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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oral traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_civilization_ruins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_civilization_ruins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient civilization ruins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_civilization_ruins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Javanese_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Javanese_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Javanese power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Javanese_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>European colonizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_colonizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography,_climate_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography,_climate_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography, climate and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography,_climate_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography, climate and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography,_climate_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Threats and preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_living_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_living_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Development and living standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_and_living_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development and living standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_and_living_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Areas of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Resorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemba" title="Soemba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soemba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="جزيرة سومبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة سومبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сумба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сумба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сумба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сумба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Sumba" title="Pulau Sumba – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pulau Sumba" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(Indonesien)" title="Sumba (Indonesien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumba (Indonesien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(Indonesien)" title="Sumba (Indonesien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumba (Indonesien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Σούμπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούμπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbo" title="Sumbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="سومبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(Indon%C3%A9sie)" title="Sumba (Indonésie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumba (Indonésie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A8%EB%B0%94%EC%84%AC" title="숨바섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숨바섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="सुम्बा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुम्बा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Sumba" title="Pulau Sumba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Sumba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(isola)" title="Sumba (isola) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumba (isola)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Sumba" title="Pulo Sumba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulo Sumba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სუმბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუმბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сумба – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сумба" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(Indon%C3%A9zia)" title="Sumba (Indonézia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sumba (Indonézia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="സുമ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുമ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="جزيره سومبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيره سومبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(eiland)" title="Sumba (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sumba (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E5%B3%B6" title="スンバ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スンバ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(Indonesia)" title="Sumba (Indonesia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumba (Indonesia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сумба (Индонезия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сумба (Индонезия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сумба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_(Indonesien)" title="Sumba (Indonesien) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumba (Indonesien)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சும்பா தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சும்பா தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="เกาะซุมบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะซุมบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Сумба (острів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сумба (острів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B2%9B" title="松巴岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="松巴岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B3%B6" title="松巴島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="松巴島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q206368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sumba&params=9_40_S_120_00_E_region:ID_type:isle_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°40′S</span> <span class="longitude">120°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.667°S 120.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.667; 120.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indonesian island in the Lesser Sunda Islands archipelago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indonesian island. For the village in the Faroe Islands, see <a href="/wiki/Sumba,_Faroe_Islands" title="Sumba, Faroe Islands">Sumba, Faroe Islands</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sumba</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native">Native name: <div class="nickname"><i>Humba</i> / <i>Hubba</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Sumba_languages" title="Sumba languages">Sumba</a>)</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumba_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sumba_Topography.png/260px-Sumba_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sumba_Topography.png/390px-Sumba_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sumba_Topography.png/520px-Sumba_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="1467" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="7" data-overlays="["_ca238c0a663740cfceed41168efd24c3db67870f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sumba&revid=1252576368&groups=_ca238c0a663740cfceed41168efd24c3db67870f" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sumba&revid=1252576368&groups=_ca238c0a663740cfceed41168efd24c3db67870f 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sumba&params=9_40_S_120_00_E_region:ID_type:isle_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°40′S</span> <span class="longitude">120°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.667°S 120.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-9.667; 120.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">11,243.78 km<sup>2</sup> (4,341.25 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">73rd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,225 m (4019 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Wanggameti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Wanggameti (page does not exist)">Mount Wanggameti</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>Indonesia</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Waingapu" title="Waingapu">Waingapu</a> (pop. 71,752<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - comprising Kota Waingapu and Kambera Districts)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Sumbans; Sumbanese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">820,506 (mid 2023 estimate<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">72.97/km<sup>2</sup> (188.99/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Predominantly native <a href="/wiki/Sumba_languages" title="Sumba languages">Sumba languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Momboru</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anakalang_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anakalang language (page does not exist)">Anakalang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loli_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loli language (page does not exist)">Loli</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (national language of Indonesia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumbans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sumba</b> (<a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a>: <i lang="pey">Soemba-eiland</i>; <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">pulau Sumba</i>), natively also spelt as <b>Humba</b>, <b>Hubba</b>, <b>Suba</b>, or <b>Zuba</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Sumba_languages" title="Sumba languages">Sumba languages</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian island</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Archipelago</a> group) located in the Eastern Indonesia and administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> provincial territory. Sumba has an area of 11,243.78 square kilometres (4,341.25 square miles), about the same size as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii (Island)">Hawaii (Island)</a>. The population was 686,113 at the 2010 Census<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 779,049 at the 2020 Census;<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 820,506 (comprising 420,291 males and 400,215 females).<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the northwest of Sumba is <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>, to the northeast, across the <a href="/wiki/Sumba_Strait" title="Sumba Strait">Sumba Strait</a> (Selat Sumba), is <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, to the east, across the <a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, and to the south, across part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Drie_aanzienlijke_vrouwen_gekleed_in_een_danskostuum_Kanangar_Soemba_TMnr_10005880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Drie_aanzienlijke_vrouwen_gekleed_in_een_danskostuum_Kanangar_Soemba_TMnr_10005880.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Drie_aanzienlijke_vrouwen_gekleed_in_een_danskostuum_Kanangar_Soemba_TMnr_10005880.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Drie_aanzienlijke_vrouwen_gekleed_in_een_danskostuum_Kanangar_Soemba_TMnr_10005880.jpg/375px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Drie_aanzienlijke_vrouwen_gekleed_in_een_danskostuum_Kanangar_Soemba_TMnr_10005880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Drie_aanzienlijke_vrouwen_gekleed_in_een_danskostuum_Kanangar_Soemba_TMnr_10005880.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Drie_aanzienlijke_vrouwen_gekleed_in_een_danskostuum_Kanangar_Soemba_TMnr_10005880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Native women of Sumba wearing the traditional Sumba clothing in Kanangar district of East Sumba, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "Sumba" is derived from the native <a href="/wiki/Sumba_languages" title="Sumba languages">Sumbanese</a> word <i>humba</i> or <i>hubba</i> (in various Subanese dialects), which means “original”, “native”, “indigenous” or “no interference”; this was initially an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> referring to the native inhabitants of this island who identified themselves as <i>tau Humba</i> or <i>tau Hubba</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">native people</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or 'original people'), to differentiate themselves from foreigners (non-Sumbanese people) who gradually and continuously came to occupy the island. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinggi_(man%27s_mantle)_from_Melolo_village,_Indonesia,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_accession_12983.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hinggi_%28man%27s_mantle%29_from_Melolo_village%2C_Indonesia%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_accession_12983.1.JPG/250px-Hinggi_%28man%27s_mantle%29_from_Melolo_village%2C_Indonesia%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_accession_12983.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hinggi_%28man%27s_mantle%29_from_Melolo_village%2C_Indonesia%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_accession_12983.1.JPG/375px-Hinggi_%28man%27s_mantle%29_from_Melolo_village%2C_Indonesia%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_accession_12983.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hinggi_%28man%27s_mantle%29_from_Melolo_village%2C_Indonesia%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_accession_12983.1.JPG/500px-Hinggi_%28man%27s_mantle%29_from_Melolo_village%2C_Indonesia%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_accession_12983.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="3388" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Hinggi</i>, typical cultural woven cloth of native Sumba men depicts the Sumba mythological creatures.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, the Sumbanese cultural territory (including Sumba Island and its surrounding seas) are also known as <i>tana wai humba</i> or <i>tana wae hubba</i> (in Sumbanese languages), which means “our native land” or “the motherland of Sumba people”; these sentences appeared in ancient Sumbanese manuscripts that told the tale of <i>Inya Nyale</i> (a mermaid-like creature who used to live on land but then moved to the ocean), considered as a sacred figure in Sumbanese mythology. </p><p>The letter '<a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a>' in later time (around <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a>) replaced by '<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>' due to the mass migration of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, because the word <i>humba</i> sounds so similar to the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> word of ꦲꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ (<i>umbah</i>, but written as <i>humbah</i> according to <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese writing system</a>), meaning "to wash" or "to cleanse". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_traditions">Oral traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oral traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Sumbanese historians, Sumba Island was once connected to the neighbouring islands to the north, namely <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumbawa Island">Sumbawa</a>. </p><p>Flores and Sumba were connected by the <i>Kataka Lindiwatu</i> (in Sumba languages), an ancient stone bridge built by the native of Sumba and Flores.<sup id="cite_ref-KW_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the high level of socialization around the <i>Kataka Lindiwatu</i> which connected both islands, civilization was thought to arise from around those regions (which nowadays correspond to northern Sumba and to part of <a href="/wiki/East_Sumba_Regency" title="East Sumba Regency">East Sumba</a> regency territory). This story belongs to the Sumba oral traditions as was written down by Umbu Pura Woha (2007) in his book <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Sejarah, Musyawarah dan Adat Istiadat Sumba Timur</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">History, Deliberation and Customs of East Sumba</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-KW_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_civilization_ruins">Ancient civilization ruins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient civilization ruins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111._Graf_met_daarvoor_een_monolieth_met_tot_een_masker_verloopen_lijk-ornament,_te_Katakiri,_be-W.Z.W._van_bivak_Wai_Bakoel_(landschap_Anakalang,_West_Soemba)_vergelijk_no._109._op_den_achtergrond,_KITLV_503298.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/111._Graf_met_daarvoor_een_monolieth_met_tot_een_masker_verloopen_lijk-ornament%2C_te_Katakiri%2C_be-W.Z.W._van_bivak_Wai_Bakoel_%28landschap_Anakalang%2C_West_Soemba%29_vergelijk_no._109._op_den_achtergrond%2C_KITLV_503298.tiff/lossy-page1-250px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/111._Graf_met_daarvoor_een_monolieth_met_tot_een_masker_verloopen_lijk-ornament%2C_te_Katakiri%2C_be-W.Z.W._van_bivak_Wai_Bakoel_%28landschap_Anakalang%2C_West_Soemba%29_vergelijk_no._109._op_den_achtergrond%2C_KITLV_503298.tiff/lossy-page1-375px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/111._Graf_met_daarvoor_een_monolieth_met_tot_een_masker_verloopen_lijk-ornament%2C_te_Katakiri%2C_be-W.Z.W._van_bivak_Wai_Bakoel_%28landschap_Anakalang%2C_West_Soemba%29_vergelijk_no._109._op_den_achtergrond%2C_KITLV_503298.tiff/lossy-page1-500px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4880" data-file-height="3668" /></a><figcaption>One of the monolith structures in West Sumba.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ruins of the historical civilization of the Sumba people dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a> era; <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">megalithic burials</a> were found on the central regions of the island (Central Sumba) which go back to thousands of years ago. These stone-based burial traditions are still kept alive by the Sumba people and have become a 'living ancient tradition' that still can be observed by scholars in modern days.<sup id="cite_ref-RichterCarpenter2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichterCarpenter2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The megalithic remains found on Sumba Island include dolmen tombs, upright stones, megalithic statues, stone enclosures, and levelled terraces. The Sumba megalithic tradition itself was characterized by the old megaliths built and carved with high quality standards.<sup id="cite_ref-KT_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ancient tools are also found on the island. Notable findings are quadrangular <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a> unearthed in the <a href="/wiki/Anakalang" title="Anakalang">Anakalang</a> area (a cultural region of Anakalang Sumba, a subethnic group of Sumba people).<sup id="cite_ref-Simanjuntak2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One significant archaeological discovery was that of the urn burial site in Melolo<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1920s,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated around 2,870 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Javanese_power">Javanese power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Javanese power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the 12th century, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> in eastern Java gained more power over the maritime Southeast Asian territory after the kingdom defeated the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongols</a>; since then, this kingdom evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>. Sumba Island was a subject of Majapahit's dominion, and the word "<i>Sumba</i>" itself was first officially used during the Majapahit era (mentioned in the ancient Javanese manuscripts of <i>Pararaton</i> and <i>Sumpah Palapa</i> oath of <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>); the word itself was thought as the closest substitution in Javanese for the native name of the island according to native Sumba people, which is <i>Humba</i> or <i>Hubba</i>. The Javanese people was predicted to arrived on the Sumba Island via the <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangean_Islands" title="Kangean Islands">Kangean</a> route, it was examined through the analysis on the DNA of chicken species on Sumba that are naturally only <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to the eastern regions of Java and its neighbouring islands (which in these case, most probably Kangean Island).<sup id="cite_ref-LIPI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIPI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonizations">European colonizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European colonizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>, the native Sumba came into contact with the Europeans (Portuguese) who arrived on the island by ships to exploit the natural resources of the island. Later, it also attracted the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch VOC</a> to come in the region in circa <a href="/wiki/1600s_(decade)" title="1600s (decade)">1600s</a> era. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> was the main commodity exported to Europe from this island, thus the Sumba Island back then colloquially also known as the <i>Sandalwood Island</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Sandel Island</i> (in English). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_de_motieven_van_het_Nederlandse_wapen_en_de_schedelboom_(andung)_in_Watuhadang_TMnr_20018328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_de_motieven_van_het_Nederlandse_wapen_en_de_schedelboom_%28andung%29_in_Watuhadang_TMnr_20018328.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_de_motieven_van_het_Nederlandse_wapen_en_de_schedelboom_%28andung%29_in_Watuhadang_TMnr_20018328.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_de_motieven_van_het_Nederlandse_wapen_en_de_schedelboom_%28andung%29_in_Watuhadang_TMnr_20018328.jpg/375px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_de_motieven_van_het_Nederlandse_wapen_en_de_schedelboom_%28andung%29_in_Watuhadang_TMnr_20018328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Steen_met_de_motieven_van_het_Nederlandse_wapen_en_de_schedelboom_%28andung%29_in_Watuhadang_TMnr_20018328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The governmental seal of Dutch colonization at Watuhadang of Umalulu district in East Sumba.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the time goes by, in <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a>, the island of Sumba was later transferred to and dominated by the following <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> colonization power. The well-known <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the natives of Sumba Island was started in 1886 by the Dutch under the Douwe Wielenga Jesuits missionary program in the district of Laura in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumba_Regency" title="West Sumba Regency">West Sumba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography,_climate_and_ecology"><span id="Geography.2C_climate_and_ecology"></span>Geography, climate and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography, climate and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg/220px-SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg/330px-SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg/440px-SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>August 2003 NASA satellite photograph of the Lesser Sunda Islands; Sumba is in the bottom centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest town on the island is the main port of <a href="/wiki/Waingapu" title="Waingapu">Waingapu</a> near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Kambaniru_River" title="Kambaniru River">Kambaniru River</a>, with a population of 71,752<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including the adjoining district of Kambera) in mid 2023. </p><p>The landscape is low, limestone hills, rather than the steep volcanoes of many Indonesian islands. There is a dry season from May to November and a rainy season from December to April. The western side of the island is more fertile and more heavily populated than the east. </p><p>Although generally thought to be originally part of the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> southern hemisphere supercontinent, recent research suggests that the island might have detached from the South East Asia margin. Most of it was originally covered in <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> forest while the south-facing slopes, which remain moist during the dry season, were evergreen <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikramanayake2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikramanayake2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern part of the island is extremely arid; the soils have been depleted from deforestation and erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-sum_info_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sum_info-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumba is in the <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a> region, having a mixture of plants and animals of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasian</a> origin. Due to its distinctive flora and fauna, Sumba has been categorised by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> as the Sumba deciduous forests <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Wikramanayake2002_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikramanayake2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village-Sumba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Village-Sumba.jpg/220px-Village-Sumba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Village-Sumba.jpg/330px-Village-Sumba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Village-Sumba.jpg/440px-Village-Sumba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A village in Sumba</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of mammals, but the island is particularly rich in bird-life with nearly 200 birds, of which seven <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species and a number of others are found only here and on some nearby islands. The endemic birds include the endangered <a href="/wiki/Sumba_eclectus" title="Sumba eclectus">Sumba eclectus parrot</a>, four vulnerable species — the secretive <a href="/wiki/Sumba_boobook" title="Sumba boobook">Sumba boobook</a> owl, <a href="/wiki/Sumba_buttonquail" title="Sumba buttonquail">Sumba buttonquail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-naped_fruit-dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-naped fruit-dove">red-naped fruit-dove</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumba_hornbill" title="Sumba hornbill">Sumba hornbill</a> — as well as three more common species: the <a href="/wiki/Sumba_green_pigeon" title="Sumba green pigeon">Sumba green pigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumba_flycatcher" title="Sumba flycatcher">Sumba flycatcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apricot-breasted_sunbird" title="Apricot-breasted sunbird">apricot-breasted sunbird</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikramanayake2002_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikramanayake2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">Saltwater crocodiles</a> can still be found in some areas. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sumba_hornbill" title="Sumba hornbill">Sumba hornbill</a> or <i>Julang Sumba</i> (<i>Rhyticeros everetti</i>) is under increasing threat of extinction. Indiscriminate deforestation is threatening their survival. The population is estimated at less than 4,000 with an average density of six individuals per square kilometre. A hornbill can fly to and from over an area of up to 100 square kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_and_preservation">Threats and preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Threats and preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the original forest has been cleared for the planting of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, and other crops so only small isolated patches remain. Furthermore, this clearance is ongoing due to the growing population of the island and this represents a threat to the birds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 two national parks were designated on the island for the protection of endangered species: the <a href="/wiki/Laiwangi_Wanggameti_National_Park" title="Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park">Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manupeu_Tanah_Daru_National_Park" title="Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park">Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumba is part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> Province, and there is no single administrative body at the island level. The island and the very small offshore islands administered with it are split into four <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">regencies</a> (local government regions), following re-organisation on 2 January 2007 when two new regencies were created from parts of West Sumba Regency. The four regencies are <a href="/wiki/West_Sumba_Regency" title="West Sumba Regency">Sumba Barat</a> (West Sumba), <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Sumba_Regency" title="Southwest Sumba Regency">Sumba Barat Daya</a> (Southwest Sumba), <a href="/wiki/Central_Sumba_Regency" title="Central Sumba Regency">Sumba Tengah</a> (Central Sumba) and <a href="/wiki/East_Sumba_Regency" title="East Sumba Regency">Sumba Timur</a> (East Sumba), which together accounted for 14.7% of the provincial population in 2023. The regencies are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2020 Census,<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provincial capital is not on Sumba Island, but in <a href="/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang">Kupang</a> on <a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">West Timor</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode <br />Wilayah</th> <th>Name of<br />City or<br />Regency</th> <th>Statute <br />(including year <br />when established)</th> <th>Area<br />in<br />km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Pop'n <br /> 2010 <br /> Census</th> <th>Pop'n <br /> 2020 <br />Census</th> <th>Pop'n <br /> mid 2023 <br />Estimate</th> <th>Capital</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2022 estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>53.11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Sumba_Regency" title="East Sumba Regency">East Sumba Regency</a><br />(Sumba Timur)</td> <td>UU 69/1958</td> <td align="right">7,000.50</td> <td align="right">227,732</td> <td align="right">244,820</td> <td align="right">255,498</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waingapu" title="Waingapu">Waingapu</a></td> <td>0.6617 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Sumba_Regency" title="West Sumba Regency">West Sumba Regency</a><br />(Sumba Barat)</td> <td>UU 69/1958</td> <td align="right">737.42</td> <td align="right">110,993</td> <td align="right">145,097</td> <td align="right">152,414</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waikabubak" title="Waikabubak">Waikabubak</a></td> <td>0.6443 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumba_Regency" title="Central Sumba Regency">Central Sumba Regency</a><br />(Sumba Tengah)</td> <td>UU 3/2007</td> <td align="right">2,060.54</td> <td align="right">62,485</td> <td align="right">85,482</td> <td align="right">90,521</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waibakul" title="Waibakul">Waibakul</a></td> <td>0.6271 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53.18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Sumba_Regency" title="Southwest Sumba Regency">Southwest Sumba Regency</a><br />(Sumba Barat Daya)</td> <td>UU 16/2007</td> <td align="right">1,445.32</td> <td align="right">284,903</td> <td align="right">303,650</td> <td align="right">322,073</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tambolaka" title="Tambolaka">Tambolaka</a></td> <td>0.6315 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><b>Sumba</b></i></td> <td></td> <td align="right"><i><b>11,243.78</b></i></td> <td align="right"><i><b>686,113</b></i></td> <td align="right"><i><b>779,049</b></i></td> <td align="right"><i><b>820,506</b></i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG/220px-Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG/330px-Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG/440px-Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sumbanese_traditional_house" title="Sumbanese traditional house">Traditional Sumbanese houses</a> near Bondokodi, West Sumba</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG/170px-KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG/255px-KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG/340px-KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Waingapu" title="Waingapu">Waingapu</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Sumba_Regency" title="East Sumba Regency">East Sumba Regency</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DarkOrange; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 482.88173521928px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 202.51256191925px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:72.378659230069px 69.002389002538px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Sumba (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (62.88%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (29.82%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (4.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a> and others (3.15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.00%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The west part of Sumba is inhabited by segmentary societies made of clans and of politically autonomous villages, while Sumba North and East are occupied by stratified societies<sup id="cite_ref-jeun_6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeun_6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (based on <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Forshee2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forshee2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) made of clan confederations and led by a dominant clan from which a “king” (<i>raja</i>) is chosen, who yields a real political power.<sup id="cite_ref-jeun_6_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeun_6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus West Sumba is more ethnically and linguistically diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Müller1997_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller1997_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both systems exist simultaneously with a 3-tier class system (aristocracy, common people and slaves) assimilated in such a way that - paradoxically - it does not impair the egalitarian functioning of the Western segmentary societies.<sup id="cite_ref-jeun_6_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeun_6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Villages almost always include members of several clans, because at each generation many of the youngest ones settle in villages other than the one they originated from - which may belong to an allied clan and not their own original clan and lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_7_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, Sumba is the last place on Earth where societies have remained close to the traditions of South-East Asian hill tribes and still build megalithic monuments such as dolmens for collective burials:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more 100 megalithic tombs are still built each year on the island. But this too reflects the East / West difference: the Western segmentary societies built many more dolmens than the Eastern stratified societies; and dolmens in the east are larger, more richly ornated and are reserved to the royal clan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_8_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Waingapu" title="Waingapu">Waingapu</a>, a Kodi<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> village in the west of Sumba, has some 1,400 dolmens - one of the highest concentrations on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_8_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumbanese</a> have a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> ancestry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sumba is home to 24 ethnic groups who speak nine <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, some of these including several dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest language group is the <a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera language</a>, spoken by a quarter of a million people in the eastern half of Sumba.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Twenty-five to thirty percent of the population practices the animist <a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a> religion. The remainder are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, a majority being Dutch <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> with a substantial minority being <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>. A small number of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> can be found along the coastal areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The younger generations seem to reject Marapu. This may be at least in part because the only functioning schools are Catholic and embracing that religion is required to attend school. Whatever the cause, the difference is significant compared to some other traditional places such as <a href="/wiki/Waerebo" title="Waerebo">Waerebo</a>, where the locals have a Christian first name and a traditional second name.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumba is famous for <i>ikat</i> <a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba" title="Textiles of Sumba">textiles</a>, particularly very detailed hand-woven <i><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a></i>. The process of dyeing and weaving <i>ikat</i> is labor-intensive and one piece can take months to prepare.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikat from West Sumba is notably different to that produced in the East: its only designs are geometric motifs and it usually includes a part that imitates a reticulated python skin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_living_standards">Development and living standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development and living standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumba is one of the poorer islands of Indonesia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A relatively high percentage of the population suffers from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, although the illness is almost eradicated in the western part of the island. <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> is high. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access to water is one of the major challenges in Sumba. During the dry season, many streams dry out and villagers depend on wells for scarce supplies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villagers have to travel several kilometres several times a day to fetch water. It is mainly the women and children who are sent for water, while the men are at work. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumba Foundation (page does not exist)">Sumba Foundation</a> has been active in raising sponsorship to drill wells in villages and attempting to reduce poverty on the island. As of February 2013, the Sumba Foundation was responsible for 48 wells and 191 water stations, supplying 15 schools with water and sanitation, and reducing malaria rates by some 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electricity mainly comes from diesel generators.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New projects include 3 MW Bayu wind power plant (PLTB) in Kadumbul, East Sumba by PT Hywind. Another is the Bodo Hula Biomass Power Plant (PLTBm), West Sumba. 1 MW capacity. Other existing renewable electricity projects involve solar PV and micro-hydroelectricity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Terjun_Tanggedu,_Sumba_Timur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Air_Terjun_Tanggedu%2C_Sumba_Timur.jpg/220px-Air_Terjun_Tanggedu%2C_Sumba_Timur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Air_Terjun_Tanggedu%2C_Sumba_Timur.jpg/330px-Air_Terjun_Tanggedu%2C_Sumba_Timur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Air_Terjun_Tanggedu%2C_Sumba_Timur.jpg/440px-Air_Terjun_Tanggedu%2C_Sumba_Timur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tanggedu Waterfall, East Sumba</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_of_interest">Areas of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Areas of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tanggedu Waterfall (<i>Air Terjun Tanggedu</i>), 50 kilometres north-west of <a href="/wiki/Waingapu" title="Waingapu">Waingapu</a>, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/East_Sumba_Regency" title="East Sumba Regency">East Sumba Regency</a> (the itinerary to the waterfall goes through Purukambera on the coast).<sup id="cite_ref-bintang_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bintang-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Puru Kambera Beach, 30 kilometres north-west of Waingapu (one-hour drive)</li> <li>Tarimbang Bay, 87 kilometres south-west of Waingapu<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (three-hour drive), is a surfers paradise with 2- to 3-meter tall waves between June and September.</li> <li>Watu Mandorak Cove, a white sandy beach with cliffs 42 kilometers south-west of Tambolaka (two-hour drive in the dry season ; in the rainy season, the journey takes longer and is not recommended).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Walakiri Beach, 24 km east of Waingapu, for its famed "dancing trees".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Sumba Hospitality Foundation is located in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumba_Regency" title="West Sumba Regency">West Sumba</a> (Sumba Barat). This organization is dedicated to providing vocational education in hospitality to underprivileged students hailing from all across Sumba.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resorts">Resorts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Resorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NIHI_Sumba" title="NIHI Sumba">NIHI Sumba</a> has been ranked as one of the world's five best eco-hotels and was awarded the world's best hotel of 2016 and 2017 from <i><a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a></i> for its native ambiance and authentic local experience.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soemba_Mission" title="Soemba Mission">Soemba Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">List of islands of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kodi are one of the 24 ethnic groups that inhabit Sumba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeunesseBec-DrelonBoulestinDenaire2021§_4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, <i>Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2024</i> (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KW-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KW_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KW_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbbali/kampung-wunga-tanah-kelahiran-masyarakat-sumba/">"Kampung Wunga, Tanah Kelahiran Masyarakat Sumba"</a> [Wunga Settlement, The Birthplace of Sumba Community] (in Indonesian). 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kampung+Wunga%2C+Tanah+Kelahiran+Masyarakat+Sumba&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fbpnbbali%2Fkampung-wunga-tanah-kelahiran-masyarakat-sumba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RichterCarpenter2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RichterCarpenter2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichterCarpenterCarpenterSundermann,_Jorg2012" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Anne; Carpenter, Bruce W.; Carpenter, Bruce; Sundermann, Jorg (16 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBv6du4tKwYC&pg=PA119"><i>Gold Jewellery of the Indonesian Archipelago</i></a>. Editions Didier Millet. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4260-38-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4260-38-1"><bdi>978-981-4260-38-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+Jewellery+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.isbn=978-981-4260-38-1&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Bruce+W.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Sundermann%2C+Jorg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBv6du4tKwYC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KT-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KT_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbali/kampung-tarung-sumba/">"Kampung Tarung Sumba"</a> [Tarung Settlement of Sumba] (in Indonesian). 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kampung+Tarung+Sumba&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fbpcbbali%2Fkampung-tarung-sumba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simanjuntak2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak2006" class="citation book cs1">Simanjuntak, Truman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&pg=PA288"><i>Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift</i></a>. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2499-1"><bdi>978-979-26-2499-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thejakartapost.com&rft.atitle=Indonesia+home+to+%27world%27s+best+hotel%27+of+2016&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.au=Intan+Tanjung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2016%2F07%2F12%2Findonesia-home-to-worlds-best-hotel-of-2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaccou-MartellièreHinterseer2016" class="citation book cs1">Paccou-Martellière, Véronique; Hinterseer, Thomas H. (2016). <i>Arts and traditions of Sumba</i>. Paris: Le Livre D Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-355-32241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-355-32241-9"><bdi>978-2-355-32241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+and+traditions+of+Sumba&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+Livre+D+Art&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2-355-32241-9&rft.aulast=Paccou-Martelli%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Hinterseer%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sumba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sumba">Sumba</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sumba#Q206368" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sumba">Sumba</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumba-information.com/">Sumba tourist and social information (private website)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sumba"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sumba">"Sumba" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sumba&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumba&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.creatr.de/f8/f7/f8f78496-6e4a-46ef-b8f9-56921e3d053d.jpg">"Tourist and Road Map of Sumba"</a>. <i>files.creatr.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=files.creatr.de&rft.atitle=Tourist+and+Road+Map+of+Sumba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.creatr.de%2Ff8%2Ff7%2Ff8f78496-6e4a-46ef-b8f9-56921e3d053d.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/indonesia/txu-oclc-21752461-sc50-8.jpg">"High-resolution map of West Sumba with contour lines"</a>. <i>maps.lib.utexas.edu</i> (made by the US Army Map service)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maps.lib.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=High-resolution+map+of+West+Sumba+with+contour+lines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fams%2Findonesia%2Ftxu-oclc-21752461-sc50-8.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206368#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206368#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206368#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315129126">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058587-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sumba (Malé Sundy : ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge926884&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548501705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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