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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeishan-Trapp" title="Emeishan-Trapp – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emeishan-Trapp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traps_de_Emeishan" title="Traps de Emeishan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traps de Emeishan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapps_d%27Emeishan" title="Trapps d'Emeishan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trapps d'Emeishan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%A9" title="어메이산 트랩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어메이산 트랩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emeishan Traps" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappi_dell%27Emeishan" title="Trappi dell'Emeishan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trappi dell'Emeishan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מדרגות אומיישאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדרגות אומיישאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkap_Emeishan" title="Perangkap Emeishan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perangkap Emeishan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emeishan Traps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Емейшанські трапи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емейшанські трапи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B3%A8%E5%B5%8B%E5%B1%B1%E6%9A%97%E8%89%B2%E5%B2%A9" title="峨嵋山暗色岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="峨嵋山暗色岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalt</a> volcanic province, or <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous province</a>, in south-western China, centred in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> province. It is sometimes referred to as the <b>Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province</b> or <b>Emeishan Flood Basalts</b>. Like other <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> provinces or "<a href="/wiki/Trap_rock" title="Trap rock">traps</a>", the Emeishan Traps are multiple layers of <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> laid down by large <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a> volcanic eruptions. The Emeishan Traps eruptions were serious enough to have global <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontological">paleontological</a> impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Bond2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is named for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Emeishan</a>, a mountain in Sichuan. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emeishan_Traps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Trap_rock" title="Trap rock">trap</a>" has been used in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> since 1785–1795 for such <a href="/wiki/Rock_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formation">rock formations</a>. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs ("trappa") and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_development">Formation and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emeishan_Traps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps began 265 million years ago (Ma) or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main eruptive period is between 262 and 261 Ma, and the volcanism activities end 259 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In volume, the Emeishan Traps are dwarfed by the massive <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a>, which occurred, in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">geological time scale</a>, not long after, at approximately 252 Ma. The Emeishan <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a> covers an area of more than 250,000 km<sup>2</sup> with thicknesses ranging from several hundred meters up to 5.5 km (the average flood basalt thickness throughout the entire region is estimated to be around 700 m), but the Emeishan traps may have initially covered an area as much as 500,000 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the entire volume of the Emeishan basalts is estimated to be 300,000 km<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests that the initial volcanism of the central Emeishan Traps occurred in a deep submarine environment without any significant prevolcanic uplift.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emeishan Traps are associated with the end-<a href="/wiki/Capitanian_mass_extinction_event" title="Capitanian mass extinction event">Capitanian mass extinction event</a>, the extinction of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> life that occurred at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Capitanian" title="Capitanian">Capitanian</a> stage of the Guadalupian <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">epoch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limestone within the traps show the extinction to occur immediately below the first eruptive unit, with the mass extinction marked at the onset of explosive Emeishan volcanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of volcaniclastics suggest violent <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">phreatomagmatic-style eruptions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synchrony between the Emeishan Traps and the <a href="/wiki/End-Guadalupian_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="End-Guadalupian extinction">end-Guadalupian extinction</a> has been taken to support the argument of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Courtillot" title="Vincent Courtillot">Vincent Courtillot</a> and others that volcanism is the main driver of mass extinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their emplacement, the Emeishan Traps were eroded and their minerals became encased in coals that formed after their emplacement.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emeishan_Traps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction#Magmatism" title="Late Devonian extinction">Viluy Traps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_basalt_provinces" title="List of flood basalt provinces">List of flood basalt provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emeishan_Traps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bond2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bond2015_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBondWignallJoachimskiSun2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, D. 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(2007) <i>Superplumes: Beyond Plate Tectonics.</i> New York, Springer-Verlag.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emeishan_Traps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://argonlab.gl.ntu.edu.tw/papers/Lo-Emeishan.pdf">Age of the Emeishan Flood Magmatism and Relations to Permian-Triassic Boundary Events.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n9/abs/ngeo281.html">Nature</a> - "Re-evaluating plume-induced uplift in the Emeishan large igneous province"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/324/5931/1179">Science</a> - "Volcanism, Mass Extinction, and Carbon 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href="/wiki/Mackenzie_dike_swarm" title="Mackenzie dike swarm">Mackenzie dike swarm</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matachewan_dike_swarm" title="Matachewan dike swarm">Matachewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistassini_dike_swarm" title="Mistassini dike swarm">Mistassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Igneous_Province" title="North Atlantic Igneous Province">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongeluk_Large_Igneous_Province" title="Ongeluk Large Igneous Province">Ongeluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Plateau" title="Ontong Java Plateau">Ontong Java</a>-<a href="/wiki/Manihiki_Plateau" title="Manihiki Plateau">Manihiki</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hikurangi_Plateau" title="Hikurangi Plateau">Hikurangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjal_Traps" title="Panjal Traps">Panjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps" title="Paraná and Etendeka traps">Paraná and Etendeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatsky_Rise" title="Shatsky Rise">Shatsky</a></li> 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