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resistant design</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: blast resistant design"> <meta name="keywords" content="blast resistant design"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="blast resistant design"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13561</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: blast resistant design</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13411</span> Evaluation of the Microscopic-Observation Drug-Susceptibility Assay Drugs Concentration for Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anita">Anita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sari%20Septiani%20Tangke"> Sari Septiani Tangke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rusdina%20Bte%20Ladju"> Rusdina Bte Ladju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nasrum%20Massi"> Nasrum Massi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New diagnostic tools are urgently needed to interrupt the transmission of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility (MODS) assay is a rapid, accurate and simple liquid culture method to detect multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MODS were evaluated to determine a lower and same concentration of isoniazid and rifampin for detection of MDR-TB. Direct drug-susceptibility testing was performed with the use of the MODS assay. Drug-sensitive control strains were tested daily. The drug concentrations that used for both isoniazid and rifampin were at the same concentration: 0.16, 0.08 and 0.04μg per milliliter. We tested 56 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates and the control strains M. tuberculosis H37RV. All concentration showed same result. Of 53 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates, 14 were MDR-TB, 38 were susceptible with isoniazid and rifampin, 1 was resistant with isoniazid only. Drug-susceptibility testing was performed with the use of the proportion method using Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) system as reference. The result of MODS assay using lower concentration was significance (P<0.001) compare with the reference methods. A lower and same concentration of isoniazid and rifampin can be used to detect MDR-TB. Operational cost and application can be more efficient and easier in resource-limited environments. However, additional studies evaluating the MODS using lower and same concentration of isoniazid and rifampin must be conducted with a larger number of clinical isolates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isoniazid" title="isoniazid">isoniazid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MODS%20assay" title=" MODS assay"> MODS assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MDR-TB" title=" MDR-TB"> MDR-TB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rifampin" title=" rifampin "> rifampin </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8582/evaluation-of-the-microscopic-observation-drug-susceptibility-assay-drugs-concentration-for-detection-of-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8582.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13410</span> Structure-Based Virtual Screening and in Silico Toxicity Test of Compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid Aminotransferase (MtbBioA)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junie%20B.%20Billones">Junie B. Billones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Constancia%20O.%20Carrillo"> Maria Constancia O. Carrillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Voltaire%20G.%20Organo"> Voltaire G. Organo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephani%20Joy%20Y.%20Macalino"> Stephani Joy Y. Macalino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inno%20A.%20Emnacen"> Inno A. Emnacen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamie%20Bernadette%20A.%20Sy"> Jamie Bernadette A. Sy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the major interferences in the Philippines’ tuberculosis control program is the widespread prevalence of Mtb strains that are resistant to known drugs, such as the MDR-TB (Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis) and XDR-TB (Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis). Therefore, there is a pressing need to search for novel Mtb drug targets in order to be able to combat these drug resistant strains. The enzyme 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase enzyme, or more commonly known as BioA, is one such ideal target, as it is known that humans do not possess this enzyme. BioA primarily plays a key role in Mtb’s lipid biosynthesis pathway; more specifically in the synthesis of the enzyme cofactor biotin. In this study, structure-based pharmacophore screening, docking, and ADMET evaluation of compounds obtained from the DrugBank chemical database were performed against the MtbBioA enzyme. Results of the screening, docking, ADMET, and TOPKAT calculations revealed that out of the 6,516 compounds in the library, only 7 compounds indicated more favorable binding energies as compared to the enzyme’s known inhibitor, amiclenomycin (ACM), as well as good solubility and toxicity properties. Moreover, out of these 7 compounds, Molecule 6 exhibited the best solubility and toxicity properties. In the future, these lead compounds may then be subjected to bioactivity assays in vitro or in vivo for further evaluation of its therapeutic efficacy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=7" title="7">7</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=8-diaminopelargonic%20acid%20aminotransferase" title="8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase">8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BioA" title=" BioA"> BioA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacophore" title=" pharmacophore"> pharmacophore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20docking" title=" molecular docking"> molecular docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADMET" title=" ADMET"> ADMET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TOPKAT" title=" TOPKAT"> TOPKAT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9299/structure-based-virtual-screening-and-in-silico-toxicity-test-of-compounds-against-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-78-diaminopelargonic-acid-aminotransferase-mtbbioa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9299.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13409</span> Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Shigella since the Turn of 21st Century, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neelam%20Taneja">Neelam Taneja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Mewara"> Abhishek Mewara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20Kumar"> Ajay Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multidrug resistant shigellae have emerged as a therapeutic challenge in India. At our 2000 bed tertiary care referral centre in Chandigarh, North India, which caters to a large population of 7 neighboring states, antibiotic resistance in Shigella is being constantly monitored. Shigellae are isolated from 3 to 5% of all stool samples. In 1990 nalidixic acid was the drug of choice as 82%, and 63% of shigellae were resistant to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole respectively. Nalidixic acid resistance emerged in 1992 and rapidly increased from 6% during 1994-98 to 86% by the turn of 21st century. In the 1990s, the WHO recommended ciprofloxacin as the drug of choice for empiric treatment of shigellosis in view of the existing high level resistance to agents like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid. First resistance to ciprofloxacin in S. flexneri at our centre appeared in 2000 and rapidly rose to 46% in 2007 (MIC>4mg/L). In between we had an outbreak of ciprofloxacin resistant S.dysenteriae serotype 1 in 2003. Therapeutic failures with ciprofloxacin occurred with both ciprofloxacin-resistant S. dysenteriae and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. flexneri. The severity of illness was more with ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. Till 2000, elsewhere in the world ciprofloxacin resistance in S. flexneri was sporadic and uncommon, though resistance to co-trimoxazole and ampicillin was common and in some areas resistance to nalidixic acid had also emerged. Fluoroquinolones due to extensive use and misuse for many other illnesses in our region are thus no longer the preferred group of drugs for managing shigellosis in India. WHO presently recommends ceftriaxone and azithromycin as alternative drugs to fluoroquinolone-resistant shigellae, however, overreliance on this group of drugs also seems to soon become questionable considering the emerging cephalosporin-resistant shigellae. We found 15.1% of S. flexneri isolates collected over a period of 9 years (2000-2009) resistant to at least one of the third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone/cefotaxime). The first isolate showing ceftriaxone resistance was obtained in 2001, and we have observed an increase in number of isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporins in S. flexneri 2005 onwards. This situation has now become a therapeutic challenge in our region. The MIC values for Shigella isolates revealed a worrisome rise for ceftriaxone (MIC90:12 mg/L) and cefepime (MIC90:8 mg/L). MIC values for S. dysenteriae remained below 1 mg/L for ceftriaxone, however for cefepime, the MIC90 has raised to 4 mg/L. These infections caused by ceftriaxone-resistant S. flexneri isolates were successfully treated by azithromycin at our center. Most worrisome development in the present has been the emergence of DSA(Decreased susceptibility to azithromycin) which surfaced in 2001 and has increased from 4.3% till 2011 to 34% thereafter. We suspect plasmid-mediated resistance as we detected qnrS1-positive Shigella for the first time from the Indian subcontinent in 2 strains from 2010, indicating a relatively new appearance of this PMQR determinant among Shigella in India. This calls for a continuous and strong surveillance of antibiotic resistance across the country. The prevention of shigellosis by developing cost-effective vaccines is desirable as it will substantially reduce the morbidity associated with diarrhoea in the country <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial" title=" antimicrobial"> antimicrobial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55641/evolution-of-antimicrobial-resistance-in-shigella-since-the-turn-of-21st-century-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55641.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13408</span> Structure-Based Drug Design of Daptomycin, Antimicrobial lipopeptide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satya%20Eswari%20Jujjavarapu">Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swast%20Dhagat"> Swast Dhagat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contagious diseases enact severe public health problems and have upsetting consequences. The cyclic lipopeptides explained by bacteria Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Serratia, Propionibacterium and fungus Fusarium are very critical in confining the pathogens. As the degree of drug resistance upsurges in unparalleled manner, the perseverance of searching novel cyclic lipopeptides is being professed. The intense study has shown the implication of these bioactive compounds extending beyond antibacterial and antifungal. Lipopeptides, composed of single units of peptide and fatty acyl moiety, show broad spectrum antimicrobial effects. Among the surplus of cyclic lipopeptides, only few have materialized as strong antibiotics. For their functional vigor, polymyxin, daptomycin, surfactin, iturin and bacillomycin have been integrated in mainstream healthcare. In our work daptomycin has been a major part of antimicrobial resource since the past decade. Daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide consists of 13-member amino acid with a decanoyl side-chain. This structure of daptomycin confers it the mechanism of action through which it forms pore in the bacterial cell membrane resulting in the death of cell. Daptomycin is produced by Streptococccus roseoporus and acts against Streptococcus pneumonia (PSRP), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The PDB structure and ligands of daptomycin are available online. The molecular docking studies of these ligands with the lipopeptides were performed and their docking score and glide energy were recorded. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=daptomycin" title="daptomycin">daptomycin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20docking" title=" molecular docking"> molecular docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure-based%20drug%20design" title=" structure-based drug design"> structure-based drug design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipopeptide" title=" lipopeptide"> lipopeptide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65594/structure-based-drug-design-of-daptomycin-antimicrobial-lipopeptide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13407</span> Performance Evaluation of MIMO-OFDM Communication Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20I.%20Youssef">M. I. Youssef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20E.%20Emam"> A. E. Emam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abd%20Elghany"> M. Abd Elghany</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper evaluates the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO-OFDM communication system. MIMO system uses multiple transmitting and receiving antennas with different coding techniques to either enhance the transmission diversity or spatial multiplexing gain. Utilizing alamouti algorithm were the same information transmitted over multiple antennas at different time intervals and then collected again at the receivers to minimize the probability of error, combat fading and thus improve the received signal to noise ratio. While utilizing V-BLAST algorithm, the transmitted signals are divided into different transmitting channels and transferred over the channel to be received by different receiving antennas to increase the transmitted data rate and achieve higher throughput. The paper provides a study of different diversity gain coding schemes and spatial multiplexing coding for MIMO systems. A comparison of various channels' estimation and equalization techniques are given. The simulation is implemented using MATLAB, and the results had shown the performance of transmission models under different channel environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO%20communication" title="MIMO communication">MIMO communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BER" title=" BER"> BER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20codes" title=" space codes"> space codes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channels" title=" channels"> channels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alamouti" title=" alamouti"> alamouti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V-BLAST" title=" V-BLAST"> V-BLAST</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82337/performance-evaluation-of-mimo-ofdm-communication-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13406</span> The Effect of Mathematical Modeling of Damping on the Seismic Energy Demands</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selamawit%20Dires">Selamawit Dires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Solomon%20Tesfamariam"> Solomon Tesfamariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Tannert"> Thomas Tannert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modern earthquake engineering and design encompass performance-based design philosophy. The main objective in performance-based design is to achieve a system performing precisely to meet the design objectives so to reduce unintended seismic risks and associated losses. Energy-based earthquake-resistant design is one of the design methodologies that can be implemented in performance-based earthquake engineering. In energy-based design, the seismic demand is usually described as the ratio of the hysteretic to input energy. Once the hysteretic energy is known as a percentage of the input energy, it is distributed among energy-dissipating components of a structure. The hysteretic to input energy ratio is highly dependent on the inherent damping of a structural system. In numerical analysis, damping can be modeled as stiffness-proportional, mass-proportional, or a linear combination of stiffness and mass. In this study, the effect of mathematical modeling of damping on the estimation of seismic energy demands is investigated by considering elastic-perfectly-plastic single-degree-of-freedom systems representing short to long period structures. Furthermore, the seismicity of Vancouver, Canada, is used in the nonlinear time history analysis. According to the preliminary results, the input energy demand is not sensitive to the type of damping models deployed. Hence, consistent results are achieved regardless of the damping models utilized in the numerical analyses. On the other hand, the hysteretic to input energy ratios vary significantly for the different damping models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damping" title="damping">damping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy-based%20seismic%20design" title=" energy-based seismic design"> energy-based seismic design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hysteretic%20energy" title=" hysteretic energy"> hysteretic energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=input%20energy" title=" input energy"> input energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111458/the-effect-of-mathematical-modeling-of-damping-on-the-seismic-energy-demands" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111458.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13405</span> Dry Binder Mixing of Field Trial Investigation Using Soil Mix Technology: Case Study on Contaminated Site Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Allagoa">Mary Allagoa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abir%20Al-Tabbaa"> Abir Al-Tabbaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study explores the use of binders and additives, such as Portland cement, pulverized fuel ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and MgO, to decrease the concentration and leachability of pollutants in contaminated site soils. The research investigates their effectiveness and associated risks of using the binders, with a focus on Total Heavy metals (THM) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH). The goal of this research is to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of binders and additives in remediating soil pollutants. The study aims to assess the suitability of the mixtures for ground improvement purposes, determine the optimal dosage, and investigate the associated risks. The research utilizes physical (unconfined compressive strength) and chemical tests (batch leachability test) to assess the efficacy of the binders and additives. A completely randomized design one-way ANOVA is used to determine the significance within mix binders of THM. The study also employs incremental lifetime cancer risk assessments (ILCR) and other indexes to evaluate the associated risks. The study finds that Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS): MgO is the most effective binder for remediation, particularly when using low dosages of MgO combined with higher dosages of GGBS binders on TPH. The results indicate that binders and additives can encapsulate and immobilize pollutants, thereby reducing their leachability and toxicity. The mean unconfined compressive strength of the soil ranges from 285.0- 320.5 kPa, while THM levels are less than 10 µg/l in GGBS: MgO and CEM: PFA but below 1 µg/l in CEM I based. The ILCR ranged from 6.77E-02 - 2.65E-01 and 5.444E-01 – 3.20 E+00, with the highest values observed under extreme conditions. The hazard index (HI), Risk allowable daily dose intake (ADI), and Risk chronic daily intake (CDI) were all less than 1 for the THM. The study identifies MgO as the best additive for use in soil remediation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20ADI" title="risk ADI">risk ADI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20CDI" title=" risk CDI"> risk CDI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ILCR" title=" ILCR"> ILCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel%20binders" title=" novel binders"> novel binders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additives%20binders" title=" additives binders"> additives binders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazard%20index" title=" hazard index"> hazard index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166678/dry-binder-mixing-of-field-trial-investigation-using-soil-mix-technology-case-study-on-contaminated-site-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166678.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">811</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13404</span> Oral Antibiotics in Trans-Rectal Prostate Biopsy and Its Efficacy to Reduce Infectious Complications: Systematic Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohand%20Yaghi">Mohand Yaghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Kehinde"> O. Kehinde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: For the diagnosis of prostate cancer Trans-rectal prostate biopsy (TRPB) is used commonly, the procedure is associated with infective complications. There is evidence that antibiotics (ABx) decrease infective events after TRPB, but different regimens are used. Aim: To systematically review different regimens of prophylactic oral antibiotics in TRPB. Design: Medline, Embase, Clinical trials site, and Cochrane library were searched, experts were consulted about relevant studies. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) conducted in the last twenty years, which investigated different oral antibiotic regimens in TRPB, and compared their efficacy to reduce infectious complications were analyzed. Measurements: Primary outcomes were bacteriuria, urinary tract infection (UTI), fever, bacteremia, sepsis. Secondary outcomes were hospitalization rate, and the prevalence of ABx-resistant bacteria. Results: Nine trials were eligible with 3012 patients. Antibiotics prevented bacteriuria (3.5% vs. 9.88%), UTI (4.46% vs. 9.75%), and hospitalization (0.21% vs. 2.13%) significantly in comparison with placebo or no treatment. No significant difference was found in all outcomes of the review between the single dose regimen and the 3 days. The single dose regimen was as effective as the multiple dose except in Bacteriuria (6.75% vs. 3.25%), and the prevalence of ABx-resistant bacteria (1.57% vs. 0.27%). Quinolones reduced only UTI significantly in comparison with other antibiotics. Lastly, Ciprofloxacin is the best Quinolone to prevent UTI, and hospitalization. Conclusion: it is essential to prescribe prophylactic Antibiotics in TRPB. No conclusive evidence could be claimed about the superiority of the multiple or the 3 days regimens to the single dose regimen. Unexpectedly, ABx-resistant bacteria was identified more often in the single dose cohorts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title="infection">infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prostate%20cancer" title=" prostate cancer"> prostate cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sepsis" title=" sepsis"> sepsis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRPB" title=" TRPB"> TRPB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34146/oral-antibiotics-in-trans-rectal-prostate-biopsy-and-its-efficacy-to-reduce-infectious-complications-systematic-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13403</span> Acoustic Absorption of Hemp Walls with Ground Granulated Blast Slag</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oliver%20Kinnane">Oliver Kinnane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aidan%20Reilly"> Aidan Reilly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Grimes"> John Grimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Pavia"> Sara Pavia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosanne%20Walker"> Rosanne Walker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unwanted sound reflection can create acoustic discomfort and lead to problems of speech comprehensibility. Contemporary building techniques enable highly finished internal walls resulting in sound reflective surfaces. In contrast, sustainable construction materials using natural and vegetal materials, are often more porous and absorptive. Hemp shiv is used as an aggregate and when mixed with lime binder creates a low-embodied-energy concrete. Cement replacements such as ground granulated blast slag (GGBS), a byproduct of other industrial processes, are viewed as more sustainable alternatives to high-embodied-energy cement. Hemp concretes exhibit good hygrothermal performance. This has focused much research attention on them as natural and sustainable low-energy alternatives to standard concretes. A less explored benefit is the acoustic absorption capability of hemp-based concretes. This work investigates hemp-lime-GGBS concrete specifically, and shows that it exhibits high levels of sound absorption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemp" title="hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hempcrete" title=" hempcrete"> hempcrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20absorption" title=" acoustic absorption"> acoustic absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GGBS" title=" GGBS"> GGBS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49146/acoustic-absorption-of-hemp-walls-with-ground-granulated-blast-slag" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13402</span> Parametric Study of the Structures: Influence of the Shells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serikma%20Mourad">Serikma Mourad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mezidi%20Amar"> Mezidi Amar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The conception (design) of an earthquake-resistant structure is a complex problem seen the necessity of meeting the requirements of security been imperative by the regulations, and of economy been imperative by the increasing costs of the structures. The resistance of a building in the horizontal actions (shares) is mainly ensured by a mixed brace system; for a concrete building, this system is constituted by frame or shells; or both at the same time. After the earthquake of Boumerdes (May 23; 2003) in Algeria, the studies made by experts, ended in modifications of the Algerian Earthquake-resistant Regulation (AER 99). One of these modifications was to widen the use of shells for the brace system. This modification has create a conflict on the quantities, the positions and the type of the shells at adopt. In the present project, we suggest seeing the effect of the variation of the dimensions, the localization and the conditions of rigidity in extremities of shells. The study will be led on a building (F+5) implanted in zone of seismicity average. To do it, we shall proceed to a classic dynamic study of a structure by using 4 alternatives for shells by varying the lengths and number in order to compare the cost of the structure for 4 dispositions of the shells with a technical-economic study of the brace system by the use of different dispositions of shells and to estimate the quantities of necessary materials (concrete and steel). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title="reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20brace%20system" title=" mixed brace system"> mixed brace system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20analysis" title=" dynamic analysis"> dynamic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beams" title=" beams"> beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shells" title=" shells"> shells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44098/parametric-study-of-the-structures-influence-of-the-shells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13401</span> Antibacterial Activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Potential Multidrug - Resistant Pathogens Isolated from Rabbit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Checkfaith%20I.%20Aizebeoje">Checkfaith I. Aizebeoje</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Temitope%20O.%20Lawal"> Temitope O. Lawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bolanle%20A.%20Adeniyi"> Bolanle A. Adeniyi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The overuse and abuse of antibiotics in treating zoonotic infections in humans and opportunistic infections in rabbit has contributed to the increase in antimicrobial drug resistance, therefore, an alternative to antibiotics is needed in treating these infections. The study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from rabbit’s faeces against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens isolated from the same rabbit. Twelve faecal samples and twelve swabs from fur samples were randomly collected aseptically from apparently healthy rabbits from Ajibode, Ibadan and University of Ibadan research farm in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. Lactic acid bacteria and multidrug-resistant pathogens were isolated using appropriate agar media and identified by partial sequencing of the 16SrRNA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria and LAB were determined by the agar diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of the LAB against the test pathogens was determined using the agar overlay and agar diffusion methods. The pathogens Myroides gitamensis, Citrobacter rodentium, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Enterobacter oryzendophyticus and Serratia marcescens as well as twenty-eight (28) species of LAB belonging to Acetobacter and Lactobacillus genera were identified and characterized. Lactobacillus plantarum had the highest (60.71%) occurrence of the LAB. Viable cells and cell free supernatant (CFS) of isolated LAB inhibited the growth of the test organisms with the largest zone of inhibition (40 mm) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum against Citrobacter rodentium. This study showed that LAB from rabbit possess considerable antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria from the same environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial%20activities" title="antibacterial activities">antibacterial activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell-free%20supernatant" title=" cell-free supernatant"> cell-free supernatant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactic%20acid%20bacteria%3B%20multidrug-resistant%20pathogens" title=" lactic acid bacteria; multidrug-resistant pathogens"> lactic acid bacteria; multidrug-resistant pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabbits%E2%80%99%20faeces" title=" rabbits’ faeces "> rabbits’ faeces </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129576/antibacterial-activities-of-lactic-acid-bacteria-on-potential-multidrug-resistant-pathogens-isolated-from-rabbit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13400</span> Investigating the Flavin-Dependent Thymidylate Synthase (FDTS) Enzyme from Clostridioides Difficile (C. diff)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sidra%20Shaw">Sidra Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarenna%20Shaw"> Sarenna Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chae%20Joon%20Lee"> Chae Joon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irimpan%20Mathews"> Irimpan Mathews</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Koehn"> Eric Koehn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the biggest public health concerns of our time is increasing antimicrobial resistance. As of 2019, the CDC has documented more than 2.8 million serious antibiotic resistant infections in the United States. Currently, antibiotic resistant infections are directly implicated in over 750,000 deaths per year globally. On our current trajectory, British economist Jim O’Neill predicts that by 2050, an additional 10 million people (about half the population of New York) will die annually due to drug resistant infections. As a result, new biochemical pathways must be targeted to generate next generation antibiotic drugs that will be effective against drug resistant bacteria. One enticing target is the biosynthesis of DNA within bacteria, as few drugs interrupt this essential life process. Thymidylate synthase enzymes are essential for life as they catalyze the synthesis of a DNA building block, 2′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (dTMP). In humans, the thymidylate synthase enzyme (TSase) has been shown to be distinct from the flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase (FDTS) produced by many pathogenic bacteria. TSase and FDTS have distinct structures and mechanisms of catalysis, which should allow selective inhibition of FDTS over human TSase. Currently, C. diff is one of the most antibiotic resistant bacteria, and no drugs that target thymine biosynthesis exist for C. diff. Here we present the initial biochemical characterization of FDTS from C. diff. Specifically, we examine enzyme kinetics and binding features of this enzyme to determine the nature of interaction with ligands/inhibitors and understand the molecular mechanism of catalysis. This research will provide more insight into the targetability of the C. diff FDTS enzyme for novel antibiotic drugs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavin-dependent%20thymidylate%20synthase" title="flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase">flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FDTS" title=" FDTS"> FDTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clostridioides%20difficile" title=" clostridioides difficile"> clostridioides difficile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20diff" title=" C. diff"> C. diff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance" title=" antibiotic resistance"> antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20synthesis" title=" DNA synthesis"> DNA synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzyme%20kinetics" title=" enzyme kinetics"> enzyme kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binding%20features" title=" binding features"> binding features</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165607/investigating-the-flavin-dependent-thymidylate-synthase-fdts-enzyme-from-clostridioides-difficile-c-diff" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13399</span> Non-Waste Utilization of Copper Smelting Slags for Production of Demanded Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20D.%20%20Povolockiy">V. D. Povolockiy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20E.%20%20Roshchin"> V. E. Roshchin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20%20Kapelyushin"> Y. Kapelyushin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smelting of copper matte is followed by production of a large amount of slag. This slag mostly contains silicates and can be utilized in a construction industry. In addition to silicates it also contains Fe; if the Fe content is high, the density of the silicate phases increases and such a slag cannot be used as an additive for the concrete. Furthermore, slags obtained during copper matte production contain copper, sulphur, zinc and some other elements. Fe is the element with the highest price in these slags. An extraction of Fe is possible even using the conventional methods, e.g., the addition of slag to the charge materials during production of sinter for the blast furnace smelting. However, in this case, the blast furnace hot metal would accumulate sulphur and copper which is very harmful impurity for the steelmaking. An accumulation of copper by the blast furnace hot metal is unacceptable, as copper cannot be removed during further steelmaking operations having a critical effect on the properties of steel. In present work, the technological scheme for non-waste utilization of the copper smelting slags has been suggested and experimentally confirmed. This scheme includes a solid state reduction of Fe and smelting for the separation of cast iron and slag. During solid state reduction, the zinc vapor was trapped. After the reduction and smelting operations, the cast iron containing copper was used for the production of metal balls with increased mechanical properties allowing their utilization for milling of ore minerals. Such a cast iron could also be applied in the production of special types of steel with copper. The silicate slag freed from Fe might be used as a propping agent in the oil industry, or granulated for application as an additive for concrete in a construction industry. Thereby, the suggested products for a Mini Mill plant with non-waste utilization of the copper smelting slags are cast iron grinding balls for the ore minerals, special types of steel with copper, silicate slag utilized as an additive for the concrete and propping agents for the oil industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization%20of%20copper%20slag" title="utilization of copper slag">utilization of copper slag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cast%20iron" title=" cast iron"> cast iron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding%20balls" title=" grinding balls"> grinding balls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propping%20agents" title=" propping agents "> propping agents </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86594/non-waste-utilization-of-copper-smelting-slags-for-production-of-demanded-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13398</span> Alkali Activation of Fly Ash, Metakaolin and Slag Blends: Fresh and Hardened Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiliang%20Gong">Weiliang Gong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lissa%20Gomes"> Lissa Gomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucile%20Raymond"> Lucile Raymond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Xu"> Hui Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Werner%20Lutze"> Werner Lutze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20L.%20Pegg">Ian L. Pegg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alkali-activated materials, particularly geopolymers, have attracted much interest in academia. Commercial applications are on the rise, as well. Geopolymers are produced typically by a reaction of one or two aluminosilicates with an alkaline solution at room temperature. Fly ash is an important aluminosilicate source. However, using low-Ca fly ash, the byproduct of burning hard or black coal reacts and sets slowly at room temperature. The development of mechanical durability, e.g., compressive strength, is slow as well. The use of fly ashes with relatively high contents ( > 6%) of unburned carbon, i.e., high loss on ignition (LOI), is particularly disadvantageous as well. This paper will show to what extent these impediments can be mitigated by mixing the fly ash with one or two more aluminosilicate sources. The fly ash used here is generated at the Orlando power plant (Florida, USA). It is low in Ca ( < 1.5% CaO) and has a high LOI of > 6%. The additional aluminosilicate sources are metakaolin and blast furnace slag. Binary fly ash-metakaolin and ternary fly ash-metakaolin-slag geopolymers were prepared. Properties of geopolymer pastes before and after setting have been measured. Fresh mixtures of aluminosilicates with an alkaline solution were studied by Vicat needle penetration, rheology, and isothermal calorimetry up to initial setting and beyond. The hardened geopolymers were investigated by SEM/EDS and the compressive strength was measured. Initial setting (fluid to solid transition) was indicated by a rapid increase in yield stress and plastic viscosity. The rheological times of setting were always smaller than the Vicat times of setting. Both times of setting decreased with increasing replacement of fly ash with blast furnace slag in a ternary fly ash-metakaolin-slag geopolymer system. As expected, setting with only Orlando fly ash was the slowest. Replacing 20% fly ash with metakaolin shortened the set time. Replacing increasing fractions of fly ash in the binary system by blast furnace slag (up to 30%) shortened the time of setting even further. The 28-day compressive strength increased drastically from < 20 MPa to 90 MPa. The most interesting finding relates to the calorimetric measurements. The use of two or three aluminosilicates generated significantly more heat (20 to 65%) than the calculated from the weighted sum of the individual aluminosilicates. This synergetic heat contributes or may be responsible for most of the increase of compressive strength of our binary and ternary geopolymers. The synergetic heat effect may be also related to increased incorporation of calcium in sodium aluminosilicate hydrate to form a hybrid (N,C)A-S-H) gel. The time of setting will be correlated with heat release and maximum heat flow. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali-activated%20materials" title="alkali-activated materials">alkali-activated materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binary%20and%20ternary%0D%0Ageopolymers" title=" binary and ternary geopolymers"> binary and ternary geopolymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blends%20of%20fly%20ash" title=" blends of fly ash"> blends of fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metakaolin%20and%20blast%20furnace%20slag" title=" metakaolin and blast furnace slag"> metakaolin and blast furnace slag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheology" title=" rheology"> rheology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synergetic%20heats" title=" synergetic heats "> synergetic heats </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115972/alkali-activation-of-fly-ash-metakaolin-and-slag-blends-fresh-and-hardened-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13397</span> Numerical Study of Steel Structures Responses to External Explosions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Abdallah">Mohammad Abdallah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the constant increase in terrorist attacks, the research and engineering communities have given significant attention to building performance under explosions. This paper presents a methodology for studying and simulating the dynamic responses of steel structures during external detonations, particularly for accurately investigating the impact of incrementing charge weight on the members total behavior, resistance and failure. Prediction damage method was introduced to evaluate the damage level of the steel members based on five scenarios of explosions. Johnson–Cook strength and failure model have been used as well as ABAQUS finite element code to simulate the explicit dynamic analysis, and antecedent field tests were used to verify the acceptance and accuracy of the proposed material strength and failure model. Based on the structural response, evaluation criteria such as deflection, vertical displacement, drift index, and damage level; the obtained results show the vulnerability of steel columns and un-braced steel frames which are designed and optimized to carry dead and live load to resist and endure blast loading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20structure" title="steel structure">steel structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20load" title=" blast load"> blast load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorist%20attacks" title=" terrorist attacks"> terrorist attacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charge%20weight" title=" charge weight"> charge weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20level" title=" damage level"> damage level</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69100/numerical-study-of-steel-structures-responses-to-external-explosions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69100.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13396</span> The Study on Blast Effect of Polymer Gel by Trazul Lead Block Test and Concrete Block Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Hun%20Ko">Young-Hun Ko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Kim"> Seung-Jun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaqan%20Baluch"> Khaqan Baluch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyung-%20Sik%20Yang"> Hyung- Sik Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the polymer gel was used as coupling material in a blasting hole and its comparison was made with other coupling materials like sand, water, and air. Trazul lead block test and AUTODYN numerical analysis were conducted to analyze the effects of the coupling materials on the intensity of the explosion, as well as the verification tests were conducted by using concrete block test. The emulsion explosives were used in decoupling conditions, sand, water, and polymer gel were used as the coupling materials. The lead block test and the numerical analysis showed that the expansion of the blast hole in the lead block was similar to that of the water and gelatin and followed by sand and air conditions. The validation of concrete block test result showed the similar result as Trazul lead block test and the explosion strength was measured at 0.8 for polymer gel, 0.7 for sand, and 0.6 for no coupling material, in comparison to the full charge (1.0) case. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trazul%20lead%20block%20test" title="Trazul lead block test">Trazul lead block test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AUTODYN%20numerical%20analysis" title=" AUTODYN numerical analysis"> AUTODYN numerical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupling%20material" title=" coupling material"> coupling material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20gel" title=" polymer gel"> polymer gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20covering%20concrete%20block%20explosion%20test" title=" soil covering concrete block explosion test "> soil covering concrete block explosion test </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89043/the-study-on-blast-effect-of-polymer-gel-by-trazul-lead-block-test-and-concrete-block-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89043.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13395</span> Effects of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Early Age Thermal Properties of Cement Paste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ghareh%20Chaei">Maryam Ghareh Chaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masuzyo%20Chilwesa"> Masuzyo Chilwesa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Akbarnezhad"> Ali Akbarnezhad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnaud%20Castel"> Arnaud Castel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Redmond%20Lloyd"> Redmond Lloyd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Foster"> Stephen Foster</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cement hydration is an exothermic chemical reaction generally leading to a rise in concrete’s temperature. This internal heating of concrete may, in turn, lead to a temperature difference between the hotter interior and the cooler exterior of concrete and thus differential thermal stresses in early ages which could be particularly significant in mass concrete. Such differential thermal stresses result in early age thermal cracking of concrete when exceeding the concrete’s tensile strength. The extent of temperature rise and thus early age differential thermal stresses is generally a function of hydration heat intensity, thermal properties of concrete and size of the concrete element. Both hydration heat intensity and thermal properties of concrete may vary considerably with variations in the type cementitious materials and other constituents. With this in mind, partial replacement of cement with supplementary cementitious materials including fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag has been investigated widely as an effective strategy to moderate the heat generation rate and thus reduce the risk of early age thermal cracking of concrete. However, there is currently a lack of adequate literature on effect of partial replacement of cement with fly ash and/or ground granulated blast furnace slag on the thermal properties of concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental conducted to evaluate the effect of addition of varying percentages of fly ash (up to 60%) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (up to 50%) on the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of early age cement paste. The water to cementitious materials ratio is kept 0.45 for all the paste samples. The results of the experimental studies were used in a numerical analysis performed using Comsol Multiphysics to highlight the effects of variations in the thermal properties of concrete, due to variations in the type of aggregate and content of supplemenraty cementitious materials, on the risk of early age cracking of a concrete raft. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20diffusivity" title="thermal diffusivity">thermal diffusivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20age%20thermal%20cracking" title=" early age thermal cracking"> early age thermal cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supplementary%20cementitious%20materials" title=" supplementary cementitious materials "> supplementary cementitious materials </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74293/effects-of-supplementary-cementitious-materials-on-early-age-thermal-properties-of-cement-paste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13394</span> Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Extracts of the Red Raspberry Rubus rosifolius</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theresa%20Campbell">Theresa Campbell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camille%20Bowen-Forbes"> Camille Bowen-Forbes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Aalbersberg"> William Aalbersberg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Differences in the sensory properties of two subtly distinct varieties of Rubus rosifolius lead to the examination of their anthocyanin, essential oil and polyphenol profiles. In both cases, notable differences were identified. Pelargonidin-3-rhutinoside (17.2 mg/100 g FW) and Cyanidin-3-glucoside (66.2 mg/100g FW) proved to be the dominant anthocyanins in the red and wine red varieties respectively. Linalool and terpineol were the major constituents of the essential oil from the red variety; however, those of the wine red variety are unidentified. In regard to phenolic compounds, caffeic acid and quercetin were in a higher concentration in the red variety (1.85 and 0.73 mg/100g FW respectively, compared to 1.22 and 0.34 mg/100g FW respectively in the wine red fruits); while ellagic acid and ferulic acid were of a higher concentration in the wine red variety (0.92 and 0.84mg/100g FW respectively, compared to 0.15 and 0.48 mg/100g FW respectively in the red variety). The methanol extract of both fruit varieties showed great antioxidant activity. Analysis of the antimicrobial activity of the fruit extracts against the growth of drug resistant pathogens revealed that they are active against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), rifampicin resistant S. aureus (RRSA), wild-type S. aureus (WTSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF). Activity was also reported against several food-borne pathogens including two strains of E. coli, L. monocytogenes and Enterobacter aerogenes. The cytotoxicity of the various extracts was assessed and the essential oil extracts exhibited superior activity. The phenolic composition and biological activity of the fruits indicate that their consumption is beneficial to health and also that their incorporation into functional foods and nutraceuticals should be considered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytochemicals" title="phytochemicals">phytochemicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial" title=" antimicrobial"> antimicrobial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytotoxic" title=" cytotoxic"> cytotoxic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rubus%20rosifolius" title=" Rubus rosifolius"> Rubus rosifolius</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15806/phytochemistry-and-biological-activity-of-extracts-of-the-red-raspberry-rubus-rosifolius" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15806.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13393</span> Production of Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus through the Biocatalysis of Vegetable Oils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hak-Ryul%20Kim">Hak-Ryul Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyung-Geun%20Lee"> Hyung-Geun Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi%20Long"> Qi Long</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching%20Hou"> Ching Hou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Structural modification of natural lipids via chemical reaction or microbial bioconversion can change their properties or even create novel functionalities. Enzymatic oxidation of lipids leading to formation of oxylipin is one of those modifications. Hydroxy fatty acids, one of those oxylipins have gained important attentions because of their structural and functional properties compared with other non-hydroxy fatty acids. Recently 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was produced with high yield from lipid-containing oleic acid by microbial conversion, and the further study confirmed that DOD contained strong antimicrobial activities against a broad range of microorganisms. In this study, we tried to modify DOD molecules by the enzymatic or physical reaction to create new functionality or to enhance the antimicrobial activity of DOD. After modification of DOD molecules by different ways, we confirmed that the antimicrobial activity of DOD was highly enhanced and presented strong antimicrobial activities against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that DOD and its derivatives can be used as efficient antimicrobial agents for medical and industrial applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocatalysis" title="biocatalysis">biocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20agent" title=" antimicrobial agent"> antimicrobial agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multidrug-resistant%20bacteria" title=" multidrug-resistant bacteria"> multidrug-resistant bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable%20oil" title=" vegetable oil"> vegetable oil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75239/production-of-antimicrobial-agents-against-multidrug-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-through-the-biocatalysis-of-vegetable-oils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13392</span> RNA Expression Analysis of Mycobacterial Methyltransferases Genes in Different Resistant Strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Davar%20Siadat">Seyed Davar Siadat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samira%20Tarashi"> Samira Tarashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abolfazl%20Fateh"> Abolfazl Fateh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arfa%20Moshiri"> Arfa Moshiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The global health issue of tuberculosis (TB) still affects patients in every country. TB control may not be as effective as it should be, especially when resistant strains are involved. In this regard, mycobacterial MTases play a major role in tuberculosis, but the mechanisms underlying their function have yet to be fully deciphered. Methods: Five resistant isolates of M.tb were accumulated. As a reference strain, M.tb H37Rv (ATCC 27249) was used. For this analysis, seven putative mycobacterial MTase genes (Rv0645c, Rv1694, Rv2966c, Rv3919c, Rv2756c, Rv1988, and Rv3263), as well as Rv1392 as SAM synthase, were selected. Comparing mutations and expression levels of MTases in different strains was accomplished by PCR-sequencing and qRT-PCR. The relative expression levels of these genes were calculated using the 2 -ΔΔCt method. Results: The Rv3919c gene (T to G in codon 341) and Rv1392 gene (G to A in codon 97) were the only mutations found in the INHR strain. In all sensitive and resistant isolates, Rv0645c, Rv3263, Rv2756c, and Rv2966c were overexpressed. However, the expression of Rv1988 and Rv3919c decreased in the sensitive strains, whereas the expression of Rv1694 increased. There was also a decreased expression of Rv1392 in the INHR isolate. Conclusion: The presence of mycobacterial MTases as well as resistance to antibiotics were found to be correlated in M.tb strains. Undoubtedly, there are some MTases that are associated with the virulence process. It is necessary to conduct additional studies to fully explore the impact of mycobacterial MTases within specific strains of M.tb to develop novel diagnostic and treatment strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycobacterium%20tuberculosis" title="mycobacterium tuberculosis">mycobacterium tuberculosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20resistance" title=" drug resistance"> drug resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methyltransferases" title=" methyltransferases"> methyltransferases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=s-adenosylmethionine" title=" s-adenosylmethionine"> s-adenosylmethionine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150632/rna-expression-analysis-of-mycobacterial-methyltransferases-genes-in-different-resistant-strains-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13391</span> Assessing the Effect of Freezing and Thawing of Coverzone of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulkarim%20Mohammed%20Iliyasu">Abdulkarim Mohammed Iliyasu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Abba%20Tahir"> Mahmud Abba Tahir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Freezing and thawing are considered to be one of the major causes of concrete deterioration in the cold regions. This study aimed at assessing the freezing and thawing of concrete within the cover zone by monitoring the formation of ice and melting at different temperatures using electrical measurement technique. A multi-electrode array system was used to obtain the resistivity of ice formation and melting at discrete depths within the cover zone of the concrete. A total number of four concrete specimens (250 mm x 250 mm x 150 mm) made of ordinary Portland cement concrete and ordinary Portland cement replaced by 65% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is investigated. Water/binder ratios of 0.35 and 0.65 were produced and ponded with water to ensure full saturation and then subjected to freezing and thawing process in a refrigerator within a temperature range of -30 <sup>0</sup>C and 20 <sup>0</sup>C over a period of time 24 hours. The data were collected and analysed. The obtained results show that the addition of GGBS changed the pore structure of the concrete which resulted in the decrease in conductance. It was recommended among others that, the surface of the concrete structure should be protected as this will help to prevent the instantaneous propagation of ice trough the rebar and to avoid corrosion and subsequent damage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductance" title=" conductance"> conductance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterioration" title=" deterioration"> deterioration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freezing%20and%20thawing" title=" freezing and thawing"> freezing and thawing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48551/assessing-the-effect-of-freezing-and-thawing-of-coverzone-of-ground-granulated-blast-furnace-slag-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13390</span> Lamivudine Continuation/Tenofovir Add-on Adversely Affects Treatment Response among Lamivudine Non-Responder HIV-HBV Co-Infected Patients from Eastern India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ananya%20Pal">Ananya Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neelakshi%20Sarkar"> Neelakshi Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debraj%20Saha"> Debraj Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipanwita%20Das"> Dipanwita Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhashish%20Kamal%20Guha"> Subhashish Kamal Guha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bibhuti%20Saha"> Bibhuti Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Runu%20Chakravarty"> Runu Chakravarty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Presently, tenofovir disoproxil fumurate (TDF) is the most effective anti-viral agent for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in individuals co-infected with HIV and HBV as TDF has activity to suppress both wild-type and lamivudine (3TC)-resistant HBV. However, suboptimal response to TDF was reported in HIV-HBV co-infected individuals with prior 3TC therapy from different countries recently. The incidence of 3TC-resistant HBV strains is quite high in HIV-HBV co-infected patients experiencing long-term anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in eastern India. In spite of this risk, most of the patients with long-term 3TC treatment are continued with the same anti-viral agent in this country. Only a few have received TDF in addition to 3TC in the ART regimen since TDF has been available in India for the treatment of HIV-infected patients in 2012. In this preliminary study, we investigated the virologic and biochemical parameters among HIV-HBV co-infected patients who are non-responders to 3TC treatment during the continuation of 3TC or TDF add-on to 3TC in their ART regimen. Fifteen HIV-HBV co-infected patients who experienced long-term 3TC (mean duration months 36.87 ± 24.08 months) were identified with high HBV viremia ( > 20,000 IU/ml) or harbouring 3TC-resistant HBV. These patients receiving ART from School of Tropical Medicine Kolkata, the main ART centre in eastern India were followed-up semi-annually for next three visits. Different virologic parameters including quantification of plasma HBV load by real-time PCR, detection of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by commercial ELISA and anti-viral resistant mutations by sequencing were studied. During three follow-up among study subjects, 86%, 47%, and 43% had 3TC-mono-therapy (mean treatment-duration 41.54±18.84, 49.67±11.67, 54.17±12.37 months respectively) whereas 14%, 53%, and 57% experienced TDF in addition to 3TC (mean treatment duration 4.5±2.12, 16.56±11.06, and 23±4.07 months respectively). Mean CD4 cell-count in patients receiving 3TC was tended to be lower during third follow-up as compared to the first and the second [520.67±380.30 (1st), 454.8±196.90 (2nd), and 397.5±189.24 (3rd) cells/mm3) and similar trend was seen in patients experiencing TDF in addition to 3TC [334.5±330.218 (1st), 476.5±194.25 (2nd), and 461.17±269.89 (3rd) cells/mm3]. Serum HBV load was increased during successive follow-up of patients with 3TC-mono-therapy. Initiation of TDF lowered serum HBV-load among 3TC-non-responders at the time of second visit ( < 2,000 IU/ml), interestingly during third follow-up, mean HBV viremia increased >1 log IU/ml (mean 3.56±2.84 log IU/ml). Persistence of 3TC-resistant double and triple mutations was also observed in both the treatment regimens. Mean serum alanine aminotransferase remained elevated in these patients during this follow-up study. Persistence of high HBV viraemia and 3TC-resistant mutation in HBV during the continuation of 3TC might lead to major public health threat in India. The inclusion of TDF in the ART regimen of 3TC non-responder HIV-HBV co-infected patients showed adverse treatment response in terms of virologic and biochemical parameters. Therefore, serious attention is necessary for proper management of long-term 3TC experienced HIV-HBV co-infected patients with high HBV viraemia or 3TC-resistant HBV mutants in India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HBV" title="HBV">HBV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title=" HIV"> HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TDF" title=" TDF"> TDF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3TC-resistant" title=" 3TC-resistant "> 3TC-resistant </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34456/lamivudine-continuationtenofovir-add-on-adversely-affects-treatment-response-among-lamivudine-non-responder-hiv-hbv-co-infected-patients-from-eastern-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13389</span> Affordable and Sustainable Housing Construction: Case Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tony%20Rizk">Tony Rizk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent material advances and cost efficiencies are transforming the housing industry away from traditional lumber and gypsum material to alternate fiberboard material that is workable and resistant to fire, mold, and pest infestation. The use of these materials may add to the initial cost of construction. However, the life cycle (cradle to grave) cost of houses using these construction materials and methods are lower than the life cycle costs using traditional housing construction materials and methods. This paper will present four (4) case studies of sustainable house projects. Each project was designed and constructed using earthen-based, sustainable fiberboard material that is resistant to fire, mold, and infestation and fabricated at a very low material calorific value. These house projects have a living space ranging from 625 sq. ft. for an accessory dwelling unit and up to 3,200 sq. ft. 1-story and 2-story homes. For each case study, we will present the house engineering design and construction method, the initial construction costs, a summary of the life cycle costs, and a comparison to the life cycle cost of traditional housing available in the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20housing" title="residential housing">residential housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20housing" title=" sustainable housing"> sustainable housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20cost" title=" life cycle cost"> life cycle cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20resistance" title=" fire resistance"> fire resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mold" title=" mold"> mold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infestation%20resistance" title=" infestation resistance"> infestation resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151099/affordable-and-sustainable-housing-construction-case-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13388</span> Pressure Drop Study in Moving and Stationary Beds with Lateral Gas Injection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinci%20Mojamdar">Vinci Mojamdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Govind%20S.%20Gupta"> Govind S. Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moving beds in the presence of gas flow are widely used in metallurgical and chemical industries like blast furnaces, catalyst reforming, drying, etc. Pressure drop studies in co- and counter – current conditions have been done by a few researchers. However, to the best of authours knowledge, proper pressure drop study with lateral gas injection lacks especially in the presence of cavity and nozzle protrusion inside the packed bed. The latter study is more useful for metallurgical industries for the processes such as blast furnaces, shaft reduction and, COREX. In this experimental work, a two dimensional cold model with slot type nozzle for lateral gas injection along with the plastic beads as packing material and dry air as gas have been used. The variation of pressure drop is recorded at various horizontal and vertical directions in the presence of cavity and nozzle protrusion. The study has been performed in both moving and stationary beds. Also, the experiments have been carried out in both increasing as well as decreasing gas flow conditions. Experiments have been performed at various gas flow rates and packed bed heights. Some interesting results have been reported such as there is no pressure variation in the moving bed for both the increasing and decreasing gas flow condition that is different from the stationary bed. Pressure hysteresis loop has been observed in a stationary bed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20gas%20injection" title="lateral gas injection">lateral gas injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20bed" title=" moving bed"> moving bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title=" pressure drop"> pressure drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20hysteresis" title=" pressure hysteresis"> pressure hysteresis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stationary%20bed" title=" stationary bed"> stationary bed</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78931/pressure-drop-study-in-moving-and-stationary-beds-with-lateral-gas-injection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13387</span> Antimicrobial Activity of Different Essential Oils in Synergy with Amoxicillin against Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naheed%20Niaz">Naheed Niaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nimra%20Naeem"> Nimra Naeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bushra%20Uzair"> Bushra Uzair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Tahira"> Riffat Tahira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antibacterial activity of different traditional plants essential oils against clinical isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) through disk diffusion method was evaluated. All the tested essential oils, in different concentrations, inhibited growth of S. aureus to varying degrees. Cinnamon and Thyme essential oils were observed to be the “best” against test pathogen. Even at lowest concentration of these essential oils i.e. 25 µl/ml, clear zone of inhibition was recorded 9+0.085mm and 8+0.051mm respectively, and at higher concentrations there was a total reduction in growth of MRSA. The study also focused on analyzing the synergistic effects of essential oils in combination with amoxicillin. Results showed that oregano and pennyroyal mint essential oils which were not very effective alone turned out to be strong synergistic enhancers. The activity increased with increase in concentration of the essential oils. It may be concluded from present results that cinnamon and thyme essential oils could be used as potential antimicrobial source for the treatment of infections caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Staphylococcus%20aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oils" title=" essential oils"> essential oils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotics" title=" antibiotics"> antibiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combination%20therapy" title=" combination therapy"> combination therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20inhibitory%20concentration" title=" minimum inhibitory concentration"> minimum inhibitory concentration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22310/antimicrobial-activity-of-different-essential-oils-in-synergy-with-amoxicillin-against-clinical-isolates-of-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22310.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13386</span> Comparative Study of Mutations Associated with Second Line Drug Resistance and Genetic Background of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Beenish%20Rufai">Syed Beenish Rufai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarman%20Singh"> Sarman Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Performance of Genotype MTBDRsl (Hain Life science GmbH Germany) for detection of mutations associated with second-line drug resistance is well known. However, less evidence regarding the association of mutations and genetic background of strains is known which, in the future, is essential for clinical management of anti-tuberculosis drugs in those settings where the probability of particular genotype is predominant. Material and Methods: During this retrospective study, a total of 259 MDR-TB isolates obtained from pulmonary TB patients were tested for second-line drug susceptibility testing (DST) using Genotype MTBDRsl VER 1.0 and compared with BACTEC MGIT-960 as a reference standard. All isolates were further characterized using spoligotyping. The spoligo patterns obtained were compared and analyzed using SITVIT_WEB. Results: Of total 259 MDR-TB isolates which were screened for second-line DST by Genotype MTBDRsl, mutations were found to be associated with gyrA, rrs and emb genes in 82 (31.6%), 2 (0.8%) and 90 (34.7%) isolates respectively. 16 (6.1%) isolates detected mutations associated with both FQ as well as to AG/CP drugs (XDR-TB). No mutations were detected in 159 (61.4%) isolates for corresponding gyrA and rrs genes. Genotype MTBDRsl showed a concordance of 96.4% for detection of sensitive isolates in comparison with second-line DST by BACTEC MGIT-960 and 94.1%, 93.5%, 60.5% and 50% for detection of XDR-TB, FQ, EMB, and AMK/CAP respectively. D94G was the most prevalent mutation found among (38 (46.4%)) OFXR isolates (37 FQ mono-resistant and 1 XDR-TB) followed by A90V (23 (28.1%)) (17 FQ mono-resistant and 6 XDR-TB). Among AG/CP resistant isolates A1401G was the most frequent mutation observed among (11 (61.1%)) isolates (2 AG/CP mono-resistant isolates and 9 XDR-TB isolates) followed by WT+A1401G (6 (33.3%)) and G1484T (1 (5.5%)) respectively. On spoligotyping analysis, Beijing strain (46%) was found to be the most predominant strain among pre-XDR and XDR TB isolates followed by CAS (30%), X (6%), Unique (5%), EAI and T each of 4%, Manu (3%) and Ural (2%) respectively. Beijing strain was found to be strongly associated with D94G (47.3%) and A90V mutations by (47.3%) and 34.8% followed by CAS strain by (31.6%) and 30.4% respectively. However, among AG/CP resistant isolates, only Beijing strain was found to be strongly associated with A1401G and WT+A1401G mutations by 54.5% and 50% respectively. Conclusion: Beijing strain was found to be strongly associated with the most prevalent mutations among pre-XDR and XDR TB isolates. Acknowledgments: Study was supported with Grant by All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi reference No. P-2012/12452. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tuberculosis" title="tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20probe%20assay" title=" line probe assay"> line probe assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XDR%20TB" title=" XDR TB"> XDR TB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20susceptibility" title=" drug susceptibility"> drug susceptibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105360/comparative-study-of-mutations-associated-with-second-line-drug-resistance-and-genetic-background-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-strains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13385</span> Development of Low-Cost Vibro-Acoustic, and Fire-Resistant, Insulation Material from Natural and Sustainable Sources</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Nasir">K. Nasir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ahmad"> S. Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Khan"> A. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Benkreira"> H. Benkreira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The topic of the research is to develop sustainable fire-resistant materials for vibration and acoustic damping of structure and airborne noises from sustainable recycled materials and biodegradable binders. The paper reports, methods and techniques of enhancing fire resistive, vibration and acoustic properties of building insulation materials made from natural resources like wood and recycled materials like rubber and textile waste. The structures are designed to optimize the number, size and stratification of closed (heat insulating) and open (noise insulating) pores. The samples produced are tested for their heat and noise insulating properties, including vibration damping and their structural properties (airflow resistivity, porosity, tortuosity and elastic modulus). The structural properties are then used in theoretical models to check the acoustic insulation measurements. Initial data indicate that one layer of such material can yield as much as 18 times more damping, increasing the loss factor by 18%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20resistant" title="fire resistant">fire resistant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20damping" title=" vibration damping"> vibration damping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20material" title=" acoustic material"> acoustic material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibro-acoustic" title=" vibro-acoustic"> vibro-acoustic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20insulation" title=" thermal insulation"> thermal insulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20material" title=" sustainable material"> sustainable material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20cost%20materials" title=" low cost materials"> low cost materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20materials" title=" recycled materials"> recycled materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20material" title=" construction material"> construction material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106069/development-of-low-cost-vibro-acoustic-and-fire-resistant-insulation-material-from-natural-and-sustainable-sources" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106069.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13384</span> The Use of Ketamine in Conjunction with Antidepressants for Treatment Resistant Depression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zumra%20Mehmedovic">Zumra Mehmedovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susan%20Luhrmann"> Susan Luhrmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a debilitating mental health disorder for which there are very few available treatment options. Current research suggests that ketamine may be a safe and effective option for the treatment of TRD. Research utilizing a review of the literature was conducted to determine if ketamine in conjunction with antidepressants is more effective than antidepressants alone in the treatment of TRD. The literature consists of ten journal articles which include quantitative studies based on primary research. A critique of the literature was done to determine whether the findings are reliable, critiquing elements influencing the believability and robustness of the research. The research was based on the neuroplasticity theory of depression, hypothesizing that ketamine, in conjunction with antidepressants, will be more effective than antidepressants alone as they have different mechanisms of action. All the studies except one found ketamine in conjunction with antidepressants to be a more effective treatment than antidepressants alone in the treatment of TRD. Results of the studies indicate that ketamine is effective in treating TRD at various doses, settings, and routes of administration. Further research is necessary, though, to further explore and confirm the findings. Several gaps in literature were identified, including the optimal dose of ketamine, its long-term efficacy and safety, and effects of ketamine in repeated doses. The research topic is highly significant to advanced practice nursing, as based on the findings, ketamine can be utilized as a safe and effective treatment for TRD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ketamine" title="ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=major%20depressive%20disorder" title=" major depressive disorder"> major depressive disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment-resistant%20depression" title=" treatment-resistant depression"> treatment-resistant depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136902/the-use-of-ketamine-in-conjunction-with-antidepressants-for-treatment-resistant-depression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13383</span> Standardization of a Methodology for Quantification of Antimicrobials Used for the Treatment of Multi-Resistant Bacteria Using Two Types of Biosensors and Production of Anti-Antimicrobial Antibodies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garzon%20V.">Garzon V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bustos%20R."> Bustos R.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salvador%20J.%20P."> Salvador J. P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marco%20M.%20P."> Marco M. P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pinacho%20D.%20G."> Pinacho D. G.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial treatment has increased significantly in recent years, making it a public health problem. Large numbers of bacteria are resistant to all or nearly all known antimicrobials, creating the need for the development of new types of antimicrobials or the use of “last line” antimicrobial drug therapies for the treatment of multi-resistant bacteria. Some of the chemical groups of antimicrobials most used for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant bacteria in the clinic are Glycopeptide (Vancomycin), Polymyxin (Colistin), Lipopeptide (Daptomycin) and Carbapenem (Meropenem). Molecules that require therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Due to the above, a methodology based on nanobiotechnology based on an optical and electrochemical biosensor is being developed, which allows the evaluation of the plasmatic levels of some antimicrobials such as glycopeptide, polymyxin, lipopeptide and carbapenem quickly, at a low cost, with a high specificity and sensitivity and that can be implemented in the future in public and private health hospitals. For this, the project was divided into five steps i) Design of specific anti-drug antibodies, produced in rabbits for each of the types of antimicrobials, evaluating the results by means of an immunoassay analysis (ELISA); ii) quantification by means of an electrochemical biosensor that allows quantification with high sensitivity and selectivity of the reference antimicrobials; iii) Comparison of antimicrobial quantification with an optical type biosensor; iv) Validation of the methodologies used with biosensor by means of an immunoassay. Finding as a result that it is possible to quantify antibiotics by means of the optical and electrochemical biosensor at concentrations on average of 1,000ng/mL, the antibodies being sensitive and specific for each of the antibiotic molecules, results that were compared with immunoassays and HPLC chromatography. Thus, contributing to the safe use of these drugs commonly used in clinical practice and new antimicrobial drugs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotics" title="antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20biosensor" title=" electrochemical biosensor"> electrochemical biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20biosensor" title=" optical biosensor"> optical biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapeutic%20drug%20monitoring" title=" therapeutic drug monitoring"> therapeutic drug monitoring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163528/standardization-of-a-methodology-for-quantification-of-antimicrobials-used-for-the-treatment-of-multi-resistant-bacteria-using-two-types-of-biosensors-and-production-of-anti-antimicrobial-antibodies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163528.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13382</span> Pefloxacin as a Surrogate Marker for Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Salmonella: Study from North India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varsha%20Gupta">Varsha Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priya%20Datta"> Priya Datta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gursimran%20Mohi"> Gursimran Mohi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jagdish%20Chander"> Jagdish Chander </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fluoroquinolones form the mainstay of therapy for the treatment of infections due to <em>Salmonella enterica</em> subsp. <em>enterica</em>. There is a complex interplay between several resistance mechanisms for quinolones and various fluoroquinolones discs, giving varying results, making detection and interpretation of fluoroquinolone resistance difficult. For detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in <em>Salmonella </em>ssp<em>.,</em> we compared the use of pefloxacin and nalidixic acid discs as surrogate marker. Using MIC for ciprofloxacin as the gold standard, 43.5% of strains showed MIC as ≥1 μg/ml and were thus resistant to fluoroquinoloes. Based on the performance of nalidixic acid and pefloxacin discs as surrogate marker for ciprofloxacin resistance, both the discs could correctly detect all the resistant phenotypes; however, use of nalidixic acid disc showed false resistance in the majority of the sensitive phenotypes. We have also tested newer antimicrobial agents like cefixime, imipenem, tigecycline and azithromycin against <em>Salmonella </em>spp<em>.</em> Moreover, there was a comeback of susceptibility to older antimicrobials like ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole. We can also use cefixime, imipenem, tigecycline and azithromycin in the treatment of multidrug resistant <em>S. typhi</em> due to their high susceptibility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salmonella" title="salmonella">salmonella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pefloxacin" title=" pefloxacin"> pefloxacin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surrogate%20marker" title=" surrogate marker"> surrogate marker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloramphenicol" title=" chloramphenicol"> chloramphenicol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44669/pefloxacin-as-a-surrogate-marker-for-ciprofloxacin-resistance-in-salmonella-study-from-north-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span 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