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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stage_Machinery_at_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stage_Machinery_at_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre.jpg/220px-Stage_Machinery_at_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stage_Machinery_at_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre.jpg/330px-Stage_Machinery_at_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stage_Machinery_at_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre.jpg/440px-Stage_Machinery_at_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Stage machinery at Alexandra Palace Theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stage_Machinery_weights.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stage_Machinery_weights.png/220px-Stage_Machinery_weights.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stage_Machinery_weights.png/330px-Stage_Machinery_weights.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stage_Machinery_weights.png/440px-Stage_Machinery_weights.png 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Weights used with stage machinery at Alexandra Palace Theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrations_from_%27Trucs_et_d%C3%A9cors%27_by_Georges_Moynet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illustrations_from_%27Trucs_et_d%C3%A9cors%27_by_Georges_Moynet.png/220px-Illustrations_from_%27Trucs_et_d%C3%A9cors%27_by_Georges_Moynet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illustrations_from_%27Trucs_et_d%C3%A9cors%27_by_Georges_Moynet.png/330px-Illustrations_from_%27Trucs_et_d%C3%A9cors%27_by_Georges_Moynet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illustrations_from_%27Trucs_et_d%C3%A9cors%27_by_Georges_Moynet.png/440px-Illustrations_from_%27Trucs_et_d%C3%A9cors%27_by_Georges_Moynet.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from 'Trucs et décors' showing how Victorian stage machinery was used to achieve special effects</figcaption></figure> <p> <b>Stage machinery</b>, also known as <b>stage mechanics</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprises the mechanical devices used to create <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a> in theatrical productions,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including scene changes, lowering actors through the stage floor (traps) and enabling actors to 'fly' over the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace_Theatre" title="Alexandra Palace Theatre">Alexandra Palace Theatre</a>, London and the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Isle_of_Man" title="Gaiety Theatre, Isle of Man">Gaiety Theatre</a>, Isle of Man are two theatres which have retained stage machinery of all types under the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drury_Lane_Star_trap_VA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Drury_Lane_Star_trap_VA.jpg/220px-Drury_Lane_Star_trap_VA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Drury_Lane_Star_trap_VA.jpg/330px-Drury_Lane_Star_trap_VA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Drury_Lane_Star_trap_VA.jpg/440px-Drury_Lane_Star_trap_VA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="2596" /></a><figcaption>Star Trap at Drury Lane Theatre</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scene_Changing">Scene Changing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scene Changing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wings of a theatre stage had to be at least half the width of the stage each side of the proscenium arch and the <a href="/wiki/Fly_system" title="Fly system">fly system</a> for flying scenery had to be twice the height of the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drum_and_Shaft">Drum and Shaft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Drum and Shaft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This consisted of a shaft around which was built one or more circular drums which had a much larger diameter than the shaft.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rope wound round the drum was pulled in order to rotate the shaft and if there was more than one drum on the shaft, several pieces of scenery could be moved at the same time to raise the scenery wings and backdrops.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slote/Sloat"><span id="Slote.2FSloat"></span>Slote/Sloat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slote/Sloat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This was a pair of vertical runners used to raise or lower a long profile of low scenery such as a groundrow, pieces of scenery made of canvas stretched over wood and used to represent items such as water or flowers, through a narrow slot in the stage floor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Column_Wave">Column Wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Column Wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Column_wave" title="Column wave">column wave</a>, developed by the Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sabbatini" title="Nicola Sabbatini">Nicola Sabbatini</a>, was a 16th-century stage machine used to provide the appearance waves on the sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge">Bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This was a heavy wooden platform with counterweights which were used to raise and lower either heavy pieces of scenery or a group of actors, from below the stage to stage level.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scruto">Scruto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scruto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scruto consisted of narrow strips of wood attached side by side on canvas material <sup id="cite_ref-:52_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming a continuous sheet which could be rolled. The scruto could be mounted vertically and rolled up or down to change the scenery or horizontally in the stage floor to form a trap cover.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traps">Traps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anapiesma was the ancient Greek version of the stage trap we know today.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a concealed opening under the stage floor, where actors and props would be hidden before they appeared on stage. The joists of the stage floor were cut and the opening was concealed in different ways, depending on the type of trap.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century many different kinds of traps were used.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All except the Corsican trap were located downstage near the proscenium arch.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trap room is the large space below the stage where actors prepared to make their entrance and where the winches, drums and other machinery needed to operate traps and scenery were kept. It was referred to as "hell".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_%27Trucs_et_Decors%27_by_George_Moynet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Illustration_from_%27Trucs_et_Decors%27_by_George_Moynet.png/220px-Illustration_from_%27Trucs_et_Decors%27_by_George_Moynet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Illustration_from_%27Trucs_et_Decors%27_by_George_Moynet.png/330px-Illustration_from_%27Trucs_et_Decors%27_by_George_Moynet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Illustration_from_%27Trucs_et_Decors%27_by_George_Moynet.png/440px-Illustration_from_%27Trucs_et_Decors%27_by_George_Moynet.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from 'Trucs et décors' showing an ascending star hatch, known as the English trap</figcaption></figure> <p>Newspaper advertisements looked for trap performers<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and newspaper notices for shows might advertise how high a performer flew out of a trap.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grave_Trap">Grave Trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grave Trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This trap was positioned centrally and was named after its use in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It measured about 6 by 3 feet<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consisted of a platform below the stage which could be raised or lowered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Star_Trap">Star Trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Star Trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These were <a href="/wiki/Counterweight" title="Counterweight">counterweighted</a> traps which could be used to allow actors playing supernatural beings, such as ghosts in melodrama and demons and fairies in pantomime,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to appear suddenly.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The hole through which the actor appeared consisted of triangular flaps, hinged with leather, which opened upwards, resembling a star.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actor stood on a small platform below the trap and counterweights of up to 200 kg,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attached to the platform, were raised by stage hands using ropes, at which point the platform moved up rapidly and the actor 'flew' through the trap. The trap closed immediately with no visible opening, giving the illusion that the actor had appeared through the solid stage floor. The star traps were hazardous. The first pantomime at <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace_Theatre" title="Alexandra Palace Theatre">Alexandra Palace Theatre</a>, '<a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Dwarf" title="The Yellow Dwarf">The Yellow Dwarf</a>' had to be delayed when an actor twisted his spine and sprained muscles in his back in preparation for the role.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, they were still used in the first half of the 20th century until banned by the actors' union <a href="/wiki/Equity_(British_trade_union)" title="Equity (British trade union)">Equity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trap_under_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trap_under_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre_stage.jpg/220px-Trap_under_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trap_under_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre_stage.jpg/330px-Trap_under_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trap_under_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre_stage.jpg/440px-Trap_under_Alexandra_Palace_Theatre_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A trap housed under the stage at Alexandra Palace Theatre</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bristle_Trap">Bristle Trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bristle Trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To create bristle traps the wood in the stage floor was replaced by bristles which were painted to match the stage floor.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vampire_Trap">Vampire Trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vampire Trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This trap was invented for the <a href="/wiki/James_Planch%C3%A9" title="James Planché">James Planché</a> 1820 adaption of Polidori's <a href="/wiki/The_Vampyre" title="The Vampyre">The Vampyre</a>. It involved two hinged traps in the stage floor that an actor could step through in order to vanish from the stage. The trap then immediately closed, giving the impression that the actor was passing through solid matter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leap_Trap">Leap Trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leap Trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This trap consisted of two hinged traps in scenery that an actor could step through in a single jump<sup id="cite_ref-:52_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to either enter or leave the stage. It closed immediately, giving the impression that the actor was passing through solid matter.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corsican_Trap">Corsican Trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Corsican Trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These traps used a <a href="/wiki/Counterweight" title="Counterweight">counterweight</a>ed platform and slatted shutters, sometimes made of scruto, which allowed an actor to rise through the stage floor while at the same time moving across it.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed for the play <a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(play)" title="The Corsican Brothers (play)">The Corsican Brothers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dion_Boucicault" title="Dion Boucicault">Dion Boucicault</a>, in which the ghost of a murdered man rose slowly across the stage and through the stage floor to haunt his twin brother. It was played at the <a href="/wiki/Princess%27s_Theatre,_London" title="Princess's Theatre, London">Princess's Theatre</a> London in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of a bristle trap set between 2 long sliders positioned across the stage, the first drawing the trap across the stage and the second closing behind.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actor stood on a small truck which ran along an inclined track below the stage which started 6 feet below the stage and rose to stage level.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only working Corsican trap in the world now is at the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Isle_of_Man" title="Gaiety Theatre, Isle of Man">Gaiety Theatre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, where they also have a model demonstrating how it works<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cauldron_Trap">Cauldron Trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cauldron Trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This trap, named from the witches' scene in <a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a>, was usually just a square opening through which items could be passed into a bottomless cauldron.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corner_Traps">Corner Traps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Corner Traps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These had an area of about 2 feet square, covered by a piece of scruto<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would have been situated at each side of the stage near the proscenium arch. They could be used to raise or lower a person through the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was further developed in Italy in the late 14th century using ropes and pulleys so that many actors could descend or ascend together.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flying_machines">Flying machines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flying machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theatrical machinery was used by the Greeks in the 5th century BC to lower actors to the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, by the end of the 18th century, diagrams of complicated flights were drawn<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the mid 19th century the <a href="/wiki/Fly_system" title="Fly system">fly systems</a> used consisted of pulleys and counterweights. Towards the end of the 19th century, George Kirby founded a company specifically for equipment used for flying actors<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced the effects needed to fly actors in the early productions of <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy" title="Peter and Wendy">Peter Pan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George's son Joseph continued the business and founded Kirby's Flying Ballet troupe, which performed in the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lines to which the actors were attached were known as Kirby lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stage_machinery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elektrovat.net/stage-mechanics/">"Stage mechanics devices and equipment"</a>. <i>Elektrovat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elektrovat&rft.atitle=Stage+mechanics+devices+and+equipment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felektrovat.net%2Fstage-mechanics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stagetech.it/chi-siamo/?lang=en">"Mechanics for theaters Stage mechanics Scenography"</a>. <i>Stagetech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stagetech&rft.atitle=Mechanics+for+theaters+Stage+mechanics+Scenography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stagetech.it%2Fchi-siamo%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsslin1977" class="citation cs2">Esslin, Martin (1977), <i>Illustrated Encyclopaedia of World Theatre</i>, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 256</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Encyclopaedia+of+World+Theatre&rft.place=London&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Esslin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmore1989" class="citation journal cs1">Wilmore, David (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4210543">"The development of stage machinery in the nineteenth century British theatre: a study of physical and documentatry evidence"</a>. <i>Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Drama, University of Hull</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ph.D.+Thesis%2C+Department+of+Drama%2C+University+of+Hull&rft.atitle=The+development+of+stage+machinery+in+the+nineteenth+century+British+theatre%3A+a+study+of+physical+and+documentatry+evidence&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Wilmore&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhull-repository.worktribe.com%2Foutput%2F4210543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartnoll1983" class="citation book cs1">Hartnoll, Phylliss (1983). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Theatre</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 837. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211546-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211546-4"><bdi>0-19-211546-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Theatre&rft.pages=837&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-19-211546-4&rft.aulast=Hartnoll&rft.aufirst=Phylliss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynet1893" class="citation book cs1">Moynet, Georges (1893). <i>Trucs et décors: Explication raisonnee de tous l5s moyens employés pour produire les illusions théâtrales</i> [<i>Trucs et décors: Explication raisonnee de tous l5s moyens employés pour produire les illusions théâtrales</i>]. Legare Street (published 1922). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1016236964" title="Special:BookSources/1016236964"><bdi>1016236964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trucs+et+d%C3%A9cors%3A+Explication+raisonnee+de+tous+l5s+moyens+employ%C3%A9s+pour+produire+les+illusions+th%C3%A9%C3%A2trales&rft.pub=Legare+Street&rft.date=1893&rft.isbn=1016236964&rft.aulast=Moynet&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVJff2ye738&t=7s">"3D Scan of Alexandra Palace Theatre Stage Machinery"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=3D+Scan+of+Alexandra+Palace+Theatre+Stage+Machinery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDVJff2ye738%26t%3D7s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlly_Pally2019" class="citation web cs1">Ally Pally (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexandrapalace.com/blog/scanning-stage-machinery/">"Scanning Stage Machinery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scanning+Stage+Machinery&rft.date=2019-02&rft.au=Ally+Pally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandrapalace.com%2Fblog%2Fscanning-stage-machinery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/MgUBF2DCIe1ZKg">"Victorian Special Effects: Stage Machinery at Alexandra Palace"</a>. <i>Google Arts and Culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Victorian+Special+Effects%3A+Stage+Machinery+at+Alexandra+Palace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2FMgUBF2DCIe1ZKg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Ray (2007). "Tricks, Traps and Transformations". <i>Early Popular Visual Culture</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 151–165 – via Taylor and Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Popular+Visual+Culture&rft.atitle=Tricks%2C+Traps+and+Transformations&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-165&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern1970" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Richard (1970). <i>The Victorian Theatre. A Pictorial Survey</i>. Richard Southern. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7153_4968_6" title="Special:BookSources/0 7153 4968 6"><bdi>0 7153 4968 6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Theatre.+A+Pictorial+Survey&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Richard+Southern&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0715349686&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/glossary-of-technical-theatre-terms/trap-doors-stage/">"Trap Doors and Lifts On Stage"</a>. <i>Theatre Crafts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Crafts&rft.atitle=Trap+Doors+and+Lifts+On+Stage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrecrafts.com%2Fpages%2Fhome%2Fglossary-of-technical-theatre-terms%2Ftrap-doors-stage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1991" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Michael R. (1991). <i>Theatre in the Victorian Age</i>. 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A first class leading lady"</a>. <i>The Era</i>. August 1874. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Era&rft.atitle=Wanted+Immediately.+A+first+class+leading+lady.&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1874-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000053%2F18740830%2F029%2F0015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18770128/040/0015">"Kellinos! Kellinos! Kellinos!"</a>. <i>The Era</i>. January 1877. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Era&rft.atitle=Kellinos%21+Kellinos%21+Kellinos%21&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1877-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000053%2F18770128%2F040%2F0015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2004" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Kerry (2004). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Victorian and Edwardian theatre</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79536-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79536-4"><bdi>978-0-521-79536-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Victorian+and+Edwardian+theatre&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79536-4&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18790119/036/0012">"Ted Jarratt's s Troupe at the Theatre Royal Plymouth"</a>. <i>The Era</i>. January 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Era&rft.atitle=Ted+Jarratt%27s+s+Troupe+at+the+Theatre+Royal+Plymouth&rft.date=1879-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000053%2F18790119%2F036%2F0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17bR-8HVMMA">"The Star Trap"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Star+Trap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D17bR-8HVMMA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OQTGKWdhRc&t=21s">"Corsican Trap"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Corsican+Trap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0OQTGKWdhRc%26t%3D21s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TyNJKbB88g&t=493s">"Victorian Theatre Trap: The Corsican Trap at the Gaiety Theatre, Isle of Man"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Victorian+Theatre+Trap%3A+The+Corsican+Trap+at+the+Gaiety+Theatre%2C+Isle+of+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-TyNJKbB88g%26t%3D493s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/deus-ex-machina">"Deus ex machina"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Deus+ex+machina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fdeus-ex-machina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192825742.001.0001/acref-9780192825742-e-2890">"Stage Machinery"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Stage+Machinery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192825742.001.0001%2Facref-9780192825742-e-2890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afxuk.com/company-history/">"Kirby's AFX Company History"</a>. <i>Kirby's AFX</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirby%27s+AFX&rft.atitle=Kirby%27s+AFX+Company+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afxuk.com%2Fcompany-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStage+machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z_9-Svt-EoE?rel=0&wmode=transparent">"Nick Kirby's Flying Ballet"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span 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aria-labelledby="Stagecraft_and_scenography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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construction">Set construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_painting_(theatre)" title="Scenic painting (theatre)">Scenic painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_rigging" title="Entertainment rigging">Rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director#Theatre" title="Technical director">Technical direction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten_(theater)" title="Batten (theater)">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_drapes_and_stage_curtains" title="Theater drapes and stage curtains">Curtains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(theatre)" title="Flat (theatre)">Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_system" title="Fly system">Fly system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_(theatre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform (theatre)">Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenery_wagon" title="Scenery wagon">Scenery wagons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_weight" title="Stage weight">Weights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_electrician" title="Master electrician">Master electrician</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barn_doors" class="mw-redirect" title="Barn doors">Barn doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp_(stagecraft)" title="C-clamp (stagecraft)">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_gel" title="Color gel">Color gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_scroller" title="Color scroller">Color scroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorama_(theater)" title="Cyclorama (theater)">Cyclorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_console" title="Lighting control console">Lighting control console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socapex" title="Socapex">Socapex connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">Snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_pin_connector" title="Stage pin connector">Stage pin connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat_(lighting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Top hat (lighting)">Top hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_smoke_and_fog" title="Theatrical smoke and fog">Theatrical smoke and fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_projector" title="Beam projector">Beam projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lantern" title="Fresnel lantern">Fresnel lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_lighting" title="Intelligent lighting">Intelligent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector light">Parabolic aluminized reflector light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striplight" title="Striplight">Striplight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_accessories" title="Stage lighting accessories">Accessories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage<br /> management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(stage)" title="Blocking (stage)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_(theatrical)" title="Cue (theatrical)">Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_corner" title="Prompt corner">Prompt corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_book" title="Prompt book">Prompt book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_crew" title="Running crew">Running crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop" title="Prop">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_makeup" title="Theatrical makeup">Theatrical makeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li></ul> 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