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heterostructure</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: AlGaN/GaN heterostructure"> <meta name="keywords" content="AlGaN/GaN heterostructure"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="AlGaN/GaN heterostructure"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 12</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: AlGaN/GaN heterostructure</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Growth of Non-Polar a-Plane AlGaN Epilayer with High Crystalline Quality and Smooth Surface Morphology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abbas%20Nasir">Abbas Nasir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Xiong%20Zhang"> Xiong Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sohail%20Ahmad"> Sohail Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yiping%20Cui"> Yiping Cui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Non-polar a-plane AlGaN epilayers of high structural quality have been grown on <em>r</em>-sapphire substrate by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A graded non-polar AlGaN buffer layer with variable aluminium concentration was used to improve the structural quality of the non-polar <em>a-</em>plane AlGaN epilayer. The characterisations were carried out by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Hall effect measurement. The XRD and AFM results demonstrate that the Al-composition-graded non-polar AlGaN buffer layer significantly improved the crystalline quality and the surface morphology of the top layer. A low root mean square roughness 1.52 nm is obtained from AFM, and relatively low background carrier concentration down to 3.9×  cm<sup>-3</sup> is obtained from Hall effect measurement.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Non-polar%20AlGaN%20epilayer" title="Non-polar AlGaN epilayer">Non-polar AlGaN epilayer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Al%20composition-graded%20AlGaN%20layer" title=" Al composition-graded AlGaN layer"> Al composition-graded AlGaN layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=root%20mean%20square" title=" root mean square"> root mean square</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=background%20carrier%20concentration." title=" background carrier concentration."> background carrier concentration.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/growth-of-non-polar-a-plane-algan-epilayer-with-high-crystalline-quality-and-smooth-surface-morphology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012024.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">534</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Fabrication of High-Power AlGaN/GaN Schottky Barrier Diode with Field Plate Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chia-Jui%20Yu">Chia-Jui Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chien-Ju%20Chen"> Chien-Ju Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jyun-Hao%20Liao"> Jyun-Hao Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chia-Ching%20Wu"> Chia-Ching Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Meng-Chyi%20Wu"> Meng-Chyi Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this letter, we demonstrate high-performance AlGaN/GaN planar Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) on the silicon substrate with field plate structure for increasing breakdown voltage <em>V</em><sub>B</sub>. A low turn-on resistance R<sub>ON</sub> (3.55 mΩ-cm<sup>2</sup>), low reverse leakage current (< 0.1 µA) at -100 V, and high reverse breakdown voltage <em>V</em><sub>B</sub> (> 1.1 kV) SBD has been fabricated. A virgin SBD exhibited a breakdown voltage (measured at 1 mA/mm) of 615 V, and with the field plate technology device exhibited a breakdown voltage (measured at 1 mA/mm) of 1525 V (the anode–cathode distance was L<sub>AC</sub> = 40 µm). Devices without the field plate design exhibit a Baliga’s figure of merit of <em>V</em><sub>B</sub><sup>2</sup>/ R<sub>ON</sub> = 60.2 MW/cm<sup>2</sup>, whereas devices with the field plate design show a Baliga’s figure of merit of <em>V</em><sub>B</sub><sup>2</sup>/ R<sub>ON</sub> = 340.9 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> (the anode–cathode distance was L<sub>AC</sub> = 20 µm).</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AlGaN%2FGaN%20heterostructure" title="AlGaN/GaN heterostructure">AlGaN/GaN heterostructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=silicon%20substrate" title=" silicon substrate"> silicon substrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Schottky%20barrier%20diode" title=" Schottky barrier diode"> Schottky barrier diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=high%20breakdown%20voltage" title=" high breakdown voltage"> high breakdown voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=field%20plate" title=" field plate"> field plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Baliga%E2%80%99s%20figure-of-merit." title=" Baliga’s figure-of-merit."> Baliga’s figure-of-merit.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/fabrication-of-high-power-algangan-schottky-barrier-diode-with-field-plate-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007572.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1034</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> On the Operation Mechanism and Device Modeling of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Li%20Yuan">Li Yuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Weizhu%20Wang"> Weizhu Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kean%20Boon%20Lee"> Kean Boon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Haifeng%20Sun"> Haifeng Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Susai%20Lawrence%20Selvaraj"> Susai Lawrence Selvaraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shane%20Todd"> Shane Todd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Guo-Qiang%20Lo"> Guo-Qiang Lo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, the physical based device model of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) has been established and the corresponding device operation behavior has been investigated also by using Sentaurus TCAD from Synopsys. Advanced AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures with GaN cap layer and AlN spacer have been considered and the GaN cap layer and AlN spacer are found taking important roles on the gate leakage blocking and off-state breakdown voltage enhancement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AlGaN%2FGaN" title="AlGaN/GaN">AlGaN/GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HEMT" title=" HEMT"> HEMT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Physical%20mechanism" title=" Physical mechanism"> Physical mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=TCAD%0Asimulation" title=" TCAD simulation"> TCAD simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/on-the-operation-mechanism-and-device-modeling-of-algangan-high-electron-mobility-transistors-hemts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3807</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Raman Scattering and PL Studies on AlGaN/GaN HEMT Layers on 200 mm Si(111)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=W.%20Z.%20Wang">W. Z. Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Todd"> S. Todd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20B.%20Dolmanan"> S. B. Dolmanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20B.%20Lee"> K. B. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20Yuan"> L. Yuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20F.%20Sun"> H. F. Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20L.%20Selvaraj"> S. L. Selvaraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.Krishnakumar"> M.Krishnakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Q.%20Lo"> G. Q. Lo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Tripathy"> S. Tripathy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The crystalline quality of the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure grown on a 200 mm silicon substrate has been investigated using UV-visible micro- Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL). The visible Raman scattering probes the whole nitride stack with the Si substrate and shows the presence of a small component of residual in-plane stress in the thick GaN buffer resulting from a wafer bowing, while the UV micro-Raman indicates a tensile interfacial stress induced at the top GaN/AlGaN/AlN layers. PL shows a good crystal quality GaN channel where the yellow band intensity is very low compared to that of the near-band-edge transition. The uniformity of this sample is shown by measurements from several points across the epiwafer.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Raman" title="Raman">Raman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=photo%20luminescence" title=" photo luminescence"> photo luminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AlGaN%2FGaN" title=" AlGaN/GaN"> AlGaN/GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HEMT." title=" HEMT."> HEMT.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/raman-scattering-and-pl-studies-on-algangan-hemt-layers-on-200-mm-si111" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3966</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Capacitance Models of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Douara">A. Douara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Kermas"> N. Kermas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Djellouli"> B. Djellouli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this study, we report calculations of gate capacitance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with nextnano device simulation software. We have used a physical gate capacitance model for III-V FETs that incorporates quantum capacitance and centroid capacitance in the channel. These simulations explore various device structures with different values of barrier thickness and channel thickness. A detailed understanding of the impact of gate capacitance in HEMTs will allow us to determine their role in future 10 nm physical gate length node.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AlGaN%2FGaN" title="AlGaN/GaN">AlGaN/GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=centroid%20capacitance" title=" centroid capacitance"> centroid capacitance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gate%20capacitance" title=" gate capacitance"> gate capacitance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HEMT" title=" HEMT"> HEMT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=quantum%20capacitance." title=" quantum capacitance."> quantum capacitance.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/capacitance-models-of-algangan-high-electron-mobility-transistors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1898</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Comparative Study of Al2O3 and HfO2 as Gate Dielectric on AlGaN/GaN MOSHEMTs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Karami">K. Karami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Hassan"> S. Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Taking"> S. Taking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Ofiare"> A. Ofiare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Dhongde"> A. Dhongde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Al-Khalidi"> A. Al-Khalidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Wasige"> E. Wasige</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>We have made a comparative study on the influence of Al2O3 and HfO2 grown using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technique as dielectric in the AlGaN/GaN metal oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOS-HEMT) structure. Five samples consisting of 20 nm and 10 nm each of A2lO3 and HfO2 respectively and a Schottky gate HEMT, were fabricated and measured. The threshold voltage shifts towards negative by 0.1 V and 1.8 V for 10 nm thick HfO2 and 10 nm thick Al2O3 gate dielectric layers, respectively. The negative shift for the 20 nm HfO2 and 20 nm Al2O3 were 1.2 V and 4.9 V, respectively. Higher gm/IDS (transconductance to drain current) ratio was also obtained in HfO2 than Al2O3. With both materials as dielectric, a significant reduction in the gate leakage current in the order of 104 was obtained compared to the sample without the dielectric material.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AlGaN%2FGaN%20HEMTs" title="AlGaN/GaN HEMTs">AlGaN/GaN HEMTs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Al2O3" title=" Al2O3"> Al2O3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HfO2" title=" HfO2"> HfO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MOSHEMTs." title=" MOSHEMTs."> MOSHEMTs.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/comparative-study-of-al2o3-and-hfo2-as-gate-dielectric-on-algangan-moshemts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Synthesis and Applications of Heteronanostructured ZnO Nanowires Array</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Minsu%20Seol">Minsu Seol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Youngjo%20Tak"> Youngjo Tak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Guenjai%20Kwak"> Guenjai Kwak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kijung%20Yong"> Kijung Yong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ZnO heteronanostructured nanowires arrays have been fabricated by low temperature solution method. Various heterostructures were synthesized including CdS/ZnO, CdSe/CdS/ZnO nanowires and Co3O4/ZnO, ZnO/SiC nanowires. These multifunctional heterostructure nanowires showed important applications in photocatalysts, sensors, wettability control and solar energy conversion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ZnO%20nanowires" title="ZnO nanowires">ZnO nanowires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Heterostructure%20nanowires" title=" Heterostructure nanowires"> Heterostructure nanowires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solarenergy%20conversion" title=" solarenergy conversion"> solarenergy conversion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=photocatalsis." title=" photocatalsis."> photocatalsis.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/synthesis-and-applications-of-heteronanostructured-zno-nanowires-array" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Graphene/h-BN Heterostructure Interconnects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nikhil%20Jain">Nikhil Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yang%20Xu"> Yang Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bin%20Yu"> Bin Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The material behavior of graphene, a single layer of carbon lattice, is extremely sensitive to its dielectric environment. We demonstrate improvement in electronic performance of graphene nanowire interconnects with full encapsulation by lattice-matching, chemically inert, 2D layered insulator hexagonal boron nitride (h- BN). A novel layer-based transfer technique is developed to construct the h-BN/MLG/h-BN heterostructures. The encapsulated graphene wires are characterized and compared with that on SiO2 or h-BN substrate without passivating h-BN layer. Significant improvements in maximum current-carrying density, breakdown threshold, and power density in encapsulated graphene wires are observed. These critical improvements are achieved without compromising the carrier transport characteristics in graphene. Furthermore, graphene wires exhibit electrical behavior less insensitive to ambient conditions, as compared with the non-passivated ones. Overall, h-BN/graphene/h- BN heterostructure presents a robust material platform towards the implementation of high-speed carbon-based interconnects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Two-dimensional%20nanosheet" title="Two-dimensional nanosheet">Two-dimensional nanosheet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=graphene" title=" graphene"> graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hexagonal%0D%0Aboron%20nitride" title=" hexagonal boron nitride"> hexagonal boron nitride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=heterostructure" title=" heterostructure"> heterostructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=interconnects." title=" interconnects."> interconnects.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/grapheneh-bn-heterostructure-interconnects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1695</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Ultrafast Transistor Laser Containing Graded Index Separate Confinement Heterostructure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammad%20Hosseini">Mohammad Hosseini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Ultrafast transistor laser investigated here has the graded index separate confinement heterostructure (GRIN-SCH) in its base region. Resonance-free optical frequency response with -3 dB bandwidth of more than 26 GHz has been achieved for a single quantum well transistor laser by using graded index layers of AlξGa1-ξAs (ξ: 0.1→0) in the left side of quantum well and AlξGa1-ξAs (ξ: 0.05→0) in the right side of quantum well. All required parameters, including quantum well and base transit time, optical confinement factor and spontaneous recombination lifetime, have been calculated using a self-consistent charge control model.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Transistor%20laser" title="Transistor laser">Transistor laser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ultrafast" title=" ultrafast"> ultrafast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=GRIN-SCH" title=" GRIN-SCH"> GRIN-SCH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=-3db%20optical%20bandwidth" title=" -3db optical bandwidth"> -3db optical bandwidth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Al%CE%BEGa1-%CE%BEAs." title=" AlξGa1-ξAs."> AlξGa1-ξAs.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/ultrafast-transistor-laser-containing-graded-index-separate-confinement-heterostructure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Static and Dynamic Characteristics of an Appropriated and Recessed n-GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Hamdoune">A. Hamdoune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Abdelmoumene"> M. Abdelmoumene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Hamroun"> A. Hamroun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The objective of this paper is to simulate static I-V and dynamic characteristics of an appropriated and recessed n-GaN/AlxGa1-xN/GaN high electron mobility (HEMT). Using SILVACO TCAD device simulation, and optimized technological parameters; we calculate the drain-source current (lDS) as a function of the drain-source voltage (VDS) for different values of the gate-source voltage (VGS), and the drain-source current <span style="line-height: 20.7999992370605px;">(lDS)</span> depending on the gate-source voltage <span style="line-height: 20.7999992370605px;">(VGS) </span>for a drain-source voltage <span style="line-height: 20.7999992370605px;">(VDS)</span> of 20 V, for various temperatures. Then, we calculate the cut-off frequency and the maximum oscillation frequency for different temperatures.</p> <p>We obtain a high drain-current equal to 60 mA, a low knee voltage (Vknee) of 2 V, a high pinch-off voltage (<span style="line-height: 20.7999992370605px;">VGS0</span>) of 53.5 V, a transconductance greater than 600 mS/mm, a cut-off frequency (f<sub>T</sub>) of about 330 GHz, and a maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of about 1 THz.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=n-GaN%2FAlGaN%2FGaN%20HEMT" title="n-GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMT">n-GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=drain-source%20current%20%28IDS%29" title=" drain-source current (IDS)"> drain-source current (IDS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=transconductance%20%28gm%29" title=" transconductance (gm)"> transconductance (gm)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cut-off%20frequency%20%28fT%29" title=" cut-off frequency (fT)"> cut-off frequency (fT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=maximum%20oscillation%20frequency%20%28fmax%29." title=" maximum oscillation frequency (fmax)."> maximum oscillation frequency (fmax).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/static-and-dynamic-characteristics-of-an-appropriated-and-recessed-n-ganalgangan-hemt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> The Role of Ga to Improve AlN-Nucleation Layer for Al0.1Ga0.9N/Si(111)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AlNPhannee%20Saengkaew">AlNPhannee Saengkaew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Armin%20Dadgar"> Armin Dadgar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Juergen%20Blaesing"> Juergen Blaesing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thomas%20Hempel"> Thomas Hempel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sakuntam%20Sanorpim"> Sakuntam Sanorpim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chanchana%20Thanachayanont"> Chanchana Thanachayanont</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Visittapong%20Yordsri"> Visittapong Yordsri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Watcharee%20Rattanasakulthong">Watcharee Rattanasakulthong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Alois%20Krost"> Alois Krost</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Group-III nitride material as particularly AlxGa1-xN is one of promising optoelectronic materials to require for shortwavelength devices. To achieve the high-quality AlxGa1-xN films for a high performance of such devices, AlN-nucleation layers are the important factor. To improve the AlN-nucleation layers with a variation of Ga-addition, XRD measurements were conducted to analyze the crystalline quality of the subsequent Al0.1Ga0.9N with the minimum ω-FWHMs of (0002) and (10-10) reflections of 425 arcsec and 750 arcsec, respectively. SEM and AFM measurements were performed to observe the surface morphology and TEM measurements to identify the microstructures and orientations. Results showed that the optimized Ga-atoms in the Al(Ga)Nnucleation layers improved the surface diffusion to form moreuniform crystallites in structure and size, better alignment of each crystallite, and better homogeneity of island distribution. This, hence, improves the orientation of epilayers on the Si-surface and finally improves the crystalline quality and reduces the residual strain of subsequent Al0.1Ga0.9N layers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AlGaN" title="AlGaN">AlGaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=UV-LEDs" title=" UV-LEDs"> UV-LEDs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=seed%20layers" title=" seed layers"> seed layers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AFM" title=" AFM"> AFM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=TEM" title=" TEM"> TEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/the-role-of-ga-to-improve-aln-nucleation-layer-for-al01ga09nsi111" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1577</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Behavior of Current in a Semiconductor Nanostructure under Influence of Embedded Quantum Dots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20Paredes%20Guti%C3%A9rrez">H. Paredes Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20T.%20P%C3%A9rez-Merchancano"> S. T. Pérez-Merchancano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Motivated by recent experimental and theoretical developments, we investigate the influence of embedded quantum dot (EQD) of different geometries (lens, ring and pyramidal) in a double barrier heterostructure (DBH). We work with a general theory of quantum transport that accounts the tight-binding model for the spin dependent resonant tunneling in a semiconductor nanostructure, and Rashba spin orbital to study the spin orbit coupling. In this context, we use the second quantization theory for Rashba effect and the standard Green functions method. We calculate the current density as a function of the voltage without and in the presence of quantum dots. In the second case, we considered the size and shape of the quantum dot, and in the two cases, we worked considering the spin polarization affected by external electric fields. We found that the EQD generates significant changes in current when we consider different morphologies of EQD, as those described above. The first thing shown is that the current decreases significantly, such as the geometry of EQD is changed, prevailing the geometrical confinement. Likewise, we see that the current density decreases when the voltage is increased, showing that the quantum system studied here is more efficient when the morphology of the quantum dot changes.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Quantum%20semiconductors" title="Quantum semiconductors">Quantum semiconductors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nanostructures" title=" nanostructures"> nanostructures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=quantum%20dots" title=" quantum dots"> quantum dots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=spin%20polarization." title=" spin polarization."> spin polarization.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/behavior-of-current-in-a-semiconductor-nanostructure-under-influence-of-embedded-quantum-dots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006561/xml" 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