nominations_for_featured_content" title="Portal talk:Linguistics">Nominate</a></b> an article, a biography, a picture or a phone for a feature.</li> <li>Clean up <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">Category:Linguistics</a> where you are able.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <p><br /> </p> </div> <div class="portal-column-right-narrow"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#D8B782;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Categories</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFBF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Puzzle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Category puzzle"><img alt="Category puzzle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/42px-C_Puzzle.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/63px-C_Puzzle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/84px-C_Puzzle.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Category puzzle</figcaption></figure> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Select [►] to view subcategories</small></div> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Branches_of_linguistics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Branches_of_linguistics" title="Category:Branches of linguistics">Branches of linguistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Conditionals_in_linguistics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Conditionals_in_linguistics" title="Category:Conditionals in linguistics">Conditionals in linguistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Constructed_languages" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Constructed_languages" title="Category:Constructed languages">Constructed languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Discourse_analysis" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Discourse_analysis" title="Category:Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Grammar" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammar" title="Category:Grammar">Grammar</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span 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href="/wiki/Category:Language_contact" title="Category:Language contact">Language contact</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_documentation" title="Category:Language documentation">Language documentation</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_games" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_games" title="Category:Language games">Language games</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_mechanics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_mechanics" title="Category:Language mechanics">Language mechanics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Languages" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages" title="Category:Languages">Languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistic_controversies" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_controversies" title="Category:Linguistic controversies">Linguistic controversies</a></bdi></div><div 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href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_modality" title="Category:Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistic_research" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_research" title="Category:Linguistic research">Linguistic research</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_databases" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_databases" title="Category:Linguistics databases">Linguistics databases</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_events" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_events" title="Category:Linguistics events">Linguistics events</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_lists" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_lists" title="Category:Linguistics lists">Linguistics lists</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_organizations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_organizations" title="Category:Linguistics organizations">Linguistics organizations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_projects" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_projects" title="Category:Linguistics projects">Linguistics projects</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_terminology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_terminology" title="Category:Linguistics terminology">Linguistics terminology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_works" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_works" title="Category:Linguistics works">Linguistics works</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_writers" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_writers" title="Category:Linguistics writers">Linguistics writers</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguists" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguists" title="Category:Linguists">Linguists</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Onomastics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Onomastics" title="Category:Onomastics">Onomastics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Orthography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthography" title="Category:Orthography">Orthography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Philosophy_of_linguistics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Category:Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Pseudolinguistics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudolinguistics" title="Category:Pseudolinguistics">Pseudolinguistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Time_in_linguistics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_linguistics" title="Category:Time in linguistics">Time in linguistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_stubs" title="Category:Linguistics stubs">Linguistics stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/200px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/300px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/400px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></div><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a></figcaption></figure> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#D8B782;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFBF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The following <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProjects</a> work to improve topics concerned with linguistics:</div> <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" style="border: 1px solid none; text-align:center; padding:0.3em; background-color: transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Linguistics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tower_of_Babel_cropped_square.jpg/55px-Tower_of_Babel_cropped_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tower_of_Babel_cropped_square.jpg/83px-Tower_of_Babel_cropped_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tower_of_Babel_cropped_square.jpg/110px-Tower_of_Babel_cropped_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1639" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dyslexia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Dyslexia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Penrose_triangle.svg/55px-Penrose_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Penrose_triangle.svg/83px-Penrose_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Penrose_triangle.svg/110px-Penrose_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/55px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/83px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/110px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Writing_systems" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Writing systems"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/55px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/83px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/110px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anthropology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthropology"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/P_human_body.svg/54px-P_human_body.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/P_human_body.svg/82px-P_human_body.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/P_human_body.svg/108px-P_human_body.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Linguistics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics">Linguistics</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dyslexia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Dyslexia">Dyslexia & Alexia</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages">Languages</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Writing_systems" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Writing systems">Writing systems</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anthropology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthropology">Anthropology</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#D8B782;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #BFB4A2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFBF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Linguistics" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Linguistics">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Linguistics">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Linguistics">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Linguistics">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Linguistics">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Linguistics">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Linguistics">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Linguistics">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/35px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/53px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, 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