CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Multistorey car park - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cd9c2d5e-70d1-4707-816f-bd17ba89da12","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Multistorey_car_park","wgTitle":"Multistorey car park","wgCurRevisionId":1255098946,"wgRevisionId":1255098946,"wgArticleId":1496209,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles using NRISref without a reference number","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2020","Use British English from October 2010","Commons category link is locally defined","Garages (parking)","Indoor positioning system","Parking","Structural system"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel" :"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Multistorey_car_park","wgRelevantArticleId":1496209,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Multi-storey_car_park","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Multistorey_car_park","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q13218805","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg/1200px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg/800px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg/640px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Multistorey car park - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistorey_car_park"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistorey_car_park"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Multistorey_car_park rootpage-Multistorey_car_park skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Multistorey+car+park" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Multistorey+car+park" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Multistorey+car+park" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Multistorey+car+park" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Structural integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precast_parking_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precast_parking_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Precast parking structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precast_parking_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Architectural value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steel_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Steel structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundationless_and_modular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundationless_and_modular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foundationless and modular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundationless_and_modular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_parking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_parking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Automated parking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_parking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multistorey_parking_ship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multistorey_parking_ship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Multistorey parking ship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multistorey_parking_ship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multistorey car park</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkade" title="Parkade – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parkade" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82" title="موقف سيارات متعدد الطوابق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موقف سيارات متعدد الطوابق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkeringshus" title="Parkeringshus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parkeringshus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkhaus" title="Parkhaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parkhaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plureta%C4%9Da_parkumejo" title="Pluretaĝa parkumejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pluretaĝa parkumejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پارکینگ طبقاتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارکینگ طبقاتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkeargaraazje" title="Parkeargaraazje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Parkeargaraazje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%B0%A8%EC%9E%A5_%EA%B1%B4%EB%AC%BC" title="주차장 건물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주차장 건물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedung_parkir" title="Gedung parkir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gedung parkir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADlageymsla" title="Bílageymsla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bílageymsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugiaauk%C5%A1t%C4%97_stov%C4%97jimo_aik%C5%A1tel%C4%97" title="Daugiaaukštė stovėjimo aikštelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daugiaaukštė stovėjimo aikštelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkeergarage" title="Parkeergarage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parkeergarage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edif%C3%ADcio-garagem" title="Edifício-garagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edifício-garagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механизированная автомобильная стоянка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Механизированная автомобильная стоянка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pys%C3%A4k%C3%B6intitalo" title="Pysäköintitalo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pysäköintitalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkeringshus" title="Parkeringshus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parkeringshus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katl%C4%B1_otopark" title="Katlı otopark – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katlı otopark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A3i_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_xe_nhi%E1%BB%81u_t%E1%BA%A7ng" title="Bãi đậu xe nhiều tầng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bãi đậu xe nhiều tầng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B1%A4%E5%81%9C%E8%BB%8A%E5%A0%B4" title="多層停車場 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多層停車場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B1%82%E5%81%9C%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%BA" title="多层停车场 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多层停车场" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13218805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Multistorey_car_park" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Multistorey_car_park" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Multistorey_car_park" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&oldid=1255098946" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Multistorey_car_park&id=1255098946&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMultistorey_car_park"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMultistorey_car_park"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Multistorey_car_park&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Multistorey_car_parks" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13218805" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-storey_car_park&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-storey car park">Multi-storey car park</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Building designed for car parking</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Parking garage" redirects here. For the <a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a> episode, see <a href="/wiki/The_Parking_Garage" title="The Parking Garage">The Parking Garage</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9,_Resslova,_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg/290px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg/435px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg/580px-Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A multistorey car park in <a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parking_Garage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Parking_Garage.jpg/220px-Parking_Garage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Parking_Garage.jpg/330px-Parking_Garage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Parking_Garage.jpg/440px-Parking_Garage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a>'s parking garage in <a href="/wiki/Kung%C3%A4lv" title="Kungälv">Kungälv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>multistorey car park</b><sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>) or <b>parking garage</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called a <b>multistorey</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-cam2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>parking building</b>, <b>parking structure</b>, <b>parkade</b> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a>), <b>parking ramp</b>, <b>parking deck</b>, or <b>indoor parking</b>, is a building designed for car, motorcycle and bicycle parking in which parking takes place on more than one floor or level. The first known multistorey facility was built in London in 1901 and the first underground parking was built in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in 1904 (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">history</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term multistorey (or multistory) is almost never used in the US, because almost all parking structures have multiple parking levels. Parking structures may be <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">heated</a> if they are enclosed. </p><p>Design of parking structures can add considerable cost for planning new developments, with costs in the United States around $28,000 per space and $56,000 per space for underground (excluding the cost of land), and can be required by cities in <a href="/wiki/Parking_mandates" title="Parking mandates">parking mandates</a> for new buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cities such as London have abolished previously enacted minimum parking requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minimum parking requirements are a hallmark of zoning and planning codes for municipalities in the US. (States do not prescribe parking requirements, while counties and cities can).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Modern_Multi-Floor_Garage_(1929)_-_p._13_-_cross_section_of_a_d%27Humy_Motoramp_garage_(no_caption).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Modern_Multi-Floor_Garage_%281929%29_-_p._13_-_cross_section_of_a_d%27Humy_Motoramp_garage_%28no_caption%29.png/220px-The_Modern_Multi-Floor_Garage_%281929%29_-_p._13_-_cross_section_of_a_d%27Humy_Motoramp_garage_%28no_caption%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Modern_Multi-Floor_Garage_%281929%29_-_p._13_-_cross_section_of_a_d%27Humy_Motoramp_garage_%28no_caption%29.png/330px-The_Modern_Multi-Floor_Garage_%281929%29_-_p._13_-_cross_section_of_a_d%27Humy_Motoramp_garage_%28no_caption%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Modern_Multi-Floor_Garage_%281929%29_-_p._13_-_cross_section_of_a_d%27Humy_Motoramp_garage_%28no_caption%29.png/440px-The_Modern_Multi-Floor_Garage_%281929%29_-_p._13_-_cross_section_of_a_d%27Humy_Motoramp_garage_%28no_caption%29.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>A circa 1929 drawing shows a <a href="/wiki/Riemann_surface" title="Riemann surface">Riemann surface</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known multi-storey car park was opened in May 1901 by City & Suburban Electric Carriage Company at 6 Denman Street, central London. The location had space for 100 vehicles over seven floors, totaling 19,000 square feet. The same company opened a second location in 1902 for 230 vehicles. The company specialized in the sale, storage, valeting, and on-demand delivery of electric vehicles that could travel about 40 miles and had a top speed of 20 miles per hour. </p><p>The earliest known parking garage in the United States was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Holabird and Roche.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the structure was several blocks from the hotel. It was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 49-storey apartment tower, 215 West, has taken its place, also featuring a parking garage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Garage" title="Capital Garage">Capital Garage</a> in Washington, D.C. was built in 1927, it was reportedly the largest parking structure of its kind in the country. It was imploded in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Underground_parking_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Underground_parking_2.jpg/220px-Underground_parking_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Underground_parking_2.jpg/330px-Underground_parking_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Underground_parking_2.jpg/440px-Underground_parking_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Basement parking</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg/200px-Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg/300px-Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg/400px-Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>A large, mostly enclosed multi-storey car park forms the base or "pedestal" of two connected high rises. At nearly 20 stories and over 200 feet (61 m), it is an exceptionally large car park that comprises a significant portion of the building.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorcycle_parking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Motorcycle_parking.jpg/220px-Motorcycle_parking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Motorcycle_parking.jpg/330px-Motorcycle_parking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Motorcycle_parking.jpg/440px-Motorcycle_parking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Motorcycle parking inside a multi-storey car park</figcaption></figure> <p>The movement of vehicles between floors can take place by means of: </p> <ul><li>interior inclined parking ramps and express ramps without parking – common</li> <li>interior circular or helical express ramps</li> <li>exterior ramps – which may take the form of a circular or helical ramp</li> <li>vehicle <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">lifts</a> (or elevators) – the least common</li> <li>automated robot systems – combination of ramp and elevator</li></ul> <p>Where the car park is built on sloping land, it may be <a href="/wiki/Split-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Split-level">split-level</a> or have sloped parking. </p><p>Many parking structures are independent buildings dedicated exclusively to that use. The design loads for car parks are often less than the office building they serve (50 psf versus 80 [100] psf), leading to long floor spans of 55–65 feet that permit cars to park in rows without supporting columns in between [called long span]. Podium parking below high-rise and mid-rise buildings are often short-span 25–30 feet clear between columns, since office/residential/retail floors above require more support [100 psf per International Building Code]. Columns in short -span structures obstruct row based parking spaces and will be less efficient than long-span designs; parking efficiency is measured in cars per level square footage [car count/level area]. Common structural systems in the United States for long-span structures are <a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">prestressed concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Double-tee" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-tee">double-tee</a> floor systems, post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete floor systems or short-span podium parking with post-tensioned slabs and drop panels [drop heads. Steel embeds or thicker slabs can eliminate the need for drop panels, providing higher clearances for higher profile vehicles.] </p><p>In recent times, parking structures built to serve residential and some business properties have been built as part of a larger building, often underground as part of the basement, such as the parking lot at the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Station,_Atlanta" title="Atlantic Station, Atlanta">Atlantic Station</a> redevelopment in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. This saves land for other uses (as opposed surface parking), is cheaper and more practical in most cases than a separate structure, and is hidden from view. It protects customers and their cars from weather such as rain, snow, or hot summer sunshine that raises a vehicle's interior temperature to extremely high levels. Underground parking of only two levels was considered an innovative concept in 1964, when developer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lesser" title="Louis Lesser">Louis Lesser</a> developed a two-level underground parking structure under six 10-storey high-rise residential halls at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Los_Angeles" title="California State University, Los Angeles">California State University, Los Angeles</a>, which lacked space for horizontal expansion in the 176-acre (0.71 km<sup>2</sup>) university. The simple two-level parking structure was considered unusual enough in 1964 that a separate newspaper section entitled "Parking Underground" described the parking lot as an innovative "concept" and as "subterranean spaces".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, a 2,400 space underground parking structure below <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_Square" title="Nathan Phillips Square">Nathan Phillips Square</a> is one of the world's largest. </p><p>Parking which serve shopping centers can be built adjacent to the center for easier access at each floor between shops and parking. One example is <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, Minnesota</a>, USA, which has two large parking lots attached to the building, at the eastern and western ends. A common position for parking within shopping centers in the UK is on the roof, around the various utility systems, enabling customers to take lifts straight down into the center. Examples of such are <a href="/wiki/The_Oracle,_Reading" title="The Oracle, Reading">The Oracle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Festival_Place" title="Festival Place">Festival Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a>. Parking garages without mixed use can provide excellent uses for the Roof area: The Grove Parking Garage is the site for movies on its 8th level roof,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grand Prix of Long Beach, CA can be viewed from the Roof level of The Aquarium of the Pacific Parking Garage and The Pike Parking Garage (opposite the Queensway Structure) were built with a thickened post-tensioned roof slab to accommodate crowds of people. </p><p>These parking structures often have low ceiling clearances [7'-2" and 8'-4" for accessible parking], which restrict access by <a href="/wiki/Full-size_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-size van">full-size vans</a> and other large vehicles. On 15 December 2013, a man was killed during a robbery in the parking garage at <a href="/wiki/The_Mall_at_Short_Hills" title="The Mall at Short Hills">The Mall at Short Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Millburn,_New_Jersey" title="Millburn, New Jersey">Millburn, New Jersey</a>. The paramedics responding to the shooting were delayed because their ambulance was too large to enter the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, costs for parking garages are estimated to cost between $25,000 per space, with underground parking costing around $35,000 per space.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_integrity">Structural integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structural integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collapsed_parking_garage_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Collapsed_parking_garage_site.jpg/220px-Collapsed_parking_garage_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Collapsed_parking_garage_site.jpg/330px-Collapsed_parking_garage_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Collapsed_parking_garage_site.jpg/440px-Collapsed_parking_garage_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Shuttered construction site of multistorey car park nearly two years after partial structural failure</figcaption></figure> <p>Parking structures are subjected to the heavy and shifting loads of moving vehicles, and must bear the associated physical stresses. <a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joints</a> are used between sections not only for thermal expansion but to accommodate the flexing of the structure's sections due to vehicle traffic. Parking structures are generally not subject to <a href="/wiki/Building_inspection" title="Building inspection">building inspections</a> after being checked for their initial <a href="/wiki/Occupancy_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupancy permit">occupancy permit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seismic_retrofit" title="Seismic retrofit">Seismic retrofits</a> can be applied where earthquakes are an issue. </p><p>Some parking structures have partly collapsed, either during construction or years later. In July 2009 a fourth-floor section failed at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centergy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centergy (page does not exist)">Centergy</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Atlanta" title="Midtown Atlanta">midtown Atlanta</a>, pancaking down and destroying more than 30 vehicles but injuring no-one. In December 2007, a car crashed into the wall of the deck at the <a href="/wiki/SouthPark_Mall_(Charlotte,_North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="SouthPark Mall (Charlotte, North Carolina)">SouthPark Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, weakening it and causing a small collapse which destroyed two cars below. On the same day, one under construction in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a> collapsed as concrete was being poured on the sixth floor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2008, the sudden collapse of the middle level of a deck in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> was preceded by warning signs some weeks before, including cracks and water leaks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Algo_Centre_Mall" title="Algo Centre Mall">Algo Centre Mall</a>'s rooftop parking deck collapsed into the building, crashing through the upper level lottery kiosk adjacent to the food court and escalators to the ground floor below, killing two people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2012 four people were killed and nine more injured when a parking structure under construction at a campus of <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Dade College">Miami-Dade College</a> in Florida collapsed,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purportedly due to an unfinished column.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Surfside_condominium_collapse" title="Surfside condominium collapse">Surfside condominium's</a> main building's collapse that killed ninety-eight people was likely caused by the failure of the long-term degradation of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_support" title="Structural support">structural support</a> in the basement-level parking garage.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precast_parking_structures">Precast parking structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Precast parking structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Precast_parking_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Precast_parking_structure.jpg/220px-Precast_parking_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Precast_parking_structure.jpg/330px-Precast_parking_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Precast_parking_structure.jpg/440px-Precast_parking_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Precast parking structure showing an interior column, girders and double-tee structural floors. The two gray circles are covers to close the lifting anchor holes.</figcaption></figure> <p>As multi-storey car parks have become more common since the middle of the twentieth century, many constructions of such structures have been using <a href="/wiki/Precast_concrete" title="Precast concrete">precast concrete</a> to reduce the construction time. The design involves putting parking structure parts together. The parts of precast concrete include multi-storey structural wall panels, interior and exterior columns, structural floors, <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</a>, wall panels, stairs, and slabs. The precast concrete parts are transported using flatbed semi-trailers to the sites. The structural floor modules may need to be laid tilted during the transportation in order to cover as large floor area as possible while they can be easily transported on the roadways. The modules are lifted using <a href="/wiki/Precast_concrete_lifting_anchor_system" title="Precast concrete lifting anchor system">precast concrete lifting anchor systems</a> at the sites for assembly. Decorations may include using of covers to close the holes in the precast concrete that contains the lifting anchors, and installing facades to the exterior of the structures. </p><p>In modern construction of the precast modules, there are other features to improve the strength of the structure. An example is to use <a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">prestressed strands</a> on post-tensioned concrete for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Shear_wall" title="Shear wall">shear walls</a>. Another example is the use of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer">carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer</a> to replace steel wire mesh to lighten the load and yield more corrosion resistance especially for the cold-climate areas which use salt for melting snow.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_value">Architectural value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architectural value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg/220px-1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg/330px-1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg/440px-1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1111_Lincoln_Road" title="1111 Lincoln Road">1111 Lincoln Road</a> parking garage</figcaption></figure> <p>These structures are not usually known for their architectural value. As <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Record" title="Architectural Record">Architectural Record</a></i> has noted, "In the Pantheon of Building Types, the parking garage lurks somewhere in the vicinity of prisons and toll plazas."<sup id="cite_ref-ar-arch_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-arch-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> has labeled parking structures as "the grim afterthought of American design".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-event_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-event-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A handful of structures have received considerable praise for their design, including </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1111_Lincoln_Road" title="1111 Lincoln Road">1111 Lincoln Road</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/South_Beach" title="South Beach">South Beach</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a> and designed by the internationally known Swiss architectural firm of <a href="/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ar-arch_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-arch-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-event_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-event-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brutalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalist">Brutalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Preston_bus_station" title="Preston bus station">Preston bus station</a> in the United Kingdom, which incorporates a multistorey car park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Terrace_Car_Park" title="Castle Terrace Car Park">Castle Terrace Car Park</a> in Edinburgh, United Kingdom</li> <li>In the United States, several have been listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, including Boston's <a href="/wiki/North_Terminal_Garage" title="North Terminal Garage">North Terminal Garage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent developments, Queensway Bay Parking Garage, Long Beach CA, has received awards for it unique facade in 1992, Designed by International Parking Design and built by Bomel Construction Company Inc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensway_bay_ps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Queensway_bay_ps.jpg/290px-Queensway_bay_ps.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Queensway_bay_ps.jpg/435px-Queensway_bay_ps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Queensway_bay_ps.jpg/580px-Queensway_bay_ps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the parking garage of the <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_of_the_Pacific" title="Aquarium of the Pacific">Aquarium of the Pacific</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>multistorey car park</i> (often abbreviated to <i>multistorey</i> or <i>multistory</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-cam2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> countries, and it is nowadays most commonly spelled without a hyphen.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the term <i>parking structure</i> is used,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the "garage" connected with a house. In some places in North America, "parking garage" refers only to an indoor, often underground, structure. Outdoor, multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional terms: </p> <ul><li><b>Parking garage</b> is used, to varying degrees, throughout the U.S. and Canada, often referring to underground parking, and designed professionally by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_Engineers_and_Architects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural Engineers and Architects (page does not exist)">Structural Engineers and Architects</a>;</li> <li><b>Parking Structure</b> is used worldwide, and synonymously with “parking garage”.</li> <li><b>Parking deck</b> is used mostly in the Southern United States.</li> <li><b>Parking ramp</b> is used in the upper <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and has been observed as far east as <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Parkade</b> is widely used in Western Canada and South Africa.</li> <li><b>Parking building</b> is used in New Zealand.</li></ul> <p>Architects and <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">structural engineers</a> in the USA are likely to call it a <b>parking structure</b> since their work is all about structures and since that term is the vernacular in the United States. When constructed as the base of a high-rise, it is sometimes called a <b>parking podium</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a> use the term <b>open parking garage</b> to refer to a structure designed for car storage that has openings along at least 40% of the perimeter, as opposed to an <b>enclosed parking garage</b> that requires mechanical ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural or mechanical ventilation provides fresh air flow to disperse car exhaust in normal conditions, or hot gas and smoke in case of fire. </p><p>Typically parking consultants in the UK describe the number of car park floors in terms of "G+x". G stands for ground and x for the number of floors above ground. For example, G+5 is a multi-storey car park structure with a ground floor and 5 floors above that, i.e. a total of 6 floors. The preceding does not apply to the United States where B+x refers to basement levels ascending in number x while descending in elevation, L1 or ground level [unlike European standards where ground level is below Level 1] with added levels as L2, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_types">Construction types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REDI_Parking_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/REDI_Parking_Hall.jpg/220px-REDI_Parking_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/REDI_Parking_Hall.jpg/330px-REDI_Parking_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/REDI_Parking_Hall.jpg/440px-REDI_Parking_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>A parking garage at <a href="/wiki/Redi_(shopping_centre)" title="Redi (shopping centre)">REDI shopping centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalasatama" title="Kalasatama">Kalasatama</a>, Helsinki, Finland</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Concrete</li> <li>Steel structure</li> <li>Automated (mechanical)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_structure">Steel structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Steel structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Structure car parks are car parks made of structural steel components connected to each other to carry the loads and provide full structural rigidity. </p><p>Steel is a high-strength material requiring less material than other types of structures like concrete and timber. Steel construction features: </p> <ul><li>Cost savings: inexpensive to manufacture and erect, and requires less maintenance than traditional building methods.</li> <li>Speed: Allows construction or prefabrication off-site with rapid installation on-site. Some suppliers claim construction in days.</li> <li>Durability: Suppliers claim 50-plus years lifespan.</li> <li>Removability: Steel car park structure could be designed to be removed at a later date.</li> <li>Expandability: Steel car park structures can be expanded easily at a later date.</li> <li>Creativity: Steel allows for long column-free spans.</li></ul> <p>The ceiling slab of the steel structure car park is typically made of composite material such as corrugated steel sheets and concrete. The surface of the first-floor parking can be left bare or covered with epoxy or tarmac. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundationless_and_modular">Foundationless and modular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foundationless and modular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demand, steel features, and innovation have led to the development of a foundationless, modular, removable steel car park structure. </p><p>Parking demand often grows quickly, significantly and sometimes unexpectedly. Modular steel car parks could be the proper solution if the surface area available is not sufficient and can be expanded upward, or whenever it is not feasible to build up a multi-storey parking. The development of the building concept of modular car parks came about by using the modular assembling method of vertical and horizontal elements (such as columns and beams) Modular car park structures are versatile and can be built in phases or in different sizes and shape. The solution makes it possible to develop a parking structure even in case of particular conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or city centres, because it allows: </p> <ul><li>To virtually double the parking surface without leaving any footprint on the ground, as no settlement for excavations or traditional foundations is needed;</li> <li>To double the parking surface by means of a light steel single-deck car park system.</li> <li>Prefab modular components of the system make each project versatile and suitable for both large and small sized areas.</li></ul> <p>These parking structures are generally demountable and can be relocated to avoid making the choice of converting a surface to parking area irrevocably. They could be used as permanent structures or are conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand needs. A number of parking decks have been demounted after a few years – to make room for the development of a permanent structure – and relocated to respond to local parking demand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automated_parking">Automated parking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Automated parking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automated_parking_system" title="Automated parking system">Automated parking system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Automatic_parking" title="Automatic parking">Automatic parking</a>, a self-parking feature in a car.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automatic-Underground-Car-Storage-Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Automatic-Underground-Car-Storage-Thessaloniki.jpg/220px-Automatic-Underground-Car-Storage-Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Automatic-Underground-Car-Storage-Thessaloniki.jpg/330px-Automatic-Underground-Car-Storage-Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Automatic-Underground-Car-Storage-Thessaloniki.jpg/440px-Automatic-Underground-Car-Storage-Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Automatic underground car storage in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest use of an <a href="/wiki/Automated_parking_system" title="Automated parking system">automated parking system</a> (APS) was in Paris in 1905 at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald-2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APS consisted of a groundbreaking<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald-2012_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multi-storey concrete structure with an internal elevator to transport cars to upper levels where attendants parked the cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamelink_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamelink-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1931 <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i> article speculated about design for an underground garage where the car is taken to a parking area by a <a href="/wiki/Conveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Conveyor">conveyor</a> and then an elevator to shuttles mounted on rails.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total cost of ownership of automated parking needs to be carefully considered. The actual cost of construction of automated car parks is typically higher than conventional car park structures, however, this can be offset by the higher space efficiency including reduced excavation waste from minimized footprints. The cost of the mechanical equipment needed to transport the cars needs to be added to the building cost. In addition, operation and maintenance costs of the mechanical equipment need to be added in order to determine the total cost of ownership. Other costs could be saved, for example, there is no need for an energy-intensive <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilating system</a>, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed. For naturally ventilated car parks structures, the ventilation equipment is not needed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automated car parks rely on similar technology to that used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module, and it is then transported to a parking slot by a robotic <a href="/wiki/Flatbed_trolley" title="Flatbed trolley">trolley</a>. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module. </p><p>At peak periods a wait may occur before entering or leaving, because loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit rather than at the parking stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. It is generally not recommended to use automated car parks for high peak hour volume facilities. </p><p>Additional factors that need to be taken into consideration are: </p> <ul><li>Fear of breakdowns (How does the user get the car back)</li> <li>Maintenance contracts needed with suppliers</li></ul> <p>Automotive factories and car dealerships often use automated car parks to store inventory, which makes best use of space if they operate in urban areas, plus the car park may be decorated to promote the brand.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance at the <a href="/wiki/Autostadt" title="Autostadt">Autostadt</a> there are two 60 meter/200 ft tall glass silos (AutoTürme) used as storage for new Volkswagens. The two towers are connected to the Volkswagen factory by a 700-metre tunnel. When cars arrive at the towers they are carried up at a speed of 1.5 metres per second. The render for the Autostadt shows 6 towers. When purchasing a car from Volkswagen (the main brand only, not the sub-brands) in select European countries, it is optional if the customer wants it delivered to the dealership where it was bought or if the customer wants to travel to Autostadt to pick it up. If the latter is chosen, the Autostadt supplies the customer with free entrance, meal tickets and a variety of events building up to the point where the customer can follow on screen as the automatic elevator picks up the selected car in one of the silos. The car is then transported out to the customer without having driven a single meter, and the odometer is thus on "0".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automated car parks have been popular for multistorey residential buildings in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, automated car parks are gradually catching in the downtown core condominium developments sine the 2010s, due to developers having to meet city-mandated minimum parking space requirements while building on increasingly smaller lots.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_technologies">Other technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parking_guidance_and_information" title="Parking guidance and information">Parking guidance and information</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">Parking lot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_park_sensor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Car_park_sensor.jpg/220px-Car_park_sensor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Car_park_sensor.jpg/330px-Car_park_sensor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Car_park_sensor.jpg/440px-Car_park_sensor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic sensor">Ultrasonic sensors</a> above each lot in this indoor car park determine if a car has already taken the lot and indicate using <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some can send a <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a> message with the parking space number or code.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern car parks utilize a variety of technologies to help motorists find unoccupied parking spaces, <a href="/wiki/Car_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Car location">car location</a> when returning to the vehicle and improve their experience. These include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptive_lighting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaptive lighting (page does not exist)">adaptive lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parking_space_LED_indicator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parking space LED indicator (page does not exist)">parking space LED indicators</a> (red for occupied, green for available and blue is reserved for the disabled; above every parking space), <a href="/wiki/Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">indoor positioning system</a> (IPS), including <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR code</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">mobile payment</a> options. The Santa Monica Place shopping mall in California has cameras on each stall that can help count the lot occupancy and find lost cars.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Online booking technology service providers have been created to help drivers find long-term parking in an automated manner, while also providing significant savings for those who book parking spaces ahead of time. They use real-time inventory management checking technology to display car parks with availability, sorted by price and distance from the airport. </p><p>Other recent developments in technology include Vehicles Detection and Count Systems, Point of Sale & Revenue Control Systems, Traffic & Capacity Monitoring Systems, Valet Parking Point of Sale, Management & Revenue Control Systems. These systems help in way finding for parking clients with space availability shown at every turn, space monitoring using retrofit wifi transmitters in each space to update the space availability signs and to alert parking management of bottle necks and intervention measures. Revenue Control, Capacity Management, and Valet Point of Sale is a major issue for Office and Retail parking management and is also a means of parking management intervention, where website update the status of all of these issues for exclusive use by management. Irvine Spectrum Center, Irvine CA, with 3 parking structures, uses all of these systems<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City of Santa Monica uses Traffic and Capacity Monitoring with its 30 parking structures. Disneyland, in Anaheim CA uses most of these hi-tech solutions on its 8 garages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multistorey_parking_ship">Multistorey parking ship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Multistorey parking ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parken.jpg/220px-Parken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parken.jpg/330px-Parken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parken.jpg/440px-Parken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>P-Arken as seen from water</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goteborg_P-arken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Goteborg_P-arken.jpg/220px-Goteborg_P-arken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Goteborg_P-arken.jpg/330px-Goteborg_P-arken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Goteborg_P-arken.jpg/440px-Goteborg_P-arken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>P-Arken as seen from land</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Arken" class="extiw" title="sv:P-Arken">sv:P-Arken</a></div> <p>In 1991, a 1975 <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">marine vessel</a> was transformed into a floating <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoon</a> multi-storey car parking facility. The ship was given the new name <b>P-Arken</b> (a pun on the words <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/park" class="extiw" title="wikt:park">park</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ark" class="extiw" title="wikt:ark">ark</a></i>) and it is permanently towed in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>'s harbour <a href="/wiki/Lilla_Bommen" title="Lilla Bommen">Lilla Bommen</a> near <a href="/wiki/Skeppsbron" title="Skeppsbron">Skeppsbron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>In November 2019, a fully-clad parking barge for automobiles was patented in the United States. Its angular sides are designed to protect against driving wind, rain, and debris.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a> opened an exhibition solely devoted to the study of parking garages and their impact on the built environment. This exhibition, titled <i>House of Cars: Innovation and the Parking Garage</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was on view until 11 July 2010. Additional information on the design and building of parking structures can be found in "Parking Structures: planning, design, construction, maintenance, and repair"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resource is on its third edition, written by prominent staff of Walker Parking Consultants, a preeminent Parking Structure designer in the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">Arcade</a>, "parkade" is a portmanteau or parking and arcade due to the architectural similarity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Stacker" title="Auto Stacker">Auto Stacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostadt" title="Autostadt">Autostadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_parking" title="Automatic parking">Automatic parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_parking_system" title="Automated parking system">Automated parking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_vehicle_location" title="Automatic vehicle location">Automatic vehicle location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_condo" title="Car condo">Car condo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_parking_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Car parking system">Car parking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_guidance_and_information" title="Parking guidance and information">Parking guidance and information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Square,_Gateshead" title="Trinity Square, Gateshead">Trinity Square, Gateshead</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cam_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cam_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/parking-garage?a=british">"parking garage – English meaning"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=parking+garage+%E2%80%93+English+meaning&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fparking-garage%3Fa%3Dbritish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925212358/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/car_park"><i>car park | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/car_park">the original</a> on 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=car+park+%7C+Meaning+%26+Definition+for+UK+English+%7C+Lexico.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcar_park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cam2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cam2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cam2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/multistorey">"multistorey – English meaning"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=multistorey+%E2%80%93+English+meaning&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmultistorey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolies2023" class="citation news cs1">Margolies, Jane (7 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/07/business/fewer-parking-spots.html">"Awash in Asphalt, Cities Rethink Their Parking Needs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Awash+in+Asphalt%2C+Cities+Rethink+Their+Parking+Needs&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Margolies&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Ffewer-parking-spots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2017/04/08/how-not-to-create-traffic-jams-pollution-and-urban-sprawl">"How not to create traffic jams, pollution and urban sprawl"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+not+to+create+traffic+jams%2C+pollution+and+urban+sprawl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2017%2F04%2F08%2Fhow-not-to-create-traffic-jams-pollution-and-urban-sprawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parking Structures by Mary S. Smith, et al. ISBN 0-7923-7213-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asphaltnation.com/Articles/parking.html">"asphaltnation.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=asphaltnation.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asphaltnation.com%2FArticles%2Fparking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Beth_Klatt2005" class="citation web cs1">Mary Beth Klatt (21 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211074000/http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arch_story/102105.htm">"Story of the Week Archives: Car Culture"</a>. <i>Preservation Online</i>. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arch_story/102105.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Preservation+Online&rft.atitle=Story+of+the+Week+Archives%3A+Car+Culture&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft.au=Mary+Beth+Klatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org%2Fmagazine%2Farchives%2Farch_story%2F102105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preservationchicago.org/risk/lasalle.html">Preservation Chicago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623002621/http://preservationchicago.org/risk/lasalle.html">Archived</a> 23 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124822/https://discountparkandride.com/blog/guide-to-parking-lots/">"The Guide to Parking Lots"</a>. Discount Park & Ride. 9 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discountparkandride.com/blog/guide-to-parking-lots/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guide+to+Parking+Lots&rft.pub=Discount+Park+%26+Ride&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscountparkandride.com%2Fblog%2Fguide-to-parking-lots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kelly_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly,_John2021" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, John (24 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/capital-garage-dc/2021/04/24/518033c4-a463-11eb-a7ee-949c574a09ac_story.html">"When it opened in 1927, the Capital Garage was the largest U.S. parking structure"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=When+it+opened+in+1927%2C+the+Capital+Garage+was+the+largest+U.S.+parking+structure&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft.au=Kelly%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fcapital-garage-dc%2F2021%2F04%2F24%2F518033c4-a463-11eb-a7ee-949c574a09ac_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Los Angeles Times, 25 June 1963, "High Rise Developer Defends Loss of View to Convenience"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1964, Tom Cameron, "$118 Million Going into Expansion at L.A. State"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/movies/level-8-drive-in">"A drive-in movie theater is popping up atop the parking garage of the Grove"</a>. 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+drive-in+movie+theater+is+popping+up+atop+the+parking+garage+of+the+Grove&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Flos-angeles%2Fmovies%2Flevel-8-drive-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueally2014" class="citation news cs1">Queally, James (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/essex/2014/01/short_hills_carjacking_911s_wifes_call.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Where is it?' Panicked 911 calls from wife of lawyer killed in mall carjacking beg for ambulance"</a>. <i>The Star-Ledger</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star-Ledger&rft.atitle=%27Where+is+it%3F%27+Panicked+911+calls+from+wife+of+lawyer+killed+in+mall+carjacking+beg+for+ambulance&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.aulast=Queally&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fessex%2F2014%2F01%2Fshort_hills_carjacking_911s_wifes_call.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugstums2007" class="citation news cs1">Augstums, Ieva M. (6 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/news/crime/2007/12/07/part-of-parking-deck-collapses-after-car-crashes-into-its-side/30332863007/">"Part of parking deck collapses after car crashes into its side"</a>. Associated Press – via <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Star-News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington Star-News">StarNews Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Part+of+parking+deck+collapses+after+car+crashes+into+its+side&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft.aulast=Augstums&rft.aufirst=Ieva+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.starnewsonline.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2F2007%2F12%2F07%2Fpart-of-parking-deck-collapses-after-car-crashes-into-its-side%2F30332863007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/man-dies-after-montreal-parking-garage-roof-collapses-1.736057">"Man dies after Montreal parking garage roof collapses"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 26 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Man+dies+after+Montreal+parking+garage+roof+collapses&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fman-dies-after-montreal-parking-garage-roof-collapses-1.736057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/elliot-lake-rescuers-came-within-feet-of-mall-collapse-victims-but-could-do-nothing">"Elliot Lake rescuers came within feet of mall collapse victims, but could do nothing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Elliot+Lake+rescuers+came+within+feet+of+mall+collapse+victims%2C+but+could+do+nothing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Felliot-lake-rescuers-came-within-feet-of-mall-collapse-victims-but-could-do-nothing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo,_Gregory2012" class="citation web cs1">Castillo, Gregory (30 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827105448/http://www.mdc.edu/main/thereporter/archive/vol03-05/news/four_dead_several_injured_after_parking_.aspx">"Four Dead, Several Injured After Parking Garage Collapses at West Campus"</a>. Miami-Dade College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdc.edu/main/thereporter/archive/vol03-05/news/four_dead_several_injured_after_parking_.aspx">the original</a> on 27 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Dead%2C+Several+Injured+After+Parking+Garage+Collapses+at+West+Campus&rft.pub=Miami-Dade+College&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdc.edu%2Fmain%2Fthereporter%2Farchive%2Fvol03-05%2Fnews%2Ffour_dead_several_injured_after_parking_.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/miami-college-parking-garage-collapse_n_2979021.html">"Miami Dade College Parking Garage Collapsed Due To Unfinished Column: Lawyer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i>. 29 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Miami+Dade+College+Parking+Garage+Collapsed+Due+To+Unfinished+Column%3A+Lawyer&rft.date=2013-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F29%2Fmiami-college-parking-garage-collapse_n_2979021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgz5Xq4GUio">"Surfside Condo Collapse: What We Know So Far"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Surfside+Condo+Collapse%3A+What+We+Know+So+Far&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dpgz5Xq4GUio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513042257/http://www.highconcrete.com/resources/technical/upload/Hi_ParkBro_18.pdf">"High Precast Parking Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. High Concrete Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highconcrete.com/resources/technical/upload/Hi_ParkBro_18.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Precast+Parking+Systems&rft.pub=High+Concrete+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highconcrete.com%2Fresources%2Ftechnical%2Fupload%2FHi_ParkBro_18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ar-arch-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ar-arch_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ar-arch_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeth_Broome2010" class="citation news cs1">Beth Broome (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/8232-lincoln-road">"1111 Lincoln Road"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Record" title="Architectural Record">Architectural Record</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Record&rft.atitle=1111+Lincoln+Road&rft.date=2010-06&rft.au=Beth+Broome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecturalrecord.com%2Farticles%2F8232-lincoln-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-event-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-event_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-event_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Barbaro2011" class="citation news cs1">Michael Barbaro (24 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24garage.html">"A Miami Beach Event Space. Parking Space, Too"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Miami+Beach+Event+Space.+Parking+Space%2C+Too.&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft.au=Michael+Barbaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F24%2Fus%2F24garage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_P._Chrest2001" class="citation book cs1">Anthony P. Chrest (2001). <i>Parking structures: planning, design, construction, maintenance, and repair</i> (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-7213-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-7213-1"><bdi>0-7923-7213-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44979661">44979661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parking+structures%3A+planning%2C+design%2C+construction%2C+maintenance%2C+and+repair&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44979661&rft.isbn=0-7923-7213-1&rft.au=Anthony+P.+Chrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603191722/http://csumc.wisc.edu/wep/Words.html">"Wisconsin English varieties"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Englishes</i>. Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures; Wisconsin Humanities Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csumc.wisc.edu/wep/Words.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Englishes&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+English+varieties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsumc.wisc.edu%2Fwep%2FWords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2022" class="citation web cs1">Read, Katy (12 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/parking-ramps-garages-minnesota-terminology-wisconsin-iowa/600197740/">"Why do Minnesotans call them 'parking ramps' instead of 'garages'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Why+do+Minnesotans+call+them+%27parking+ramps%27+instead+of+%27garages%27%3F&rft.date=2022-08-12&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fparking-ramps-garages-minnesota-terminology-wisconsin-iowa%2F600197740%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bcarparking.com/">"Buffalo Civic Auto Ramps"</a>. <i>Buffalo Civic Auto Ramps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Civic+Auto+Ramps&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Civic+Auto+Ramps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbcarparking.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lamag.com/architecture/judging-the-parking-podiums-of-dtlas-newest-high-rises">"Judging the Parking Podiums of DTLA's Newest High-Rises – Los Angeles Magazine"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Magazine</i>. 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Magazine&rft.atitle=Judging+the+Parking+Podiums+of+DTLA%27s+Newest+High-Rises+%E2%80%93+Los+Angeles+Magazine&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flamag.com%2Farchitecture%2Fjudging-the-parking-podiums-of-dtlas-newest-high-rises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benzinastables.com.au/enclosed-parking-vs-open-parking/">"Enclosed Parking vs Open Parking - Benzina Stables"</a>. <i>benzinastables.com.au</i>. 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=benzinastables.com.au&rft.atitle=Enclosed+Parking+vs+Open+Parking+-+Benzina+Stables&rft.date=2021-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenzinastables.com.au%2Fenclosed-parking-vs-open-parking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald-2012-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald-2012_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald-2012_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders McDonald, Shannon.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trforum.org/forum/downloads/2012_112_Cars_Parking_Sustain.pdf">"Cars, Parking and Sustainability"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810141139/http://www.trforum.org/forum/downloads/2012_112_Cars_Parking_Sustain.pdf">Archived</a> 10 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Transportation Research Forum</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://trforum.org/">https://trforum.org/</a>. Retrieved on 16 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamelink-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamelink_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamelink,_Ir._Leon_J.2011" class="citation cs2">Hamelink, Ir. Leon J. (2011), <i>The Mechanical Parking Guide 2011</i>, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-466-43786-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-466-43786-9"><bdi>978-1-466-43786-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mechanical+Parking+Guide+2011&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-466-43786-9&rft.au=Hamelink%2C+Ir.+Leon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-IDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA180">"Underground Garage to End Parking Problem"</a>, February 1931, <i>Popular Mechanics</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urbantoronto.ca/news/2019/10/innovative-parking-systems-helping-maximize-space-new-developments">"Innovative Parking Systems Helping to Maximize Space for New Developments | UrbanToronto"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovative+Parking+Systems+Helping+to+Maximize+Space+for+New+Developments+%26%23124%3B+UrbanToronto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furbantoronto.ca%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Finnovative-parking-systems-helping-maximize-space-new-developments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.automotivebuysellreport.com/a-new-approach-to-parking-for-dealerships-facing-site-size-constraints/">"A new approach to parking for dealerships facing site size constraints"</a>. 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+approach+to+parking+for+dealerships+facing+site+size+constraints&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.automotivebuysellreport.com%2Fa-new-approach-to-parking-for-dealerships-facing-site-size-constraints%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autostadt.de/erkunden/autotuerme">"Car Towers"</a>. <i>autostadt.de</i>. Volkswagen AG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autostadt.de&rft.atitle=Car+Towers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autostadt.de%2Ferkunden%2Fautotuerme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urbantoronto.ca/news/2019/10/innovative-parking-systems-helping-maximize-space-new-developments">"Innovative Parking Systems Helping to Maximize Space for New Developments | UrbanToronto"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovative+Parking+Systems+Helping+to+Maximize+Space+for+New+Developments+%26%23124%3B+UrbanToronto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furbantoronto.ca%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Finnovative-parking-systems-helping-maximize-space-new-developments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/autos/2022/04/02/park-place-here-are-some-modern-options-for-storing-your-vehicle.html">"Park place: Here are some modern options for storing your vehicle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Park+place%3A+Here+are+some+modern+options+for+storing+your+vehicle&rft.date=2022-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fautos%2F2022%2F04%2F02%2Fpark-place-here-are-some-modern-options-for-storing-your-vehicle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keytop.en.alibaba.com/product/513301802-209897983/led_lamps_for_parking_car_parking_space_led_indicator.html">"parking sensor indicator/parking space indicator/led parking lot lighting, View car parking led indicator, KEYOP Product Details from Xiamen Keytop Communication & Technology Company Limited on Alibaba.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=parking+sensor+indicator%2Fparking+space+indicator%2Fled+parking+lot+lighting%2C+View+car+parking+led+indicator%2C+KEYOP+Product+Details+from+Xiamen+Keytop+Communication+%26+Technology+Company+Limited+on+Alibaba.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeytop.en.alibaba.com%2Fproduct%2F513301802-209897983%2Fled_lamps_for_parking_car_parking_space_led_indicator.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jan-23-la-me-santa-monica-parking-20110123-story.html">"Servant or snoop in the parking garage?"</a> <i>Los Angeles Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irvinespectrumcenter.com/guest-services/parking-transportation">"Parking & Transportation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parking+%26+Transportation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irvinespectrumcenter.com%2Fguest-services%2Fparking-transportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vastsvenskapaketet.se/nyhet/p-arken-pa-plats-vid-lilla-bommen/">"P-arken på plats vid Lilla Bommen"</a>. <i>Västsvenska paketet</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%A4stsvenska+paketet&rft.atitle=P-arken+p%C3%A5+plats+vid+Lilla+Bommen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vastsvenskapaketet.se%2Fnyhet%2Fp-arken-pa-plats-vid-lilla-bommen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carinsurancequotes.com/articles/parking-garages">"15 of the World's Most Unusual Parking Garages"</a>. <i>CarInsuranceQuotes.com</i>. 22 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CarInsuranceQuotes.com&rft.atitle=15+of+the+World%27s+Most+Unusual+Parking+Garages&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carinsurancequotes.com%2Farticles%2Fparking-garages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104220422/http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/trafik,parken_oppen_for_besoksparkering">"P-arken öppen för besöksparkering – Vårt Göteborg"</a>. 4 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/trafik,parken_oppen_for_besoksparkering">the original</a> on 4 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P-arken+%C3%B6ppen+f%C3%B6r+bes%C3%B6ksparkering+%E2%80%93+V%C3%A5rt+G%C3%B6teborg&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vartgoteborg.se%2Fprod%2Fsk%2Fvargotnu.nsf%2F1%2Ftrafik%2Cparken_oppen_for_besoksparkering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316142008/https://www.p-bolaget.goteborg.se/om-oss/nyheter/p-arken-far-ny-hemvist/">"P-arken får ny hemvist"</a>. 16 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.p-bolaget.goteborg.se/om-oss/nyheter/p-arken-far-ny-hemvist/">the original</a> on 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P-arken+f%C3%A5r+ny+hemvist&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.p-bolaget.goteborg.se%2Fom-oss%2Fnyheter%2Fp-arken-far-ny-hemvist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiollio" class="citation web cs1">Liollio, Zachary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101091910/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=Liollio&OS=Liollio&RS=Liollio">"1,0472,024 Floating parking barge for vehicles"</a>. <i>USPTO Full-Text and Image Database</i>. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=liollio&OS=liollio&RS=liollio">the original</a> on 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO+Full-Text+and+Image+Database&rft.atitle=1%2C0472%2C024+Floating+parking+barge+for+vehicles&rft.aulast=Liollio&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26p%3D1%26u%3D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsearch-bool.html%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26co1%3DAND%26d%3DPTXT%26s1%3Dliollio%26OS%3Dliollio%26RS%3Dliollio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Chloe (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postandcourier.com/news/could-a-floating-garage-on-water-fix-charleston-parking-a-citadel-grad-thinks-so/article_b40fdb64-0a33-11ea-8e5b-477a0c9bfce0.html">"Could a floating garage on water fix Charleston parking? A Citadel grad thinks so"</a>. <i>The Post & Courier</i>. Evening Post Industries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post+%26+Courier&rft.atitle=Could+a+floating+garage+on+water+fix+Charleston+parking%3F+A+Citadel+grad+thinks+so.&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fnews%2Fcould-a-floating-garage-on-water-fix-charleston-parking-a-citadel-grad-thinks-so%2Farticle_b40fdb64-0a33-11ea-8e5b-477a0c9bfce0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125050408/http://www.nbm.org/exhibitions-collections/exhibitions/house-of-cars.html">"House of Cars: Innovation and the Parking Garage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbm.org/exhibitions-collections/exhibitions/house-of-cars.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Cars%3A+Innovation+and+the+Parking+Garage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbm.org%2Fexhibitions-collections%2Fexhibitions%2Fhouse-of-cars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Multi-storey_car_parks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Multi-storey car parks">Multi-storey car parks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artamonoff.info/parking">"Automatic invisible compact parking. Patent RU 97419"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automatic+invisible+compact+parking.+Patent+RU+97419&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartamonoff.info%2Fparking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Beth_Klatt2005" class="citation web cs1">Mary Beth Klatt (21 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211074000/http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arch_story/102105.htm">"Story of the Week Archives: Car Culture"</a>. <i>Preservation Online</i>. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arch_story/102105.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Preservation+Online&rft.atitle=Story+of+the+Week+Archives%3A+Car+Culture&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft.au=Mary+Beth+Klatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org%2Fmagazine%2Farchives%2Farch_story%2F102105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultistorey+car+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a1444/4213198/">"Robotic Parking Garage: No Tip Necessary "</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13218805#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4173362-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parking garages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098109">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Silos à voitures"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137735590">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Silos à voitures"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137735590">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565526405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&oldid=1255098946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&oldid=1255098946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garages_(parking)" title="Category:Garages (parking)">Garages (parking)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indoor_positioning_system" title="Category:Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parking" title="Category:Parking">Parking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structural_system" title="Category:Structural system">Structural system</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_NRISref_without_a_reference_number" title="Category:Articles using NRISref without a reference number">Articles using NRISref without a reference number</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2010" title="Category:Use British English from October 2010">Use British English from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 03:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multistorey_car_park&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mf4nx","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.799","walltime":"0.976","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3080,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":82150,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1967,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":162063,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 823.727 1 -total"," 43.75% 360.413 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.90% 139.176 27 Template:Cite_web"," 13.97% 115.066 1 Template:Authority_control"," 12.15% 100.055 3 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 10.44% 85.980 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.70% 71.663 1 Template:Commons_category"," 8.40% 69.230 1 Template:Sister_project"," 8.16% 67.177 1 Template:Side_box"," 7.41% 61.007 12 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.488","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8222827,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-dbxfc","timestamp":"20241122141328","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Multistorey car park","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multistorey_car_park","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13218805","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13218805","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-12T02:55:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T03:45:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg","headline":"building designed for car parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place"}</script> </body> </html>