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width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_letter_from_Tibet_Governor_to_a_Nepali_official.png/300px-A_letter_from_Tibet_Governor_to_a_Nepali_official.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_letter_from_Tibet_Governor_to_a_Nepali_official.png/400px-A_letter_from_Tibet_Governor_to_a_Nepali_official.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>A letter from Tibetan Governor to a Nepalese official written on lokta paper (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1887</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Lokta paper</b></i>, also known as <i><b>Nepali kagaj</b></i> or <i><b>Nepali paper</b></i>, is a wildcrafted, handmade artisan paper indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. It is made from the bark of two of the species of the shrub <a href="/wiki/Daphne_(plant)" title="Daphne (plant)"><i>Daphne</i></a>. The paper was used historically in Nepal for religious scriptures and government documents. In modern day, the paper is used to make notebooks, religious scriptures, arts, painting canvas and for some of the government documents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokta_paper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepalese handmade lokta paper is made from the fibrous inner bark (<a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>) of two species of mid- to high-elevation <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a> family: <i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_bholua" title="Daphne bholua">Daphne bholua</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_papyracea" title="Daphne papyracea">Daphne papyracea</a></i>. Like the paper made from them, both bushes are also vernacularly called "lokta".<sup id="cite_ref-himalayantimes2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himalayantimes2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lokta bushes proliferate in open clusters or colonies on the southern slopes of Nepal's <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> forests between 1,600 and 4,000 m (c.5,250–13,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-positivedeviance_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positivedeviance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically the handcrafting of lokta paper occurred in the rural areas of Nepal, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Baglung_District" title="Baglung District">Baglung District</a>. Today raw lokta paper is produced in more than 22 districts in Nepal, but finished lokta paper products are produced only in Kathmandu Valley and Janakpur.<sup id="cite_ref-HimalayanTimes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HimalayanTimes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lokta paper's durability and resistance to tearing, humidity, insects and mildew have traditionally made lokta paper the preferred choice for the recording of official government records (see photo on right) and sacred religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-positivedeviance_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positivedeviance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lokta_nepali_paper_menu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lokta_nepali_paper_menu.JPG/200px-Lokta_nepali_paper_menu.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lokta_nepali_paper_menu.JPG/300px-Lokta_nepali_paper_menu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lokta_nepali_paper_menu.JPG/400px-Lokta_nepali_paper_menu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>A menu of a typical Nepali restaurant made using Lokta Paper, also known as Nepali paper. It is a popular trend with Nepali restaurants using this paper for their restaurant menu.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokta_paper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest surviving lokta paper document appears in Nepal's National Archives in Kathmandu in the form of the sacred Buddhist text, the Karanya Buha Sutra. The Karanya Buha Sutra was written in Lichchhavi script and block printed on lokta paper and is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,900 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-forestrynepal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestrynepal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the introduction of paper craft imports from Tibet in the 1930s, the production of handmade lokta paper began to decline. By the 1960s competition from commercially mass-produced paper from India placed the Nepalese handmade paper industry in a state of terminal decline with only a few families in Baglung and neighboring Parbat District retaining the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a> of handmade lokta paper production.<sup id="cite_ref-positivedeviance_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positivedeviance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s interest in rejuvenating lokta craft paper making occurred as the tourism industry in Nepal began to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-geoturistica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geoturistica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, an effective conservation program was started in 1970 for the development of national parks and wildlife reserves in Nepal to provide raw materials for the development of forest based industries such as the production of lokta paper.<sup id="cite_ref-biodiversity_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal/Small Farmer Development Program (ADBN/SFDP) launched the CDHP (Community Development and Health Project) project to revive Nepal's indigenous paper making processes.<sup id="cite_ref-positivedeviance_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positivedeviance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the growth of the popularity of lokta paper on the rise, Nepalese social and environmental entrepreneurs sought out and developed international trading partners and the export market for handmade lokta paper was established. Today the handmade paper industry in Nepal is growing at a rate of 15% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-positivedeviance_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positivedeviance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handmade_wildcrafted_lokta_paper_packaging.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Handmade_wildcrafted_lokta_paper_packaging.png/200px-Handmade_wildcrafted_lokta_paper_packaging.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Handmade_wildcrafted_lokta_paper_packaging.png/300px-Handmade_wildcrafted_lokta_paper_packaging.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Handmade_wildcrafted_lokta_paper_packaging.png/400px-Handmade_wildcrafted_lokta_paper_packaging.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Handmade lokta paper packaging containing another Nepalese forest product export, <a href="/wiki/Sapindus" title="Sapindus">Sapindus</a> (Soap Nuts)</figcaption></figure> <p>Once produced, lokta paper can last for several millennia (ca. 2000–3500 years). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paper_making_process">Paper making process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokta_paper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paper making process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabrication_papier_lokta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fabrication_papier_lokta.jpg/250px-Fabrication_papier_lokta.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fabrication_papier_lokta.jpg/375px-Fabrication_papier_lokta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fabrication_papier_lokta.jpg/500px-Fabrication_papier_lokta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Manufacturing of lokta paper, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lokta paper production is a forest–based industry.<sup id="cite_ref-positivedeviance_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positivedeviance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It relies as much on a ready supply of Daphne bark as it does on the skills of traditional paper makers and block printers, and on markets for end products.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four main steps in manufacturing and marketing of lokta paper and lokta paper craft products: </p> <ul><li>Harvesting the lokta bark</li> <li>Processing the paper pulp</li> <li>Producing craft products from the finished paper</li> <li>Marketing the final products.<sup id="cite_ref-positivedeviance_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-positivedeviance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_responsibility_and_environmental_sustainability">Social responsibility and environmental sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokta_paper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social responsibility and environmental sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Daphne</i> shrubs are widespread at middle elevations across Nepal, covering more than million hectares of forest land spread across 55 districts; of these, 25 districts have an abundant supply.<sup id="cite_ref-ovop_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovop-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like true laurel plants (<i><a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">Laurus nobilis</a></i>) of Turkey and Syria, the Daphne shrub is one of the world's few underutilized species.<sup id="cite_ref-cropsforthefuture_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cropsforthefuture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forestprotection_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestprotection-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lokta is a <a href="/wiki/Non-wood_forest_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-wood forest product">non-wood forest product</a> (NWFP) harvested from protected areas (national parks, reserves, conservation areas) and is an important reservoir of biological resources maintained under in situ condition in the unique and diverse Himalayan ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-biodiversity_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When harvested, the lokta bush automatically regenerates to a fully grown 4–5 meter plant with in 5–7 years.<sup id="cite_ref-biodiversity_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women's involvement: The poor <a href="/wiki/Rural_women" title="Rural women">rural women</a> of Nepal have traditionally been the principal forest users. Current economic conditions have reinforced the local employment of women, as many men are leaving the rural villages in search of employment.<sup id="cite_ref-biodiversity_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cropsforthefuture_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cropsforthefuture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cottage Industry Department of Nepal reports 377 registered handmade paper production industries, out of approximately 600 units operating in the country. Of these,175 manufacture about 30,000 metric tons of paper products each year. Yet, despite this major increase in handmade paper production in recent years, large scale lokta resources remain untapped. Handmade lokta–based craft paper products continue to offer considerable economic sustainability for poor rural Nepalese women due to their high–quality niche market potential.<sup id="cite_ref-cropsforthefuture_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cropsforthefuture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokta_paper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the traditional uses of lokta paper were largely restricted to government documents or religious texts, today lokta paper use is wide spread. Lokta paper is used for prayer flags,<sup id="cite_ref-forestrynepal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestrynepal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> book bindings,<sup id="cite_ref-forestrynepal_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestrynepal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restaurant menus, wallpaper<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrapping paper to retain the potency of incense, spices and medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-forestrynepal_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestrynepal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> packaging,<sup id="cite_ref-loktapaperpackaging_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loktapaperpackaging-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origami,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-thehimalayantimes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehimalayantimes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokta_paper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=one+village+one+product+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec-fncci.org%2Fuserfiles%2Ffiles%2FNew%2520brouchure%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALokta+paper" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cropsforthefuture-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cropsforthefuture_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cropsforthefuture_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cropsforthefuture_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cropsforthefuture.org/publication/Species-brochure/Species%20brochure-Laurel%20Laurus%20nobilis.pdf">"enabling deployment of underutilized species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=enabling+deployment+of+underutilized+species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cropsforthefuture.org%2Fpublication%2FSpecies-brochure%2FSpecies%2520brochure-Laurel%2520Laurus%2520nobilis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALokta+paper" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forestprotection-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forestprotection_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfsc.gov.np/uploads/lawsnplans/4%20x%206%20in12_2.pdf">"forest and soil protection ministry nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=forest+and+soil+protection+ministry+nepal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfsc.gov.np%2Fuploads%2Flawsnplans%2F4%2520x%25206%2520in12_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALokta+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen_Property2011" class="citation news cs1">Green Property (2011-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430231659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/greenproperty/8474422/How-to-go-green-in-style.html">"How to go green in style"</a>. Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/greenproperty/8474422/How-to-go-green-in-style.html">the original</a> on 2011-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+to+go+green+in+style&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft.au=Green+Property&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fproperty%2Fgreenproperty%2F8474422%2FHow-to-go-green-in-style.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALokta+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loktapaperpackaging-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loktapaperpackaging_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinfullywholesome.com/handmade_lokta_paper_packaging.html">"Lokta Paper Packaging Wildcrafted & Handmade"</a>. Sinfullywholesome.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=origamiusa.org&rft.atitle=Paper+Review+%2318%3A+Lokta+%7C+OrigamiUSA&rft.date=2013-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forigamiusa.org%2Fthefold%2Farticle%2Fpaper-review-18-lokta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALokta+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thehimalayantimes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thehimalayantimes_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Women%26acute%3Bs+strength+to+the+fore&NewsID=285108">"Women´s strength to the fore"</a>. Thehimalayantimes.com. 2011-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span 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