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<span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_pepper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_pepper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Black pepper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_pepper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_pepper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_pepper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>White pepper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_pepper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_pepper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_pepper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Green pepper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_pepper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_peppercorns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_peppercorns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Red peppercorns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_peppercorns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pink_pepper_and_other_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pink_pepper_and_other_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pink pepper and other plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pink_pepper_and_other_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production and trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ancient times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postclassical_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postclassical_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Postclassical Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postclassical_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_medicine,_phytochemicals,_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_medicine,_phytochemicals,_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Traditional medicine, phytochemicals, and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_medicine,_phytochemicals,_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional medicine, phytochemicals, and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_medicine,_phytochemicals,_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Flavour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black pepper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87" title="Бурч – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бурч" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peper" title="Peper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Peper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeffer" title="Pfeffer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pfeffer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%81%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AC" title="ቁንዶ በርበሬ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቁንዶ በርበሬ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="فلفل أسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلفل أسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Սեւ Պղպեղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Պղպեղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_istiot" title="Qara istiot – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara istiot" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica" title="Mica – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mica" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A" title="গোল মরিচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোল মরিচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahang" title="Sahang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sahang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Перац чорны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перац чорны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A" title="काली मरिच – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काली मरिच" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Черен пипер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черен пипер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfefa" title="Pfefa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pfefa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biber" title="Biber – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biber" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebr" title="Pebr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pebr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebre" title="Pebre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pebre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep%C5%99ovn%C3%ADk_%C4%8Dern%C3%BD" title="Pepřovník černý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pepřovník černý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupur_du" title="Pupur du – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pupur du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_peber" title="Sort peber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sort peber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeffer" title="Pfeffer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfeffer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%90%DE%B0" title="އަސޭމިރުސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަސޭމިރުސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_pipar" title="Must pipar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must pipar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πέπερι το μέλαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέπερι το μέλαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_pipro" title="Nigra pipro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra pipro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperbeltz" title="Piperbeltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Piperbeltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="فلفل سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلفل سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poivrier_noir" title="Poivrier noir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poivrier noir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piobar_(sp%C3%ADosra)" title="Piobar (spíosra) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Piobar (spíosra)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabar" title="Peabar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Peabar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pementeira" title="Pementeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pementeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="કાળા મરી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાળા મરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B9-ch%C3%AAu" title="Fù-chêu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fù-chêu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%B6%94" title="후추 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%BA%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Սև պղպեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև պղպեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="काली मिर्च – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली मिर्च" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corny_popjerjowc" title="Čorny popjerjowc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorny popjerjowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar_(biljna_vrsta)" title="Papar (biljna vrsta) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papar (biljna vrsta)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipro_nigra" title="Pipro nigra – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pipro nigra" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada" title="Lada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipere" title="Pipere – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pipere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%86" title="Бырц – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бырц" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipar" title="Pipar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pipar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="פלפל שחור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלפל שחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrica" title="Mrica – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mrica" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81" title="ಕರಿಮೆಣಸು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಿಮೆಣಸು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%95%DA%98" title="مرٕژ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مرٕژ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Қара бұрыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара бұрыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwav" title="Pwav – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwav" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEbera_re%C5%9F" title="Bîbera reş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîbera reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87" title="Мурч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мурч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnais_piparkr%C5%ABms" title="Melnais piparkrūms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnais piparkrūms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodasis_pipiras" title="Juodasis pipiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodasis pipiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peive" title="Peive – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Peive" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeper" title="Paeper – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paeper" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%B3ng%C3%B3" title="Ndóngó – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ndóngó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_bors" title="Fekete bors – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete bors" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ang" title="Sa'ang – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sa'ang" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A" title="मरिच – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मरिच" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Црн пипер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црн пипер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipoavatra_mainty" title="Dipoavatra mainty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dipoavatra mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കുരുമുളക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുരുമുളക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="मिरवेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिरवेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უჩა ზაფანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ზაფანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84)" title="فلفل (توابل) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلفل (توابل)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گرمداری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرمداری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada_hitam" title="Lada hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lada hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marica" title="Marica – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Marica" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ငရုတ်ကောင်းပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငရုတ်ကောင်းပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxtillan_chilli" title="Caxtillan chilli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Caxtillan chilli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peper" title="Peper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A" title="मरिच – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मरिच" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6" title="コショウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コショウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_pepper" title="Svart pepper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svart pepper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_pepar" title="Svart pepar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svart pepar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AEvre" title="Paîvre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Paîvre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9A" title="ଗୋଲ ମରିଚ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୋଲ ମରିଚ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qundabarbaree" title="Qundabarbaree – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qundabarbaree" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murch" title="Murch – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Murch" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮਿਰਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮਿਰਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DD%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%86" title="کاݪی مرچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاݪی مرچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%86" title="تور مرچ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور مرچ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieprz_czarny" title="Pieprz czarny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieprz czarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimenta-preta" title="Pimenta-preta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pimenta-preta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peffer" title="Peffer – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Peffer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_negru" title="Piper negru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piper negru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_piminta" title="Yana piminta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana piminta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%87%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Перец чёрный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перец чёрный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मरीचम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मरीचम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pibiri" title="Pibiri – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pibiri" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperi_i_zi" title="Piperi i zi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piperi i zi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipi_spezzi" title="Pipi spezzi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pipi spezzi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black pepper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%86" title="ڪارا مرچ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارا مرچ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piepor_%C4%8Dierny" title="Piepor čierny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Piepor čierny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crni_poper" title="Črni poper – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črni poper" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Црни бибер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црни бибер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biber" title="Biber – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biber" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedes" title="Pedes – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pedes" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippuri" title="Pippuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pippuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppar_(vanlig)" title="Peppar (vanlig) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peppar (vanlig)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paminta" title="Paminta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paminta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மிளகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிளகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="నల్ల మిరియాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నల్ల మిరియాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="พริกไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พริกไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87" title="Мурч – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мурч" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ಎಡ್ಡೆಮುಂಚಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಎಡ್ಡೆಮುಂಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Перець чорний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перець чорний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%86" title="کالی مرچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کالی مرچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%87%DA%86" title="قارامۇچ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قارامۇچ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_ti%C3%AAu" title="Hồ tiêu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồ tiêu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peper" title="Peper – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Peper" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" title="Piper nigrum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Piper nigrum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%83%A1%E6%A4%92" title="黑胡椒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑胡椒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שווארצער פעפער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווארצער פעפער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A4%92" title="胡椒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胡椒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A4%92" title="胡椒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胡椒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada_hitam" title="Lada hitam – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Lada hitam" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_pepper&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="White pepper">White pepper</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ground fruit of the family Piperaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Peppercorn" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peppercorn (disambiguation)">Peppercorn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Black pepper </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Piper_nigrum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Piper_nigrum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg/220px-Piper_nigrum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Piper_nigrum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg/330px-Piper_nigrum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Piper_nigrum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg/440px-Piper_nigrum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Pepper plant with immature peppercorns </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Piper" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piper_(plant)" title="Piper (plant)"><i>Piper</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. nigrum</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Piper nigrum</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Black pepper</b> (<i><b>Piper nigrum</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering</a> <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a>, cultivated for its <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> (the <b>peppercorn</b>), which is usually dried and used as a <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasoning</a>. The fruit is a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a> (stonefruit) which is about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter (fresh and fully mature), dark red, and contains a <a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">stone</a> which encloses a single pepper <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>. Peppercorns and the ground pepper derived from them may be described simply as <i>pepper</i>, or more precisely as <i>black pepper</i> (cooked and dried unripe fruit), <i>green pepper</i> (dried unripe fruit), or <i>white pepper</i> (ripe fruit seeds).<sup id="cite_ref-kind_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kind-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black pepper is native to the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sen,_Colleen-Taylor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen,_Colleen-Taylor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hajeski_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajeski-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_pepper" title="Malabar pepper">Malabar pepper</a> is extensively cultivated there and in other <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> regions. Ground, dried, and cooked peppercorns have been used since antiquity, both for flavour and as a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>. Black pepper is the world's most traded <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is one of the most common spices added to cuisines around the world. Its spiciness is due to the chemical compound <a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">piperine</a>, which is a different kind of spiciness from that of <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicin</a> characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>. It is ubiquitous in the Western world as a <a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasoning</a>, and is often paired with <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> and available on dining tables in <a href="/wiki/Salt_and_pepper_shakers" title="Salt and pepper shakers">shakers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Burr_mill" title="Burr mill">mills</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>pepper</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>pipor</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>piper</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">πέπερι</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1913_pepper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek likely derives from <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <i>pippali</i>, meaning "long pepper".<sup id="cite_ref-PTSrinivasaIyengar1912_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTSrinivasaIyengar1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>pippali</i> shares the same meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1913_pepper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, people began using <i>pepper</i> to also mean the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a> (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">Capsicum</a></i>), which is not closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1913_pepper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 2b">: 2b </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_color_mix_of_peppercorns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/4_color_mix_of_peppercorns.jpg/220px-4_color_mix_of_peppercorns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/4_color_mix_of_peppercorns.jpg/330px-4_color_mix_of_peppercorns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/4_color_mix_of_peppercorns.jpg/440px-4_color_mix_of_peppercorns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption>Black, green, white, and pink (<i><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Schinus terebinthifolia</a></i>) peppercorns</figcaption></figure> <p>Processed peppercorns come in a variety of colours, any one of which may be used in food preparation, especially common <a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_sauce" title="Peppercorn sauce">peppercorn sauce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_pepper">Black pepper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Black pepper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black pepper is produced from the still-green, unripe <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a> of the pepper plant.<sup id="cite_ref-kind_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kind-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drupes are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat ruptures <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> in the pepper, accelerating <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Browning_(chemical_process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning (chemical process)">browning</a> during drying.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pepper drupes can also be dried in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the pepper skin around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer containing <a href="/wiki/Melanoidin" title="Melanoidin">melanoidin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once dry, the spice is called black peppercorn. After the peppercorns are dried, pepper powder for culinary uses is obtained by crushing the berries, which may also yield an <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> by <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_pepper">White pepper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: White pepper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White pepper consists solely of the seed of the ripe fruit of the pepper plant, with the thin darker-coloured skin (flesh) of the fruit removed. This is usually accomplished by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a>, where fully ripe red pepper berries are soaked in water for about a week so the flesh of the peppercorn softens and <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposes</a>; rubbing then removes what remains of the fruit, and the naked seed is dried. Sometimes the outer layer is removed from the seed through other mechanical, chemical, or biological methods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ground white pepper is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisines</a>. It finds occasional use in other cuisines in salads, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Béchamel">light-coloured</a> sauces, and <a href="/wiki/Mashed_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashed potatoes">mashed potatoes</a> as a substitute for black pepper, because black pepper would visibly stand out. However, white pepper lacks certain compounds present in the outer layer of the drupe, resulting in a different overall flavour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_pepper">Green pepper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Green pepper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green pepper, like black pepper, is made from unripe drupes. Dried green peppercorns are treated in a way that retains the green colour, such as with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-drying</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pickled" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled">Pickled</a> peppercorns, also green, are unripe drupes preserved in <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fresh, unpreserved green pepper drupes are used in some cuisines like <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a>. Their flavour has been described as "spicy and fresh", with a "bright aroma."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They decay quickly if not dried or preserved, making them unsuitable for international shipping.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_peppercorns">Red peppercorns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red peppercorns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red peppercorns usually consist of ripe peppercorn drupes preserved in brine and vinegar. Ripe red peppercorns can also be dried using the same colour-preserving techniques used to produce green pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pink_pepper_and_other_plants">Pink pepper and other plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pink pepper and other plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pink_peppercorn" title="Pink peppercorn">Pink peppercorns</a> are the fruits of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian pepper">Peruvian pepper tree</a>, <i>Schinus molle</i>, or its relative, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian pepper">Brazilian pepper tree</a>, <i>Schinus terebinthifolius</i>, plants from a different family (<a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a>). As they are members of the <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a> family, they may cause <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">allergic reactions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>, for persons with a <a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">tree nut allergy</a>. </p><p>The bark of <i><a href="/wiki/Drimys_winteri" title="Drimys winteri">Drimys winteri</a></i> ("canelo" or "winter's bark") is used as a substitute for pepper in cold and temperate regions of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, where it is easily found and readily available. In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the seeds of <a href="/wiki/Kawakawa_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawakawa (tree)">kawakawa</a> (<i>Piper excelsum</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">relative of black pepper</a>, are sometimes used as pepper; the leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudowintera_colorata" title="Pseudowintera colorata">Pseudowintera colorata</a></i> ("mountain horopito") are another replacement for pepper. Several plants in the United States are also used as pepper substitutes, such as <a href="/wiki/Lepidium_campestre" title="Lepidium campestre">field pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium_virginicum" title="Lepidium virginicum">least pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_purse" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd's purse">shepherd's purse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Field_pennycress" class="mw-redirect" title="Field pennycress">field pennycress</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Variants_of_Pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Six variants of peppercorns (two types of white and two types of black, based on region)"><img alt="Six variants of peppercorns (two types of white and two types of black, based on region)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Variants_of_Pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Six variants of peppercorns (two types of white and two types of black, based on region)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dried_Peppercorns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black and white peppercorns"><img alt="Black peppercorns and white peppercorns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Dried_Peppercorns.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black and white peppercorns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dried_red_Kampot_peppercorns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dried red Kampot peppercorns"><img alt="Dried red Kampot peppercorns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dried_red_Kampot_peppercorns.jpg/308px-Dried_red_Kampot_peppercorns.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dried_red_Kampot_peppercorns.jpg/462px-Dried_red_Kampot_peppercorns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dried_red_Kampot_peppercorns.jpg/616px-Dried_red_Kampot_peppercorns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3363" data-file-height="3274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dried red <a href="/wiki/Kampot_peppercorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampot peppercorns">Kampot peppercorns</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pimienta_negra_(Piper_nigrum),_2020-06-12,_DD_20-40_FS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of a peppercorn"><img alt="Close-up of a peppercorn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pimienta_negra_%28Piper_nigrum%29%2C_2020-06-12%2C_DD_20-40_FS.jpg/343px-Pimienta_negra_%28Piper_nigrum%29%2C_2020-06-12%2C_DD_20-40_FS.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pimienta_negra_%28Piper_nigrum%29%2C_2020-06-12%2C_DD_20-40_FS.jpg/514px-Pimienta_negra_%28Piper_nigrum%29%2C_2020-06-12%2C_DD_20-40_FS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pimienta_negra_%28Piper_nigrum%29%2C_2020-06-12%2C_DD_20-40_FS.jpg/685px-Pimienta_negra_%28Piper_nigrum%29%2C_2020-06-12%2C_DD_20-40_FS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5485" data-file-height="4803" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of a peppercorn</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Pepper_on_Jackfruit_Tree_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_Pepper_on_Jackfruit_Tree_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3623.jpg/220px-Black_Pepper_on_Jackfruit_Tree_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_Pepper_on_Jackfruit_Tree_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3623.jpg/330px-Black_Pepper_on_Jackfruit_Tree_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_Pepper_on_Jackfruit_Tree_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3623.jpg/440px-Black_Pepper_on_Jackfruit_Tree_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Black pepper vine climbing on Jackfruit tree (<i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The pepper plant is a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody</a> <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> growing up to 4 m (13 ft) in height on supporting trees, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading vine, rooting readily where trailing stems touch the ground. The leaves are alternate, entire, 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) across. The flowers are small, produced on pendulous spikes 4 to 8 cm (1.6 to 3.1 in) long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening up to 7 to 15 cm (2.8 to 5.9 in) as the fruit matures.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbal_Beast_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbal_Beast-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper can be grown in soil that is neither too dry nor susceptible to flooding, moist, well-drained, and rich in organic matter. The vines do not do well over an altitude of 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level. The plants are propagated by cuttings about 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in) long, tied up to neighbouring trees or climbing frames at distances of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) apart; trees with rough bark are favoured over those with smooth bark, as the pepper plants climb rough bark more readily. Competing plants are cleared away, leaving only sufficient trees to provide shade and permit free ventilation. The roots are covered in leaf <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, and the shoots are trimmed twice a year. On dry soils, the young plants require watering every other day during the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> for the first three years. The plants bear fruit from the fourth or fifth year, and then typically for seven years. The cuttings are usually <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, selected both for yield and quality of fruit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Pepper_Flower_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3622.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_Pepper_Flower_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3622.jpg/220px-Black_Pepper_Flower_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3622.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_Pepper_Flower_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3622.jpg/330px-Black_Pepper_Flower_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_Pepper_Flower_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3622.jpg/440px-Black_Pepper_Flower_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Single stem with flowers.</figcaption></figure> <p>A single stem bears 20 to 30 fruiting spikes. The harvest begins as soon as one or two fruits at the base of the spikes begin to turn red, and before the fruit is fully mature, and still hard; if allowed to ripen completely, the fruits lose pungency, and ultimately fall off and are lost. The spikes are collected and spread out to dry in the sun, then the peppercorns are stripped off the spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbal_Beast_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbal_Beast-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black pepper is native either to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jaramillo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaramillo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Piper_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper (genus)">Piper</a></i>, it is most closely related to other Asian species such as <i>P. caninum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jaramillo_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaramillo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wild pepper grows in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> region of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Into the 19th century, the forests contained expansive wild pepper vines, as recorded by the Scottish physician <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Buchanan">Francis Buchanan</a> (also a botanist and geographer) in his book <i>A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar</i> (Volume III).<sup id="cite_ref-DH-Hegde_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH-Hegde-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> resulted in wild pepper growing in more limited forest patches from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, with the wild source gradually decreasing as the quality and yield of the cultivated variety improved. No successful grafting of commercial pepper on wild pepper has been achieved to date.<sup id="cite_ref-DH-Hegde_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH-Hegde-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_trade">Production and trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Production and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:25px;"> <caption>Black pepper production, 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Production<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 270,192</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 114,749</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 89,041</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 66,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 43,557</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 33,348</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 30,804</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <b>747,644</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-fao_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> was the world's largest producer and exporter of black peppercorns, producing 270,192 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> or 36% of the world total (table).<sup id="cite_ref-fao_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major producers were <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Global pepper production varies annually according to crop management, disease, and weather.<sup id="cite_ref-karvy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karvy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peppercorns are among the most widely traded spice in the world, accounting for 20% of all spice imports.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black pepper is native to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and Southeast Asia, and has been known to <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cooking</a> since at least 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (March 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> J. Innes Miller notes that while pepper was grown in southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> its most important source was India, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, in what is now the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lost ancient port city of <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Dynasty</a>, famous for exporting black pepper and various other spices, gets mentioned in a number of classical historical sources for its trade with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pattanam_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pattanam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kodungallur_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodungallur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peppercorns were a much-prized trade good, often referred to as "black gold" and used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">commodity money</a>. The legacy of this trade remains in some Western legal systems that recognize the term "<a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_rent" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercorn rent">peppercorn rent</a>" as a token payment for something that is, essentially, a gift.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>, the dried fruit of closely related <i><a href="/wiki/Piper_longum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper longum">Piper longum</a></i>. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just <i>piper</i>. In fact, the popularity of long pepper did not entirely decline until the discovery of the New World and of <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>. Chili peppers—some of which, when dried, are similar in shape and taste to long pepper—were easier to grow in a variety of locations more convenient to Europe. Before the 16th century, pepper was being grown in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, Malaysia, and everywhere in Southeast Asia. These areas traded mainly with China, or used the pepper locally.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ports in the Malabar area also served as a stop-off point for much of the trade in other spices from farther east in the Indian Ocean. The Maluku Islands, historically known as the "Spice Islands," are a region in Indonesia known for producing nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper, and were a major source of these spices in the world. The presence of these spices in the Maluku Islands sparked European interest to buy them directly in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-RMG_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMG-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, placed there as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a> rituals shortly after his death in 1213 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little else is known about the use of pepper in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and how it reached the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of South Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pepper (both long and black) was known in Greece at least as early as the fourth century BCE, though it was probably an uncommon and expensive item that only the very rich could afford.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_to_India_Route.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Italy_to_India_Route.svg/220px-Italy_to_India_Route.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Italy_to_India_Route.svg/330px-Italy_to_India_Route.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Italy_to_India_Route.svg/440px-Italy_to_India_Route.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>A Roman-era trade route from India to Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time of the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, especially after Rome's conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE, open-ocean crossing of the Arabian Sea direct to Chera dynasty <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a>'s Malabar Coast was near routine. Details of this trading across the Indian Ocean have been passed down in the <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i>. According to the Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the early empire sent a fleet of around 120 ships on an annual trip to India and back.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2001p25_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2001p25-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet timed its travel across the Arabian Sea to take advantage of the predictable <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds. Returning from India, the ships travelled up the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, from where the cargo was carried overland or via the <a href="/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Canal of the Pharaohs">Nile-Red Sea canal</a> to the Nile River, barged to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, and shipped from there to Italy and Rome. The rough geographical outlines of this same trade route would dominate the pepper trade into Europe for a millennium and a half to come.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With ships sailing directly to the Malabar coast, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_pepper" title="Malabar pepper">Malabar black pepper</a> was now travelling a shorter trade route than long pepper, and the prices reflected it. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> tells us the prices in Rome around 77 CE: "Long pepper ... is 15 <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a> per pound, while that of white pepper is seven, and of black, four." Pliny also complains, "There is no year in which India does not drain the Roman Empire of 50 million <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a>", and further moralizes on pepper: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is quite surprising that the use of pepper has come so much into fashion, seeing that in other substances which we use, it is sometimes their sweetness, and sometimes their appearance that has attracted our notice; whereas, pepper has nothing in it that can plead as a recommendation to either fruit or berry, its only desirable quality being a certain pungency; and yet it is for this that we import it all the way from India! Who was the first to make trial of it as an article of food? and who, I wonder, was the man that was not content to prepare himself by hunger only for the satisfying of a greedy appetite?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pliny, <i>Natural History</i> 12.14<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>He does not state whether the 50 million was the actual amount of money which found its way to India or the total retail cost of the items in Rome, and, elsewhere, he cites a figure of 100 million sesterces.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2001p25_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2001p25-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black pepper was a well-known and widespread, if expensive, seasoning in the Roman Empire. <a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_coquinaria" class="mw-redirect" title="De re coquinaria">De re coquinaria</a></i>, a third-century cookbook probably based at least partly on one from the first century CE, includes pepper in a majority of its recipes. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> wrote, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, that pepper was "a favorite ingredient of the most expensive Roman cookery".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postclassical_Europe">Postclassical Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Postclassical Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pepper was so valuable that it was often used as <a href="/wiki/Collateral_(finance)" title="Collateral (finance)">collateral</a> or even currency. The taste for pepper (or the appreciation of its monetary value) was passed on to those who would see Rome fall. <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, included 3,000 pounds of pepper as part of the ransom he demanded from Rome when he besieged the city in the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of Rome, others took over the middle legs of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, first the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persians</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>; Innes Miller cites the account of <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>, who travelled east to India, as proof that "pepper was still being exported from India in the sixth century".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the central portions of the spice trade were firmly under <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> control. Once into the Mediterranean, the trade was largely monopolized by Italian powers, especially <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>. The rise of these <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> was funded in large part by the spice trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">riddle</a> authored by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Aldhelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Aldhelm">Saint Aldhelm</a>, a seventh-century <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Sherborne (historic)">Bishop of Sherborne</a>, sheds some light on black pepper's role in England at that time: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I am black on the outside, clad in a wrinkled cover,<br /> Yet within I bear a burning marrow.<br /> I season delicacies, the banquets of kings, and the luxuries of the table,<br /> Both the sauces and the tenderized meats of the kitchen.<br /> But you will find in me no quality of any worth,<br /> Unless your bowels have been rattled by my gleaming marrow.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>It is commonly believed that during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, pepper was often used to conceal the taste of partially rotten meat. No evidence supports this claim, and historians view it as highly unlikely; in the Middle Ages, pepper was a <a href="/wiki/Luxury_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury good">luxury item</a>, affordable only to the wealthy, who certainly had unspoiled meat available, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, people of the time certainly knew that eating spoiled food would make them sick. Similarly, the belief that pepper was widely used as a preservative is questionable; it is true that <a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">piperine</a>, the compound that gives pepper its spiciness, has some antimicrobial properties, but at the concentrations present when pepper is used as a spice, the effect is small.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is a much more effective preservative, and <a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">salt-cured meats</a> were common fare, especially in winter. However, pepper and other spices certainly played a role in improving the taste of long-preserved meats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence of pepper consumption in late medieval Northern Europe comes from excavations on the Danish-Norwegian flagship, <a href="/wiki/Gribshunden" title="Gribshunden">Gribshunden</a>, which sank in the summer of 1495. In 2021, archaeologists recovered more than 2000 peppercorns from the wreck, along with a variety of other spices and exotic foodstuffs including clove, ginger, saffron, and almond. The ship was carrying King Hans to a political summit at the time of its loss. The spices were likely intended for feasts at the summit, which would have included the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Councils of State.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calicut_1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calicut_1572.jpg/300px-Calicut_1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calicut_1572.jpg/450px-Calicut_1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calicut_1572.jpg/600px-Calicut_1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3839" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, Kerala, India published in 1572 during Portugal's control of the pepper trade</figcaption></figure> <p>Its exorbitant price during the Middle Ages – and the monopoly on the trade held by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> – was one of the inducements that led the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> to seek a sea route to India. In 1498, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> became the first person to reach India by sailing around Africa (see <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>); asked by Arabs in <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> (who spoke Spanish and Italian) why they had come, his representative replied, "we seek <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and spices".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this first trip to India by way of the southern tip of Africa was only a modest success, the Portuguese quickly returned in greater numbers and eventually gained much greater control of trade on the Arabian Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">1494 Treaty of Tordesillas</a> granted Portugal exclusive rights to the half of the world where black pepper originated. </p><p>However, the Portuguese monopolized the spice trade for 150 years. Portuguese even became the lingua franca of the then known world. The spice trade made Portugal rich. However in the 17th century, the Portuguese lost most of their valuable Indian Ocean trade to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a>, who, taking advantage of the Spanish rule over Portugal during the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1580–1640), occupied by force almost all Portuguese interests in the area. The pepper ports of Malabar began to trade increasingly with the Dutch in the period 1661–1663.7 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/220px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/330px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/440px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Pepper harvested for the European trade, from a manuscript <i>Livre des merveilles de <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a></i> (The book of the marvels of Marco Polo)</figcaption></figure> <p>As pepper supplies into Europe increased, the price of pepper declined (though the total value of the import trade generally did not). Pepper, which in the early Middle Ages had been an item exclusively for the rich, started to become more of an everyday seasoning among those of more average means. Today, pepper accounts for one-fifth of the world's spice trade.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible that black pepper was known in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the second century BCE, if poetic reports regarding an explorer named Tang Meng (唐蒙) are correct. Sent by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Han China">Emperor Wu</a> to what is now south-west China, Tang Meng is said to have come across something called <i>jujiang</i> or "sauce-betel". He was told it came from the markets of <a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">Shu</a>, an area in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> province. The traditional view among historians is that "sauce-betel" is a sauce made from <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> leaves, but arguments have been made that it actually refers to pepper, either long or black.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the third century CE, black pepper made its first definite appearance in Chinese texts, as <i>hujiao</i> or "foreign pepper". It does not appear to have been widely known at the time, failing to appear in a fourth-century work describing a wide variety of spices from beyond China's southern border, including long pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 12th century, however, black pepper had become a popular ingredient in the cuisine of the wealthy and powerful, sometimes taking the place of China's native <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a> (the tongue-numbing dried fruit of an unrelated plant).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> testifies to pepper's popularity in 13th-century China, when he relates what he is told of its consumption in the city of Kinsay (<a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>): "... Messer Marco heard it stated by one of the Great Kaan's officers of customs that the quantity of pepper introduced daily for consumption into the city of Kinsay amounted to 43 loads, each load being equal to 223 lbs."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a> in the early 15th century, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> and his expeditionary fleets returned with such a large amount of black pepper that the once-costly luxury became a common commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_medicine,_phytochemicals,_and_research"><span id="Traditional_medicine.2C_phytochemicals.2C_and_research"></span>Traditional medicine, phytochemicals, and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional medicine, phytochemicals, and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_21.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_21.png/220px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_21.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_21.png/330px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_21.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_21.png/440px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_21.png 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>"There's certainly too much pepper in that soup!". Alice said to herself, as well as she could for sneezing — <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i> (1865). Chapter VI: Pig and Pepper. Note the cook's pepper mill.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many eastern spices, pepper was historically both a seasoning and a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>. Pepper appears in the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sama%C3%B1%C3%B1aphala_Sutta" title="Samaññaphala Sutta">Samaññaphala Sutta</a>, chapter five, as one of the few medicines a monk is allowed to carry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used. Black pepper (or perhaps long pepper) was believed to cure several illnesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, oral <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">toothaches</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper contains <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">piperidines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidine" title="Pyrrolidine">pyrrolidines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper is known to cause <a href="/wiki/Sneeze" title="Sneeze">sneezing</a>. Some sources say that piperine, a substance present in black pepper, irritates the nostrils, causing the sneezing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few, if any, controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One <a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">tablespoon</a> (6 grams) of ground black pepper contains moderate amounts of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> (13% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily value">daily value</a> or DV), <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (10% DV), and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (18% DV), with trace amounts of other <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrients">essential nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">dietary fibre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flavour">Flavour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flavour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfeffermuehlen_S7301812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pfeffermuehlen_S7301812.jpg/220px-Pfeffermuehlen_S7301812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pfeffermuehlen_S7301812.jpg/330px-Pfeffermuehlen_S7301812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pfeffermuehlen_S7301812.jpg/440px-Pfeffermuehlen_S7301812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Handheld pepper mills with black (left) and mixed (right) peppercorns</figcaption></figure> <p>Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from <a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">piperine</a> derived from both the outer fruit and the seed. Black pepper contains between 4.6 and 9.7% piperine by mass, and white pepper slightly more than that.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refined piperine, by weight, is about one percent as hot as the <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicin</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lawless_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawless-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer fruit layer, left on black pepper, also contains <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a>-contributing <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Germacrene" title="Germacrene">germacrene</a> (11%), <a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">limonene</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Pinene" title="Pinene">pinene</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Alpha-phellandrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-phellandrene">alpha-phellandrene</a> (9%), and <a href="/wiki/Beta-caryophyllene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-caryophyllene">beta-caryophyllene</a> (7%),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which give citrusy, woody, and floral notes. These scents are mostly missing in white pepper, as the fermentation and other processing removes the fruit layer (which also contains some of the spicy piperine). Other flavours also commonly develop in this process, some of which are described as off-flavours when in excess: Primarily <a href="/wiki/3-methylindole" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylindole">3-methylindole</a> (pig manure-like), <a href="/wiki/4-methylphenol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-methylphenol">4-methylphenol</a> (horse manure), <a href="/wiki/3-methylphenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylphenol">3-methylphenol</a> (phenolic), and <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric acid</a> (cheese).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aroma of pepper is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Rotundone" title="Rotundone">rotundone</a> (3,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-3α,8α-dimethyl-5α-(1-methylethenyl)<a href="/wiki/Azulene" title="Azulene">azulene</a>-1(2H)-one), a <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">sesquiterpene</a> originally discovered in the tubers of <i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_rotundus" title="Cyperus rotundus">Cyperus rotundus</a></i>, which can be detected in concentrations of 0.4 nanograms/l in water and in wine: rotundone is also present in marjoram, oregano, rosemary, basil, thyme, and geranium, as well as in some <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_wine" title="Shiraz wine">Shiraz wines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper loses flavour and aroma through evaporation, so airtight storage helps preserve its spiciness longer. Pepper can also lose flavour when exposed to light, which can <a href="/wiki/Isomerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomerisation">transform</a> piperine into nearly tasteless <a href="/wiki/Chavicine" title="Chavicine">isochavicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once ground, pepper's aromatics can evaporate quickly; most culinary sources recommend grinding whole peppercorns immediately before use for this reason. Handheld <a href="/wiki/Pepper_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper mill">pepper mills</a> or grinders, which mechanically grind or crush whole peppercorns, are used for this as an alternative to pepper shakers that dispense ground pepper. Spice mills such as pepper mills were found in European kitchens as early as the 14th century, but the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a> used earlier for crushing pepper have remained a popular method for centuries, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enhancing the flavour profile of peppercorns (including piperine and essential oils), prior to processing, has been attempted through the postharvest application of ultraviolet-C light (UV-C).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Piper_nigrum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Piper nigrum"><i>Piper nigrum</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Piper nigrum"><i>Piper nigrum</i></a> at Wikispecies <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Pepper" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Pepper">Pepper</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_black_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="False black pepper">False black pepper</a> – <i>Embelia ribes</i> is a species in the family Primulaceae (the <i>primrose family</i>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28589">"<i>Piper nigrum</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Piper+nigrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D28589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kind-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kind_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kind_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2016" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Paul (27 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodrepublic.com/2016/01/27/what-are-the-different-kinds-of-peppercorns/">"What Are The Different Kinds of Peppercorns?"</a>. <i>Food Republic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Republic&rft.atitle=What+Are+The+Different+Kinds+of+Peppercorns%3F&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodrepublic.com%2F2016%2F01%2F27%2Fwhat-are-the-different-kinds-of-peppercorns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen,_Colleen-Taylor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen,_Colleen-Taylor_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2004" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC"><i>Food Culture in India – Food culture around the world</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32487-1"><bdi>978-0-313-32487-1</bdi></a>. <q>Peppers, called the king of spices, are the dried berries of a tropical vine native to Kerala, which is India's major producer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+India+%E2%80%93+Food+culture+around+the+world&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32487-1&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Colleen+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIyV_5wrplMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hajeski-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hajeski_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajeski2016" class="citation book cs1">Hajeski, Nancy J (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmscDQAAQBAJ"><i>National Geographic Complete Guide to Herbs and Spices: Remedies, Seasonings, and Ingredients to Improve Your Health and Enhance Your Life</i></a>. National Geographic Books. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-1588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-1588-9"><bdi>978-1-4262-1588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Complete+Guide+to+Herbs+and+Spices%3A+Remedies%2C+Seasonings%2C+and+Ingredients+to+Improve+Your+Health+and+Enhance+Your+Life&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-1588-9&rft.aulast=Hajeski&rft.aufirst=Nancy+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmscDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(2018, February 6). These are the world’s three most traded spices. ITC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://intracen.org/news-and-events/news/these-are-the-worlds-three-most-traded-spices">https://intracen.org/news-and-events/news/these-are-the-worlds-three-most-traded-spices</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED1913_pepper-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED1913_pepper_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99996/page/n949/mode/1up">"Pepper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED)</i>. Vol. 7 N–Poy (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). 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Srinivasa Iyengar">Srinivasa Iyengar, P. T.</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindianp00srinrich/page/8/mode/1up?q=pepper"><i>History of the Indian people. Life in ancient India in the age of the mantras</i></a>. Madras: Srinivasa Varadachari & Co. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/613210854">613210854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Indian+people.+Life+in+ancient+India+in+the+age+of+the+mantras&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Srinivasa+Varadachari+%26+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F613210854&rft.aulast=Srinivasa+Iyengar&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindianp00srinrich%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3Dpepper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2015" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Edward (25 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/where-do-peppercorns-come-from-21386">"Where Do Peppercorns Come From?"</a>. <i>Farmers' Almanac</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+line&rft.atitle=Cleaner+technology+for+white+pepper+production&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-agri-biz-and-commodity%2FCleaner-technology-for-white-pepper-production%2Farticle20126987.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ochef, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochef.com/205.htm">Using fresh green peppercorns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904032529/http://www.ochef.com/205.htm">Archived</a> 4 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pepper+%28piper+spp.%29%2C+World+regions%2FProduction%2FCrops+for+2019+%28from+pick+list%29&rft.pub=Food+And+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations%3A+Statistical+Division+%28FAOSTAT%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC%2Fvisualize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karvy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karvy_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013655/http://www.karvycommodities.com/downloads/karvySpecialReports/karvysSpecialReports_20080515_01.pdf">"Karvy's special Reports — Seasonal Outlook Report Pepper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Karvy Comtrade Limited. 15 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karvycommodities.com/downloads/karvySpecialReports/karvysSpecialReports_20080515_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karvy%27s+special+Reports+%E2%80%94+Seasonal+Outlook+Report+Pepper&rft.pub=Karvy+Comtrade+Limited&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karvycommodities.com%2Fdownloads%2FkarvySpecialReports%2FkarvysSpecialReports_20080515_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarthy2008" class="citation book cs1">Parthasarthy, V. A. (2008). <i>Chemistry of spices</i>. CABI Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-405-7"><bdi>978-1-84593-405-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+spices&rft.pub=CABI+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-405-7&rft.aulast=Parthasarthy&rft.aufirst=V.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwalKunnumakkara2009" class="citation book cs1">Aggarwal, Bharat B.; Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xblX4RL_qQgC&dq=black+pepper+indian+cooking+2000+bce&pg=PA27"><i>Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Spices: Modern Uses for Ancient Medicine</i></a>. World Scientific. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-283-791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-283-791-2"><bdi>978-981-283-791-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Targets+and+Therapeutic+Uses+of+Spices%3A+Modern+Uses+for+Ancient+Medicine&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-283-791-2&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.aufirst=Bharat+B.&rft.au=Kunnumakkara%2C+Ajaikumar+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxblX4RL_qQgC%26dq%3Dblack%2Bpepper%2Bindian%2Bcooking%2B2000%2Bbce%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Innes Miller, <i>The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/artefacts-from-the-lost-port-of-muziris/article6657446.ece">"Artefacts from the lost Port of Muziris."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113025900/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/artefacts-from-the-lost-port-of-muziris/article6657446.ece">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Hindu. 3 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2708/stories/20100423270806200.htm">"Muziris, at last?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723201636/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2708%2Fstories%2F20100423270806200.htm">Archived</a> 23 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> R. Krishnakumar, <i>www.frontline.in</i> Frontline, 10–23 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pattanam-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pattanam_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/pattanam-richest-indoroman-site-on-indian-ocean-rim/article274715.ece">"Pattanam richest Indo-Roman site on Indian Ocean rim."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113025900/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/pattanam-richest-indoroman-site-on-indian-ocean-rim/article274715.ece">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Hindu. 3 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodungallur-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kodungallur_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._George_MenacheryFr._Werner_Chakkalakkal,_CMI2001" class="citation book cs1">Prof. George Menachery; Fr. Werner Chakkalakkal, CMI (10 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131223124548/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.htm#CRANGANORE:%20PAST%20AND%20PRESENT">"Cranganore: Past and Present"</a>. <i>Kodungallur – The Cradle of Christianity in India</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.htm#CRANGANORE:%20PAST%20AND%20PRESENT">the original</a> on 23 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranganore%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.btitle=Kodungallur+%E2%80%93+The+Cradle+of+Christianity+in+India&rft.date=2001-01-10&rft.au=Prof.+George+Menachery&rft.au=Fr.+Werner+Chakkalakkal%2C+CMI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianchristianity.com%2Fhtml%2FBooks.htm%23CRANGANORE%3A%2520PAST%2520AND%2520PRESENT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMG-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RMG_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spice-islands#:~:text=They%20include%20Halmahera%20(the%20largest,and%20pepper%20in%20the%20world.">"The Spice Islands | Royal Museums Greenwich"</a>. <i>www.rmg.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rmg.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Spice+Islands+%7C+Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fspice-islands%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThey%2520include%2520Halmahera%2520%28the%2520largest%2Cand%2520pepper%2520in%2520the%2520world.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Fitzgerald2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie Fitzgerald (8 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8mGcvFkatIC&pg=PT24"><i>Ramses II, Egyptian Pharaoh, Warrior, and Builder</i></a>. Compass Point Books. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3836-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3836-1"><bdi>978-0-7565-3836-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramses+II%2C+Egyptian+Pharaoh%2C+Warrior%2C+and+Builder&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-3836-1&rft.au=Stephanie+Fitzgerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8mGcvFkatIC%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2001p25-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young2001p25_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young2001p25_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Bostock and Riley's 1855 translation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D14">Text online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323014710/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D14">Archived</a> 23 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1873" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1873) [1781]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKALAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272"><i>History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Vol. III (New ed.). Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. p. 272f79. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669186315">669186315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=272f79&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Claxton%2C+Remsen+%26+Haffelfinger&rft.date=1873&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669186315&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKALAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Norwich, <i>Byzantium: The Early Centuries</i>, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes Miller, <i>The Spice Trade</i>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation from Turner, p 94. The riddle's answer is of course <i>pepper</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby, p. 156; also Turner, pp. 108–109, though Turner does go on to discuss spices (not pepper specifically) being used to disguise the taste of partially spoiled wine or ale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._J._D._DormanS._G._Deans2000" class="citation journal cs1">H. J. D. Dorman; S. G. Deans (2000). "Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils". <i>Journal of Applied Microbiology</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 308–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2000.00969.x">10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10736000">10736000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21788355">21788355</a>. <q>Spices, which are used as integral ingredients in cuisine or added as flavouring agents to foods, are present in insufficient quantities for their antimicrobial properties to be significant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+agents+from+plants%3A+antibacterial+activity+of+plant+volatile+oils&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=308-16&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21788355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10736000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2000.00969.x&rft.au=H.+J.+D.+Dorman&rft.au=S.+G.+Deans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarssonFoley2023" class="citation journal cs1">Larsson, Mikael; Foley, Brendan (26 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9879437">"The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>18</b> (1): e0281010. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PLoSO..1881010L">2023PLoSO..1881010L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0281010">10.1371/journal.pone.0281010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9879437">9879437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701280">36701280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+king%27s+spice+cabinet%E2%80%93Plant+remains+from+Gribshunden%2C+a+15th+century+royal+shipwreck+in+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0281010&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9879437%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PLoSO..1881010L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36701280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0281010&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft.au=Foley%2C+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9879437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2024" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Brendan (31 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/acar/94/1/article-p132_10.xml">"Interim Report on Gribshunden (1495) Excavations: 2019–2021"</a>. <i>Acta Archaeologica</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 132–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F16000390-09401052">10.1163/16000390-09401052</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-101X">0065-101X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Archaeologica&rft.atitle=Interim+Report+on+Gribshunden+%281495%29+Excavations%3A+2019%E2%80%932021&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-145&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F16000390-09401052&rft.issn=0065-101X&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Facar%2F94%2F1%2Farticle-p132_10.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prasad, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaffee, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby, pp. 74–75. The argument that <i>jujiang</i> was long pepper goes back to the fourth century CE botanical writings of Ji Han; Hui-lin Li's 1979 translation of and commentary on Ji Han's work makes the case that it was <i>Piper nigrum</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a>; Cordier, Henri, Translation from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/y#a5823"><i>The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509074924/http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/y#a5823">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vol. 2, Dover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-27587-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-27587-6">0-486-27587-6</a>. p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Finlay, Robert (2008). "The Voyages of Zheng He: Ideology, State Power, and Maritime Trade in Ming China". <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2008.00250.x">10.1111/j.1540-5923.2008.00250.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Voyages+of+Zheng+He%3A+Ideology%2C+State+Power%2C+and+Maritime+Trade+in+Ming+China&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2008.00250.x&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThanissaro_Bhikkhu1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> (30 November 1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistmonastic0000wija"><i>Buddhist Monastic Code II</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36708-0"><bdi>978-0-521-36708-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monastic+Code+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36708-0&rft.au=Thanissaro+Bhikkhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhistmonastic0000wija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawidHenzeFrankGlabasnia2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dawid, Corinna; Henze, Andrea; Frank, Oliver; Glabasnia, Anneke; Rupp, Mathias; Büning, Kirsten; Orlikowski, Diana; Bader, Matthias; Hofmann, Thomas (2012). "Structural and Sensory Characterization of Key Pungent and Tingling Compounds from Black Pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i> L.)". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>60</b> (11): 2884–2895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf300036a">10.1021/jf300036a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22352449">22352449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Structural+and+Sensory+Characterization+of+Key+Pungent+and+Tingling+Compounds+from+Black+Pepper+%28Piper+nigrum+L.%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2884-2895&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf300036a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22352449&rft.aulast=Dawid&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rft.au=Henze%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Frank%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Glabasnia%2C+Anneke&rft.au=Rupp%2C+Mathias&rft.au=B%C3%BCning%2C+Kirsten&rft.au=Orlikowski%2C+Diana&rft.au=Bader%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duke-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duke_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Duke1993" class="citation book cs1">James A. Duke (16 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tg7R4hU8hkC&pg=PA395"><i>CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3620-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-3620-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Alternative+Cash+Crops&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1993-08-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-3620-1&rft.au=James+A.+Duke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tg7R4hU8hkC%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Library of Congress Science Reference Services, "Everyday Mysteries", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/pepper.html">Why does pepper make you sneeze?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031180231/https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/food-and-nutrition/item/why-does-pepper-make-you-sneeze/">Archived</a> 31 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/spices-and-herbs/200/2">"Nutrition facts for black pepper, one tablespoon (6 g); USDA Nutrient Database, version SR-21"</a>. Conde Nast. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrition+facts+for+black+pepper%2C+one+tablespoon+%286+g%29%3B+USDA+Nutrient+Database%2C+version+SR-21&rft.pub=Conde+Nast&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnutritiondata.self.com%2Ffacts%2Fspices-and-herbs%2F200%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/gewuerze/pfeffer/pfeffer.htm/#selbsterhitzung">Pepper</a>. Tis-gdv.de. Retrieved on 31 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawless-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawless_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawlessHeymann2010" class="citation book cs1">Lawless, Harry T.; Heymann, Hildegarde (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTR7VEJPDWAC&q=piperine"><i>Sensory Evaluation of Food: Principles and Practices</i></a>. Springer. pp. 62–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6488-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6488-5"><bdi>978-1-4419-6488-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sensory+Evaluation+of+Food%3A+Principles+and+Practices&rft.pages=62-3&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6488-5&rft.aulast=Lawless&rft.aufirst=Harry+T.&rft.au=Heymann%2C+Hildegarde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBTR7VEJPDWAC%26q%3Dpiperine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJirovetzBuchbauerNgassoumGeissler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jirovetz, L; Buchbauer, G; Ngassoum, M. 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"Role of the Fermentation Process in Off-odorant Formation in White Pepper: On-site Trial in Thailand". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>53</b> (15): 6056–6060. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf050604s">10.1021/jf050604s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16028995">16028995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Fermentation+Process+in+Off-odorant+Formation+in+White+Pepper%3A+On-site+Trial+in+Thailand&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=6056-6060&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf050604s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16028995&rft.aulast=Steinhaus&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Schieberle%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebertWoodElseyAlan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Siebert, Tracey E.; Wood, Claudia; Elsey, Gordon M.; Alan (2008). "Determination of Rotundone, the Pepper Aroma Impact Compound, in Grapes and Wine". <i>J. Agric. Food Chem</i>. <b>56</b> (10): 3745–3748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf800184t">10.1021/jf800184t</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18461962">18461962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Rotundone%2C+the+Pepper+Aroma+Impact+Compound%2C+in+Grapes+and+Wine&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3745-3748&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf800184t&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18461962&rft.aulast=Siebert&rft.aufirst=Tracey+E.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Elsey%2C+Gordon+M.&rft.au=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGee-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGee_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGee, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagne,_Prosper2001" class="citation book cs1">Montagne, Prosper (2001). <i>Larousse Gastronomique</i>. Hamlyn. p. 726. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-60235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-600-60235-4"><bdi>978-0-600-60235-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47231315">47231315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larousse+Gastronomique&rft.pages=726&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47231315&rft.isbn=978-0-600-60235-4&rft.au=Montagne%2C+Prosper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span> "Mill".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingsAlamar_GavidiaCoolsRedfern2018" class="citation journal cs1">Collings, Emma R.; Alamar Gavidia, M. Carmen; Cools, Katherine; Redfern, Sally; Terry, Leon A. (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5727672">"Effect of UV-C on the physiology and biochemical profile of fresh Piper nigrum berries"</a>. <i>Postharvest Biology and Technology</i>. <b>136</b>: 161–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postharvbio.2017.11.007">10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5727672">5727672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29398783">29398783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postharvest+Biology+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+UV-C+on+the+physiology+and+biochemical+profile+of+fresh+Piper+nigrum+berries&rft.volume=136&rft.pages=161-165&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5727672%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29398783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postharvbio.2017.11.007&rft.aulast=Collings&rft.aufirst=Emma+R.&rft.au=Alamar+Gavidia%2C+M.+Carmen&rft.au=Cools%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Redfern%2C+Sally&rft.au=Terry%2C+Leon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5727672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_pepper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2002" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IHcZ21dyjwC"><i>Dangerous Tastes</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23674-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Tastes&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23674-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IHcZ21dyjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2002" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildershoresofga00davi"><i>Wilder Shores of Gastronomy: Twenty Years of the Best Food Writing from the Journal Petits Propos Culinaires</i></a></span>. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-417-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-417-8"><bdi>978-1-58008-417-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilder+Shores+of+Gastronomy%3A+Twenty+Years+of+the+Best+Food+Writing+from+the+Journal+Petits+Propos+Culinaires&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58008-417-8&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildershoresofga00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Morell_Holmes" title="Edward Morell Holmes">Holmes, Edward Morell</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Pepper"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Pepper">"Pepper" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). pp. 516–517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pepper&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=516-517&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Edward+Morell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffee2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffee, Steven (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165643/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/Topics/Standards/IndiaSpices.pdf">"Delivering and Taking the Heat: Indian Spices and Evolving Process Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>An Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/Topics/Standards/IndiaSpices.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development+Discussion+Paper&rft.atitle=Delivering+and+Taking+the+Heat%3A+Indian+Spices+and+Evolving+Process+Standards&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jaffee&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTRANETTRADE%2FResources%2FTopics%2FStandards%2FIndiaSpices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee,_Harold2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). "Black Pepper and Relatives". <i>On Food and Cooking</i> (Revised ed.). Scribner. pp. 427–429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56590708">56590708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Pepper+and+Relatives&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking&rft.pages=427-429&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56590708&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.au=McGee%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2003" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Anshuman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVbHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"The Gaze of the Other: Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis"</a>. In Prasad, Anshuman (ed.). <i>Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 3–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8229-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8229-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-8229-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gaze+of+the+Other%3A+Postcolonial+Theory+and+Organizational+Analysis&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Theory+and+Organizational+Analysis%3A+A+Critical+Engagement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-43&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8229-2&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVbHAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_Jack2004" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jack (2004). <i>Spice: The History of a Temptation</i>. London: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70705-6"><bdi>978-0-375-70705-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61213802">61213802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spice%3A+The+History+of+a+Temptation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61213802&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70705-6&rft.au=Turner%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Young, Gary K. (2001). <i>Rome's Eastern Trade</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3"><bdi>0-415-24219-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Eastern+Trade&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-24219-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gary+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">4,5-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5',6'-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Piper nigrum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43084" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q43084">Q43084</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Piper_nigrum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Piper nigrum">Piper nigrum</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/114949">114949</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=486581">486581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4J4Z3">4J4Z3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1714">1714</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/596620">596620</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PIPNI">PIPNI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005581">200005581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005581">200005581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3086357">3086357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28589">28589</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/83583">83583</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/682369-1">682369-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11097708">11097708</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18310">18310</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=285067">285067</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13216">13216</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f8bd5166-c528-4e28-8f9b-c00c5e3cbce2">f8bd5166-c528-4e28-8f9b-c00c5e3cbce2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/350920/">350920</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=472526">472526</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Piper_nigrum">Piper_nigrum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2569664">kew-2569664</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PINI3">PINI3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A682369-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:682369-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25000013">25000013</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000486494">wfo-0000486494</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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