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<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 English </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle English subsection </button> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.3 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.4 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Etymology 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Etymology 5 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1.2 Related terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Etymology 6 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Verb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afrikaans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrikaans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Afrikaans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Afrikaans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Afrikaans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Afrikaans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_4_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_4_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Etymology 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_4_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Albanian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Albanian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chinese </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chinese subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Czech </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Czech-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Czech subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Czech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Particle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Danish </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Danish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Danish subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Danish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particle_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Particle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particle_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dutch </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dutch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dutch subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_4_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_4_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Etymology 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_4_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_5_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_5_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Etymology 5 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_5_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Estonian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estonian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Estonian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Estonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1.1 Inflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflection_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1.1 Inflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Finnish </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Finnish subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Particle_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Particle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particle_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1.2 Declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1.3 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1.2 Declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1.3 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_4_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_4_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Etymology 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_4_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_21" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_21"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_21-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_5_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_5_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Etymology 5 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_5_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_22" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_22"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_22-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 French </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle French subsection </button> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_23" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_23"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_23-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_24" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_24"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_24-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 German </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle German subsection </button> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_25" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_25"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_25-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_26" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_26"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_26-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_27" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_27"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_27-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_28" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_28"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.3 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_28-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Hungarian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hungarian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_29" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_29"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_29-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Ingrian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ingrian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ingrian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ingrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_30" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_30"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_30-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflection_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.2.2 Inflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_31" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_31"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_31-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declension_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2.1 Declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_32" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_32"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_32-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflection_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.2.2 Inflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_4_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_4_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Etymology 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_4_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_33" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_33"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_33-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declension_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.2.1 Declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.2.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karelian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karelian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Karelian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karelian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Karelian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Karelian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_34" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_34"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_34-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashubian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashubian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Kashubian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kashubian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Kashubian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Kashubian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particle_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Particle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particle_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Latin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Latin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_35" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_35"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_35-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Low German </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Low_German-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Low German subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Low_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_36" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_36"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_36-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lushootseed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lushootseed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Lushootseed </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lushootseed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lushootseed subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lushootseed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_37" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_37"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_37-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Manx </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manx-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Manx subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Manx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_38" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_38"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.3 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_38-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.3.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Middle English </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Middle English subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_39" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_39"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_39-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2.1 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohawk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohawk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Mohawk </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mohawk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mohawk subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mohawk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_40" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_40"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_40-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Sami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Sami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Northern Sami </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northern_Sami-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Northern Sami subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Northern_Sami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.2 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_41" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_41"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.2.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_41-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.2.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflection_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.2.1.2 Inflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.2.1.3 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.3 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_42" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_42"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.3.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_42-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.3.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.3.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.4 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_43" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_43"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.4.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_43-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.4.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_21" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_21"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.4.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_21-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_4_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_4_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.5 Etymology 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_4_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_44" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_44"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.5.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_44-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_21" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_21"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.5.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_21-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegian_Bokmål" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian_Bokmål"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Norwegian Bokmål </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Norwegian_Bokmål-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Norwegian Bokmål subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Norwegian_Bokmål-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_45" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_45"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23.1.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_45-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Particle_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23.2.1 Particle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particle_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_22" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_22"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23.2.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_22-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Old English </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Old English subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Old_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.2 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_46" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_46"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.3 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_46-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declension_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.3.1 Declension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 Old French </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_French-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Old French subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Old_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_47" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_47"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_47-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.2.1 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 Pipil </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pipil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pipil subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pipil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_48" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_48"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_48-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.1.1 Synonyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27 Portuguese </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Portuguese subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.2 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.2.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_49" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_49"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.2.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_49-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_23" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_23"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.2.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_23-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.3 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_50" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_50"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.3.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_50-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quechua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quechua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28 Quechua </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quechua-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Quechua subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Quechua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_51" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_51"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_51-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-See_also_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28.2.1 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 29 Spanish </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Spanish subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 29.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_52" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_52"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 29.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_52-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_terms_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 29.2.1 Related terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30 Swedish </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Swedish subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.2 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.2.1 Clitic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_terms_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.2.1.1 Related terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.3 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_53" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_53"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.3.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_53-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_24" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_24"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.3.1.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_24-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_3_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.4 Etymology 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_54" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_54"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.4.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_54-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-See_also_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.4.1.1 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_4_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_4_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.5 Etymology 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_4_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffix_55" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_55"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.5.1 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_55-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.5.1.1 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_22" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_22"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.5.1.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_22-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30.6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagalog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagalog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31 Tagalog </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tagalog-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tagalog subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tagalog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31.2 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_56" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_56"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31.3 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_56-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_23" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_23"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31.3.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_23-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31.3.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32 Welsh </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Welsh subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_1_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.1 Etymology 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.1.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_57" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_57"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.1.2 Suffix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_57-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_24" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_24"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.1.2.1 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_24-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.2 Etymology 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.2.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.2.2 Pronoun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes_25" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes_25"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.2.2.1 Usage notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes_25-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_25" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_25"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.2.2.2 Derived terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_25-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32.3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Norsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" title="-s – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="-s" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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[data-minitoc-length="11"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="12"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="13"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="14"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="15"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="16"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="17"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="18"],body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-minitoc-length="19"]{display:block}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output [data-toc-length]:not([data-toc-length="1"]):not([data-toc-length="2"]):not([data-toc-length="3"]):not([data-toc-length="4"]){display:block}}</style><div class="minitoc NavFrame" data-toggle-category="table of contents" data-minitoc-length="32"><div class="NavHead">Languages (32)</div><div class="NavContent"><a href="#English">English</a><hr /><a href="#Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> • <a href="#Albanian">Albanian</a> • <a href="#Chinese">Chinese</a> • <a href="#Czech">Czech</a> • <a href="#Danish">Danish</a> • <a href="#Dutch">Dutch</a> • <a href="#Estonian">Estonian</a> • <a href="#Finnish">Finnish</a> • <a href="#French">French</a> • <a href="#German">German</a> • <a href="#Hungarian">Hungarian</a> • <a href="#Ingrian">Ingrian</a> • <a href="#Karelian">Karelian</a> • <a href="#Kashubian">Kashubian</a> • <a href="#Latin">Latin</a> • <a href="#Low_German">Low German</a> • <a href="#Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> • <a href="#Manx">Manx</a> • <a href="#Middle_English">Middle English</a> • <a href="#Mohawk">Mohawk</a> • <a href="#Northern_Sami">Northern Sami</a> • <a href="#Norwegian_Bokmål">Norwegian Bokmål</a> • <a href="#Old_English">Old English</a> • <a href="#Old_French">Old French</a> • <a href="#Pipil">Pipil</a> • <a href="#Portuguese">Portuguese</a> • <a href="#Quechua">Quechua</a> • <a href="#Spanish">Spanish</a> • <a href="#Swedish">Swedish</a> • <a href="#Tagalog">Tagalog</a> • <a href="#Welsh">Welsh</a><hr /><a href="#catlinks">Page categories</a></div></div><div data-toc-length="32"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>): /s/ (after a <a href="/wiki/voiceless" title="voiceless">voiceless</a> consonant sound /p, t, k, f, θ/)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>): /z/ (after a <a href="/wiki/vowel" title="vowel">vowel</a> sound or a <a href="/wiki/voiced" title="voiced">voiced</a> consonant sound /m, n, ŋ, b, d, ɡ, v, ð, l, ɹ/)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>): /ɪz/ (after a <a href="/wiki/sibilant" title="sibilant">sibilant</a> consonant sound /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/—usually written <a href="/wiki/-es#English" title="-es">-es</a>) <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="extiw" title="w:Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>): /əz/</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#homophone" title="Appendix:Glossary">Homophones</a>: <a href="/wiki/-%27s#English" title="-'s">-'s</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27s#English" title="'s">'s</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English">Middle English</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_English">-s</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_English" title="-es">-es</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" class="extiw" title="w:Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/-as#Old_English" title="-as">-as</a>, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-West Germanic language">Proto-West Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/-%C5%8Ds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ōs (page does not exist)">*-ōs</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-%C5%8Ds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōs (page does not exist)">*-ōs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-%C5%8Dz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōz (page does not exist)">*‑ōz</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-es" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-es">*-es</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-oes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-oes (page does not exist)">*-oes</a> (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" class="extiw" title="w:Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south, replacing the usual southern plural ending <a href="/wiki/-en#English:_plural" title="-en">-en</a>. Cognate with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language" class="extiw" title="w:Scots language">Scots</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Scots">-s</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" class="extiw" title="w:Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Saterland_Frisian">-s</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_language" class="extiw" title="w:West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#West_Frisian">-s</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="w:Dutch language">Dutch</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dutch">-s</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" class="extiw" title="w:Low German">Low German</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Low_German">-s</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Danish language">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/-er#Danish" title="-er">-er</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Swedish language">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/-r#Swedish" title="-r">-r</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ar#Swedish" title="-ar">-ar</a>, <a href="/wiki/-or#Swedish" title="-or">-or</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <a href="/wiki/-ar#Icelandic" title="-ar">-ar</a> (plural ending), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Gothic language">Gothic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-𐍉𐍃 (page does not exist)">-𐍉𐍃</a> (<a href="/wiki/-os#Gothic" title="-os">-ōs</a>, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns). Not directly related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" class="extiw" title="w:German language">German</a> <a href="/wiki/-er#German" title="-er">-er</a> (plural ending) which has a different origin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_regular_plural"> Used to form <a href="/wiki/regular#English" title="regular">regular</a> <a href="/wiki/plural#English" title="plural">plurals</a> of <a href="/wiki/noun#English" title="noun">nouns</a>. <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example">one computer → five computers</div></dd></dl></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_pluralia_tantum"> Used to form many <a href="/wiki/plurale_tantum#English" title="plurale tantum">pluralia tantum</a> (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms). <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example">shorts</div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example">sunglasses</div></dd></dl></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_numerical_range"> When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures. <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example">We often look back on the 1960s [the years from 1960 to 1969] with rose-tinted glasses.</div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example">The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s [the years from 1800 to 1899 – but see usage notes].</div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example">The temperature today will be in the low 30s.</div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example">He placed in the 200s in the end.</div></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."</li> <li>(number): Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies.</li> <li>(number): When the number before the -s ends in more than one zero, there is ambiguity about the range of numbers that is meant. For example, 1800s could mean "the years from 1800 to 1899; the entire 19th century" or "the years from 1800 to 1809; the first decade of the 19th century". The intended meaning can usually be derived from context.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="English_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(pluralia_tantum)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(pluralia_tantum)" title="Category:English terms suffixed with -s (pluralia tantum)">English terms suffixed with -s (pluralia tantum)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Descendants">Descendants</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Descendants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms ul-column-count" data-column-count="3"> <ul><li>→ Cantonese: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chinese">-s</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68481116">.mw-parser-output .desc-arr[title]{cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .desc-arr[title="uncertain"]{font-size:.7em;vertical-align:super}</style></li> <li>→ Japanese: <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BA#Japanese" title="ズ">ズ</a> (-zu)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li> <li>→ Malayalam: <a href="/wiki/-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D#Malayalam" title="-സ്">-സ്</a> (-sŭ)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li> <li>→ Swedish: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Swedish">-s</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li> <li>→ Tagalog: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tagalog">-s</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li> <li>→ Welsh: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Welsh">-s</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Translations">Translations</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations. <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-regular_plurals_of_nouns"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">regular plurals of nouns</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="regular plurals of nouns"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81584270">.mw-parser-output .translations{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .translations-cell{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightyellow,#FFFFe0);vertical-align:top;text-align:left}</style> <ul><li>Arabic: <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86#Arabic" title="ان">ـَانِ</a> <abbr title="dual number">du</abbr> (-āni) (dual), <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86#Arabic" title="ين">ـَيْنِ</a> <abbr title="dual number">du</abbr> (-ayni) (dual), <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86#Arabic" title="ون">ـُونَ</a> (-ūna), <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86#Arabic" title="ين">ـِينَ</a> (-īna), <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA#Arabic" title="ات">ـَات</a> (-āt)</li> <li>Basque: <a href="/wiki/-ak#Basque" title="-ak">-ak</a> <a href="https://eu.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ak" class="extiw" title="eu:-ak">(eu)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ok#Basque" title="-ok">-ok</a></li> <li>Chinese: <dl><dd>Mandarin: <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%91#Mandarin" title="們">們</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%AC#Mandarin" title="们">们</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%80%91" class="extiw" title="zh:們">(zh)</a> (men) (plural marker for humans, non-mandatory)</dd></dl></li> <li>Classical Nahuatl: <a href="/wiki/-h#Classical_Nahuatl" title="-h">-h</a>, <a href="/wiki/-tin#Classical_Nahuatl" title="-tin">-tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/-meh#Classical_Nahuatl" title="-meh">-meh</a></li> <li>Cornish: <a href="/wiki/-ow#Cornish" title="-ow">-ow</a>, <a href="/wiki/-yow#Cornish" title="-yow">-yow</a></li> <li>Danish: <a href="/wiki/-er#Danish" title="-er">-er</a> <a href="https://da.wiktionary.org/wiki/-er" class="extiw" title="da:-er">(da)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-e#Danish" title="-e">-e</a></li> <li>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/-en#Dutch" title="-en">-en</a> <a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-en" class="extiw" title="nl:-en">(nl)</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dutch">-s</a> <a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" class="extiw" title="nl:-s">(nl)</a></li> <li>Esperanto: <a href="/wiki/-j#Esperanto" title="-j">-j</a> <a href="https://eo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-j" class="extiw" title="eo:-j">(eo)</a></li> <li>Estonian: <a href="/wiki/-d#Estonian" title="-d">-d</a> <a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/-d" class="extiw" title="et:-d">(et)</a></li> <li>Finnish: <a href="/wiki/-t#Finnish" title="-t">-t</a> <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/-t" class="extiw" title="fi:-t">(fi)</a></li> <li>French: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#French">-s</a> <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" class="extiw" title="fr:-s">(fr)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-x#French" title="-x">-x</a> <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-x" class="extiw" title="fr:-x">(fr)</a></li> <li>Galician: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Galician">-s</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Galician" title="-es">-es</a>, <a href="/wiki/-is#Galician" title="-is">-is</a></li> <li>Georgian: <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ები (page does not exist)">-ები</a> (-ebi)</li> <li>German: <a href="/wiki/-e#German" title="-e">-e</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/-e" class="extiw" title="de:-e">(de)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-en#German" title="-en">-en</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/-en" class="extiw" title="de:-en">(de)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-er#German" title="-er">-er</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/-er" class="extiw" title="de:-er">(de)</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#German">-s</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" class="extiw" title="de:-s">(de)</a></li> <li>Greek: <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-αίοι (page does not exist)">-αίοι</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-aíoi), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%AE%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ήδες (page does not exist)">-ήδες</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-ídes), <a href="/wiki/-%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82#Greek" title="-άδες">-άδες</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-ádes), <a href="/wiki/-%CE%B5%CF%82#Greek" title="-ες">-ες</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-es), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%AD%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ές (page does not exist)">-ές</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-és), <a href="/wiki/-%CE%BF%CE%B9#Greek" title="-οι">-οι</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-oi), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%BF%CE%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-οί (page does not exist)">-οί</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-oí), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ούδες (page does not exist)">-ούδες</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-oúdes), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ηδες (page does not exist)">-ηδες</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> or <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-ides), <a href="/wiki/-%CE%B1#Greek" title="-α">-α</a> <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:-α">(el)</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-a), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ατα (page does not exist)">-ατα</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-ata), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ά (page does not exist)">-ά</a> <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="el:-ά">(el)</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-á), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-έδες (page does not exist)">-έδες</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-édes), <a href="/wiki/-%CE%B7#Greek" title="-η">-η</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-i), <a href="/wiki/-%CE%AE#Greek" title="-ή">-ή</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-í), <a href="/wiki/-%CE%B9%CE%B1#Greek" title="-ια">-ια</a> <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B9%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:-ια">(el)</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-ia)</li> <li>Guaraní: <a href="/wiki/-ku%C3%A9ra#Guaraní" title="-kuéra">-kuéra</a> <a href="https://gn.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ku%C3%A9ra" class="extiw" title="gn:-kuéra">(gn)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ngu%C3%A9ra#Guaraní" title="-nguéra">-nguéra</a> <a href="https://gn.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ngu%C3%A9ra" class="extiw" title="gn:-nguéra">(gn)</a></li> <li>Hebrew: <a href="/wiki/%D6%BE%D7%99%D7%9D#Hebrew" title="־ים">־ִים</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-im), <a href="/wiki/%D6%BE%D7%95%D7%AA#Hebrew" title="־ות">־וֹת</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-ot), <a href="/wiki/%D6%BE%D7%99%D7%9F#Hebrew" title="־ין">־ִין</a> <a href="https://he.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%BE%D7%99%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:־ין">(he)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (-in)</li> <li>Hungarian: <a href="/wiki/-k#Hungarian" title="-k">-k</a> <a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/-k" class="extiw" title="hu:-k">(hu)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ak#Hungarian" title="-ak">-ak</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ok#Hungarian" title="-ok">-ok</a> <a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ok" class="extiw" title="hu:-ok">(hu)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ek#Hungarian" title="-ek">-ek</a>, <a href="/wiki/-%C3%B6k#Hungarian" title="-ök">-ök</a></li> <li>Icelandic: <a href="/wiki/-a#Icelandic" title="-a">-a</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ar#Icelandic" title="-ar">-ar</a></li> <li>Ido: <a href="/wiki/-i#Ido" title="-i">-i</a></li> <li>Irish: <a href="/wiki/-anna#Irish" title="-anna">-anna</a>, <a href="/wiki/-acha#Irish" title="-acha">-acha</a>, <a href="/wiki/-a#Irish" title="-a">-a</a>, <a href="/wiki/-e#Irish" title="-e">-e</a>, <a href="/wiki/-%C3%AD#Irish" title="-í">-í</a>, <a href="/wiki/-te#Irish" title="-te">-te</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ta%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-taí (page does not exist)">-taí</a>, <a href="/wiki/-t%C3%AD#Irish" title="-tí">-tí</a>, <a href="/wiki/-aigh#Irish" title="-aigh">-aigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ta#Irish" title="-ta">-ta</a></li> <li>Italian: <a href="/wiki/-i#Italian" title="-i">-i</a> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/-i" class="extiw" title="it:-i">(it)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-e#Italian" title="-e">-e</a> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/-e" class="extiw" title="it:-e">(it)</a></li> <li>Japanese: <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94#Japanese" title="達">達</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%94" class="extiw" title="ja:達">(ja)</a> (たち, tachi), <a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89#Japanese" title="等">等</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89" class="extiw" title="ja:等">(ja)</a> (ら, ra), <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B#Japanese" title="供">供</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%9B" class="extiw" title="ja:供">(ja)</a> (ども, domo) (plural markers for humans, non-mandatory)</li> <li>Kannada: <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ಗಳು (page does not exist)">-ಗಳು</a> (-gaḷu) ( for everything except for humans ), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ರು (page does not exist)">-ರು</a> (-ru) ( for humans )</li> <li>Kazakh: <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh" title="-лар">-лар</a> (-lar), <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80#Kazakh" title="-лер">-лер</a> (-ler), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тар (page does not exist)">-тар</a> (-tar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тер (page does not exist)">-тер</a> (-ter), <a href="/wiki/-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh" title="-дар">-дар</a> (-dar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-дер (page does not exist)">-дер</a> (-der)</li> <li>Khakas: <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80#Khakas" title="-лар">-лар</a> (-lar), <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80#Khakas" title="-лер">-лер</a> (-ler), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нар (page does not exist)">-нар</a> (-nar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нер (page does not exist)">-нер</a> (-ner), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тар (page does not exist)">-тар</a> (-tar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тер (page does not exist)">-тер</a> (-ter)</li> <li>Korean: <a href="/wiki/-%EB%93%A4#Korean" title="-들">들</a> (-deul) (non-mandatory), <a href="/wiki/-%EB%84%A4#Korean" title="-네">네</a> (-ne) (plural markers for humans)</li> <li>Kurdish: <dl><dd>Northern Kurdish: <a href="/wiki/-an#Northern_Kurdish" title="-an">-an</a> <a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/-an" class="extiw" title="ku:-an">(ku)</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Latin: <a href="/wiki/-i#Latin" title="-i">-ī</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/-ae#Latin" title="-ae">-ae</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/-a#Latin" title="-a">-a</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr></li> <li>Latvian: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Latvian">-s</a></li> <li>Lithuanian: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lithuanian">-s</a></li> <li>Malayalam: <a href="/wiki/-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE#Malayalam" title="-കൾ">-കൾ</a> (-kaḷ)</li> <li>Manx: <a href="/wiki/-yn#Manx" title="-yn">-yn</a>, <a href="/wiki/-aghyn#Manx" title="-aghyn">-aghyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/-jyn#Manx" title="-jyn">-jyn</a></li> <li>Norwegian: <dl><dd>Bokmål: <a href="/wiki/-er#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="-er">-er</a> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/-er" class="extiw" title="no:-er">(no)</a></dd> <dd>Nynorsk: <a href="/wiki/-er#Norwegian_Nynorsk" title="-er">-er</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Nupe: <a href="/wiki/-zhi#Nupe" title="-zhi">-zhì</a></li> <li>Persian: <a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87%D8%A7#Persian" title="ـها">ـها</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%80%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ـهایی (page does not exist)">ـهایی</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%80%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ـهان (page does not exist)">ـهان</a></li> <li>Portuguese: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Portuguese">-s</a> <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" class="extiw" title="pt:-s">(pt)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Portuguese" title="-es">-es</a> <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/-es" class="extiw" title="pt:-es">(pt)</a></li> <li>Romanian: <a href="/wiki/-i#Romanian" title="-i">-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/-e#Romanian" title="-e">-e</a>, <a href="/wiki/-uri#Romanian" title="-uri">-uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/-le#Romanian" title="-le">-le</a></li> <li>Russian: (the plural form depends on the declension type)</li> <li>Spanish: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Spanish">-s</a> <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s" class="extiw" title="es:-s">(es)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Spanish" title="-es">-es</a> <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/-es" class="extiw" title="es:-es">(es)</a></li> <li>Swahili: <a href="/wiki/wa-#Swahili" title="wa-">wa-</a>, <a href="/wiki/mi-#Swahili" title="mi-">mi-</a>, <a href="/wiki/ma-#Swahili" title="ma-">ma-</a>, <a href="/wiki/vi-#Swahili" title="vi-">vi-</a></li> <li>Swedish: <a href="/wiki/-ar#Swedish" title="-ar">-ar</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ar" class="extiw" title="sv:-ar">(sv)</a> <a href="/wiki/-er#Swedish" title="-er">-er</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-er" class="extiw" title="sv:-er">(sv)</a> <a href="/wiki/-or#Swedish" title="-or">-or</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-or" class="extiw" title="sv:-or">(sv)</a> <a href="/wiki/-r#Swedish" title="-r">-r</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-r" class="extiw" title="sv:-r">(sv)</a> <a href="/wiki/-n#Swedish" title="-n">-n</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-n" class="extiw" title="sv:-n">(sv)</a></li> <li>Tagalog: <a href="/wiki/mga#Tagalog" title="mga">mga</a> <a href="https://tl.wiktionary.org/wiki/mga" class="extiw" title="tl:mga">(tl)</a></li> <li>Turkish: <a href="/wiki/-ler#Turkish" title="-ler">-ler</a> <a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ler" class="extiw" title="tr:-ler">(tr)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-lar#Turkish" title="-lar">-lar</a> <a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-lar" class="extiw" title="tr:-lar">(tr)</a></li> <li>Tuvan: <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80#Tuvan" title="-лар">-лар</a> (-lar), <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80#Tuvan" title="-лер">-лер</a> (-ler), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нар (page does not exist)">-нар</a> (-nar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нер (page does not exist)">-нер</a> (-ner), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тар (page does not exist)">-тар</a> (-tar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тер (page does not exist)">-тер</a> (-ter), <a href="/wiki/-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80#Tuvan" title="-дар">-дар</a> (-dar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-дер (page does not exist)">-дер</a> (-der)</li> <li>Vietnamese: <a href="/wiki/nh%E1%BB%AFng#Vietnamese" title="những">những</a> <a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/nh%E1%BB%AFng" class="extiw" title="vi:những">(vi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/c%C3%A1c#Vietnamese" title="các">các</a> <a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/c%C3%A1c" class="extiw" title="vi:các">(vi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/m%E1%BA%A5y#Vietnamese" title="mấy">mấy</a> <a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%E1%BA%A5y" class="extiw" title="vi:mấy">(vi)</a></li> <li>Welsh: <a href="/wiki/-aid#Welsh" title="-aid">-aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/-aint#Welsh" title="-aint">-aint</a>, <a href="/wiki/-au#Welsh" title="-au">-au</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ed#Welsh" title="-ed">-ed</a>, <a href="/wiki/-edd#Welsh" title="-edd">-edd</a>, <a href="/wiki/-en#Welsh" title="-en">-en</a> <a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/-en" class="extiw" title="cy:-en">(cy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-i#Welsh" title="-i">-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/-iaid#Welsh" title="-iaid">-iaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/-iau#Welsh" title="-iau">-iau</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ion#Welsh" title="-ion">-ion</a>, <a href="/wiki/-od#Welsh" title="-od">-od</a>, <a href="/wiki/-oedd#Welsh" title="-oedd">-oedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/-on#Welsh" title="-on">-on</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Welsh">-s</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ydd#Welsh" title="-ydd">-ydd</a> <a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ydd" class="extiw" title="cy:-ydd">(cy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/-yr#Welsh" title="-yr">-yr</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ys#Welsh" title="-ys">-ys</a></li> <li>Yakut: <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80#Yakut" title="-лар">-лар</a> (-lar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-лэр (page does not exist)">-лэр</a> (-ler), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-лор (page does not exist)">-лор</a> (-lor), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-лөр (page does not exist)">-лөр</a> (-lör), <a href="/wiki/-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80#Yakut" title="-дар">-дар</a> (-dar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-дэр (page does not exist)">-дэр</a> (-der), <a href="/wiki/-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80#Yakut" title="-дор">-дор</a> (-dor), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-дөр (page does not exist)">-дөр</a> (-dör), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тар (page does not exist)">-тар</a> (-tar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тэр (page does not exist)">-тэр</a> (-ter), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-тор (page does not exist)">-тор</a> (-tor), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-төр (page does not exist)">-төр</a> (-tör), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нар (page does not exist)">-нар</a> (-nar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нэр (page does not exist)">-нэр</a> (-ner), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нор (page does not exist)">-нор</a> (-nor), <a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%BD%D3%A9%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-нөр (page does not exist)">-нөр</a> (-nör)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="See_also">See also</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <div class="term-list-header">other plural-forming suffixes</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="6"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/-a#English" title="-a">-a</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-en#English" title="-en">-en</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-es#English" title="-es">-es</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-i#English" title="-i">-i</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-ir#English" title="-ir">-ir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-z" title="-z">-z</a> (nonstandard)</li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English">Middle English</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_English" title="-es">-(e)s</a> (third-person singular ending), from Northumbrian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" class="extiw" title="w:Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Old_English" title="-es">-es</a>, <a href="/wiki/-as#Old_English" title="-as">-as</a> (third-person singular endings). Gradually replaced the older <a href="/wiki/-eth#English" title="-eth">-eth</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" class="extiw" title="w:Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/-e%C3%BE#Old_English" title="-eþ">-(e)þ</a>, <a href="/wiki/-a%C3%BE#Old_English" title="-aþ">-aþ</a>, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods. It is predominantly believed that <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_English" title="-es">-(e)s</a> is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending <a href="/wiki/-es#Old_English" title="-es">-es</a>, <a href="/wiki/-est#Old_English" title="-est">-est</a> (cf. archaic Modern English <a href="/wiki/-est#English" title="-est">-est</a>, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="w:Old Norse">Old Norse</a> who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú <a href="/wiki/masa" title="masa">masar</a>, hann masar; þú <a href="/wiki/%C3%BEekkja" title="þekkja">þekkir</a>, hann þekkir; etc.). An alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in <a href="/wiki/-eth#Middle_English" title="-eth">-eth</a> to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_2">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the <a href="/wiki/third_person#English" title="third person">third-person</a> <a href="/wiki/singular#English" title="singular">singular</a> <a href="/wiki/indicative#English" title="indicative">indicative</a> <a href="/wiki/present_tense#English" title="present tense">present tense</a> of <a href="/wiki/verb#English" title="verb">verbs</a>. <dl><dd>to eat → he eats</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_2">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In Standard English, the -s suffix is only used to mark the third person singular present of verbs; however, in some varieties of English, particularly northern English, Scottish, US Southern and <a href="/wiki/AAVE" title="AAVE">AAVE</a>, the -s can be extended to other persons/numbers as well, as in: I eats me spinach; I hates the Yankees; they likes it here; etc.</li> <li>As in modern nonstandard varieties, the -s suffix can be used to mark the third-person plural in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English" class="extiw" title="w:Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>. However, it is less common than the modern standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_morpheme" class="extiw" title="w:Null morpheme">zero ending</a>, and is frequently only found in restricted contexts; for instance, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare" class="extiw" title="w:Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> only uses it where a plural subject has "singular" semantics.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="See_also_2">See also</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <div class="term-list-header">other verb endings</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="4"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/-ed#English" title="-ed">-ed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-en#English" title="-en">-en</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-ing#English" title="-ing">-ing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-t#English" title="-t">-t</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="References">References</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"> ^ </a> Herbert Schendl (2000) “The third person present plural in Shakespeare’s First Folio: A case of interaction of morphology and syntax?”, in <cite>Words: Structure, meaning, function. A festschrift for Dieter Kastovsky</cite>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" class="extiw" title="w:Berlin">Berlin</a>: Mouton de Gruyte, pages 263-276 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English">Middle English</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_English" title="-es">-es</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" class="extiw" title="w:Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Old_English" title="-es">-es</a>, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Old_English_strong_declension" title="Appendix:Old English strong declension">strong nouns</a>. More at <a href="/wiki/-%27s#English" title="-'s">-'s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_3">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_adverbial"> Used in the formation of certain English adverbs. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/forward#English" title="forward">forward</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/forwards#English" title="forwards">forwards</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/downward#English" title="downward">downward</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/downwards#English" title="downwards">downwards</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/alway#English" title="alway">alway</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/always#English" title="always">always</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/sometime#English" title="sometime">sometime</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/sometimes#English" title="sometimes">sometimes</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/betime#English" title="betime">betime</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/betimes#English" title="betimes">betimes</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/while#English" title="while">while</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/whiles#English" title="whiles">whiles</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/betide#English" title="betide">betide</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/betides#English" title="betides">betides</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/toward#English" title="toward">toward</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/towards#English" title="towards">towards</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/beside#English" title="beside">beside</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/besides#English" title="besides">besides</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/evening#English" title="evening">evening</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/evenings#English" title="evenings">evenings</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/unaware#English" title="unaware">unaware</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/unawares#English" title="unawares">unawares</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_2">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-st#English" title="-st">-st</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4">Etymology 4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Etymology 4">edit</a>]</div> A variant spelling of <a href="/wiki/-%27s#English" title="-'s">-'s</a>, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_forms">Alternative forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-%27s#English" title="-'s">-'s</a> (on pronouns; now nonstandard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/-es#English" title="-es">-es</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_4">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/hers#English" title="hers">hers</a>; <a href="/wiki/its#English" title="its">its</a>; <a href="/wiki/ones#English" title="ones">ones</a> (now <a href="/wiki/one%27s#English" title="one's">one’s</a>); <a href="/wiki/theirs#English" title="theirs">theirs</a></dd> <dd>(<a href="/wiki/neopronoun" title="neopronoun">neopronouns</a>): <a href="/wiki/eirs#English" title="eirs">eirs</a>; <a href="/wiki/hirs#English" title="hirs">hirs</a>; <a href="/wiki/pers#English" title="pers">pers</a>; <a href="/wiki/thons#English" title="thons">thons</a>; <a href="/wiki/xyrs#English" title="xyrs">xyrs</a>; <a href="/wiki/zirs#English" title="zirs">zirs</a></dd></dl></li> <li>(on nouns, now <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#nonstandard" title="Appendix:Glossary">nonstandard</a>) Alternative form of <a href="/wiki/-%27s#English" title="-'s">-'s</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/devils_doorbell#English" title="devils doorbell">devils doorbell</a>; <a href="/wiki/dogs-bane#English" title="dogs-bane">dogs-bane</a>; <a href="/wiki/St._Marys#English" title="St. Marys">St. Marys</a>; (obsolete) <a href="/wiki/kings#English" title="kings">kings</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_3">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In most cases where -s is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of <a href="/wiki/-%27s#English" title="-'s">-'s</a>. However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g., <a href="/wiki/its#English" title="its">its</a>, not <a href="/wiki/it%27s#English" title="it's">it's</a>). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g., <a href="/wiki/theirs#English" title="theirs">theirs</a>, not <a href="/wiki/their%27s#English" title="their's">their's</a>). The possessive form of <a href="/wiki/who#English" title="who">who</a> takes -se (<a href="/wiki/whose#English" title="whose">whose</a>, not <a href="/wiki/who%27s#English" title="who's">who's</a>).</li> <li>Bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays" class="extiw" title="w:Barclays">Barclays</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrods" class="extiw" title="w:Harrods">Harrods</a>, but compare <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" class="extiw" title="w:Sainsbury's">Sainsbury’s</a>; compare <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophe#Possessives_in_business_names" class="extiw" title="w:Apostrophe">Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names</a>. In speech, /z/ (or /s/) is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s-form" class="extiw" title="w:s-form">s-forms</a>, which see.</li> <li>Sometimes used in place names; e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" class="extiw" title="w:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a> (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), <a href="/wiki/Queens_County#English" title="Queens County">Queens County</a> (note that the former name of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Laois" class="extiw" title="w:County Laois">County Laois</a> was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_5">Etymology 5</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Etymology 5">edit</a>]</div> Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a>, a colloquial <a href="/wiki/clipping" title="clipping">clipping</a> of the <a href="/wiki/hypocoristic" title="hypocoristic">hypocoristic</a> diminutive suffix <a href="/wiki/-sy#English" title="-sy">-sy</a>. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:American Heritage Dictionary">AHD</a> writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“plural marker”) and conflation of <a href="/wiki/-y#English" title="-y">-y</a> as adjectival with its sense as a <a href="/wiki/diminutive" title="diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix (e.g., <a href="/wiki/puppy#English" title="puppy">puppy</a>, <a href="/wiki/kitty#English" title="kitty">kitty</a>), the latter notion probably from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language" class="extiw" title="w:Scots language">Scots</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_5">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_hypocoristic"> (<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#informal" title="Appendix:Glossary">informal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#colloquial" title="Appendix:Glossary">colloquial</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/humorous" title="humorous">humorous</a>) Hypocoristic suffix <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Babs#English" title="Babs">Babs</a>; <a href="/wiki/moms#English" title="moms">moms</a>; <a href="/wiki/pops#English" title="pops">pops</a>; <a href="/wiki/homes#English" title="homes">homes</a>; <a href="/wiki/toots#English" title="toots">toots</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_3">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="English_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(hypocoristic)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(hypocoristic)" title="Category:English terms suffixed with -s (hypocoristic)">English terms suffixed with -s (hypocoristic)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> Unsorted: <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="English_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:English terms suffixed with -s">English terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Related terms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-sies#English" title="-sies">-sies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_6">Etymology 6</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Etymology 6">edit</a>]</div> Derived from <a href="/wiki/%27s#English" title="'s">'s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb">Verb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Verb">edit</a>]</div> -s (clitic) <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_clitic_is"> (<a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/slang" title="slang">slang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#informal" title="Appendix:Glossary">informal</a>) Alternative spelling of <a href="/wiki/%27s#English" title="'s">'s</a> <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example">whats he talking about</div></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Afrikaans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_2">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="w:Dutch language">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/-st#Dutch" title="-st">-st</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_6">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s (plural <a href="/wiki/-ste#Afrikaans" title="-ste">-ste</a>) <ol><li>appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a <a href="/wiki/verbal_noun#English" title="verbal noun">verbal noun</a> <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/dien#Afrikaans" title="dien">dien</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/diens#Afrikaans" title="diens">diens</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_2">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="w:Dutch language">Dutch</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dutch">-s</a> (a suffix for forming plurals). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_7">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive <a href="/wiki/-ie#Afrikaans" title="-ie">-ie</a>, etc. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/redakteur#Afrikaans" title="redakteur">redakteur</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/redakteurs#Afrikaans" title="redakteurs">redakteurs</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/ateljee#Afrikaans" title="ateljee">ateljee</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/ateljees#Afrikaans" title="ateljees">ateljees</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3_2">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="w:Dutch language">Dutch</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dutch">-s</a>, from the genitive case of Dutch masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_Dutch">-s</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_Dutch" title="-es">-es</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Old_Dutch" title="-es">-es</a>, <a href="/wiki/-is#Old_Dutch" title="-is">-is</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-as (page does not exist)">*-as</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-is (page does not exist)">*-is</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_8">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the partitive form of the adjective <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/nuut#Afrikaans" title="nuut">nuut</a> → iets nuuts</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/groot#Afrikaans" title="groot">groot</a> → niks groots nie</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4_2">Etymology 4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Etymology 4">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="w:Dutch language">Dutch</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dutch">-s</a>, from earlier <a href="/wiki/-sch#Dutch" title="-sch">-sch</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/-sch#Middle_Dutch" title="-sch">-sch</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/-isc#Old_Dutch" title="-isc">-isc</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-West Germanic language">Proto-West Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/-isk" title="Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-isk">*-isk</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz">*-iskaz</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iskos" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iskos">*-iskos</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_9">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="Afrikaans:_adjective"> Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/winter#Afrikaans" title="winter">winter</a> (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/winters#Afrikaans" title="winters">winters</a> (“wintery”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/spel#Afrikaans" title="spel">spel</a> (“game”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/speels#Afrikaans" title="speels">speels</a> (“playful”)</dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form adjectives or language names from <a href="/wiki/place_name#English" title="place name">place names</a>. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/Engeland#Afrikaans" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> (“England”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/Engels#Afrikaans" title="Engels">Engels</a> (“English”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/Finland#Afrikaans" title="Finland">Finland</a> (“Finland”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/Fins#Afrikaans" title="Fins">Fins</a> (“Finnish”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Albanian">Albanian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Albanian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Possibly akin to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Armenian" class="extiw" title="w:Classical Armenian">Old Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/-%D5%AB%D5%B9#Old_Armenian" title="-իչ">-իչ</a> (-ičʻ), both reconstructible to a tentative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *-ikʷyo-s, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/k%CA%B7ey-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷey-">*kʷey-</a> (“to gather”),<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> whence also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%89#Ancient_Greek" title="ποιέω">ποιέω</a> (poiéō, “to do”), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="w:Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF#Sanskrit" title="चिनोति">चिनोति</a> (cinóti, “to arrange, pile up”). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_10">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="Albanian:_agent"> Forms <a href="/wiki/agent_noun#English" title="agent noun">agent nouns</a>. <dl><dd>Synonym: <a href="/wiki/-ar#Albanian" title="-ar">-ar</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_notes_4">Usage notes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Becomes -ës after consonants.</li> <li>When attached to o- or ua-stem verbs the stem and the suffix merge into -ues in the modern standard, following Gheg practice, while traditionally made -onjës following Tosk practice.</li> <li>Similarly, when attached to e- or ye-stem verbs they give rise to -yes in Gheg and the modern standard, while -enjës in Tosk and the old standard.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_4">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Albanian_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(agent)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(agent)" title="Category:Albanian terms suffixed with -s (agent)">Albanian terms suffixed with -s (agent)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"> ^ </a> Matzinger, <abbr title="Joachim">J.</abbr> (2016) <cite>Die sekundären nominalen Wortbildungsmuster im Altalbanischen bei Gjon Buzuku: Ein Beitrag zur altalbanischen Lexikographie</cite> (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc7719c">→JSTOR</a>, page 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"> ^ </a> Hyllested, <abbr title="Adam">A.</abbr>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Joseph" class="extiw" title="w:Brian Joseph">Joseph, <abbr title="Brian D.">B. D.</abbr></a> (2022) “Albanian”, in Olander, <abbr title="Thomas">T.</abbr>, editor, <cite>The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective</cite>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758666">→DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8">→ISBN</a>, page 228 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Newmark, <abbr title="Leonard">L.</abbr>, Hubbard, <abbr title="Philip">P.</abbr>, Prifti, <abbr title="Peter">P.</abbr> (1982) <cite>Standard Albanian: a reference grammar for students</cite>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1129-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1129-1">→ISBN</a>, § 3.4.1 A, page 164</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese">Chinese</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_7">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#loanword" title="Appendix:Glossary">Borrowed</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">-s</a> (“plural suffix”). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_11">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#neologism" title="Appendix:Glossary">neologism</a>, <a href="/wiki/humorous" title="humorous">humorous</a> or <a href="/wiki/sarcastic" title="sarcastic">sarcastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#rare" title="Appendix:Glossary">rare</a>, written only) Used to emphasise that there are multiple instances of the noun <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A#Chinese" title="車">車</a>s<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93#Chinese" title="樓">樓</a>s／<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6#Chinese" title="车">车</a>s<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC#Chinese" title="楼">楼</a>s [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Cantonese">Cantonese</a>]  ―  jau5 ce1 jau5 lau4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to own cars and flats</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_notes_5">Usage notes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> May be repeated to further emphasise the number of instances of the noun. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93#Chinese" title="樓">樓</a>sss／<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89#Chinese" title="有">有</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC#Chinese" title="楼">楼</a>sss [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese" class="extiw" title="w:Cantonese">Cantonese</a>]  ―  jau5 lau4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to own many flatsss</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_3">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Victor Chan Haw Fung (1999) “Hong Kong English and the Internet”, in <cite>Unpublished MA dissertation</cite> (in Chinese), page 40: “Some of these words have plural forms like leng luis in (example 13).”</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Czech">Czech</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Czech">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_2">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Czech_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Czech pronunciation">key</a>): [ s]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particle">Particle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Particle">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Alternative form of <a href="/wiki/-si#Czech" title="-si">-si</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Danish">Danish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Danish">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_8">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="w:Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_Norse">-s</a>, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Swedish language">Swedish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Swedish">-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particle_2">Particle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Particle">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form <a href="/wiki/genitive#English" title="genitive">genitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/possessive#English" title="possessive">possessive</a> phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase. <dl><dd>Danmarks dronning ― the Queen of Denmark</dd> <dd>Københavns snefald ― snowfall in Copenhagen</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch">Dutch</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Dutch">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_3">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> Unknown. Not present in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/-a#Old_Dutch" title="-a">-a</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-%C5%8Dz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōz (page does not exist)">*-ōz</a> as the plural ending. Possibly spread from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_Low_German">-s</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_Low_German" title="-es">-es</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxon" class="extiw" title="w:Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/-os#Old_Saxon" title="-os">-os</a>, <a href="/wiki/-as#Old_Saxon" title="-as">-as</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-%C5%8Ds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōs (page does not exist)">*-ōs</a>. Further etymology is unknown, but cognate with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" class="extiw" title="w:Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/-as#Old_English" title="-as">-as</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">-s</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_12">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> <ol><li>Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive <a href="/wiki/-je#Dutch" title="-je">-je</a>, etc. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/bodem#Dutch" title="bodem">bodem</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/bodems#Dutch" title="bodems">bodems</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/telefoon#Dutch" title="telefoon">telefoon</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/telefoons#Dutch" title="telefoons">telefoons</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_6">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Nouns ending in unstressed -e generally have a plural in -s and one in <a href="/wiki/-n#German" title="-n">-n</a> (<a href="/wiki/ziekte#Dutch" title="ziekte">ziekte</a> > <a href="/wiki/ziektes#Dutch" title="ziektes">ziektes</a>, <a href="/wiki/ziekten#Dutch" title="ziekten">ziekten</a>). Individual words, however, allow just one of the two ways.</li> <li>Most words of Latin origin ending in <a href="/wiki/-um#Dutch" title="-um">-um</a> are pluralized with the suffix -s (<a href="/wiki/museum#Dutch" title="museum">museum</a> > <a href="/wiki/museums#Dutch" title="museums">museums</a>) or by replacing -um with <a href="/wiki/-a#Dutch" title="-a">-a</a> (> <a href="/wiki/musea#Dutch" title="musea">musea</a>). The latter tends to be preferred in formal style.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_3">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> From the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_Dutch">-s</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_Dutch" title="-es">-es</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Old_Dutch" title="-es">-es</a>, <a href="/wiki/-is#Old_Dutch" title="-is">-is</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-as (page does not exist)">*-as</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-is (page does not exist)">*-is</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_13">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#archaic" title="Appendix:Glossary">archaic</a>, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/tijd#Dutch" title="tijd">tijd</a> → de tand des tijds</dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns and some pronouns. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pieter#Dutch" title="Pieter">Pieter</a> → Pieters jas</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/iemand#Dutch" title="iemand">iemand</a> → iemands jas</dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form the partitive form of the adjective <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/lief#Dutch" title="lief">lief</a> → iets liefs</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_5">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Dutch_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Dutch terms suffixed with -s">Dutch terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3_3">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> From earlier <a href="/wiki/-sch#Dutch" title="-sch">-sch</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/-sch#Middle_Dutch" title="-sch">-sch</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch" class="extiw" title="w:Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/-isc#Old_Dutch" title="-isc">-isc</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-West Germanic language">Proto-West Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/-isk" title="Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-isk">*-isk</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz">*-iskaz</a> (from which also <a href="/wiki/-isch#Dutch" title="-isch">-isch</a> via German), from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iskos" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iskos">*-iskos</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_14">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/winter#Dutch" title="winter">winter</a> (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/winters#Dutch" title="winters">winters</a> (“wintery”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/spel#Dutch" title="spel">spel</a> (“game”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/speels#Dutch" title="speels">speels</a> (“playful”)</dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form adjectives or language names from names of nations or countries. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/Engeland#Dutch" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> (“England”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/Engels#Dutch" title="Engels">Engels</a> (“English”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/Finland#Dutch" title="Finland">Finland</a> (“Finland”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/Fins#Dutch" title="Fins">Fins</a> (“Finnish”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4_3">Etymology 4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Etymology 4">edit</a>]</div> Developed from the use of genitive suffix <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dutch:_genitive">-s</a> to form adverbial phrases of time or <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#modality" title="Appendix:Glossary">modality</a> <a href="/wiki/modality" title="modality">modality</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_15">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form some adverbs <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/ander#Dutch" title="ander">ander</a> (“other”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/anders#Dutch" title="anders">anders</a> (“otherwise”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/zelf#Dutch" title="zelf">zelf</a> (“self”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/zelfs#Dutch" title="zelfs">zelfs</a> (“even”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/maandag#Dutch" title="maandag">maandag</a> (“Monday”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/%27s_maandags#Dutch" title="'s maandags">'s maandags</a> (“on Monday”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/willend#Dutch" title="willend">willend</a> (“wanting”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/willens#Dutch" title="willens">willens</a> (“intentionally”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_7">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> The adverbial/adjectival -s combines with other suffixes like: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-lijk#Dutch" title="-lijk">-lijk</a> → <a href="/wiki/-lijks#Dutch" title="-lijks">-lijks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-je#Dutch" title="-je">-je</a> → <a href="/wiki/-jes#Dutch" title="-jes">-jes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-ling#Dutch" title="-ling">-ling</a> → <a href="/wiki/-lings#Dutch" title="-lings">-lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-waarts#Dutch" title="-waarts">-waarts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_6">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Dutch_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(adverb)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(adverb)" title="Category:Dutch terms suffixed with -s (adverb)">Dutch terms suffixed with -s (adverb)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_5_2">Etymology 5</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Etymology 5">edit</a>]</div> From earlier forms such as <a href="/wiki/-sz#Dutch" title="-sz">-sz</a>, <a href="/wiki/-se#Dutch" title="-se">-se</a>, <a href="/wiki/-sen#Dutch" title="-sen">-sen</a>; all ultimately from the patronymic use of <a href="/wiki/zoon#Dutch" title="zoon">zoon</a> with a connecting genitival interfix <a href="/wiki/-s-#Dutch" title="-s-">-s-</a>. Bare -s as a patronymic may also represent an underlying patronymic use of <a href="/wiki/dochter#Dutch" title="dochter">dochter</a>, as in the name Neeltje Jansdochter, which could reduce to Neeltje Jans by simple elision of -dochter. This <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Etymology" title="Wiktionary:Etymology">etymology</a> is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_16">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form patronymic surnames.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alternative_forms_2">Alternative forms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-sz#Dutch" title="-sz">-sz</a>, <a href="/wiki/-se#Dutch" title="-se">-se</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-sse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-sse (page does not exist)">-sse</a>, <a href="/wiki/-sen#Dutch" title="-sen">-sen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ssen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ssen (page does not exist)">-ssen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_7">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> More at the pages of the various alternative forms listed above, such as <a href="/wiki/-sen#Dutch" title="-sen">-sen</a>. <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Dutch_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(patronymic)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(patronymic)" title="Category:Dutch terms suffixed with -s (patronymic)">Dutch terms suffixed with -s (patronymic)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estonian">Estonian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Estonian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_4">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-isa" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-isa">*-isa</a>. Related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/-isa#Finnish" title="-isa">-isa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_language" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <a href="/wiki/-isa#Ingrian" title="-isa">-isa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Votic language">Votic</a> <a href="/wiki/-sa#Votic" title="-sa">-sa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_17">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s (genitive <a href="/wiki/-sa#Estonian" title="-sa">-sa</a>, partitive <a href="/wiki/-sat#Estonian" title="-sat">-sat</a>, comparative <a href="/wiki/-sam#Estonian" title="-sam">-sam</a>, superlative kõige -sam) <ol><li>creates adjectives from nouns <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/au#Estonian" title="au">au</a> (“honour”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/aus#Estonian" title="aus">aus</a> (“honest”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/ilu#Estonian" title="ilu">ilu</a> (“beauty”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/ilus#Estonian" title="ilus">ilus</a> (“beautiful”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/l%C3%B5bu#Estonian" title="lõbu">lõbu</a> (“pleasure”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/l%C3%B5bus#Estonian" title="lõbus">lõbus</a> (“fun”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inflection">Inflection</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Inflection">edit</a>]</div> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="declension" style="border: solid 1px var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff); text-align:left;" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">Declension of -s (ÕS type <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Estonian_nominal_inflection#õpik" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendix:Estonian nominal inflection">2/õpik</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th style="min-width: 11em; background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);" colspan="2"> </th> <th style="min-width: 10em; background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">singular </th> <th style="min-width: 10em; background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">nominative </th> <td rowspan="2">-s </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/-sad#Estonian" title="-sad">-sad</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th rowspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">accusative </th> <th style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-1,#e0ffe0);">nom. </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-1,#e0ffe0);">gen. </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/-sa#Estonian" title="-sa">-sa</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">genitive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sate#Estonian" title="-sate">-sate</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">partitive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sat#Estonian" title="-sat">-sat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-said#Estonian" title="-said">-said</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">illative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sasse#Estonian" title="-sasse">-sasse</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-satesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-satesse (page does not exist)">-satesse</a> <a href="/wiki/-saisse#Estonian" title="-saisse">-saisse</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">inessive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sas#Estonian" title="-sas">-sas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-sates#Estonian" title="-sates">-sates</a> <a href="/wiki/-sais#Estonian" title="-sais">-sais</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">elative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sast#Estonian" title="-sast">-sast</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-satest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-satest (page does not exist)">-satest</a> <a href="/wiki/-saist#Estonian" title="-saist">-saist</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">allative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sale#Estonian" title="-sale">-sale</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-satele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-satele (page does not exist)">-satele</a> <a href="/wiki/-saile#Estonian" title="-saile">-saile</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">adessive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sal#Estonian" title="-sal">-sal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-satel#Estonian" title="-satel">-satel</a> <a href="/wiki/-sail#Estonian" title="-sail">-sail</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">ablative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-salt#Estonian" title="-salt">-salt</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-satelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-satelt (page does not exist)">-satelt</a> <a href="/wiki/-sailt#Estonian" title="-sailt">-sailt</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">translative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-saks#Estonian" title="-saks">-saks</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-sateks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-sateks (page does not exist)">-sateks</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-saiks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-saiks (page does not exist)">-saiks</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">terminative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sani#Estonian" title="-sani">-sani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-sateni#Estonian" title="-sateni">-sateni</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">essive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sana#Estonian" title="-sana">-sana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-satena#Estonian" title="-satena">-satena</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">abessive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sata#Estonian" title="-sata">-sata</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-sateta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-sateta (page does not exist)">-sateta</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">comitative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-saga#Estonian" title="-saga">-saga</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-satega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-satega (page does not exist)">-satega</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_8">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Estonian_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Estonian terms suffixed with -s">Estonian terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_4">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-nci#Proto-Finnic:_ordinal" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-nci">*-nci</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_18">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s (genitive <a href="/wiki/-nda#Estonian" title="-nda">-nda</a>, partitive <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndat (page does not exist)">-ndat</a>) <ol><li>forms <a href="/wiki/ordinal#English" title="ordinal">ordinal</a> numbers from <a href="/wiki/cardinal#English" title="cardinal">cardinal</a> numbers <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/kolm#Estonian" title="kolm">kolm</a> (“three”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/kolmas#Estonian" title="kolmas">kolmas</a> (“third”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/kuus#Estonian" title="kuus">kuus</a> (“six”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/kuues#Estonian" title="kuues">kuues</a> (“sixth”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inflection_2">Inflection</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Inflection">edit</a>]</div> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="declension" style="border: solid 1px var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff); text-align:left;" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">Declension of -s (ÕS type <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Estonian_nominal_inflection#õpik" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendix:Estonian nominal inflection">2/õpik</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th style="min-width: 11em; background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);" colspan="2"> </th> <th style="min-width: 10em; background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">singular </th> <th style="min-width: 10em; background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">nominative </th> <td rowspan="2">-s </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndad (page does not exist)">-ndad</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th rowspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">accusative </th> <th style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-1,#e0ffe0);">nom. </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-1,#e0ffe0);">gen. </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/-nda#Estonian" title="-nda">-nda</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">genitive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndate (page does not exist)">-ndate</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">partitive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndat (page does not exist)">-ndat</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndaid (page does not exist)">-ndaid</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">illative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndasse (page does not exist)">-ndasse</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndatesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndatesse (page does not exist)">-ndatesse</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndaisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndaisse (page does not exist)">-ndaisse</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">inessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndas (page does not exist)">-ndas</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndates (page does not exist)">-ndates</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndais (page does not exist)">-ndais</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">elative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndast (page does not exist)">-ndast</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndatest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndatest (page does not exist)">-ndatest</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndaist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndaist (page does not exist)">-ndaist</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">allative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndale (page does not exist)">-ndale</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndatele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndatele (page does not exist)">-ndatele</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndaile (page does not exist)">-ndaile</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">adessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndal (page does not exist)">-ndal</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndatel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndatel (page does not exist)">-ndatel</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndail (page does not exist)">-ndail</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">ablative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndalt (page does not exist)">-ndalt</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndatelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndatelt (page does not exist)">-ndatelt</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndailt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndailt (page does not exist)">-ndailt</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">translative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndaks (page does not exist)">-ndaks</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndateks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndateks (page does not exist)">-ndateks</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndaiks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndaiks (page does not exist)">-ndaiks</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">terminative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndani (page does not exist)">-ndani</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndateni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndateni (page does not exist)">-ndateni</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">essive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndana (page does not exist)">-ndana</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndatena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndatena (page does not exist)">-ndatena</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">abessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndata (page does not exist)">-ndata</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndateta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndateta (page does not exist)">-ndateta</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2ffff)"> <th colspan="2" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff);">comitative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndaga (page does not exist)">-ndaga</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ndatega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ndatega (page does not exist)">-ndatega</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnish">Finnish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Finnish">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_5">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> Contracted from the second-person singular pronoun <a href="/wiki/sa#Finnish" title="sa">sa</a>, <a href="/wiki/s%C3%A4#Finnish" title="sä">sä</a> (<a href="/wiki/sin%C3%A4#Finnish" title="sinä">sinä</a> in modern standard language), but no longer tied to being used in second-person. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Particle_3">Particle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Particle">edit</a>]</div> -s (enclitic particle, somewhat <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#informal" title="Appendix:Glossary">informal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#familiar" title="Appendix:Glossary">familiar</a>) <ol><li>When appended to a second-person singular or plural imperative, gives the command or request slightly rude or impatient tone—often with different verbs and different independent particles adjacent, the tone is different. <dl><dd>Kuules <a href="/wiki/nyt#Finnish" title="nyt">nyt</a>! (addressing one person. quite an established expression of frustration, speaker very impatient) ― Now do listen!</dd> <dd>Kuulkaas <a href="/wiki/nyt#Finnish" title="nyt">nyt</a>! (addressing many people, same tone as above) ― Now do listen!</dd> <dd>Tees nämä tehtävät. (addressing one person, tone less impatient) ― Go do these tasks.</dd></dl></li> <li>When appended to the particle <a href="/wiki/-pa#Finnish" title="-pa">-pa/-pä</a> that is appended to a second-person imperative, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/laittaa#Finnish" title="laittaa">Laita</a><a href="/wiki/-pa#Finnish" title="-pa">pa</a>s lautaset pöytään. ― Hey, go put the plates on the table.</dd></dl></li> <li>Mainly in informal contexts: a particle appended to an interrogative suffix <a href="/wiki/-ko#Finnish" title="-ko">-ko/-kö</a> of the verb conjugated in order to bring the conversation partner or a person outside the conversation, talked about, emotionally closer to the speaker, or to create familiarity into the conversation; also to express that closeness or familiarity—sometimes very difficult to translate well into English, in some cases corresponds to <a href="/wiki/tag_question#English" title="tag question">tag questions</a>. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/jaksaa#Finnish" title="jaksaa">Jaksat</a><a href="/wiki/-ko#Finnish" title="-ko">ko</a>s sinä? ― May you make it maybe?</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ei#Finnish" title="ei">Ei</a><a href="/wiki/-k%C3%B6#Finnish" title="-kö">kö</a>s Saara <a href="/wiki/opiskella#Finnish" title="opiskella">opiskele</a> <a href="/wiki/oikeustiede#Finnish" title="oikeustiede">oikeustieteit</a>ä? ― Saara studies law, <a href="/wiki/nuh" title="nuh">nuh</a>?</dd></dl></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#colloquial" title="Appendix:Glossary">colloquial</a>) appended to the shortened impersonal indicative present form (-n omitted) to soften the command or request or to make it more persuasive. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/tehd%C3%A4%C3%A4n#Finnish" title="tehdään">Tehdääs</a> tämä huomenna. ― Let's go do this tomorrow.</dd></dl></li> <li>Softens interrogative words, particularly <a href="/wiki/mik%C3%A4#Finnish" title="mikä">mikä</a>, <a href="/wiki/kuka#Finnish" title="kuka">kuka</a> and their inflected and derived forms, such as when the speaker expects the person addressed to know the answer. <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example">Mikäs se Suomen pääkaupunki olikaan?<dl><dd>What was Finland's capital again?</dd></dl></div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example">Kukas heistä olikaan sinun lapsesi?<dl><dd>Which of them was your child again?</dd></dl></div></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_8">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>When attached to imperative forms, the gemination is ignored, unless another enclitic is also used before -s, like with -pas. Thus laitas /lɑi̯tɑs/, but laitapas /lɑi̯tɑpːɑs/.</li> <li>When directly attached to forms ending in -n (e.g. passive forms), the -n is often dropped (e.g. <a href="/wiki/miten#Finnish" title="miten">miten</a> → mites).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_9">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(clitic)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(clitic)" title="Category:Finnish terms suffixed with -s (clitic)">Finnish terms suffixed with -s (clitic)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="See_also_3">See also</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="5"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/-han#Finnish:_clitic" title="-han">-han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-kaan#Finnish" title="-kaan">-kaan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-kin#Finnish" title="-kin">-kin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-ko#Finnish" title="-ko">-ko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-pa#Finnish:_clitic" title="-pa">-pa</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_5">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-s#Proto-Finnic:_nominal,_-kse-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-s">*-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finno-Permic" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finno-Permic">Proto-Finno-Permic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-kse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-kse (page does not exist)">*-kse</a> (compare <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_language" class="extiw" title="w:Erzya language">Erzya</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_language" class="extiw" title="w:Moksha language">Moksha</a> <a href="/wiki/-%D0%BA%D1%81#Moksha" title="-кс">-кс</a> (-ks, nominalizing suffix)). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_19">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Forms some nouns. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/jalka#Finnish" title="jalka">jalka</a> (“foot”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/jalas#Finnish" title="jalas">jalas</a> (“runner, skid”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/liha#Finnish" title="liha">liha</a> (“meat”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/lihas#Finnish" title="lihas">lihas</a> (“muscle”)</dd></dl></li> <li>Forms <a href="/wiki/fractional#English" title="fractional">fractional</a> numbers from <a href="/wiki/ordinal#English" title="ordinal">ordinal</a> numbers. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/kolmas#Finnish" title="kolmas">kolmas</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/kolmannes#Finnish" title="kolmannes">kolmannes</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_9">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(fraction): Usually used when the numerator is one (one third, one fourth, etc.) See the usage notes under <a href="/wiki/osa#Finnish" title="osa">osa</a> for more.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Declension">Declension</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Declension">edit</a>]</div> Back vowel harmony: <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="declension"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_nominal_forms" title="Appendix:Finnish nominal forms">Inflection</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 39/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/vastaus" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/vastaus">vastaus</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2">nominative </th> <td class="number-column">-s </td> <td class="number-column">-kset </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksen </td> <td>-sten -ksien </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-sta </td> <td>-ksia </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseen </td> <td>-ksiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-s </td> <td>-kset </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-s </td> <td rowspan="2">-kset </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksen </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksen </td> <td>-sten -ksien </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-sta </td> <td>-ksia </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessa </td> <td>-ksissa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksesta </td> <td>-ksista </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseen </td> <td>-ksiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksella </td> <td>-ksilla </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kselta </td> <td>-ksilta </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-kselle </td> <td>-ksille </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksena </td> <td>-ksina </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksi </td> <td>-ksiksi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksetta </td> <td>-ksitta </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>-ksin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td colspan="2">See the possessive forms below. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr class="fi-decl-poss-header"> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_possessive_suffixes" title="Appendix:Finnish possessive suffixes">Possessive forms</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 39/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/vastaus" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/vastaus">vastaus</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-kseni </td> <td>-kseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-kseni </td> <td rowspan="2">-kseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-kseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-kseni </td> <td>-steni -ksieni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stani </td> <td>-ksiani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessani </td> <td>-ksissani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestani </td> <td>-ksistani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseeni </td> <td>-ksiini </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellani </td> <td>-ksillani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltani </td> <td>-ksiltani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-kselleni </td> <td>-ksilleni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenani </td> <td>-ksinani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-ksekseni </td> <td>-ksikseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettani </td> <td>-ksittani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksineni </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksesi </td> <td>-ksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksesi </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksesi </td> <td>-stesi -ksiesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stasi </td> <td>-ksiasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessasi </td> <td>-ksissasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestasi </td> <td>-ksistasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseesi </td> <td>-ksiisi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellasi </td> <td>-ksillasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltasi </td> <td>-ksiltasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-ksellesi </td> <td>-ksillesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenasi </td> <td>-ksinasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksesi </td> <td>-ksiksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettasi </td> <td>-ksittasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksinesi </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksemme </td> <td>-ksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksemme </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksemme </td> <td>-stemme -ksiemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stamme </td> <td>-ksiamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessamme </td> <td>-ksissamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestamme </td> <td>-ksistamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseemme </td> <td>-ksiimme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellamme </td> <td>-ksillamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltamme </td> <td>-ksiltamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-ksellemme </td> <td>-ksillemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenamme </td> <td>-ksinamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksemme </td> <td>-ksiksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettamme </td> <td>-ksittamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksinemme </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksenne </td> <td>-ksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksenne </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksenne </td> <td>-stenne -ksienne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stanne </td> <td>-ksianne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessanne </td> <td>-ksissanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestanne </td> <td>-ksistanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseenne </td> <td>-ksiinne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellanne </td> <td>-ksillanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltanne </td> <td>-ksiltanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-ksellenne </td> <td>-ksillenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenanne </td> <td>-ksinanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksenne </td> <td>-ksiksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettanne </td> <td>-ksittanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksinenne </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">third-person possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksensa </td> <td>-ksensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksensa </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksensa </td> <td>-stensa -ksiensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-staan -stansa </td> <td>-ksiaan -ksiansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessaan -ksessansa </td> <td>-ksissaan -ksissansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestaan -ksestansa </td> <td>-ksistaan -ksistansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseensa </td> <td>-ksiinsa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellaan -ksellansa </td> <td>-ksillaan -ksillansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltaan -kseltansa </td> <td>-ksiltaan -ksiltansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-kselleen -ksellensa </td> <td>-ksilleen -ksillensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenaan -ksenansa </td> <td>-ksinaan -ksinansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-ksekseen -kseksensa </td> <td>-ksikseen -ksiksensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettaan -ksettansa </td> <td>-ksittaan -ksittansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksineen -ksinensa </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82639360">.mw-parser-output table.fi-decl{border-spacing:1px;text-align:left;display:table;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl th,.mw-parser-output .fi-decl td{vertical-align:top;padding:2px;padding-right:10px}.mw-parser-output table.fi-decl-poss{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-maybenote{width:100px}.mw-parser-output table.fi-decl-old{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.fi-decl-old th.thnum{width:33%}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl th.vsToggleElement{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl .narrow-space{font-size:25%}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss-subtable{width:100%}.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-decl-header-row,.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-decl-header-row:hover,.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-decl-header-row:active{background-image:none}.mw-parser-output table.fi-decl,.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss,.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss .fi-decl{border-style:solid;border-width:1px}.mw-parser-output table.fi-table{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output table.fi-table th,.mw-parser-output table.fi-table td{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#aaaaaa)}.mw-parser-output table.fi-decl,.mw-parser-output table.fi-table{border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#CCCCFF)}.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-decl-header-row,.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-decl-header-row:hover,.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-decl-header-row:active,.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-table-header-row,.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-table-header-row:hover,.mw-parser-output div.NavHead.fi-table-header-row:active,.mw-parser-output .fi-decl th,.mw-parser-output .fi-table th,.mw-parser-output .fi-table .fi-table-notes{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#CCCCFF)}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl td,.mw-parser-output .fi-table td{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#F2F2FF);border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-blue-1,#E6E6FF)}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss{border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-cyan-2,#CCEEFF);background:var(--wikt-palette-cyan-2,#CCEEFF)}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss .fi-decl-poss-header{background:var(--wikt-palette-cyan-2,#CCEEFF)}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss .fi-decl{border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-cyan-2,#CCEEFF)}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss .fi-decl th{background:var(--wikt-palette-cyan-1,#DDF4FF)}.mw-parser-output .fi-decl-poss .fi-decl td{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-cyan-0,#F2FAFF);border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-cyan-1,#DDF4FF)}</style> Front vowel harmony: <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="declension"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_nominal_forms" title="Appendix:Finnish nominal forms">Inflection</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 39/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/vastaus" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/vastaus">vastaus</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2">nominative </th> <td class="number-column">-s </td> <td class="number-column">-kset </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksen </td> <td>-sten -ksien </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stä </td> <td>-ksiä </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseen </td> <td>-ksiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-s </td> <td>-kset </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-s </td> <td rowspan="2">-kset </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksen </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksen </td> <td>-sten -ksien </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stä </td> <td>-ksiä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessä </td> <td>-ksissä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestä </td> <td>-ksistä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseen </td> <td>-ksiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellä </td> <td>-ksillä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltä </td> <td>-ksiltä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-kselle </td> <td>-ksille </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenä </td> <td>-ksinä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksi </td> <td>-ksiksi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettä </td> <td>-ksittä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>-ksin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td colspan="2">See the possessive forms below. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr class="fi-decl-poss-header"> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_possessive_suffixes" title="Appendix:Finnish possessive suffixes">Possessive forms</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 39/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/vastaus" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/vastaus">vastaus</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-kseni </td> <td>-kseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-kseni </td> <td rowspan="2">-kseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-kseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-kseni </td> <td>-steni -ksieni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stäni </td> <td>-ksiäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessäni </td> <td>-ksissäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestäni </td> <td>-ksistäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseeni </td> <td>-ksiini </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-kselläni </td> <td>-ksilläni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltäni </td> <td>-ksiltäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-kselleni </td> <td>-ksilleni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenäni </td> <td>-ksinäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-ksekseni </td> <td>-ksikseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettäni </td> <td>-ksittäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksineni </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksesi </td> <td>-ksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksesi </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksesi </td> <td>-stesi -ksiesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stäsi </td> <td>-ksiäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessäsi </td> <td>-ksissäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestäsi </td> <td>-ksistäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseesi </td> <td>-ksiisi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-kselläsi </td> <td>-ksilläsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltäsi </td> <td>-ksiltäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-ksellesi </td> <td>-ksillesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenäsi </td> <td>-ksinäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksesi </td> <td>-ksiksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettäsi </td> <td>-ksittäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksinesi </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksemme </td> <td>-ksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksemme </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksemme </td> <td>-stemme -ksiemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stämme </td> <td>-ksiämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessämme </td> <td>-ksissämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestämme </td> <td>-ksistämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseemme </td> <td>-ksiimme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellämme </td> <td>-ksillämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltämme </td> <td>-ksiltämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-ksellemme </td> <td>-ksillemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenämme </td> <td>-ksinämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksemme </td> <td>-ksiksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettämme </td> <td>-ksittämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksinemme </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksenne </td> <td>-ksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksenne </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksenne </td> <td>-stenne -ksienne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stänne </td> <td>-ksiänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessänne </td> <td>-ksissänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestänne </td> <td>-ksistänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseenne </td> <td>-ksiinne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellänne </td> <td>-ksillänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltänne </td> <td>-ksiltänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-ksellenne </td> <td>-ksillenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenänne </td> <td>-ksinänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-kseksenne </td> <td>-ksiksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettänne </td> <td>-ksittänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksinenne </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">third-person possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ksensä </td> <td>-ksensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ksensä </td> <td rowspan="2">-ksensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ksensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ksensä </td> <td>-stensä -ksiensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-stään -stänsä </td> <td>-ksiään -ksiänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-ksessään -ksessänsä </td> <td>-ksissään -ksissänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-ksestään -ksestänsä </td> <td>-ksistään -ksistänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-kseensä </td> <td>-ksiinsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-ksellään -ksellänsä </td> <td>-ksillään -ksillänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-kseltään -kseltänsä </td> <td>-ksiltään -ksiltänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-kselleen -ksellensä </td> <td>-ksilleen -ksillensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ksenään -ksenänsä </td> <td>-ksinään -ksinänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-ksekseen -kseksensä </td> <td>-ksikseen -ksiksensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-ksettään -ksettänsä </td> <td>-ksittään -ksittänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-ksineen -ksinensä </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82639360"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_10">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Finnish terms suffixed with -s">Finnish terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="1"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/-ska#Finnish:_diminutive" title="-ska">-ska</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3_4">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-nci#Proto-Finnic:_ordinal" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-nci">*-nci</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-mte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-mte (page does not exist)">*-mte</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_20">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Forms <a href="/wiki/ordinal#English" title="ordinal">ordinal</a> numbers from <a href="/wiki/cardinal#English" title="cardinal">cardinal</a> numbers, or ordinal pronouns. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/moni#Finnish" title="moni">moni</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/mones#Finnish" title="mones">mones</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_10">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> Added to the genitive singular (weak grade) stem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Declension_2">Declension</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Declension">edit</a>]</div> Back vowel harmony: <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="declension"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_nominal_forms" title="Appendix:Finnish nominal forms">Inflection</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 45*J/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/kahdeksas" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/kahdeksas">kahdeksas</a>, nt-nn gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2">nominative </th> <td class="number-column">-s </td> <td class="number-column">-nnet </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-nnen </td> <td>-nsien </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-tta </td> <td>-nsia </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteen </td> <td>-nsiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-s </td> <td>-nnet </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-s </td> <td rowspan="2">-nnet </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-nnen </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-nnen </td> <td>-nsien </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-tta </td> <td>-nsia </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessa </td> <td>-nsissa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnesta </td> <td>-nsista </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteen </td> <td>-nsiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnella </td> <td>-nsilla </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nnelta </td> <td>-nsilta </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnelle </td> <td>-nsille </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntena </td> <td>-nsina </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksi </td> <td>-nsiksi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnetta </td> <td>-nsitta </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>-nsin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td colspan="2">See the possessive forms below. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr class="fi-decl-poss-header"> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_possessive_suffixes" title="Appendix:Finnish possessive suffixes">Possessive forms</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 45*J/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/kahdeksas" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/kahdeksas">kahdeksas</a>, nt-nn gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-nteni </td> <td>-nteni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-nteni </td> <td rowspan="2">-nteni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-nteni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-nteni </td> <td>-nsieni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttani </td> <td>-nsiani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessani </td> <td>-nsissani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestani </td> <td>-nsistani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteeni </td> <td>-nsiini </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellani </td> <td>-nsillani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltani </td> <td>-nsiltani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnelleni </td> <td>-nsilleni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenani </td> <td>-nsinani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nnekseni </td> <td>-nsikseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettani </td> <td>-nsittani </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsineni </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntesi </td> <td>-ntesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntesi </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntesi </td> <td>-nsiesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttasi </td> <td>-nsiasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessasi </td> <td>-nsissasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestasi </td> <td>-nsistasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteesi </td> <td>-nsiisi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellasi </td> <td>-nsillasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltasi </td> <td>-nsiltasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnellesi </td> <td>-nsillesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenasi </td> <td>-nsinasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksesi </td> <td>-nsiksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettasi </td> <td>-nsittasi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsinesi </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntemme </td> <td>-ntemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntemme </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntemme </td> <td>-nsiemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttamme </td> <td>-nsiamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessamme </td> <td>-nsissamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestamme </td> <td>-nsistamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteemme </td> <td>-nsiimme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellamme </td> <td>-nsillamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltamme </td> <td>-nsiltamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnellemme </td> <td>-nsillemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenamme </td> <td>-nsinamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksemme </td> <td>-nsiksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettamme </td> <td>-nsittamme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsinemme </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntenne </td> <td>-ntenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntenne </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntenne </td> <td>-nsienne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttanne </td> <td>-nsianne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessanne </td> <td>-nsissanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestanne </td> <td>-nsistanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteenne </td> <td>-nsiinne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellanne </td> <td>-nsillanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltanne </td> <td>-nsiltanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnellenne </td> <td>-nsillenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenanne </td> <td>-nsinanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksenne </td> <td>-nsiksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettanne </td> <td>-nsittanne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsinenne </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">third-person possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntensa </td> <td>-ntensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntensa </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntensa </td> <td>-nsiensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttaan -ttansa </td> <td>-nsiaan -nsiansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessaan -nnessansa </td> <td>-nsissaan -nsissansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestaan -nnestansa </td> <td>-nsistaan -nsistansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteensa </td> <td>-nsiinsa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellaan -nnellansa </td> <td>-nsillaan -nsillansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltaan -nneltansa </td> <td>-nsiltaan -nsiltansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnelleen -nnellensa </td> <td>-nsilleen -nsillensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenaan -ntenansa </td> <td>-nsinaan -nsinansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nnekseen -nneksensa </td> <td>-nsikseen -nsiksensa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettaan -nnettansa </td> <td>-nsittaan -nsittansa </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsineen -nsinensa </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82639360"> Front vowel harmony: <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="declension"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_nominal_forms" title="Appendix:Finnish nominal forms">Inflection</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 45*J/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/kahdeksas" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/kahdeksas">kahdeksas</a>, nt-nn gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2">nominative </th> <td class="number-column">-s </td> <td class="number-column">-nnet </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-nnen </td> <td>-nsien </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttä </td> <td>-nsiä </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteen </td> <td>-nsiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-s </td> <td>-nnet </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-s </td> <td rowspan="2">-nnet </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-nnen </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-nnen </td> <td>-nsien </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttä </td> <td>-nsiä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessä </td> <td>-nsissä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestä </td> <td>-nsistä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteen </td> <td>-nsiin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellä </td> <td>-nsillä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltä </td> <td>-nsiltä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnelle </td> <td>-nsille </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenä </td> <td>-nsinä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksi </td> <td>-nsiksi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettä </td> <td>-nsittä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>-nsin </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td colspan="2">See the possessive forms below. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr class="fi-decl-poss-header"> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_possessive_suffixes" title="Appendix:Finnish possessive suffixes">Possessive forms</a> of -s (<a href="/wiki/Kotus" title="Kotus">Kotus</a> type 45*J/<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_declension/kahdeksas" title="Appendix:Finnish declension/kahdeksas">kahdeksas</a>, nt-nn gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-nteni </td> <td>-nteni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-nteni </td> <td rowspan="2">-nteni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-nteni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-nteni </td> <td>-nsieni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttäni </td> <td>-nsiäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessäni </td> <td>-nsissäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestäni </td> <td>-nsistäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteeni </td> <td>-nsiini </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnelläni </td> <td>-nsilläni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltäni </td> <td>-nsiltäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnelleni </td> <td>-nsilleni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenäni </td> <td>-nsinäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nnekseni </td> <td>-nsikseni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettäni </td> <td>-nsittäni </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsineni </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person singular possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntesi </td> <td>-ntesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntesi </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntesi </td> <td>-nsiesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttäsi </td> <td>-nsiäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessäsi </td> <td>-nsissäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestäsi </td> <td>-nsistäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteesi </td> <td>-nsiisi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnelläsi </td> <td>-nsilläsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltäsi </td> <td>-nsiltäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnellesi </td> <td>-nsillesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenäsi </td> <td>-nsinäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksesi </td> <td>-nsiksesi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettäsi </td> <td>-nsittäsi </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsinesi </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">first-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntemme </td> <td>-ntemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntemme </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntemme </td> <td>-nsiemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttämme </td> <td>-nsiämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessämme </td> <td>-nsissämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestämme </td> <td>-nsistämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteemme </td> <td>-nsiimme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellämme </td> <td>-nsillämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltämme </td> <td>-nsiltämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnellemme </td> <td>-nsillemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenämme </td> <td>-nsinämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksemme </td> <td>-nsiksemme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettämme </td> <td>-nsittämme </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsinemme </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">second-person plural possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntenne </td> <td>-ntenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntenne </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntenne </td> <td>-nsienne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttänne </td> <td>-nsiänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessänne </td> <td>-nsissänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestänne </td> <td>-nsistänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteenne </td> <td>-nsiinne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellänne </td> <td>-nsillänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltänne </td> <td>-nsiltänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnellenne </td> <td>-nsillenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenänne </td> <td>-nsinänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nneksenne </td> <td>-nsiksenne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettänne </td> <td>-nsittänne </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsinenne </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="noresize"> <table class="inflection-table fi-decl vsSwitcher fi-decl-poss-subtable" data-toggle-category="possessive inflection"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">third-person possessor </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="case-column" colspan="2"> </th> <th class="number-column">singular </th> <th class="number-column">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">nominative </th> <td>-ntensä </td> <td>-ntensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th rowspan="2">accusative </th> <th><abbr title="The nominative accusative is used, for example, as the object of certain passives and imperatives. Click the Inflection link and see the section on accusatives for more information.">nom.</abbr> </th> <td>-ntensä </td> <td rowspan="2">-ntensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>gen. </th> <td>-ntensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">genitive </th> <td>-ntensä </td> <td>-nsiensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">partitive </th> <td>-ttään -ttänsä </td> <td>-nsiään -nsiänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">inessive </th> <td>-nnessään -nnessänsä </td> <td>-nsissään -nsissänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">elative </th> <td>-nnestään -nnestänsä </td> <td>-nsistään -nsistänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">illative </th> <td>-nteensä </td> <td>-nsiinsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">adessive </th> <td>-nnellään -nnellänsä </td> <td>-nsillään -nsillänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">ablative </th> <td>-nneltään -nneltänsä </td> <td>-nsiltään -nsiltänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">allative </th> <td>-nnelleen -nnellensä </td> <td>-nsilleen -nsillensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">essive </th> <td>-ntenään -ntenänsä </td> <td>-nsinään -nsinänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">translative </th> <td>-nnekseen -nneksensä </td> <td>-nsikseen -nsiksensä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">abessive </th> <td>-nnettään -nnettänsä </td> <td>-nsittään -nsittänsä </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">instructive </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th colspan="2">comitative </th> <td>—</td> <td>-nsineen -nsinensä </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82639360"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_11">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(ordinal)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(ordinal)" title="Category:Finnish terms suffixed with -s (ordinal)">Finnish terms suffixed with -s (ordinal)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4_4">Etymology 4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Etymology 4">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-s#Proto-Finnic:_adverbial" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-s">*-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-s (page does not exist)">*-s</a> (compare <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_language" class="extiw" title="w:Erzya language">Erzya</a> <a href="/wiki/-%D1%81#Erzya" title="-с">-с</a> (-s) in <a href="/wiki/%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81#Erzya" title="эйс">эйс</a> (ejs, “into”)). Sometimes considered a reduction of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-kse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-kse (page does not exist)">*-kse</a> (translative ending): *-kse > *-ks > *-s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_21">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Forms <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Finnish_adverbial_cases#Lative" title="Appendix:Finnish adverbial cases">lative</a> adverbs. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/ala-#Finnish" title="ala-">ala-</a> (“below, down, lower”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/alas#Finnish" title="alas">alas</a> (“down”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_12">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(adverbial)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(adverbial)" title="Category:Finnish terms suffixed with -s (adverbial)">Finnish terms suffixed with -s (adverbial)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_5_3">Etymology 5</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Etymology 5">edit</a>]</div> From apocope of the final vowel of <a href="/wiki/-ssa#Finnish" title="-ssa">-ssa</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ss%C3%A4#Finnish" class="mw-redirect" title="-ssä">-ssä</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_22">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(case suffix, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#colloquial" title="Appendix:Glossary">colloquial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#dialectal" title="Appendix:Glossary">dialectal</a>) Alternative form of <a href="/wiki/-ssa#Finnish" title="-ssa">-ssa</a> (inessive)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French">French</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: French">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_6">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French" class="extiw" title="w:Middle French">Middle French</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_French">-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French" class="extiw" title="w:Old French">Old French</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_French">-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/-os#Latin" title="-os">-os</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Latin" title="-es">-es</a> (accusative plural). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_3">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is usual in adjectives, but fairly rare in nouns.</li> <li>Irregularly pronounced /s/ in <a href="/wiki/tous#French" title="tous">tous</a> (“all”) when used as a pronoun.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r50165410">.mw-parser-output .k-player .k-attribution{visibility:hidden}</style><table class="audiotable" style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; list-style: none; line-height: 1em; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0;"><tbody><tr><td>Audio (liaison):</td><td class="audiofile"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" style="width:175px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="LL-Q150_(fra)-Lyokoï--s.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></td><td class="audiometa" style="font-size: 80%;">(<a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--s.wav">file</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_23">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the regular plurals of most nouns and adjectives. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/homme#French" title="homme">homme</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/hommes#French" title="hommes">hommes</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/bon#French" title="bon">bon</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/bons#French" title="bons">bons</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns and adjectives in -au, -eu (which regularly add <a href="/wiki/-x#French" title="-x">-x</a>) and in -al (which regularly make -aux). <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/landau#French" title="landau">landau</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/landaus#French" title="landaus">landaus</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/bleu#French" title="bleu">bleu</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/bleus#French" title="bleus">bleus</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/carnaval#French" title="carnaval">carnaval</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/carnavals#French" title="carnavals">carnavals</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_6">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French" class="extiw" title="w:Middle French">Middle French</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_French">-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French" class="extiw" title="w:Old French">Old French</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_French">-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Latin" title="-es">-es</a>, <a href="/wiki/-is#Latin" title="-is">-is</a> (second-person singular). The spread of this suffix to the first-person singular started out from Old French verbs whose stems happened to end in a sibilant, most notably the regular conjugation in <a href="/wiki/-ir#Old_French" title="-ir">-ir</a>, e.g., je <a href="/wiki/fenir" title="fenir">fenis</a>, tu fenis (from Vulgar Latin fin-isc-o, fin-isc-is). In later Old French, final /s/ was only pronounced in <a href="/wiki/liaison" title="liaison">liaison</a> and in <a href="/wiki/pausa" title="pausa">pausa</a>. This weakened the distinction in those verbs which had originally had -s in the second-person only, but by analogy now began to take it in the first-person as well. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_4">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is optional after full vowels (as in tu <a href="/wiki/devoir" title="devoir">dois</a>). After silent -e- (as in tu <a href="/wiki/aimer" title="aimer">aimes</a>) it is rare and often discouraged.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_24">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations.</li> <li>Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also_4">See also</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=108" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-x#French" title="-x">-x</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German">German</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=109" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_7">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=110" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German" class="extiw" title="w:Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_High_German" title="-es">-es</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German" class="extiw" title="w:Old High German">Old High German</a> [Term?]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_forms_3">Alternative forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=111" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-es#German" title="-es">-es</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-ens#German" title="-ens">-ens</a> (proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant; dated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/-%27#German" title="-'">-'</a> (proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/-%27s#German" title="-'s">-'s</a> (common nouns; now proscribed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/-%27s#German" title="-'s">-'s</a> (proper nouns; correct in certain cases, but often seen as a misspelling)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_25">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=112" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>used to form the genitive singular of most masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and proper nouns of all genders</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_11">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=113" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> The formation of the strong genitive singular (in -s, -es, or no ending) may be of some difficulty both for learners and native speakers. Only one form is possible in some nouns: <ul><li>Nouns in unstressed -as, -es,- is, -os, -us remain unchanged (except those in <a href="/wiki/-nis#German" title="-nis">-nis</a>, which make -nisses).</li> <li>Other nouns in -s, -ß, -x, -z take -es.</li> <li>Nouns ending in a vowel or in unstressed -el, -em, -en, -er, -or, -um take -s. (Only those in a diphthong or in -h allow -es, alternatively.)</li> <li>Nouns forming their plural in -s take the same ending also in the genitive singular. (Apparent exceptions will generally have an alternative plural in -e.)</li></ul> Otherwise, both forms are usually correct, but certain tendencies can be observed: <ul><li>The es-form is strongly preferred in a number of frequently used monosyllables, to the degree that the s-form may even sound odd. No hard rule can be given to identify these nouns; they include e.g. <a href="/wiki/Land#German" title="Land">Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mann#German" title="Mann">Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weg#German" title="Weg">Weg</a>, etc.</li> <li>The es-form is also preferred, for euphonic reasons, in words ending in certain clusters like -pf, -sch, -st.</li> <li>Most other monosyllables have no clear preference.</li> <li>The s-form is usually preferred in polysyllables, regardless of their being simple or compound and regardless also of stress patterns.</li></ul> Note, finally, that there is a fairly strong tendency for proper nouns (used with the article) and for newer or less common loanwords to remain unchanged in the genitive singular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_7">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=114" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> Probably derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), but developed into a noun-forming suffix in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" class="extiw" title="w:Low German">German Low German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_26">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=115" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> <ol><li>used to form nouns from verb stems <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/klacken#German" title="klacken">klacken</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/Klacks#German" title="Klacks">Klacks</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/schnappen#German" title="schnappen">schnappen</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/Schnaps#German" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3_5">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=116" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#loanword" title="Appendix:Glossary">Borrowed</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> [Term?]. Reinforced by the fact that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" class="extiw" title="w:French language">French</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a> also use -s as a plural suffix. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_forms_4">Alternative forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=117" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-%27s#German" title="-'s">-'s</a> (now proscribed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/-ens#German" title="-ens">-ens</a> (family names ending with a sibilant consonant)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_27">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=118" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the plurals of some nouns.</li> <li>Used to form the plurals of personal names, particularly family names.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_12">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=119" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The plural ending -s is most typical of loanwords (as in <a href="/wiki/Schals#German" title="Schals">Schals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parf%C3%BCms#German" title="Parfüms">Parfüms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videos#German" title="Videos">Videos</a>), though there is a tendency for naturalised loanwords to switch to <a href="/wiki/-e#German" title="-e">-e</a> or <a href="/wiki/-en#German" title="-en">-en</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Gener%C3%A4le#German" title="Generäle">Generäle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lifte#German" title="Lifte">Lifte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizzen#German" title="Pizzen">Pizzen</a> with older <a href="/wiki/Generals#German" title="Generals">Generals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lifts#German" title="Lifts">Lifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizzas#German" title="Pizzas">Pizzas</a>). Conversely, -s is also used in a certain number of native words (as in <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A4uleins#German" title="Fräuleins">Fräuleins</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4dels#German" title="Mädels">Mädels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uhus#German" title="Uhus">Uhus</a>). Moreover, it is the most productive plural marker in contemporary German, typically used to pluralise initialisms (<a href="/wiki/LKWs#German" title="LKWs">LKWs</a>), neologisms (<a href="/wiki/Honks#German" title="Honks">Honks</a>), and words that do not otherwise have a common plural form (<a href="/wiki/Streits#German" title="Streits">Streits</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_28">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=120" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form <a href="/wiki/adverb#English" title="adverb">adverbs</a> from <a href="/wiki/substantive#English" title="substantive">substantives</a>: <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/der#German" title="der">der</a> Tag (“the day”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/tags#German" title="tags">tags</a> (“in the daytime”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/die#German" title="die">die</a> Nacht (“the night”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/nachts#German" title="nachts">nachts</a> (“by night”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/die#German" title="die">die</a> Linke (“the left”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/links#German" title="links">links</a> (“on the left”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/der#German" title="der">der</a> Anfang (“the beginning”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/anfangs#German" title="anfangs">anfangs</a> (“initially”)</dd></dl></li> <li>Sometimes used to form <a href="/wiki/adverb#English" title="adverb">adverbs</a> from <a href="/wiki/adjectives#English" title="adjectives">adjectivess</a>: <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/bereit#German" title="bereit">bereit</a> (“ready”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/bereits#German" title="bereits">bereits</a> (“already”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/w/index.php?title=beiderrseitig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="beiderrseitig (page does not exist)">beiderrseitig</a> (“reciprocal”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/beiderseits#German" title="beiderseits">beiderseits</a> (“reciprocally”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also_5">See also</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=121" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-s-#German" title="-s-">-s-</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=122" title="Edit section: Hungarian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_9">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=123" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Presumably can be traced back to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-ć (page does not exist)">*-ć</a> suffix.<a href="#cite_note-4">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_5">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=124" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Hungarian_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Hungarian pronunciation">key</a>): [ʃ]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r50165410"><table class="audiotable" style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; list-style: none; line-height: 1em; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0;"><tbody><tr><td>Audio:</td><td class="audiofile"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" style="width:175px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Hu-s.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Hu-s.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Hu-s.ogg/Hu-s.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></td><td class="audiometa" style="font-size: 80%;">(<a href="/wiki/File:Hu-s.ogg" title="File:Hu-s.ogg">file</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_29">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=125" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(adjective-forming suffix) Added to a <a href="/wiki/noun#English" title="noun">noun</a> to form an <a href="/wiki/adjective#English" title="adjective">adjective</a> meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/ornative#English" title="ornative">ornative</a>. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/s%C3%B3#Hungarian" title="só">só</a> (“salt”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/s%C3%B3s#Hungarian" title="sós">sós</a> (“salty”)</dd></dl></li> <li>(noun-forming suffix) Added to a <a href="/wiki/noun#English" title="noun">noun</a> to form an occupation or a collective noun. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/haj%C3%B3#Hungarian" title="hajó">hajó</a> (“ship”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/haj%C3%B3s#Hungarian" title="hajós">hajós</a> (“sailor”)</dd></dl></li> <li>(number-forming suffix) Added to a <a href="/wiki/cardinal_number#English" title="cardinal number">cardinal number</a> to form a digit or figure, cf. <a href="/wiki/Template:U:hu:nominal_numerals#English" title="Template:U:hu:nominal numerals">the relevant template</a>. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/nulla#Hungarian" title="nulla">nulla</a> (“zero”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/null%C3%A1s#Hungarian" title="nullás">nullás</a> (“the digit or figure 0”)</dd></dl></li> <li>(frequentative suffix, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#obsolete" title="Appendix:Glossary">obsolete</a>) Forms verbs with repetitive meaning. In today's Hungarian language, it is completely obsolete, and its old derivatives are also obscured, e.g. <a href="/wiki/olvas#Hungarian" title="olvas">olvas</a> (“to read”), <a href="/wiki/keres#Hungarian" title="keres">keres</a> (“to seek”), <a href="/w/index.php?title=futos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="futos (page does not exist)">futos</a> (“to run around”).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_notes_13">Usage notes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=126" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(all senses) Variants: <dl><dd>-s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/-os#Hungarian" title="-os">-os</a> is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/-as#Hungarian" title="-as">-as</a> is added to <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Hungarian_low-vowel_words" title="Appendix:Hungarian low-vowel words">other back-vowel words</a> ending in a consonant</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/-es#Hungarian" title="-es">-es</a> is added to unrounded (and <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Hungarian_low-vowel_words#(Rounded)_front-vowel_words" title="Appendix:Hungarian low-vowel words">some rounded</a>) front-vowel words ending in a consonant</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/-%C3%B6s#Hungarian" title="-ös">-ös</a> is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_13">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=127" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="4"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/-us#Hungarian" title="-us">-us</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Hungarian_adjectives_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_adjectives_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Hungarian adjectives suffixed with -s">Hungarian adjectives suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Hungarian_nouns_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_nouns_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Hungarian nouns suffixed with -s">Hungarian nouns suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also_6">See also</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=128" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Hungarian_suffixes" title="Appendix:Hungarian suffixes">Appendix:Hungarian suffixes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_4">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=129" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"> ^ </a> -s in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dtk.tankonyvtar.hu/bitstream/handle/123456789/8879/Etimologiai_szotar.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete</a> (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9637094016" title="Special:BookSources/9637094016">→ISBN</a>.  (See also <a href="/wiki/Template:R:Zaicz_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:R:Zaicz 2021">its 2nd edition</a>.) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingrian">Ingrian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=130" title="Edit section: Ingrian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_8">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=131" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ssa" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ssa">*-ssa</a>. Cognates include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/-ssa#Finnish" title="-ssa">-ssa</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" class="extiw" title="w:Estonian language">Estonian</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Estonian">-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_6">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=132" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Ala-Laukaa_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Ala-Laukaa</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-sːɑ/, [-s̠ːɑ], /-sːæ/, [-s̠ːæ]</li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Soikkola_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Soikkola</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-s/, [-ʃ]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_30">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=133" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the <a href="/wiki/inessive_case#English" title="inessive case">inessive case</a>; <a href="/wiki/in" title="in">in</a>, <a href="/wiki/inside" title="inside">inside</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_14">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=134" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>May trigger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_grammar#Vowel_elongation" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian grammar">vowel elongation</a> of the preceding vowel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inflection_3">Inflection</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=135" title="Edit section: Inflection">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82636062">.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl th{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl th.izh-decl-header-row{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .izh-decl-type{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .izh-decl-case-column{width:11em}.mw-parser-output .izh-decl-form-column{width:12em}.mw-parser-output .izh-decl-notes{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl{border-style:solid;border-width:1px}.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl{border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff)}.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl .izh-decl-header-row,.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-blue-2,#ccccff)}.mw-parser-output table.izh-decl td{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-blue-0,#f2f2ff)}.mw-parser-output table.izh-poss{border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-green-2,#ccffcc)}.mw-parser-output table.izh-poss th.thheader{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-green-3,#c0e4c0)}.mw-parser-output table.izh-poss .izh-poss-header-row,.mw-parser-output table.izh-poss th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-green-2,#ccffcc)}.mw-parser-output table.izh-poss td{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-green-0,#f2fff2)}</style> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher izh-poss" data-toggle-category="inflection" style="text-align: center;" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement izh-poss-header-row" style="min-width: 30em; text-align: left;" colspan="3">Possessive forms of -s </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th style="min-width: 11em;" class="thheader">possessor </th> <th style="min-width: 10em;" class="thheader">singular </th> <th style="min-width: 10em;" class="thheader">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>1st person </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ssaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ssaan (page does not exist)">-ssaan</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ssamme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ssamme (page does not exist)">-ssamme</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>2nd person </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ssaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ssaas (page does not exist)">-ssaas</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ssanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ssanne (page does not exist)">-ssanne</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>3rd person </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-ssaa#Ingrian" title="-ssaa">-ssaa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ssasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ssasse (page does not exist)">-ssasse</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_8">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=136" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-nci#Proto-Finnic:_ordinal" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-nci">*-nci</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-mte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-mte (page does not exist)">*-mte</a>. Cognates include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Finnish">-s</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" class="extiw" title="w:Estonian language">Estonian</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Estonian">-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_7">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=137" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Ala-Laukaa_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Ala-Laukaa</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-s/, [-s̠]</li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Soikkola_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Soikkola</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-s/, [-ʃ]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_31">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=138" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers; <a href="/wiki/-th" title="-th">-th</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Declension_3">Declension</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=139" title="Edit section: Declension">edit</a>]</div> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher izh-decl" data-toggle-category="declension"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" class="vsToggleElement izh-decl-header-row">Declension of -s (type 2/<a href="/wiki/kolmas#Ingrian" title="kolmas">kolmas</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="izh-decl-case-column"> </th> <th class="izh-decl-form-column">singular </th> <th class="izh-decl-form-column">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th class="izh-decl-case-column">nominative </th> <td class="izh-decl-form-column">-s </td> <td class="izh-decl-form-column"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nnet (page does not exist)">-nnet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>genitive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nnen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nnen (page does not exist)">-nnen</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsiin (page does not exist)">-nsiin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>partitive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-tt%C3%A4#Ingrian" title="-ttä">-ttä</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsi%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsiä (page does not exist)">-nsiä</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>illative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ntee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ntee (page does not exist)">-ntee</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsii (page does not exist)">-nsii</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>inessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nnees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nnees (page does not exist)">-nnees</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsiis (page does not exist)">-nsiis</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>elative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nnest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nnest (page does not exist)">-nnest</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsist (page does not exist)">-nsist</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>allative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nnelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nnelle (page does not exist)">-nnelle</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsille (page does not exist)">-nsille</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>adessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nneel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nneel (page does not exist)">-nneel</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsiil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsiil (page does not exist)">-nsiil</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>ablative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nnelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nnelt (page does not exist)">-nnelt</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsilt (page does not exist)">-nsilt</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>translative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nneks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nneks (page does not exist)">-nneks</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsiks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsiks (page does not exist)">-nsiks</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>essive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ntenn%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ntennä (page does not exist)">-ntennä</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-nteen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nteen (page does not exist)">-nteen</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsiinn%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsiinnä (page does not exist)">-nsiinnä</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsiin (page does not exist)">-nsiin</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>exessive1) </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nnent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nnent (page does not exist)">-nnent</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-nsint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-nsint (page does not exist)">-nsint</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td colspan="3" class="izh-decl-notes">1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (<abbr title="singular number">sg</abbr>) or nominative (<abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix <a href="/wiki/-ka#Ingrian" title="-ka">-ka</a>? or <a href="/wiki/-k%C3%A4#Ingrian" title="-kä">-kä</a>? to the genitive. </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82636062"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_14">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=140" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="4"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/kaheksas#Ingrian" title="kaheksas">kaheksas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/kolmas#Ingrian" title="kolmas">kolmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/kuuvves#Ingrian" title="kuuvves">kuuvves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/kymmen%C3%A4s#Ingrian" title="kymmenäs">kymmenäs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/nelj%C3%A4s#Ingrian" title="neljäs">neljäs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/seitsem%C3%A4s#Ingrian" title="seitsemäs">seitsemäs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/viijes#Ingrian" title="viijes">viijes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/yheks%C3%A4s#Ingrian" title="yheksäs">yheksäs</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3_6">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=141" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ci" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ci">*-ci</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-ti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-ti (page does not exist)">*-ti</a>. Cognates include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/-si#Finnish" title="-si">-si</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_8">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=142" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Ala-Laukaa_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Ala-Laukaa</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-s/, [-s̠]</li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Soikkola_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Soikkola</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-s/, [-ʃ]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_32">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=143" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#obsolete" title="Appendix:Glossary">obsolete</a>) Used to mark the possession of the second person singular; <a href="/wiki/thy" title="thy">thy</a>, <a href="/wiki/your" title="your">your</a> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">1936, D. I. Efimov, <cite>Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa)</cite>, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">Niin mamallees i saoki.<dl><dd>Just say so to your mother.</dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_15">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=144" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>May trigger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_grammar#Vowel_elongation" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian grammar">vowel elongation</a> of the preceding vowel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inflection_4">Inflection</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=145" title="Edit section: Inflection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82636062"> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher izh-poss" data-toggle-category="inflection" style="text-align: center;" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th class="vsToggleElement izh-poss-header-row" style="min-width: 30em; text-align: left;" colspan="3">Possessive forms of -s </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th style="min-width: 11em;" class="thheader">possessor </th> <th style="min-width: 10em;" class="thheader">singular </th> <th style="min-width: 10em;" class="thheader">plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>1st person </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-n#Ingrian" title="-n">-n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-mme#Ingrian" title="-mme">-mme</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-nne#Ingrian" title="-nne">-nne</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>3rd person </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-V#Ingrian" title="-V">-V</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-sse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-sse (page does not exist)">-sse</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4_5">Etymology 4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=146" title="Edit section: Etymology 4">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-s" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-s">*-s</a>. Cognates include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Finnish">-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_9">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=147" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Ala-Laukaa_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Ala-Laukaa</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-s/, [-s̠]</li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology#Soikkola_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Ingrian phonology">Soikkola</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ingrian phonology">key</a>): /-s/, [-ʃ]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_33">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=148" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(non-productive) Used to form nouns from other nouns <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/ohja#Ingrian" title="ohja">ohja</a> (“rein”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/ohjas#Ingrian" title="ohjas">ohjas</a> (“rein”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Declension_4">Declension</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=149" title="Edit section: Declension">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>(back-vocalic) <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher izh-decl" data-toggle-category="declension"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" class="vsToggleElement izh-decl-header-row">Declension of -s (type 2/<a href="/wiki/petos#Ingrian" title="petos">petos</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="izh-decl-case-column"> </th> <th class="izh-decl-form-column">singular </th> <th class="izh-decl-form-column">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th class="izh-decl-case-column">nominative </th> <td class="izh-decl-form-column">-s </td> <td class="izh-decl-form-column"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kset (page does not exist)">-kset</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>genitive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksen (page does not exist)">-ksen</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiin (page does not exist)">-ksiin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>partitive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sta#Ingrian" title="-sta">-sta</a>, <a href="/wiki/-st#Ingrian" title="-st">-st</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-ksia#Ingrian" title="-ksia">-ksia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>illative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksee (page does not exist)">-ksee</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksii (page does not exist)">-ksii</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>inessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksees (page does not exist)">-ksees</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiis (page does not exist)">-ksiis</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>elative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksest (page does not exist)">-ksest</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksist (page does not exist)">-ksist</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>allative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kselle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kselle (page does not exist)">-kselle</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksille (page does not exist)">-ksille</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>adessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kseel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kseel (page does not exist)">-kseel</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiil (page does not exist)">-ksiil</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>ablative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kselt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kselt (page does not exist)">-kselt</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksilt (page does not exist)">-ksilt</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>translative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kseks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kseks (page does not exist)">-kseks</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiks (page does not exist)">-ksiks</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>essive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksenna (page does not exist)">-ksenna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-kseen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kseen (page does not exist)">-kseen</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksinna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksinna (page does not exist)">-ksinna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiin (page does not exist)">-ksiin</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>exessive1) </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksent (page does not exist)">-ksent</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksint (page does not exist)">-ksint</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td colspan="3" class="izh-decl-notes">1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (<abbr title="singular number">sg</abbr>) or nominative (<abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix <a href="/wiki/-ka#Ingrian" title="-ka">-ka</a>? or <a href="/wiki/-k%C3%A4#Ingrian" title="-kä">-kä</a>? to the genitive. </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82636062"> </td> <td>(front-vocalic) <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher izh-decl" data-toggle-category="declension"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" class="vsToggleElement izh-decl-header-row">Declension of -s (type 2/<a href="/wiki/petos#Ingrian" title="petos">petos</a>, no gradation) </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th class="izh-decl-case-column"> </th> <th class="izh-decl-form-column">singular </th> <th class="izh-decl-form-column">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th class="izh-decl-case-column">nominative </th> <td class="izh-decl-form-column">-s </td> <td class="izh-decl-form-column"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kset (page does not exist)">-kset</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>genitive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksen (page does not exist)">-ksen</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiin (page does not exist)">-ksiin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>partitive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-st%C3%A4#Ingrian" title="-stä">-stä</a>, <a href="/wiki/-st#Ingrian" title="-st">-st</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-ksi%C3%A4#Ingrian" title="-ksiä">-ksiä</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>illative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksee (page does not exist)">-ksee</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksii (page does not exist)">-ksii</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>inessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksees (page does not exist)">-ksees</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiis (page does not exist)">-ksiis</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>elative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksest (page does not exist)">-ksest</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksist (page does not exist)">-ksist</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>allative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kselle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kselle (page does not exist)">-kselle</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksille (page does not exist)">-ksille</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>adessive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kseel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kseel (page does not exist)">-kseel</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiil (page does not exist)">-ksiil</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>ablative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kselt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kselt (page does not exist)">-kselt</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksilt (page does not exist)">-ksilt</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>translative </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-kseks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kseks (page does not exist)">-kseks</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiks (page does not exist)">-ksiks</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>essive </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksenn%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksennä (page does not exist)">-ksennä</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-kseen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-kseen (page does not exist)">-kseen</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksinn%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksinnä (page does not exist)">-ksinnä</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksiin (page does not exist)">-ksiin</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th>exessive1) </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksent (page does not exist)">-ksent</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ksint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ksint (page does not exist)">-ksint</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td colspan="3" class="izh-decl-notes">1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (<abbr title="singular number">sg</abbr>) or nominative (<abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix <a href="/wiki/-ka#Ingrian" title="-ka">-ka</a>? or <a href="/wiki/-k%C3%A4#Ingrian" title="-kä">-kä</a>? to the genitive. </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82636062"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_15">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=150" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Ingrian_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Ingrian terms suffixed with -s">Ingrian terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_5">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=151" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>V. I. Junus (1936) <cite>Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/61204/bx000010800.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y">[1]</a>, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 43</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karelian">Karelian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=152" title="Edit section: Karelian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_10">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=153" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ci" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ci">*-ci</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-ti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/-ti (page does not exist)">*-ti</a>. Cognates include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/-si#Finnish" title="-si">-si</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_10">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=154" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Karelian phonology">key</a>): /s/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_34">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=155" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to mark the possession of the second person; <a href="/wiki/thy" title="thy">thy</a>, <a href="/wiki/your" title="your">your</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/jalka#Karelian" title="jalka">jalka</a> (“leg”) → <a href="/w/index.php?title=jalkas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="jalkas (page does not exist)">jalkas</a> (“your leg(s)”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_16">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=156" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}">Category Karelian terms suffixed with -s not found</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_6">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=157" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>P. M. Zaykov (1999) <cite>Грамматика Карельского языка (фонетика и морфология)</cite> [<cite>Grammar of the Karelian language (phonetics and morphology)</cite>], <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-88170-019-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-88170-019-8">→ISBN</a>, page 47</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kashubian">Kashubian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=158" title="Edit section: Kashubian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_11">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=159" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/si" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/si">*si</a>. Cognates include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Polish language">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/-%C5%9B#Polish" title="-ś">-ś</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincian_language" class="extiw" title="w:Slovincian language">Slovincian</a> <a href="/wiki/-sz#Slovincian" title="-sz">-sz</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_11">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=160" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Kashubian phonology">key</a>): /s/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particle_4">Particle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=161" title="Edit section: Particle">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>appended to <a href="/wiki/relative_pronoun#English" title="relative pronoun">relative</a>/<a href="/wiki/interrogative_pronoun#English" title="interrogative pronoun">interrogative pronouns</a> to form <a href="/wiki/indefinite_pronoun#English" title="indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronouns</a> <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/chto#Kashubian" title="chto">chto</a> (“who”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/chtos#Kashubian" title="chtos">chtos</a> (“someone”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_17">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=162" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Kashubian_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Kashubian terms suffixed with -s">Kashubian terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin">Latin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=163" title="Edit section: Latin">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_12">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=164" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-s" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-s">*-s</a>. Cognate with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/-%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" title="-ς">-ς</a> (-s). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_35">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=165" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>suffix marking the nominative singular form of non-neuter nouns and adjectives in declensions other than the <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Latin_first_declension#English" title="Appendix:Latin first declension">first</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_notes_16">Usage notes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=166" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> The suffix appears most obviously in the <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Latin_third_declension" title="Appendix:Latin third declension">third declension</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/urbs#Latin" title="urbs">urbs</a>. Stem-final consonants are often modified or deleted before the suffix: for example, ‎lēg- (“law”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/lex#Latin" title="lex">lēx</a> (“law”, nominative singular) and ‎dent- (“tooth”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/dens#Latin" title="dens">dēns</a> (“tooth”, nominative singular). Etymologically, the Latin third declension includes both original consonant-stem nouns and i-stem nouns, but these two classes are not consistently distinguished in the nominative singular due to frequent syncope of nominative forms that originally ended in *-is (such as <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%C3%A9nh%E2%82%81tis" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵénh₁tis">*ǵénh₁tis</a> > <a href="/wiki/gens#Latin" title="gens">gēns</a>), as well as some analogical interchange of endings between these two classes (as in <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%E1%B8%B1w%E1%B9%93" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱwṓ">*ḱwṓ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82y%C3%A9wH%C5%8D" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂yéwHō">*h₂yéwHō</a> being replaced with <a href="/wiki/canis#Latin" title="canis">canis</a> and <a href="/wiki/iuvenis#Latin" title="iuvenis">iuvenis</a> respectively). The ending -s usually does not appear in the nominative singular of n-stem, r-stem, or l-stem nouns. Most non-neuter n-stems instead drop the -n- and take the ending -ō̆ in the nominative singular (such as <a href="/wiki/homo#Latin" title="homo">homō̆, hominis</a> or <a href="/wiki/caro#Latin" title="caro">carō̆, carnis</a>); a smaller set end in -n in the nominative singular (as in <a href="/wiki/tibicen#Latin" title="tibicen">tībīcen, tībīcinis</a>); -s appears only in a handful of irregular formations such as <a href="/wiki/canis#Latin" title="canis">canis</a>, <a href="/wiki/iuvenis#Latin" title="iuvenis">iuvenis</a>, <a href="/wiki/sanguis#Latin" title="sanguis">sanguī̆s</a>. R-stem and l-stem nouns (such as <a href="/wiki/actor#Latin" title="actor">āctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/consul#Latin" title="consul">cōnsul</a>) normally have nominative singular forms ending in -r or -l respectively (which are the regular outcomes in Latin of word-final original *-rs and *-ls). Latin nominative singular forms that end in -ns, -rs or -ls are derived by consonant cluster simplification from stems ending in -t- or -d-; e.g. <a href="/wiki/mons#Latin" title="mons">mōns, montis</a>; <a href="/wiki/pars#Latin" title="pars">pars, partis</a>; <a href="/wiki/puls#Latin" title="puls">puls, pultis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Latin_second_declension" title="Appendix:Latin second declension">Second declension</a> non-neuter nominative singular forms originally ended in the suffix -s preceded by the Indo-European thematic vowel *-o-. Vowel reduction caused short -o- to be replaced with -u- in closed non-initial syllables, and so Proto-Italic <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-os" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-os">*-os</a> became Classical Latin <a href="/wiki/-us#Latin" title="-us">-us</a>, which is often interpreted as a nominative suffix of its own (an example of <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#rebracketing" title="Appendix:Glossary">rebracketing</a>) rather than a sequence of stem-final vowel + -s. Likewise, in the <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Latin_fourth_declension" title="Appendix:Latin fourth declension">fourth declension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Latin_fifth_declension" title="Appendix:Latin fifth declension">fifth declension</a>, -s is always preceded by the characteristic vowels of these declensions (-u- and -ē- respectively), with the result that <a href="/wiki/-us#Latin" title="-us">-us</a> and -ēs are frequently regarded as nominative singular suffixes for these declensions. The suffix -s generally appears only on non-neuter nominative/vocative forms, but it is found in the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular of <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_third_declension_adjectives_of_one_termination" title="Category:Latin third declension adjectives of one termination">third declension adjectives "of one termination"</a>. From an etymological perspective, third-declension neuter nouns such as <a href="/wiki/genus#Latin" title="genus">genus, generis</a> that end in -s in the nominative singular alternating with -r- in oblique forms do not end in this suffix: rather, they are derived from stems that originally ended in the consonant *s (which was changed to -r- by rhotacism when followed by a suffix starting with a vowel). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_18">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=167" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Latin_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Latin terms suffixed with -s">Latin terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low_German">Low German</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=168" title="Edit section: Low German">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_13">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=169" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German" class="extiw" title="w:Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Middle_Low_German" title="-es">-es</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxon" class="extiw" title="w:Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/-es#Old_Saxon" title="-es">-es</a>, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_36">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=170" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#archaic" title="Appendix:Glossary">archaic</a>) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#rare" title="Appendix:Glossary">rare</a>) Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns.</li> <li>Used to form the partitive form of the adjective <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/groot#Low_German" title="groot">groot</a> → wat groots</dd></dl></li> <li>Used to form adverbs <dl><dd>Nacht → <a href="/wiki/nachts#Low_German" title="nachts">nachts</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=171" title="Edit section: Lushootseed">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_37">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=172" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li><a href="/wiki/his" title="his">his</a>, <a href="/wiki/hers" title="hers">hers</a>, <a href="/wiki/theirs" title="theirs">theirs</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manx">Manx</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=173" title="Edit section: Manx">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_forms_5">Alternative forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=174" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-ish#Manx" title="-ish">-ish</a>, <a href="/wiki/-sh#Manx" title="-sh">-sh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_14">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=175" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="w:Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/-sa#Old_Irish" title="-sa">-sa</a> (first person singular) and <a href="/wiki/-su#Old_Irish" title="-su">-su</a> (second person singular). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_38">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=176" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li><a href="/wiki/-self" title="-self">-self</a> (emphatic)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_notes_17">Usage notes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=177" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Added to <a href="/wiki/prepositional_pronoun" title="prepositional pronoun">prepositional pronouns</a> (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis: <ul><li>Used in <a href="/wiki/first-person_singular" title="first-person singular">first-person singular</a>: (e.g., <a href="/wiki/lhiams#Manx" title="lhiams">lhiams</a>).</li> <li>Used in <a href="/wiki/second-person_singular" title="second-person singular">second-person singular</a>: (e.g., <a href="/wiki/orts#Manx" title="orts">orts</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also_7">See also</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=178" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-yn#Manx" title="-yn">-yn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-syn#Manx" title="-syn">-syn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_English">Middle English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=179" title="Edit section: Middle English">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_15">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=180" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82267123">.mw-parser-output .maintenance-box{width:90%;margin:0.75em auto;border-width:1px;border-style:dashed;padding:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .request-box{width:90%;margin:0.75em auto;border:1px dashed var(--border-color-base,#999999);padding:0.25em;background:var(--background-color-base,#FFFFFF)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .request-box table{margin-top:0.25em;margin-bottom:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-blue{background-color:#E6E6FF;border-color:#000061}.mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-red{background-color:#FFE6E6;border-color:#610000}.mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-yellow{background-color:#FFFFE6;border-color:#616100}.mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-grey{background-color:#F2F2F2;border-color:#303030}.mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-orange{background-color:#FFF2E6;border-color:#612F00}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-blue{background-color:#1D1D44;border-color:#73737F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-red{background-color:#441D1D;border-color:#7F7373}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-yellow{background-color:#323216;border-color:#7F7F73}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-grey{background-color:#303030;border-color:#797979}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-orange{background-color:#44301D;border-color:#7F7973}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-blue{background-color:#1D1D44;border-color:#73737F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-red{background-color:#441D1D;border-color:#7F7373}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-yellow{background-color:#323216;border-color:#7F7F73}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-grey{background-color:#303030;border-color:#797979}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .maintenance-box-orange{background-color:#44301D;border-color:#7F7973}}</style>(This <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Etymology" title="Wiktionary:Etymology">etymology</a> is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Etymology_scriptorium" title="Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium">Etymology scriptorium</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_39">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=181" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Adverbial genitive ending, developed into the -ce at the end of some words</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descendants_2">Descendants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=182" title="Edit section: Descendants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>English: -s(t)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"> (<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#fossilized" title="Appendix:Glossary">fossilized</a> in <a href="/wiki/whilst#English" title="whilst">whilst</a>), <a href="/wiki/-ce#English" title="-ce">-ce</a> (mostly fossilized in <a href="/wiki/hence#English" title="hence">hence</a>, <a href="/wiki/thence#English" title="thence">thence</a>, <a href="/wiki/whence#English" title="whence">whence</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mohawk">Mohawk</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=183" title="Edit section: Mohawk">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_40">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=184" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li><a href="/wiki/habitual#English" title="habitual">habitual</a> verb suffix <ol><li>in verbal nouns: <a href="/wiki/-er#English" title="-er">-er</a></li> <li>in adjectival verbs, indicates that the subject is not singular</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_7">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=185" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) <cite>Mohawk: A teaching grammar</cite> (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 439</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Sami">Northern Sami</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=186" title="Edit section: Northern Sami">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_12">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=187" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82267123"><div class="noprint request-box"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phonetik.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/40px-Phonetik.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/60px-Phonetik.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/80px-Phonetik.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="16" /></a> </td> <td>This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> then please add some! </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_9">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=188" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Samic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-s (page does not exist)">*-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_41">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=189" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Forms nouns indicating a material.</li> <li>Forms nouns from numbers, indicating a group. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/golbma#Northern_Sami" title="golbma">golbma</a> (“three”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/w/index.php?title=golmmas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="golmmas (page does not exist)">golmmas</a> (“group of three”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_18">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=190" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inflection_5">Inflection</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=191" title="Edit section: Inflection">edit</a>]</div> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="inflection" style="border:solid 1px #CCCCFF; text-align: left;" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="background: #E2F6E2; text-align: left;"> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="3">Odd, no gradation </th></tr> <tr class="vsShow" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="width: 8em; background: #E2F6E2;">Nominative </th> <td style="width: 15em;" colspan="2">-s </td></tr> <tr class="vsShow" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Genitive </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/-sa#Northern_Sami" title="-sa">-sa</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th style="width: 8em; background: #C0E4C0;"> </th> <th style="width: 12em; background: #C0E4C0;">Singular </th> <th style="width: 12em; background: #C0E4C0;">Plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Nominative </th> <td data-accel-col="1">-s </td> <td data-accel-col="2"><a href="/wiki/-sat#Northern_Sami" title="-sat">-sat</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Accusative </th> <td data-accel-col="1"><a href="/wiki/-sa#Northern_Sami" title="-sa">-sa</a> </td> <td data-accel-col="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-siid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-siid (page does not exist)">-siid</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Genitive </th> <td data-accel-col="1"><a href="/wiki/-sa#Northern_Sami" title="-sa">-sa</a> </td> <td data-accel-col="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-siid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-siid (page does not exist)">-siid</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Illative </th> <td data-accel-col="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-sii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-sii (page does not exist)">-sii</a> </td> <td data-accel-col="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-siidda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-siidda (page does not exist)">-siidda</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Locative </th> <td data-accel-col="1"><a href="/wiki/-sis#Northern_Sami" title="-sis">-sis</a> </td> <td data-accel-col="2"><a href="/wiki/-siin#Northern_Sami" title="-siin">-siin</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Comitative </th> <td data-accel-col="1"><a href="/wiki/-siin#Northern_Sami" title="-siin">-siin</a> </td> <td data-accel-col="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-siiguin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-siiguin (page does not exist)">-siiguin</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">Essive </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/-sin#Northern_Sami" title="-sin">-sin</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0;"> <table class="inflection-table vsSwitcher" style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="background: #E2F6E2; text-align: left;"> <th class="vsToggleElement" colspan="4">Possessive forms </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide"> <th style="width: 8em; background: #C0E4C0;"> </th> <th style="width: 12em; background: #C0E4C0;">Singular </th> <th style="width: 12em; background: #C0E4C0;">Dual </th> <th style="width: 12em; background: #C0E4C0;">Plural </th></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">1st person </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-san#Northern_Sami" title="-san">-san</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-seame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-seame (page does not exist)">-seamẹ</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-seamet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-seamet (page does not exist)">-seamẹt</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">2nd person </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sat#Northern_Sami" title="-sat">-sat</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-seatte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-seatte (page does not exist)">-seattẹ</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-seattet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-seattet (page does not exist)">-seattẹt</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vsHide" style="background: #F2F2FF;"> <th style="background: #E2F6E2;">3rd person </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-sis#Northern_Sami" title="-sis">-sis</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-seaskka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-seaskka (page does not exist)">-seaskkạ</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=-seaset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-seaset (page does not exist)">-seasẹt</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_19">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=192" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Northern_Sami_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(material)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(material)" title="Category:Northern Sami terms suffixed with -s (material)">Northern Sami terms suffixed with -s (material)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_9">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=193" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82267123">(This <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Etymology" title="Wiktionary:Etymology">etymology</a> is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Etymology_scriptorium" title="Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium">Etymology scriptorium</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_42">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=194" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/buorre#Northern_Sami" title="buorre">buorre</a> (“good”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/bures#Northern_Sami" title="bures">būres</a> (“well”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_19">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=195" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_20">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=196" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Northern_Sami_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(manner_adverb)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(manner_adverb)" title="Category:Northern Sami terms suffixed with -s (manner adverb)">Northern Sami terms suffixed with -s (manner adverb)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3_7">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=197" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Samic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-ks%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-ksë (page does not exist)">*-ksë</a>. Cognate with the Finnish translative ending <a href="/wiki/-ksi#Finnish" title="-ksi">-ksi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_43">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=198" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Forms adverbs indicating direction or a span of time. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/davvi#Northern_Sami" title="davvi">davvi</a> (“north”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/dav%C3%A1s#Northern_Sami" title="davás">davás</a> (“northwards”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/d%C3%A1lvi#Northern_Sami" title="dálvi">dálvi</a> (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/d%C3%A1lvv%C3%A1s#Northern_Sami" title="dálvvás">dálvvás</a> (“for the winter”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_20">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=199" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_21">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=200" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Northern_Sami_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(direction_adverb)" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_terms_suffixed_with_-s_(direction_adverb)" title="Category:Northern Sami terms suffixed with -s (direction adverb)">Northern Sami terms suffixed with -s (direction adverb)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4_6">Etymology 4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=201" title="Edit section: Etymology 4">edit</a>]</div> From a merger of two older case endings: <ul><li>Inessive, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Samic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-sn%C4%93" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-snē">*-snē</a>. Cognate with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/-ssa#Finnish" title="-ssa">-ssa</a>.</li> <li>Elative, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Samic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-st%C4%93" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-stē">*-stē</a>. Cognate with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Finnish language">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/-sta#Finnish" title="-sta">-sta</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_44">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=202" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>The ending of the locative singular case.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_21">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=203" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.</li></ul> When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix reverts to its earlier form -st- (for even-syllable stems) or -stti- (for odd-syllable stems). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norwegian_Bokmål">Norwegian Bokmål</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=204" title="Edit section: Norwegian Bokmål">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_10">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=205" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Danish language">Danish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Danish">-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="w:Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/-sk#Old_Norse" title="-sk">-sk</a>, a grammaticalisation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sek" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sek">*sek</a> (reflexive pronoun). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_45">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=206" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the <a href="/wiki/passive#English" title="passive">passive</a> voice of verbs.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_10">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=207" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Danish language">Danish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Danish">-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="w:Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_Norse">-s</a>, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Particle_5">Particle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=208" title="Edit section: Particle">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form <a href="/wiki/genitive#English" title="genitive">genitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/possessive#English" title="possessive">possessive</a> phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_22">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=209" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> If the last word already ends with a <a href="/wiki/sibilant" title="sibilant">sibilant</a>, only an apostrophe (<a href="/wiki/-%27" title="-'">-'</a>) is added. It is incorrect to use an apostrophe before the s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_English">Old English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=210" title="Edit section: Old English">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_16">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=211" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-West Germanic language">Proto-West Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/-issju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-issju (page does not exist)">*-issju</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/-ussju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ussju (page does not exist)">*-ussju</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-isj%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-isjō (page does not exist)">*-isjō</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-usj%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-usjō (page does not exist)">*-usjō</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_13">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=212" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Old_English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Old English pronunciation">key</a>): /s/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_46">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=213" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/milde#Old_English" title="milde">milde</a> (“gentle, mild”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/milts#Old_English" title="milts">milts</a> (“mercy”) (earlier <a href="/wiki/milds#Old_English" title="milds">milds</a>)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/li%C3%BEe#Old_English" title="liþe">līþe</a> (“gentle, limber”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/liss#Old_English" title="liss">liss</a> (“grace”) (earlier <a href="/w/index.php?title=li%C3%BEs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="liþs (page does not exist)">liþs</a>)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/cwe%C3%BEan#Old_English" title="cweþan">cweþan</a> (“to say, speak”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/w/index.php?title=cwiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="cwiss (page does not exist)">cwiss</a> (“a saying”) (earlier <a href="/w/index.php?title=cwi%C3%BEs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="cwiþs (page does not exist)">cwiþs</a>)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension_5">Declension</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=214" title="Edit section: Declension">edit</a>]</div> Strong ō-stem: <div class="inflection-table-wrapper inflection-table-narrow inflection-table-indigo inflection-table-no-title" style="width: fit-content" data-toggle-category="inflection"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82797227">.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-wrapper{padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0;background:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue);border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-grey)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-wrapper.inflection-table-narrow{}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-wrapper.inflection-table-no-title{border:0;padding:0}@media all and (max-width:639px){.mw-parser-output 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th.secondary{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-indigo-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-indigo th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-indigo-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-indigo th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-indigo-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-purple.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-purple-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-purple th.secondary{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-purple-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-purple th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-purple-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-purple th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-purple-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-magenta.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-magenta th.secondary{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-magenta th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-magenta th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th.secondary{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th.secondary{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-4)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th.secondary{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th.outer{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-4)}</style> <table class="inflection-table"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/nominative_case" title="nominative case">nominative</a> </th> <td>-s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-sa#Old_English" title="-sa">-sa</a>, <a href="/wiki/-se#Old_English" title="-se">-se</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/accusative_case" title="accusative case">accusative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-se#Old_English" title="-se">-se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-sa#Old_English" title="-sa">-sa</a>, <a href="/wiki/-se#Old_English" title="-se">-se</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/genitive_case" title="genitive case">genitive</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-se#Old_English" title="-se">-se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-sa#Old_English" title="-sa">-sa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/dative_case" title="dative case">dative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/-se#Old_English" title="-se">-se</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/-sum#Old_English" title="-sum">-sum</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_French">Old French</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=215" title="Edit section: Old French">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_forms_6">Alternative forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=216" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-z#Old_French" title="-z">-z</a> (for most words that do not end in -e)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_47">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=217" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>indicates a nominative singular of a masculine noun or adjective</li> <li>indicates an oblique plural of a masculine noun or adjective</li> <li>indicates a (nominative or oblique) plural of a feminine noun or adjective</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descendants_3">Descendants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=218" title="Edit section: Descendants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Middle French: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_French">-s</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"> <ul><li>French: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#French">-s</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pipil">Pipil</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=219" title="Edit section: Pipil">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_48">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=220" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(no longer <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#productive" title="Appendix:Glossary">productive</a>) Forms nouns from verbs, indicating the activity of the verb</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=221" title="Edit section: Synonyms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="2"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/-lis#Pipil" title="-lis">-lis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-was#Pipil" title="-was">-was</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-wis#Pipil" title="-wis">-wis</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=222" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.49</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=223" title="Edit section: Portuguese">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_14">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=224" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguese" class="extiw" title="w:European Portuguese">Portugal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" class="extiw" title="w:Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Brazil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" class="extiw" title="w:Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Portuguese_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Portuguese pronunciation">key</a>): /ʃ/</li> <li>(Central-South Brazil) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Portuguese_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Portuguese pronunciation">key</a>): /s/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_11">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=225" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_forms_7">Alternative forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=226" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-es#Portuguese" title="-es">-es</a> (after certain consonants and nasal vowels)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_49">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=227" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives, especially those that end in vowels <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling" class="extiw" title="w:J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>, translated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia_Wyler" class="extiw" title="w:Lia Wyler">Lia Wyler</a>, <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pt:Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows" class="extiw" title="w:pt:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows">Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte</a></cite> [<cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows" class="extiw" title="w:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a></cite>] (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter" class="extiw" title="w:Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a>; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788532522610" title="Special:BookSources/9788532522610">→ISBN</a>, page 308:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...<dl><dd>Did you notice her hair, it's dark and bright and soft...</dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_23">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=228" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> -s vs. <a href="/wiki/-es#Portuguese" title="-es">-es</a> vs. non-use: <ul><li>After l ([ɫ] [l], [w]), -s is used and the l is replaced with i ([j]): <a href="/wiki/pastel#Portuguese" title="pastel">pastel</a> → <a href="/wiki/past%C3%A9is#Portuguese" title="pastéis">pastéis</a>, <a href="/wiki/capital#Portuguese" title="capital">capital</a> → <a href="/wiki/capitais#Portuguese" title="capitais">capitais</a>, <ul><li>A scattering of exceptions have or allow -es after l, the most common being <a href="/wiki/mal#Portuguese" title="mal">mal</a> → <a href="/wiki/males#Portuguese" title="males">males</a></li> <li>After stressed il, -s is used and the l is dropped: <a href="/wiki/hostil#Portuguese" title="hostil">hostil</a> → <a href="/wiki/hostis#Portuguese" title="hostis">hostis</a>, <a href="/wiki/canil#Portuguese" title="canil">canil</a> → <a href="/wiki/canis#Portuguese" title="canis">canis</a></li> <li>After unstressed il, the ending becomes -eis: <a href="/wiki/r%C3%A9ptil#Portuguese" title="réptil">réptil</a> → <a href="/wiki/r%C3%A9pteis#Portuguese" title="répteis">répteis</a>, <a href="/wiki/proj%C3%A9til#Portuguese" title="projétil">projétil</a> → <a href="/wiki/proj%C3%A9teis#Portuguese" title="projéteis">projéteis</a></li> <li>In sporadic and strongly proscribed Brazilian usage, the same rules are applied to words that end in a vowel + u or o ([w]): <a href="/wiki/degrau#Portuguese" title="degrau">degrau</a> → * <a href="/wiki/degrais#Portuguese" title="degrais">degrais</a>, <a href="/wiki/trof%C3%A9u#Portuguese" title="troféu">troféu</a> → * <a href="/w/index.php?title=trof%C3%A9is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="troféis (page does not exist)">troféis</a></li></ul></li> <li>After s: <ul><li>-es if the word is stressed in the last syllable: <a href="/wiki/conv%C3%A9s#Portuguese" title="convés">convés</a> → <a href="/wiki/conveses#Portuguese" title="conveses">conveses</a>, <a href="/wiki/anis#Portuguese" title="anis">anis</a> → <a href="/wiki/anises#Portuguese" title="anises">anises</a></li> <li>not used otherwise: <a href="/wiki/status#Portuguese" title="status">status</a> → <a href="/wiki/status#Portuguese" title="status">status</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%ADris#Portuguese" title="íris">íris</a> → <a href="/wiki/%C3%ADris#Portuguese" title="íris">íris</a></li></ul></li> <li>after m, -s is used and the m becomes n; this is an orthographic process, since in both cases the final consonant marks vowel nasalisation: <a href="/wiki/dom#Portuguese" title="dom">dom</a> → <a href="/wiki/dons#Portuguese" title="dons">dons</a></li> <li>after n, either, but -es is more common in dialects where it is produced as /n/ rather than vowel nasalisation: <a href="/wiki/h%C3%ADfen#Portuguese" title="hífen">hífen</a> → <a href="/wiki/hifens#Portuguese" title="hifens">hifens</a> or <a href="/wiki/h%C3%ADfenes#Portuguese" title="hífenes">hífenes</a></li> <li>after r and z, -es is used</li> <li>after vowels and semivowels, -s is used <ul><li>the plural of words ending in -ão can be -ões (by far the most common), -ãos (usually masculines with a feminine in -ã) or -ães (only a handful of words)</li></ul></li> <li>loanwords usually follow the same rules: <a href="/wiki/mouse#Portuguese" title="mouse">mouse</a> → <a href="/wiki/mouses#Portuguese" title="mouses">mouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%B3pera#Portuguese" title="ópera">ópera</a> → <a href="/wiki/%C3%B3peras#Portuguese" title="óperas">óperas</a> <ul><li>in recent English loanwords ending in r, and occasionally in loans from other languages, -s is used: <a href="/wiki/player#Portuguese" title="player">player</a> → <a href="/wiki/players#Portuguese" title="players">players</a></li> <li>unadapted loanwords ending in unusual consonants usually take -s or no morpheme: <a href="/wiki/ankh#Portuguese" title="ankh">ankh</a> → <a href="/wiki/ankhs#Portuguese" title="ankhs">ankhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/flood#Portuguese" title="flood">flood</a> → <a href="/wiki/floods#Portuguese" title="floods">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/spam#Portuguese" title="spam">spam</a> → <a href="/wiki/spam#Portuguese" title="spam">spam</a> or <a href="/wiki/spams#Portuguese" title="spams">spams</a></li> <li>rarely, and often alongside a regular form, the plural from the original language is used: <a href="/wiki/campus#Portuguese" title="campus">campus</a> → <a href="/wiki/campi#Portuguese" title="campi">campi</a> (also <a href="/wiki/campus#Portuguese" title="campus">campus</a>), <a href="/wiki/mafioso#Portuguese" title="mafioso">mafioso</a> → <a href="/wiki/mafiosi#Portuguese" title="mafiosi">mafiosi</a> (more commonly <a href="/wiki/mafiosos#Portuguese" title="mafiosos">mafiosos</a>), <a href="/wiki/gol#Portuguese" title="gol">gol</a> → <a href="/wiki/gols#Portuguese" title="gols">gols</a> (very rarely <a href="/wiki/goles#Portuguese" title="goles">goles</a> or <a href="/wiki/gois#Portuguese" title="gois">gois</a>)</li> <li>after x, Hellenisms and Latinisms are usually unchanged (following the rule for words ending in s), but sometimes have -es and the x becomes c (/s/), especially in Brazilian Portuguese: <a href="/wiki/t%C3%B3rax#Portuguese" title="tórax">tórax</a> → <a href="/wiki/t%C3%B3rax#Portuguese" title="tórax">tórax</a>, <a href="/wiki/cl%C3%ADmax#Portuguese" title="clímax">clímax</a> → <a href="/wiki/cl%C3%ADmax#Portuguese" title="clímax">clímax</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=cl%C3%ADmaces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="clímaces (page does not exist)">clímaces</a></li></ul></li> <li>more often than not, surnames do not take an extra morpheme in the plural; when they do, they are usually Portuguese surnames with recognisable Portuguese morphemes: o <a href="/wiki/Ferreira#Portuguese" title="Ferreira">Ferreira</a> → os <a href="/wiki/Ferreira#Portuguese" title="Ferreira">Ferreira</a> or os <a href="/wiki/Ferreiras#Portuguese" title="Ferreiras">Ferreiras</a></li> <li>names of peoples that do not contain Portuguese endings usually do not take the plural morpheme: <a href="/wiki/polaco#Portuguese" title="polaco">polaco</a> → <a href="/wiki/polacos#Portuguese" title="polacos">polacos</a>; <a href="/wiki/ashanti#Portuguese" title="ashanti">ashanti</a> → <a href="/wiki/ashanti#Portuguese" title="ashanti">ashanti</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=ashantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ashantis (page does not exist)">ashantis</a> (less common)</li></ul> In informal varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, a noun phrase may take a single plural marker, usually in the article. For example, “the big houses” may be <a href="/wiki/as#Portuguese" title="as">as</a> <a href="/wiki/casa#Portuguese" title="casa">casa</a> <a href="/wiki/grande#Portuguese" title="grande">grande</a> where standard Portuguese requires <a href="/wiki/as#Portuguese" title="as">as</a> <a href="/wiki/casas#Portuguese" title="casas">casas</a> <a href="/wiki/grandes#Portuguese" title="grandes">grandes</a>. This usage is very widespread, however, it is proscribed and generally regarded as unacceptable in formal contexts and in serious writing. In some words that end in O and have a stressed /o/ in the penult, the stressed vowel becomes /ɔ/ in the plural. See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Portuguese_nouns_with_metaphonic_plurals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphonic plurals (page does not exist)">Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphonic plurals</a>. Colloquial Brazilian Portuguese allows /j/ to be added before /s/ in words stressed in their final syllables. This is blocked by morpheme boundaries, such that <a href="/wiki/n%C3%B3s#Portuguese" title="nós">nós</a> (“we”) may be pronounced /nɔjs/, but <a href="/wiki/n%C3%B3s#Portuguese" title="nós">nós</a> (“knots”) can only be pronounced as /nɔs/. <a href="/wiki/voc%C3%AAs#Portuguese" title="vocês">vocês</a> and colloquial forms <a href="/wiki/c%C3%AAs#Portuguese" title="cês">cês</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=oc%C3%AAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ocês (page does not exist)">ocês</a> are an exception to this rule, and can be pronounced /voˈsejs/. Note that this process is usually avoided in formal speech. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_11">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=229" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_50">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=230" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" class="extiw" title="w:Brazilian Portuguese">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#slang" title="Appendix:Glossary">slang</a>) used to form slangier forms of certain words <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/foi_mal#Portuguese" title="foi mal">foi mal</a> (“sorry”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/w/index.php?title=foi_mals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="foi mals (page does not exist)">foi mals</a> (“soz”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/grande_coisa#Portuguese" title="grande coisa">grande coisa</a> (“big deal”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/w/index.php?title=grandes_coisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="grandes coisa (page does not exist)">grandes coisa</a> (“biggie”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/valeu#Portuguese" title="valeu">valeu</a> (“thank you”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/w/index.php?title=valeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="valeus (page does not exist)">valeus</a> (“thanks”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quechua">Quechua</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=231" title="Edit section: Quechua">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_forms_8">Alternative forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=232" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-si#Quechua" title="-si">-si</a> (after consonants)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/-sh#Quechua" title="-sh">-sh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_51">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=233" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Evidential suffix, second-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has not directly experienced the information at hand; hearsay <dl><dd>Qusqumantas <a href="/wiki/kay#Quechua" title="kay">kanki</a>. ― (They say that) you are from Cusco.</dd> <dd>Inisqa <a href="/wiki/qayna#Quechua" title="qayna">qayna</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%B1a%C3%B1a#Quechua" title="ñaña">ñañantas</a> <a href="/wiki/watukuy#Quechua" title="watukuy">watukusqan</a>. ― Inez visited her sister yesterday (so I heard).</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="See_also_8">See also</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=234" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-m#Quechua" title="-m">-m</a>/<a href="/wiki/-mi" title="-mi">-mi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish">Spanish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=235" title="Edit section: Spanish">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_17">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=236" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Derived from the Latin <a href="/wiki/accusative" title="accusative">accusative</a> plural endings (<a href="/wiki/-as#Latin" title="-as">-ās</a>, <a href="/wiki/-os#Latin" title="-os">-ōs</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Latin" title="-es">-ēs</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_52">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=237" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives which end in vowels. <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/amigo#Spanish" title="amigo">amigo</a> (“friend”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/amigos#Spanish" title="amigos">amigos</a> (“friends”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/cocina#Spanish" title="cocina">cocina</a> (“kitchen”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/cocinas#Spanish" title="cocinas">cocinas</a> (“kitchens”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terms_2">Related terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=238" title="Edit section: Related terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="1"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/-es#Spanish" title="-es">-es</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swedish">Swedish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=239" title="Edit section: Swedish">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_15">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=240" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Swedish_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Swedish pronunciation">key</a>): /s/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_12">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=241" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swedish" class="extiw" title="w:Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_Swedish">-s</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="w:Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_Norse">-s</a>, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Danish language">Danish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Danish">-s</a>. The frequent use of the suffix in written and modern colloquial Swedish is possibly the result of foreign influence, either Latin or Middle Low German. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clitic">Clitic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=242" title="Edit section: Clitic">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form <a href="/wiki/genitive#English" title="genitive">genitive</a> phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Related_terms_3">Related terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=243" title="Edit section: Related terms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-s-#Swedish" title="-s-">-s-</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_12">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=244" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#inherited" title="Appendix:Glossary">Inherited</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="w:Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/-sk#Old_Norse" title="-sk">-sk</a>, a grammaticalisation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sek" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sek">*sek</a> (reflexive pronoun). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_53">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=245" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/productive" title="productive">productive</a>) Used to form the <a href="/wiki/passive#English" title="passive">passive</a> voice of verbs. <dl><dd>Bilen kör ― The car drives.</dd> <dd>Bilen körs ― The car is (being) driven.</dd> <dd>Bilen körde. ― The car drove.</dd> <dd>Bilen kördes. ― The car was (being) driven.</dd> <dd>Grisen äter. ― The pig eats.</dd> <dd>Grisen äts. ― The pig is (being) eaten.</dd></dl> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">1995, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sv:Peter_Gr%C3%B6nvall" class="extiw" title="w:sv:Peter Grönvall">Peter Grönvall</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_R%C3%A5dsten" class="extiw" title="w:Maria Rådsten">Maria Rådsten</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanne_Gr%C3%B6nvall" class="extiw" title="w:Nanne Grönvall">Nanne Grönvall</a> (lyrics and music), “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_vackraste" class="extiw" title="w:Det vackraste">Det vackraste</a> [The most beautiful thing ["thing" from being nominalized]]”‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ll7v7LpGJ3c">[2]</a>performed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Vennersten" class="extiw" title="w:Cecilia Vennersten">Cecilia Vennersten</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">Det är en rikedom att få älska och att älskas.<dl><dd>It is a richness to get to love and to be loved.</dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li>(chiefly unproductive) Used to form the <a href="/wiki/middle#English" title="middle">middle</a> (<a href="/wiki/reflexive#English" title="reflexive">reflexive</a> and <a href="/wiki/reciprocal#English" title="reciprocal">reciprocal</a>) voice of verbs. <dl><dd>Jag mötte honom. ― I met him.</dd> <dd>Vi möttes. ― We met up. (literally, “We met each other.”)</dd> <dd>Han slog mig. ― He hit me.</dd> <dd>Vi slogs. ― We fought. (literally, “We hit each other.”)</dd></dl></li> <li>(by extension) Used with certain <a href="/wiki/transitive#English" title="transitive">transitive</a> verbs, but without an object, to indicate a habitual or natural action. <dl><dd>Var försiktig! Hästen sparkas. ― Be careful! The horse kicks [has a disposition to kick].</dd> <dd>Hunden bits. ― The dog bites [habitually].</dd> <dd>Han knuffas mycket. ― He pushes people a lot.</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_24">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=246" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Until the middle of the 20th century, the variant suffix <a href="/wiki/-es#Swedish" title="-es">-es</a> was used to mark the present passive of all <a href="/wiki/-er#Swedish" title="-er">-er</a> verbs of the second and fourth conjugations. This usage is mostly considered archaic today, but -es is still used for -er verbs whose stems end in s.</li> <li>See also <a href="/wiki/vara#Swedish" title="vara">vara</a> (“be”), which forms a passive voice for states or completed actions.</li> <li>Verbs with the suffix -s that are not passive (including those in 2 and 3 above) are called <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#deponent" title="Appendix:Glossary">deponent verbs</a>. In such cases, the passive reading is often also possible. For example, vi slogs might also mean “we were hit” and hunden bits might mean “the dog is bitten”. However, such readings would be unintuitive unless suggested by the context.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3_8">Etymology 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=247" title="Edit section: Etymology 3">edit</a>]</div> Mostly from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_54">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=248" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(chiefly <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#colloquial" title="Appendix:Glossary">colloquial</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#proscribed" title="Appendix:Glossary">proscribed</a>) Used to form the <a href="/wiki/plural#English" title="plural">plural</a> form of some words, mostly loanwords <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/partner#Swedish" title="partner">partner</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/partners#Swedish" title="partners">partners</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/fan#Swedish" title="fan">fan</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/fans#Swedish" title="fans">fans</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/taco#Swedish" title="taco">taco</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/tacos#Swedish" title="tacos">tacos</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="See_also_9">See also</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=249" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-sar#Swedish" title="-sar">-sar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_4_7">Etymology 4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=250" title="Edit section: Etymology 4">edit</a>]</div> Originally from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swedish" class="extiw" title="w:Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_Swedish">-s</a>, a genitive suffix. Many of the examples are later analogically derived from each other. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_55">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=251" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to derive some adverbs from nouns or adjectives <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/s%C3%B6ndag#Swedish" title="söndag">söndag</a> (“Sunday”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/i_s%C3%B6ndags#Swedish" title="i söndags">i söndags</a> (“last Sunday”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alternative_forms_9">Alternative forms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=252" title="Edit section: Alternative forms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-as#Swedish" title="-as">-as</a>, <a href="/wiki/-se#Swedish" title="-se">-se</a>, <a href="/wiki/-es#Swedish" title="-es">-es</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_22">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=253" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="term-list-header">-s</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="6"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ens#Swedish" title="ens">ens</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=i_aftons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="i aftons (page does not exist)">i aftons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_fredags#Swedish" title="i fredags">i fredags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_j%C3%A5ns#Swedish" title="i jåns">i jåns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_l%C3%B6rdags#Swedish" title="i lördags">i lördags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_m%C3%A5ndags#Swedish" title="i måndags">i måndags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_onsdags#Swedish" title="i onsdags">i onsdags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_s%C3%B6ndags#Swedish" title="i söndags">i söndags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_tisdags#Swedish" title="i tisdags">i tisdags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_torsdags#Swedish" title="i torsdags">i torsdags</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=inomlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="inomlands (page does not exist)">inomlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/inrikes#Swedish" title="inrikes">inrikes</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=l%C3%A5ngs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="långs (page does not exist)">långs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/nyss#Swedish" title="nyss">nyss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/tids_nog#Swedish" title="tids nog">tids nog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/tv%C3%A4rs#Swedish" title="tvärs">tvärs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/utomlands#Swedish" title="utomlands">utomlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/utrikes#Swedish" title="utrikes">utrikes</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="term-list-header">-as</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="6"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/i_h%C3%B6stas#Swedish" title="i höstas">i höstas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_julas#Swedish" title="i julas">i julas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_p%C3%A5skas#Swedish" title="i påskas">i påskas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_somras#Swedish" title="i somras">i somras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_vintras#Swedish" title="i vintras">i vintras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_v%C3%A5ras#Swedish" title="i våras">i våras</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="term-list-header">-se</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="2"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/i_afse#Swedish" title="i afse">i afse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/i_morse#Swedish" title="i morse">i morse</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="term-list-header">-es</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="3"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/alldeles#Swedish" title="alldeles">alldeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/framledes#Swedish" title="framledes">framledes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/-ledes#Swedish" title="-ledes">-ledes</a></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_8">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=254" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/0054.html">-s</a> in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tagalog">Tagalog</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=255" title="Edit section: Tagalog">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_18">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=256" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Possibly from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_16">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=257" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language" class="extiw" title="w:Filipino language">Standard Tagalog</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Tagalog_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Tagalog pronunciation">key</a>): /s/ [s]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_56">Suffix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=258" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s (Baybayin spelling <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9C%90%E1%9C%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᜐ᜔ (page does not exist)">ᜐ᜔</a>) <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#slang" title="Appendix:Glossary">slang</a>, generally <a href="/wiki/humorous" title="humorous">humorous</a>) suffix added in slang, especially in place of <a href="/wiki/reduplication#English" title="reduplication">reduplication</a> <dl><dd>‎<a href="/wiki/pwede#Tagalog" title="pwede">pwede</a> + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/w/index.php?title=pweds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="pweds (page does not exist)">pweds</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_23">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=259" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Tagalog_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Tagalog terms suffixed with -s">Tagalog terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_reading_3">Further reading</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=260" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Zorc, R. David, San Miguel, Rachel (1993) <cite>Tagalog Slang Dictionary</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025045230/https://zorc.net/RDZorc/publications/071=Tagalog%20Slang%20Dictionary.pdf#">[3]</a>, Manila: De La Salle University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-118-132-0" title="Special:BookSources/971-118-132-0">→ISBN</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh">Welsh</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=261" title="Edit section: Welsh">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1_13">Etymology 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=262" title="Edit section: Etymology 1">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#loanword" title="Appendix:Glossary">Borrowed</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">-s</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_17">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=263" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales" class="extiw" title="w:North Wales">North Wales</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Welsh_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Welsh pronunciation">key</a>): /s/</li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales" class="extiw" title="w:South Wales">South Wales</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Welsh_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Welsh pronunciation">key</a>): /s/, /z/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffix_57">Suffix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=264" title="Edit section: Suffix">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>Used to form plural nouns. <dl><dd>Synonyms: <a href="/wiki/-aid#Welsh" title="-aid">-aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/-aint#Welsh" title="-aint">-aint</a>, <a href="/wiki/-au#Welsh" title="-au">-au</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ed#Welsh" title="-ed">-ed</a>, <a href="/wiki/-edd#Welsh" title="-edd">-edd</a>, <a href="/wiki/-en#Welsh" title="-en">-en</a>, <a href="/wiki/-i#Welsh" title="-i">-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/-iaid#Welsh" title="-iaid">-iaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/-iau#Welsh" title="-iau">-iau</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ion#Welsh" title="-ion">-ion</a>, <a href="/wiki/-od#Welsh" title="-od">-od</a>, <a href="/wiki/-oedd#Welsh" title="-oedd">-oedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/-on#Welsh" title="-on">-on</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ydd#Welsh" title="-ydd">-ydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/-yr#Welsh" title="-yr">-yr</a>, <a href="/wiki/-ys#Welsh" title="-ys">-ys</a></dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/b%C3%A0th#Welsh" title="bàth">bàth</a> (“bath”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/baths#Welsh" title="baths">baths</a> (“baths”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/tomato#Welsh" title="tomato">tomato</a> (“tomato”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/tomatos#Welsh" title="tomatos">tomatos</a> (“tomatoes”)</dd> <dd>‎<a href="/wiki/gwdih%C5%B5#Welsh" title="gwdihŵ">gwdihŵ</a> (“owl”) + ‎-s → ‎<a href="/wiki/gwdih%C5%B5s#Welsh" title="gwdihŵs">gwdihŵs</a> (“owls”)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_24">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=265" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="derivedterms CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Welsh_terms_suffixed_with_-s" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_suffixed_with_-s" title="Category:Welsh terms suffixed with -s">Welsh terms suffixed with -s</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2_13">Etymology 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=266" title="Edit section: Etymology 2">edit</a>]</div> Ultimately from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/s%C3%B3" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só">*só</a> (“that”). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronunciation_18">Pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=267" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Welsh_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Welsh pronunciation">key</a>): /s/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronoun">Pronoun</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=268" title="Edit section: Pronoun">edit</a>]</div> -s <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#literary" title="Appendix:Glossary">literary</a>, otherwise <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#obsolete" title="Appendix:Glossary">obsolete</a>) <a href="/wiki/him" title="him">him</a>, <a href="/wiki/her" title="her">her</a>, <a href="/wiki/it" title="it">it</a>, <a href="/wiki/them" title="them">them</a> <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example">Nis gwelais erioed.<dl><dd>I never saw him/her/it/them.</dd></dl></div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example">Dyna ymadrodd nas clywir yn aml.<dl><dd>That is a phrase which is not often heard. (literally, "There is a phrase which one does not hear [it] often."</dd></dl></div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example">Nid yw iaith yn fyw onis defnyddir.<dl><dd>The language is not alive unless it is used. (literally, "…unless one uses it.")</dd></dl></div></dd></dl> <ul><li>1588, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Beibl_cyssegr-lan" class="extiw" title="w:Y Beibl cyssegr-lan">Y Beibl cyssegr-lan</a>, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8: <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example">Eithr yr ydym ni yn llefaru doethineb Duw mewn dirgelwch, sef y ddoethineb guddiedig, yr hon a ragordeiniodd Duw cyn yr oesoedd i’n gogoniant ni: yr hon nid adnabu neb o dywysogion y byd hwn: oherwydd pes adwaenasent, ni chroeshoeliasent Arglwydd y gogoniant.<dl><dd>But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.</dd></dl></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes_25">Usage notes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=269" title="Edit section: Usage notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as <a href="/wiki/ni#Welsh" title="ni">ni</a>, <a href="/wiki/na#Welsh" title="na">na</a>, <a href="/wiki/oni#Welsh" title="oni">oni</a> and <a href="/wiki/pe#Welsh" title="pe">pe</a>. After other vowel-final preverbal particles, such as <a href="/wiki/fe#Welsh" title="fe">fe</a>, <a href="/wiki/a#Welsh" title="a">a</a> and <a href="/wiki/y#Welsh" title="y">y</a>, singular <a href="/wiki/%27i#Welsh" title="'i">'i</a> and plural <a href="/wiki/%27u#Welsh" title="'u">'u</a> are used instead.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_25">Derived terms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=270" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/os#Welsh" title="os">os</a> (“if”)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_9">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=-s&action=edit&section=271" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?%26%2345%3Bs">-s</a>”, in <cite>Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online</cite> (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-s&oldid=82755642">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-s&oldid=82755642</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:English terms 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title="Category:Finnish familiar terms">Finnish familiar terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_with_usage_examples" title="Category:Finnish terms with usage examples">Finnish terms with usage examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_colloquialisms" title="Category:Finnish colloquialisms">Finnish colloquialisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Finnic" title="Category:Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic">Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_derived_from_Proto-Finnic" title="Category:Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic">Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Finno-Permic" title="Category:Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Permic">Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Permic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_derived_from_Proto-Finno-Permic" title="Category:Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finno-Permic">Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finno-Permic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_suffixes" title="Category:Finnish suffixes">Finnish suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_noun-forming_suffixes" title="Category:Finnish noun-forming suffixes">Finnish noun-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_vastaus-type_nominals" title="Category:Finnish vastaus-type nominals">Finnish vastaus-type nominals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic">Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_derived_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic">Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_adjective-forming_suffixes" title="Category:Finnish adjective-forming suffixes">Finnish adjective-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_kahdeksas-type_nominals" title="Category:Finnish kahdeksas-type nominals">Finnish kahdeksas-type nominals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_adverb-forming_suffixes" title="Category:Finnish adverb-forming suffixes">Finnish adverb-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_inflectional_suffixes" title="Category:Finnish inflectional suffixes">Finnish inflectional suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_dialectal_terms" title="Category:Finnish dialectal terms">Finnish dialectal terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_terms_inherited_from_Middle_French" title="Category:French terms inherited from Middle French">French terms inherited from Middle French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_terms_derived_from_Middle_French" title="Category:French terms derived from Middle French">French terms derived from Middle French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_terms_inherited_from_Old_French" title="Category:French terms inherited from Old French">French terms inherited from Old French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_terms_derived_from_Old_French" title="Category:French terms derived from Old French">French terms derived from Old French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_terms_inherited_from_Latin" title="Category:French terms inherited from Latin">French terms inherited from Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_terms_derived_from_Latin" title="Category:French terms derived from Latin">French terms derived from Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_terms_with_audio_pronunciation" title="Category:French terms with audio pronunciation">French terms with audio pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_lemmas" title="Category:French lemmas">French lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_suffixes" title="Category:French suffixes">French suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_inherited_from_Middle_High_German" title="Category:German terms inherited from Middle High German">German terms inherited from Middle High German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_derived_from_Middle_High_German" title="Category:German terms derived from Middle High German">German terms derived from Middle High German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_inherited_from_Old_High_German" title="Category:German terms inherited from Old High German">German terms inherited from Old High German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_derived_from_Old_High_German" title="Category:German terms derived from Old High German">German terms derived from Old High German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_inflectional_suffixes" title="Category:German inflectional suffixes">German inflectional suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_derived_from_German_Low_German" title="Category:German terms derived from German Low German">German terms derived from German Low German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_lemmas" title="Category:German lemmas">German lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_suffixes" title="Category:German suffixes">German suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_masculine_suffixes" title="Category:German masculine suffixes">German masculine suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_borrowed_from_Middle_Low_German" title="Category:German terms borrowed from Middle Low German">German terms borrowed from Middle Low German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_derived_from_Middle_Low_German" title="Category:German terms derived from Middle Low German">German terms derived from Middle Low German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_derived_from_French" title="Category:German terms derived from French">German terms derived from French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_terms_derived_from_English" title="Category:German terms derived from English">German terms derived from English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_adverb-forming_suffixes" title="Category:German adverb-forming suffixes">German adverb-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic">Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_terms_derived_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Uralic">Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation">Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_terms_with_audio_pronunciation" title="Category:Hungarian terms with audio pronunciation">Hungarian terms with audio pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_lemmas" title="Category:Hungarian lemmas">Hungarian lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_suffixes" title="Category:Hungarian suffixes">Hungarian suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_terms_with_obsolete_senses" title="Category:Hungarian terms with obsolete senses">Hungarian terms with obsolete senses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Finnic" title="Category:Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic">Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_derived_from_Proto-Finnic" title="Category:Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic">Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation">Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_lemmas" title="Category:Ingrian lemmas">Ingrian lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_suffixes" title="Category:Ingrian suffixes">Ingrian suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic">Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_derived_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Uralic">Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_with_obsolete_senses" title="Category:Ingrian terms with obsolete senses">Ingrian terms with obsolete senses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingrian_terms_with_quotations" title="Category:Ingrian terms with quotations">Ingrian terms with quotations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karelian_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Finnic" title="Category:Karelian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic">Karelian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karelian_terms_derived_from_Proto-Finnic" title="Category:Karelian terms derived from Proto-Finnic">Karelian terms derived from Proto-Finnic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karelian_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Karelian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic">Karelian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karelian_terms_derived_from_Proto-Uralic" title="Category:Karelian terms derived from Proto-Uralic">Karelian terms derived from Proto-Uralic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karelian_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Karelian terms with IPA pronunciation">Karelian terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karelian_lemmas" title="Category:Karelian lemmas">Karelian lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karelian_suffixes" title="Category:Karelian suffixes">Karelian suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Slavic" title="Category:Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic">Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian_terms_derived_from_Proto-Slavic" title="Category:Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic">Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation">Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian_lemmas" title="Category:Kashubian lemmas">Kashubian lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashubian_particles" title="Category:Kashubian particles">Kashubian particles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Indo-European" title="Category:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European">Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_terms_derived_from_Proto-Indo-European" title="Category:Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European">Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_lemmas" title="Category:Latin lemmas">Latin lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_suffixes" title="Category:Latin suffixes">Latin suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_terms_inherited_from_Middle_Low_German" title="Category:Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German">Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_terms_derived_from_Middle_Low_German" title="Category:Low German terms derived from Middle Low German">Low German terms derived from Middle Low German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_terms_inherited_from_Old_Saxon" title="Category:Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon">Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_terms_derived_from_Old_Saxon" title="Category:Low German terms derived from Old Saxon">Low German terms derived from Old Saxon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_lemmas" title="Category:Low German lemmas">Low German lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_suffixes" title="Category:Low German suffixes">Low German suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_terms_with_archaic_senses" title="Category:Low German terms with archaic senses">Low German terms with archaic senses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low_German_terms_with_rare_senses" title="Category:Low German terms with rare senses">Low German terms with rare senses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lushootseed_lemmas" title="Category:Lushootseed lemmas">Lushootseed lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lushootseed_suffixes" title="Category:Lushootseed suffixes">Lushootseed suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manx_terms_derived_from_Old_Irish" title="Category:Manx terms derived from Old Irish">Manx terms derived from Old Irish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manx_lemmas" title="Category:Manx lemmas">Manx lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manx_suffixes" title="Category:Manx suffixes">Manx suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manx_emphatic_suffixes" title="Category:Manx emphatic suffixes">Manx emphatic suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_English_lemmas" title="Category:Middle English lemmas">Middle English lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_English_suffixes" title="Category:Middle English suffixes">Middle English suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mohawk_lemmas" title="Category:Mohawk lemmas">Mohawk lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mohawk_suffixes" title="Category:Mohawk suffixes">Mohawk suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Samic" title="Category:Northern Sami terms inherited from Proto-Samic">Northern Sami terms inherited from Proto-Samic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_terms_derived_from_Proto-Samic" title="Category:Northern Sami terms derived from Proto-Samic">Northern Sami terms derived from Proto-Samic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_lemmas" title="Category:Northern Sami lemmas">Northern Sami lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_suffixes" title="Category:Northern Sami suffixes">Northern Sami suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_noun-forming_suffixes" title="Category:Northern Sami noun-forming suffixes">Northern Sami noun-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_odd_nouns" title="Category:Northern Sami odd nouns">Northern Sami odd nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_non-gradating_odd_nouns" title="Category:Northern Sami non-gradating odd nouns">Northern Sami non-gradating odd nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_adverb-forming_suffixes" title="Category:Northern Sami adverb-forming suffixes">Northern Sami adverb-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_inflectional_suffixes" title="Category:Northern Sami inflectional suffixes">Northern Sami inflectional suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_terms_derived_from_Danish" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Danish">Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Danish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_terms_derived_from_Old_Norse" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Old Norse">Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Old Norse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Germanic" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Proto-Germanic">Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Proto-Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_terms_derived_from_Proto-Germanic" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Germanic">Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_lemmas" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål lemmas">Norwegian Bokmål lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_suffixes" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål suffixes">Norwegian Bokmål suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_inflectional_suffixes" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål inflectional suffixes">Norwegian Bokmål inflectional suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_particles" title="Category:Norwegian Bokmål particles">Norwegian Bokmål particles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_terms_inherited_from_Proto-West_Germanic" title="Category:Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic">Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_terms_derived_from_Proto-West_Germanic" title="Category:Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic">Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Germanic" title="Category:Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic">Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_terms_derived_from_Proto-Germanic" title="Category:Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic">Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Old English terms with IPA pronunciation">Old English terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_lemmas" title="Category:Old English lemmas">Old English lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_suffixes" title="Category:Old English suffixes">Old English suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_English_%C5%8D-stem_nouns" title="Category:Old English ō-stem nouns">Old English ō-stem nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_French_lemmas" title="Category:Old French lemmas">Old French lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_French_suffixes" title="Category:Old French suffixes">Old French suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pipil_lemmas" title="Category:Pipil lemmas">Pipil lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pipil_suffixes" title="Category:Pipil suffixes">Pipil suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation">Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_non-lemma_forms" title="Category:Portuguese non-lemma forms">Portuguese non-lemma forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_suffix_forms" title="Category:Portuguese suffix forms">Portuguese suffix forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_terms_with_quotations" title="Category:Portuguese terms with quotations">Portuguese terms with quotations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_lemmas" title="Category:Portuguese lemmas">Portuguese lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_suffixes" title="Category:Portuguese suffixes">Portuguese suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Category:Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_slang" title="Category:Portuguese slang">Portuguese slang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quechua_lemmas" title="Category:Quechua lemmas">Quechua lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quechua_suffixes" title="Category:Quechua suffixes">Quechua suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quechua_terms_with_usage_examples" title="Category:Quechua terms with usage examples">Quechua terms with usage examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_non-lemma_forms" title="Category:Spanish non-lemma forms">Spanish non-lemma forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_suffix_forms" title="Category:Spanish suffix forms">Spanish suffix forms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation">Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_inherited_from_Old_Swedish" title="Category:Swedish terms inherited from Old Swedish">Swedish terms inherited from Old Swedish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_derived_from_Old_Swedish" title="Category:Swedish terms derived from Old Swedish">Swedish terms derived from Old Swedish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_inherited_from_Old_Norse" title="Category:Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse">Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_derived_from_Old_Norse" title="Category:Swedish terms derived from Old Norse">Swedish terms derived from Old Norse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_clitics" title="Category:Swedish clitics">Swedish clitics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Germanic" title="Category:Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic">Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_derived_from_Proto-Germanic" title="Category:Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic">Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_lemmas" title="Category:Swedish lemmas">Swedish lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_suffixes" title="Category:Swedish suffixes">Swedish suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_inflectional_suffixes" title="Category:Swedish inflectional suffixes">Swedish inflectional suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_with_usage_examples" title="Category:Swedish terms with usage examples">Swedish terms with usage examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_with_quotations" title="Category:Swedish terms with quotations">Swedish terms with quotations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_derived_from_English" title="Category:Swedish terms derived from English">Swedish terms derived from English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_colloquialisms" title="Category:Swedish colloquialisms">Swedish colloquialisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_proscribed_terms" title="Category:Swedish proscribed terms">Swedish proscribed terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_adverb-forming_suffixes" title="Category:Swedish adverb-forming suffixes">Swedish adverb-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_terms_borrowed_from_English" title="Category:Tagalog terms borrowed from English">Tagalog terms borrowed from English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_terms_derived_from_English" title="Category:Tagalog terms derived from English">Tagalog terms derived from English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation">Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_lemmas" title="Category:Tagalog lemmas">Tagalog lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_suffixes" title="Category:Tagalog suffixes">Tagalog suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_terms_with_Baybayin_script" title="Category:Tagalog terms with Baybayin script">Tagalog terms with Baybayin script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_slang" title="Category:Tagalog slang">Tagalog slang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_humorous_terms" title="Category:Tagalog humorous terms">Tagalog humorous terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_borrowed_from_English" title="Category:Welsh terms borrowed from English">Welsh terms borrowed from English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_derived_from_English" title="Category:Welsh terms derived from English">Welsh terms derived from English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation">Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_lemmas" title="Category:Welsh lemmas">Welsh lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_suffixes" title="Category:Welsh suffixes">Welsh suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_inherited_from_Proto-Indo-European" title="Category:Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European">Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_derived_from_Proto-Indo-European" title="Category:Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European">Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_pronouns" title="Category:Welsh pronouns">Welsh pronouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_personal_pronouns" title="Category:Welsh personal pronouns">Welsh personal pronouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_literary_terms" title="Category:Welsh literary terms">Welsh literary terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_with_obsolete_senses" title="Category:Welsh terms with obsolete senses">Welsh terms with obsolete senses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_with_usage_examples" title="Category:Welsh terms with usage examples">Welsh terms with usage examples</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_calling_Template:minitoc" title="Category:Pages calling Template:minitoc">Pages calling Template:minitoc</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_entries" title="Category:Pages with entries">Pages with entries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_32_entries" title="Category:Pages with 32 entries">Pages with 32 entries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_lite_templates" title="Category:Pages using lite 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