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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "school of arts", see <a href="/wiki/School_of_Arts_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="School of Arts (disambiguation)">School of Arts (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Mechanics' institutes, also known as mechanics' institutions, sometimes simply known as institutes, and also called schools of arts (especially in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian colonies">Australian colonies</a>), were educational establishments originally formed to provide <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a>, particularly in technical subjects, to working men in <a href="/wiki/Victorian-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian-era">Victorian-era</a> Britain and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">its colonies</a>. They were often funded by local industrialists on the grounds that they would ultimately benefit from having more knowledgeable and skilled employees. The mechanics' institutes often included <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a> for the adult <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, and were said to provide them with an alternative pastime to gambling and drinking in pubs. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leeds_City_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leeds_City_Museum.jpg/220px-Leeds_City_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leeds_City_Museum.jpg/330px-Leeds_City_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leeds_City_Museum.jpg/440px-Leeds_City_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Leeds Mechanics' Institute">Leeds City Mechanics' Institute</a>'s building</figcaption></figure> Many of the original institutes included <a href="/wiki/Lending_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lending libraries">lending libraries</a>, and the buildings of some continue to be used as libraries. Others have evolved into parts of universities, adult education facilities, theatres, cinemas, museums, recreational facilities, or community halls. Few are still referred to as mechanics' institutes, but some retain the name and focus as centre of intellectual and cultural advancement. A 21st-century movement, originating in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a>, has organised a series of conferences known as Mechanics' Institutes Worldwide Conferences, at which information and ideas for the future of mechanics' institutes are discussed. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins_and_history">1 Origins and history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#21st_century_revival">2 21st century revival</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#By_country">3 By country</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Australia">3.1 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Canada">3.2 Canada</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Atlantic_provinces">3.2.1 Atlantic provinces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ontario">3.2.2 Ontario</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Quebec">3.2.3 Quebec</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hong_Kong">3.3 Hong Kong</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#New_Zealand">3.4 New Zealand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#United_Kingdom">3.5 United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#United_States">3.6 United States</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Timeline">3.6.1 Timeline</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Existing_names_and_uses">3.6.2 Existing names and uses</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The foundations of the movement which created mechanics' institutes were in lectures given by <a href="/wiki/George_Birkbeck" title="George Birkbeck">George Birkbeck</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Andersonian_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersonian Institute">Andersonian Institute</a> in Glasgow. His fourth annual lecture attracted a crowd of 500, and became an annual occurrence after his departure for <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1804, leading to the eventual formation<a href="#cite_note-infed-1">[1]</a> on 16 October 1821<a href="#cite_note-hwu-2">[2]</a> of the first mechanics' institute in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_School_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh School of Arts">Edinburgh School of Arts</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a><a href="#cite_note-hwu-2">[2]</a>). Its first lecture was on <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and within a month it was subscribed to by 452 men who each paid a quarterly subscription fee.<a href="#cite_note-mi-3">[3]</a> This new model of technical educational institution gave classes for working men, and included libraries as well as apparatus to be used for experiments and technical education.<a href="#cite_note-infed-1">[1]</a> Its purpose was to "address societal needs by incorporating fundamental scientific thinking and research into engineering solutions".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The school revolutionised access to education in science and technology for ordinary people. The first mechanics' institute in England was opened at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> in July 1823.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The second institute in Scotland was incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in November 1823, built on the foundations of a group started by Birkbeck. Under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Andersonian_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersonian Institute">Andersonian Institute</a>, where Birkbeck had been chair of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> from 1799 to 1804 and instituted free lectures on arts, science and technical subjects from 1800. This mechanics' class continued to meet after he moved to London in 1804, and in 1823 they decided to formalise their organisation by incorporating themselves as the Mechanics' Institute. He was appointed director of the institute, which he had originally endowed with the sum of £3700, and held the office till his death in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_(1825).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg/250px-Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="682"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg/250px-Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg/375px-Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg/500px-Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_%281825%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Manchester Mechanics' Institute, Cooper Street, in 1825</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wakefield_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wakefield_Museum.jpg/220px-Wakefield_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wakefield_Museum.jpg/220px-Wakefield_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wakefield_Museum.jpg/330px-Wakefield_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wakefield_Museum.jpg/440px-Wakefield_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Wakefield Mechanics' Institute">Wakefield Mechanics' Institute</a> (1825), later a museum</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/London_Mechanics%27_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="London Mechanics' Institute">London Mechanics' Institute</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck College</a>) was opened in December 1823, and the mechanics' institutes in <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> (later to become <a href="/wiki/UMIST" class="mw-redirect" title="UMIST">UMIST</a>) in 1824.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> By the mid-19th century, there were over 700 institutes in towns and cities across the UK and overseas, some of which became the early roots of other colleges and universities. For example, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a>, has the Cheltenham Mechanics' Institute (1834) and Gloucester Mechanics' Institute (1840) within its history timeline. It was as a result of delivering a lecture series at the Cheltenham Mechanics' Institute that the radical <a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a> was arrested and then convicted on a charge of blasphemy.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In Australia, the first mechanics' institute was established in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> in 1827, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Mechanics%27_School_of_Arts" title="Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts">Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in 1833, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a> School of Arts in 1835, then the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> Mechanics' Institute established in 1839 (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Athenaeum" title="Melbourne Athenaeum">Melbourne Athenaeum</a> in 1872<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>). From the 1850s, mechanics' institutes quickly spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> wherever a hall, library or school was needed. Over 1200 mechanics' institutes were built in Victoria and just over 500 remain today, and only six still operate their lending library services.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> created a new class of reader in Britain by the end of the 18th century, "mechanics", who were civil and mechanical engineers in reality. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> Brotherly Society was founded in 1796 by local mechanics to fill this need, and was the forerunner of mechanics' institutes, which grew in England to over seven hundred in number by 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Kilgour,_Frederick_1998,_p._99-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Small tradesmen and workers could not afford subscription libraries, so for their benefit, benevolent groups and individuals created mechanics' institutes that contained inspirational and vocational reading matter, for a small rental fee. Later popular non-fiction and fiction books were added to these collections. The first known library of this type was the Birmingham Artisans' Library, formed in 1823. Some mechanics' libraries lasted only a decade or two, and many eventually became public libraries or (in the United States) were given to local public libraries after the <a href="/wiki/Public_Libraries_Act_1850" title="Public Libraries Act 1850">Public Libraries Act 1850</a> passed. Though use of the mechanics' libraries was limited, the majority of the users were favourable towards the idea of free public libraries.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-13">[13]</a> However, by 1900 there were over 9,000 mechanics institutes around the world.<a href="#cite_note-mi-3">[3]</a> Beyond a <a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">lending library</a>, mechanics' institutes also provided lecture courses, laboratories, and in some cases contained a museum for the members' entertainment and education. The Glasgow Institute, founded in 1823, not only had all three, it was also provided free light on two evenings a week from the local <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas light company</a>. The London Mechanics' Institute installed gas illumination by 1825, revealing the demand and need for members to use the books.<a href="#cite_note-Kilgour,_Frederick_1998,_p._99-12">[12]</a> Some mechanics' institutes also offered a programme from the arts; <a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a> Mechanics' institute booked <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Kemble" title="Fanny Kemble">Mrs Butler</a> to give readings from <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s plays and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> to audiences of nearly a thousand.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> G. Jefferson explains: <blockquote>The first phase, the Mechanics Institute movement, grew in an atmosphere of interest by a greater proportion of the population in scientific matters revealed in the public lectures of famous scientists such as Faraday. More precisely, as a consequence of the introduction of machinery a class workmen emerged to build, maintain and repair, the machines on which the blessing of progress depended, at a time when population shifts and the dissolving influences of industrialization in the new urban areas, where these were concentrated, destroyed the inadequate old apprentice system and threw into relief the connection between material advancement and the necessity of education to take part in its advantages.<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson-15">[15]</a> </blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="21st_century_revival">21st century revival</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 21st century revival" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Across the world, there is a move to sustain and revive mechanics' institutes and related institutions as <a href="/wiki/Subscription_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription libraries">subscription libraries</a>, sometimes incorporating or expanding their earlier functions. There have been several worldwide conferences, known as the Mechanics' Worldwide Conference, of representatives of, or people who have an interest in, mechanics' institutes.<a href="#cite_note-mivhist-16">[16]</a> As of 2021, there have been five such conferences:<a href="#cite_note-mivww-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>2004: Buildings, Books and Beyond: Mechanics' Worldwide, at <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinburne University">Swinburne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prahran,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prahran, Victoria">Prahran, Victoria</a>, and the Prahran Mechanics' Institute, Australia<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>2009: Self Help: Mechanics' Worldwide, at the <a href="/wiki/Bath_Royal_Literary_and_Scientific_Institution" title="Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution">Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>, England<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>2012: Buildings, Books and Blackboards – Intersecting Narratives: Mechanics' Worldwide. <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>2016: Reinvention: Thriving in the 21st Century Mechanics' Worldwide, <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute,_San_Francisco" title="Mechanics' Institute, San Francisco">Mechanics' Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>2021: Mechanics' Institutes: Past, Present and Future – Mechanics' Institutes Worldwide. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, and online (due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Thousands of mechanics' institutes buildings still operate throughout the world, mostly now used as libraries, parts of universities, adult education facilities, and a few still use their original names and function as a society or other type of organisation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg/220px-Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg/220px-Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg/330px-Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg/440px-Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ballarat Mechanics' Institute building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg/220px-BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg/220px-BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg/330px-BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg/440px-BallaratMechanicsInstitute1942.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>American and Australian soldiers in the reading room of the Ballarat Mechanics' Institute in 1942</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institutes_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics' Institutes of Australia">Mechanics' Institutes of Australia</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Australian_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian colonies">Australian colonies</a>, Mechanics' Institutes were often called Schools of Arts, and they were more likely to be run by the middle-classes. The provision of reading rooms, museums, lectures and classes were still important, but the Australian schools were also more likely to include a social programme in their calendar of events.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The earliest and most prominent institute in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Diemen%27s_Land_Mechanics%27_Institution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Diemen's Land Mechanics' Institution (page does not exist)">Van Diemen's Land Mechanics' Institution</a>, also known as Hobart Town Mechanics' Institute, <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> (1827–1871), co-founded by <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Robinson" title="George Augustus Robinson">George Augustus Robinson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Mechanics%27_School_of_Arts" title="Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts">Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts</a> (1833), in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, is the oldest school of arts still operating<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and the largest institute in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Others in NSW include the <a href="/wiki/Moruya_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Moruya Mechanics' Institute">Moruya Mechanics' Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-485-27">[27]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scone_School_of_Arts" title="Scone School of Arts">Scone School of Arts</a>. In <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum#19th_century" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Institute</a> (1838, then 1847–),<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> was the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia" title="State Library of South Australia">State Library of South Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pothist-29">[29]</a> The first institute in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">colony of Victoria</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Mechanics%27_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Mechanics' Institute">Melbourne Mechanics' Institute</a>, created in 1839. It was renamed The Melbourne Athenaeum in 1872, and continues to operate a library, theatres and shops in the original building.<a href="#cite_note-mivhist-16">[16]</a> Many mechanics' institutes, athenaeums, schools of arts and related institutions in the state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a> are well documented by the Mechanics' Institutes of Victoria, Inc., whose members range from the well-resourced <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Athenaeum" title="Melbourne Athenaeum">Melbourne Athenaeum</a> to the tiny Moonambel Mechanics' Institute in <a href="/wiki/Moonambel" title="Moonambel">Moonambel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In the following decades, almost every town in Victoria had a mechanics' institute, usually including a hall, library and reading rooms, games facilities, and both educational programs and entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-what-31">[31]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian">Western Australian</a> institute was the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Swan River Mechanics' Institute">Swan River Mechanics' Institute</a>, established in 1851, later renamed the Perth Literary Institute.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_School_of_Arts" title="Brisbane School of Arts">Brisbane School of Arts</a> was created in 1873, in a former servants' home. The building was added to the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register" title="Queensland Heritage Register">Queensland Heritage Register</a> in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Over time, as local and state governments started providing libraries, community centres and other types of educational facilities, mechanics' institutes became less important in communities.<a href="#cite_note-what-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg/150px-Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1187"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg/150px-Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg/225px-Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg/300px-Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute_cornerstone_from_the_original_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Bytown Mechanics' Institute">Bytown Mechanics' Institute</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg/150px-Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="2058"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg/150px-Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg/225px-Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg/300px-Relief_of_a_torch_at_the_Montreal_Mechanics_Institute.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Montreal Mechanics Institute (established 1828)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg/150px-Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="657"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg/150px-Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg/225px-Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg/300px-Mechanics_Institute_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mechanics Institute Toronto</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlantic_provinces">Atlantic provinces</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Atlantic provinces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Public Library">Halifax Mechanics Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Free_Public_Library" title="Saint John Free Public Library">St. John Mechanics' Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario">Ontario</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ontario" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrie_Public_Library" title="Barrie Public Library">Barrie Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li>Brockville Mechanics' Institute, now Brockville Public Library<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytown_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Bytown Mechanics' Institute">Bytown Mechanics' Institute</a>, later Mechanics' Institute and Athenaeum of Ottawa, now <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Public_Library" title="Ottawa Public Library">Ottawa Public Library</a></li> <li>Elmsley Library Association and Mechanics' Institute</li> <li>Elora Mechanics' Institute</li> <li>Farmers' Mechanics' Institute of Streetsville</li> <li>Guelph Farmers' and Mechanics' Institute, now <a href="/wiki/Guelph#Public_library_system" title="Guelph">Guelph Public Library</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Public_Library_(Ontario)" title="Hamilton Public Library (Ontario)">Hamilton and Gore Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Frontenac_Public_Library" title="Kingston Frontenac Public Library">Kingston Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Public_Library" title="London Public Library">London Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li>Mechanics' Institute, Coldstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orillia_Public_Library" title="Orillia Public Library">Mechanics' Institute (Orillia)</a></li> <li>Mechanics' Institute of Goderich</li> <li>Mechanics' Institute of Point Edward</li> <li>Midland Railroad Mechanics' Institute</li> <li>Napanee Mechanics' Institute</li> <li>Newmarket Farmers' Mechanics' Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Sound_%26_North_Grey_Union_Public_Library" title="Owen Sound & North Grey Union Public Library">Owen Sound Mechanics Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Public_Library" title="Peterborough Public Library">Peterborough Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li>St. Catharines Mechanics' Institute Library</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Toronto Mechanics' Institute">Toronto Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li>Woodstock Mechanics' Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quebec" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atwater_Library,_Sep_28_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg/220px-Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6604" data-file-height="4403"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg/220px-Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg/330px-Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg/440px-Atwater_Library%2C_Sep_28_2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Atwater Library of the Mechanics Institute of Montreal</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Public_Libraries_Network#History" title="Montreal Public Libraries Network">Montreal Mechanics Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwater_Library_of_the_Mechanics%27_Institute_of_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atwater Library of the Mechanics' Institute of Montreal">Atwater Library of the Mechanics' Institute of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Children%27s_Library" title="Montreal Children's Library">Montreal Children's Library</a> – Atwater Branch</li></ul></li> <li>Quebec Mechanics' Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hong Kong Polytechnic University">Government trade school</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auckland_Mechanics%27_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auckland Mechanics' Institute (page does not exist)">Auckland Mechanics' Institute</a>, founded 30 September 1842, closed 1880, with transfer of all library content to <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Libraries" title="Auckland Libraries">Auckland City Council library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Port Nicholson Mechanics' Institute, Public School and Library, founded in May 1842 and renamed Wellington Athenaeum and Mechanics' Institute in 1849.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> (alphabetical order by town or city) <ul><li>Aberdeen Mechanics' Institute, Market Street, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> (architect <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Simpson" title="Archibald Simpson">Archibald Simpson</a>), now a hotel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alford,_Lincolnshire" title="Alford, Lincolnshire">Alford Institute</a>. Founded 1854.</li> <li>Alnwick Mechanics' Institute,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Northumberland. Founded 1824.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a>. Founded in 1849, became the Boston Atheneum in 1855.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Mechanics%27_Institute_Library" title="Bradford Mechanics' Institute Library">Bradford Mechanics' Institute Library</a>, Yorkshire.</li> <li>Brechin Mechanics Institute, Angus.<a href="#cite_note-Brechin-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Brentford Mechanics' Institution, Middlesex. Founded in 1835 and closed around 1890.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnley_Mechanics" title="Burnley Mechanics">Burnley Mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnley" title="Burnley">Burnley</a>, Lancashire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Mechanics_Institute" title="Darlington Mechanics Institute">Darlington Mechanics Institute</a>, built in 1854, as of 2014 a nightclub and bar.<a href="#cite_note-rude-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Dysart - Mechanics Institute.</li> <li>School of Arts of Edinburgh, renamed to <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> in 1966.</li> <li>Epworth Mechanics Institute, North Lincs, UK.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg/220px-Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg/220px-Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg/330px-Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg/440px-Mechanics%27_Institutes_201307_109.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mechanics' Institutes, Eyam</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Eyam, Derbyshire.</li> <li>Gainsborough. Room in <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Old_Hall" title="Gainsborough Old Hall">Gainsborough Old Hall</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimsby,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimsby, Lincolnshire">Grimsby, Lincolnshire</a>.Founded in 1835. new building in Victoria Street in 1856.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipswich Institute (page does not exist)">Ipswich Institute</a>, Suffolk.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Horncastle, Lincolnshire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keighley" title="Keighley">Keighley</a> Mechanics' Institute, West Yorkshire, founded 1825, developed into <a href="/wiki/Keighley_College" title="Keighley College">Keighley College</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Leeds Mechanics' Institute">Leeds Mechanics' Institute</a> (West Yorkshire) designed by <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Brodrick" title="Cuthbert Brodrick">Cuthbert Brodrick</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Museum" title="Leeds City Museum">Leeds City Museum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Lincoln Mechanics' Institute">Lincoln Mechanics' Institute</a>. Founded 1833 in the undercroft of the <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars,_Lincoln" title="Greyfriars, Lincoln">Greyfriars</a>.</li> <li>Liverpool Mechanics School of Arts, founded 1825, renamed Liverpool Mechanics Institution in 1832, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Institute_High_School_for_Boys" title="Liverpool Institute High School for Boys">Liverpool Institute High School for Boys</a> and from 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Institute_for_Performing_Arts" title="Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts">Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts</a>.</li> <li>London Mechanics' Institute which eventually became <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louth,_Lincolnshire" title="Louth, Lincolnshire">Louth</a> Founded 1835. Moved to Mansion House 1853.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurgan" title="Lurgan">Lurgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>. 69 Market Street.</li> <li>Lutterworth, Leicestershire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, forerunner of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology">University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology</a>, which merged with <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a></li> <li>Market Rasen,Lincolnshire Founded in 1836 in Queen Street</li> <li>Marsden Mechanics Institute, <a href="/wiki/Marsden,_West_Yorkshire" title="Marsden, West Yorkshire">Marsden</a>, West Yorkshire, HD7 6BW,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> now a rental hall and public library</li> <li>Neath Mechanics Institute, Neath, Neath Port Talbot Founded in 1842</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Wales" title="University of South Wales">University of South Wales</a>, Newport – converted to private apartments</li> <li>Nottingham Mechanics Institute<a href="#cite_note-NMI-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otley_Civic_Centre" title="Otley Civic Centre">Otley Mechanics Institute</a>, West Yorkshire</li> <li>Royston, Hertfordshire, built 1855, later became the town hall and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royston_Picture_Palace.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Royston Picture Palace.jpg">picture palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a> Mechanics' Institution, founded in early 1825 by Thomas Gibson, father of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Field_Gibson" title="Thomas Field Gibson">Thomas Field Gibson</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford, Lincolnshire</a>, Stamford Institution. Founded 1842.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Swindon Mechanics' Institute">Swindon Mechanics' Institute</a>, Wiltshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Wakefield Mechanics' Institute">Wakefield Mechanics' Institute</a>, West Yorkshire</li> <li>Wolverhampton (Queen Street, c. 1835)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Wisbech Working Men's Club & Institute, <a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>, Isle of Ely.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timeline">Timeline</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Timeline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>1792 The Mechanic Library Society of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a> was founded. It was chartered the following year and was eventually superseded in New Haven by <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Men%27s_Institute_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Young Men's Institute Library">The Young Men's Institute Library</a>.</li> <li>1795 The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Charitable_Mechanic_Association" title="Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association">Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, was "formed for the sole purposes of promoting the mechanic arts and extending the practice of benevolence."</li> <li>1820 <a href="/wiki/General_Society_of_Mechanics_and_Tradesmen_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York">General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York</a> established. Renamed and became the Mechanics' Institute in 1858.</li> <li>1821 The <a href="/wiki/English_High_School_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="English High School of Boston">English High School</a> was established in Boston, MA, as the first public high school, with leadership from the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association.</li> <li>1824 "The <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts" opened in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.</li> <li>1826 The <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_the_Mechanic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts">Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.</li> <li>1827 Boston established a mechanics' institute.</li> <li>1828 In <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, the Ohio Mechanics Institute (OMI) was founded on 20 November to "facilitate the diffusion of useful knowledge" to "ingenious artisans and mechanics".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> – Mechanics' institute was located at 9th and Bank Streets<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Marshall Street properties are now part of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and Richmond Public Schools<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> – 1885 mechanics' institute merged with the Rochester Athenium in 1891 to become the Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute. Renamed to <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> (RIT) in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existing_names_and_uses">Existing names and uses</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Existing names and uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Society_of_Mechanics_and_Tradesmen_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York">General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mechanics%27_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Mechanics' Institute">Mechanics' Institute</a>, San Francisco, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_Hall,_Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics Hall, Worcester">Mechanics Hall, Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Charitable_Mechanic_Association" title="Maine Charitable Mechanic Association">Maine Charitable Mechanic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Institute_Library_(New_Haven)" title="The Institute Library (New Haven)">New Haven Young Men's Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Working_Men%27s_Institute_(New_Harmony,_Indiana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Working Men's Institute (New Harmony, Indiana) (page does not exist)">The Working Men's Institute (New Harmony, Indiana)</a></li></ul> In addition, each state and territory in the US has at least one <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land grant university</a> that includes a college of agriculture and a college of engineering, as provided for by the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Acts" title="Morrill Land-Grant Acts">Morrill Land-Grant Acts</a> to teach agriculture, military tactics, and the mechanic arts as well as classical studies. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Athenaeum (disambiguation)">Athenaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institutions_in_Australia" title="Cultural institutions in Australia">Cultural institutions in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Diffusion_of_Useful_Knowledge" title="Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge">Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-infed-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infed_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-infed_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Mark K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817042028/http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-birb.htm">"George Birkbeck and the London Mechanics Institute"</a>. The encyclopaedia of informal education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-birb.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+encyclopaedia+of+informal+education&rft.atitle=George+Birkbeck+and+the+London+Mechanics+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infed.org%2Fwalking%2Fwa-birb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hwu-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hwu_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hwu_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hw.ac.uk/alumni/watt-club/mechanics-institute-worldwide-2021.htm">"Mechanics Institute Worldwide 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a>. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heriot-Watt+University&rft.atitle=Mechanics+Institute+Worldwide+2021&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hw.ac.uk%2Falumni%2Fwatt-club%2Fmechanics-institute-worldwide-2021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mi-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mi_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mi_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechanicsinstitutes.org/">"[Home page]"</a>. Mechanics Institutes. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechanics+Institutes&rft.atitle=%5BHome+page%5D&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechanicsinstitutes.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speecheshenrylo06vauxgoog/page/n154">Speeches of Henry, Lord Brougham</a> Vol. II, 1841, Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Retrieved 24 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Miscellaneous+institutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fcambs%2Fvol4%2Fpp268-269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdgorman.com/Other_Sites/mechanics_institute.htm">"Mechanics' Institute"</a>. mdgorman.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mdgorman.com&rft.atitle=Mechanics%27+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdgorman.com%2FOther_Sites%2Fmechanics_institute.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maps.vcu.edu/mcv/vmibldg/">"Virginia Mechanics Institute Building – VCU Maps"</a>. vcu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vcu.edu&rft.atitle=Virginia+Mechanics+Institute+Building+%E2%80%93+VCU+Maps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maps.vcu.edu%2Fmcv%2Fvmibldg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217063831/http://newweb.richmond.k12.va.us/schools/specialty/rtc.aspx">"Richmond Technical Center"</a>. richmond.k12.va.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newweb.richmond.k12.va.us/schools/specialty/rtc.aspx">the original</a> on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=richmond.k12.va.us&rft.atitle=Richmond+Technical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewweb.richmond.k12.va.us%2Fschools%2Fspecialty%2Frtc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622021635/http://www.rit.edu/academicaffairs/policiesmanual/sectionA/HISTORY.html">"A01.0 History, Accreditation and Legacy – University Policies – RIT"</a>. rit.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rit.edu/academicaffairs/policiesmanual/sectionA/HISTORY.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rit.edu&rft.atitle=A01.0+History%2C+Accreditation+and+Legacy+%E2%80%93+University+Policies+%E2%80%93+RIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rit.edu%2Facademicaffairs%2Fpoliciesmanual%2FsectionA%2FHISTORY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics%27_institute&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1952" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Thomas (November 1952). "The Origin of Mechanics' Institutes". British Journal of Educational Studies. 1 (1). Society for Educational Studies: 17–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3119430">10.2307/3119430</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3119430">3119430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Mechanics%27+Institutes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=1952-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3119430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3119430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics%27+institute" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Russell, Rex C. (1994). Living and Learning in Lindsey, Lincolnshire: 1830-1890 - AHistory of Adult Education in North Lincolnshire. The University of Hull 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859580245" title="Special:BookSources/0859580245">0859580245</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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