Russian Space Web site map

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href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><b>Individual rocket systems</b></p> <ul> <li><a href="a600.html">The A-600 rocket</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Amur-SPG</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)<a href="congreve.html"></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/amur-spg-2023.html">Amur-SPG project in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/rd0169.html">RD-0169 engine</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="angara.html"><strong>Angara launch vehicle family</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="angara_origin.html">Origin of the Angara project</a></li> <li><a href="angara_development.html">Development of the Angara rocket</a></li> <li><a href="angara1_pp_preflight.html">Preparations for the first launch of the Angara rocket</a></li> <li><a href="angara-production.html">Serial production of the Angara rocket</a></li> <li><a href="angara1pp.html">The first mission of the Angara rocket (Angara-1.2PP)</a></li> <li><a href="angara_urm1.html">URM-1 rocket module</a> <ul> <li><a href="rd191.html">RD-191 engine</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/rd191-production.html">Production of RD-191</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="rd181.html">RD-181 engine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="angara_urm2.html">URM-2 rocket module</a></li> <li><a href="angara_kvtk.html">KVTK upper stage</a></li> <li><a href="protected/persei.html">Persei upper stage</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/angara-2019.html">Angara project in 2019</a> (<a href="protected/angara-2019.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="protected/angara-2020.html">Angara project in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="protected/angara-2022.html">Angara project in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="protected/angara-2023.html">Angara project in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="protected/angara-2024.html">Angara project in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="angara1.html">Angara-1/-1.2</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/angara1-2-stage2.html">Second stage of the Angara-1.2 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/angara1-2-ao.html">AO stage of the Angara-1.2 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/angara1-2-development.html">Development of the Angara-1 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="angara1-flight1.html">First launch of the Angara-1.2 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="protected/angara1-2-flight2.html">Second launch of the Angara-1.2 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Sept. 17:</strong></span> <a href="angara1-flight3.html">Third launch of the Angara-1.2 rocket</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="angara3.html">Angara-3</a></p> <p><a href="angara5.html">Angara-5</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="angara5_scenario.html">Flight scenario of the Angara-5 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="angara5_flight1.html">First flight of the Angara-5 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="angara5-flight2.html">Second flight of the Angara-5 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="protected/angara5-flight3.html">Third flight of the Angara-5 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/angara-nzh.html">Angara-NZh prepares for major crew vehicle test</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/angara5-vostochny-flight1.html">First flight of the Angara-5 rocket from Vostochny</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/angara5-flight4.html">Fifth flight of the Angara-5 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="angara5_kvtk.html">Angara-5/KVTK</a></p> <p><a href="angara-block-dm03.html">Angara-5/Block DM-03</a></p> <p><a href="angara5m.html">Angara-5M</a></p> <p><a href="angara5p.html">Angara-5P</a></p> <p><a href="angara5v.html">Angara-5V</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="angara_urm2v.html">URM-2V booster</a></li> <li><a href="angara5v-mob1-kvtk.html">MOB1-KVTK space tug</a></li> <li><a href="protected/angara-reuse.html">Returnable Angara booster</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/angara5v-2020.html">Angara-5V in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="angara7.html">Angara-7</a></p> <p><a href="angara100.html">Angara-100</a></p> <p><a href="antares.html">Antares</a></p> <p><a href="baikal.html">Baikal</a></p> <p><a href="bulava.html">Bulava</a></p> <p><a href="diamant.html">Diamant (France)</a></p> <p><a href="dnepr.html">Dnepr</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="dnepr_007_belka.html">Dnepr's 7th mission with BelKA as a primary payload (failure)</a></li> <li><a href="dnepr_008_egyptsat1.html">Dnepr's 8th mission with Egyptsat-1 </a></li> <li><a href="dnepr_019.html">Dnepr's 19th mission with DubaiSat and other payloads</a></li> <li><a href="dnepr_020.html">Dnepr's 20th mission with KazEOSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="dnepr_asnaro.html">Dnepr's 21st mission with ASNARO-1 and four secondary payloads for Japan</a></li> <li><a href="dnepr-kompsat-3a-arirang-3a.html">Dnepr's 22nd mission with KompSat-3A</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/don.html">Don super-rocket concept</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="energia.html">Energia</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="rd170_s.html">RD-170/RD-171 engine</a></li> <li><a href="rd0120.html">RD-0120</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="energia_m.html">Energia-M</a></p> <p><a href="energia5k.html">Energia-5K</a></p> <p><a href="energia5k.html">Energia-5KV</a></p> <p><a href="energia5v.html">Energia-5V/VR</a></p> <p><a href="protected/firefly.html">Firefly</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="fi103.html">Fi-103</a> </p> <p><a href="hs293.html">Hs-293</a></p> <p><a href="iskander.html">Iskander</a></p> <p><a href="kaskad.html">Kaskad</a></p> <p><a href="kslv.html">Korean Satellite Launch Vehicle, KSLV-1</a></p> <p><a href="protected/kslv2.html">KSLV-2</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="cosmos2.html">Kosmos-2</a></p> <p><a href="cosmos3.html">Kosmos-1, -3</a></p> <p><a href="mayak.html">Mayak</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/rd809k.html">RD-809K engine</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT!</a>)</li> <li><a href="rd810.html">RD-810 engine</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rd815.html">RD-815 engine</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT!</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="mrur100.html">MR-UR-100</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/rd862.html">RD-862</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT!</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="msbs.html">MSBS submarine-based ballistic missile</a> (France)</p> <p><a href="n1.html"><strong>N1 Moon rocket</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="n1_icbm_s.html">Plans for military uses of the N1 Moon rocket</a></li> <li><a href="nk33.html">NK-33 first stage engine</a></li> <li><a href="n1_3l.html">N1 No. 3L - The first launch of the N1 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="n1_5l.html">N1 No. 5L - The second launch of the N1 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="n1_6l.html">N1 No. 6L - The third launch of the N1 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="n1_7l.html">N1 No. 7L - The fourth and final launch of the N1 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="protected/n1-8l.html">N1 No. 8L - Plans for the 5th N1 launch</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="pioneer.html">Pioneer</a></p> <p><a href="proton.html"><strong>Proton (UR-500) rocket family</strong></a></p> <ul><li><a href="proton_stage1.html">Proton's first stage: This is all one thing!</a> <ul> <li><a href="rd253.html">RD-253/RD-275 engines for the Proton's first stage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="proton_stage2.html">Proton's second stage</a> <ul> <li><a href="rd0210.html">RD-0210</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="proton_stage3.html">Proton's third stage</a> <ul> <li><a href="rd0212.html">RD-0212</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="briz-m.html">Briz-M upper stage</a></li> <li><a href="block-dm03.html">Block DM-03</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/11d58mf.html">11D58MF engine</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="proton_origin.html">Birth of Proton: The iconic rocket that almost wasn't</a></li> <li><a href="proton-light.html">Proton-Light</a></li> <li><a href="proton-m.html">Proton-M</a></li> <li><a href="proton-medium.html">Proton-Medium</a></li> <li><a href="proton-m-plus.html">Proton-M-Plus</a></li> <li>Proton missions in <a href="proton-2000.html">2000</a>, <a href="proton_2001.html">2001</a>, <a href="proton_2002.html">2002</a>, <a href="proton_2003.html">2003</a>, <a href="proton_2004.html">2004</a>, <a href="proton_2005.html">2005</a>, <a href="proton_2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="proton_2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="proton_2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="proton_2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="proton_2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="proton_2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="proton_2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="proton_2013.html">2013</a><font color="#000000">, </font><a href="proton_2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="proton_2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="proton_2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="proton_2018.html">2018</a>, </li> <li><a href="protected/proton-2019.html">Proton operations in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/proton-2020.html">Proton operations in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/proton-2021.html">Proton operations in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/proton-2022.html">Proton operations in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/proton-2023.html">Proton operations in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><strong>Proton launches: </strong> <ul> <li><a href="proton_jcsat11.html"> JCSAT-11 (Failure)</a></li> <li><a href="proton_telkom3.html">Telkom-3 and Ekspress-MD2 (Failure)</a></li> <li><a href="proton_yamal402.html">Yamal-402 (Failure)</a></li> <li><a href="proton_satmex8.html">SatMex-8</a></li> <li><a href="proton_anik_g1.html">Anik G1</a></li> <li><a href="proton_w3d.html">Eutelsat-3D</a></li> <li><a href="proton_ses6.html">SES-6</a></li> <li><a href="proton_glonass49.html">GLONASS-49 (Failure)</a></li> <li><a href="proton_astra2e.html">Astro-2E</a></li> <li><a href="proton_siriusfm6.html">Sirius FM-6</a></li> <li><a href="proton_inmarsat5f1.html">Inmarsat-5 F1</a></li> <li><a href="proton_ekspress_am5.html">Ekspress-AM5</a></li> <li><a href="turksat4a.html">Turksat-4A</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress_at1_at2.html">Ekspress-AT1/AT2</a></li> <li><a href="luch5v_kazsat3.html">Luch-5V and KazSat-3</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress_am4r.html">Ekspress-AM4R</a></li> <li><a href="yamal401.html">Yamal-401</a></li> <li><a href="astra-2g.html">Astra-2G</a></li> <li><a href="Inmarsat-5F2.html">Inmarsat-5 F2</a></li> <li><a href="mexsat1.html">MexSat-1 (Failure)</a></li> <li><a href="inmarsat-5f3.html">Inmarsat-5 F3</a></li> <li><a href="turksat4b.html">Turksat-4B</a></li> <li><a href="eutelsat9b.html">Eutelsat-98</a></li> <li><a href="intelsat-31.html">Intelsat-31</a></li> <li><a href="echostar-21.html">EchoStar-21</a></li> <li><a href="amazonas-5.html">Amazonas-5</a></li> <li><a href="asiasat-9.html">AsiaSat-9</a></li> <li><a href="protected/proton-oneweb.html">Proton mission with OneWeb satellites</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT!</a>)</li> <li><a href="eutelsat5wb-mev1.html">Proton launch with Eutelsat-5B West/MEV-1</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="r1.html">R-1</a></p> <p><a href="r2.html">R-2</a></p> <p><a href="r3.html">R-3</a></p> <p><a href="r5.html">R-5</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="rocket_dogs_s.html">Launches of dogs on rockets</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="r6.html">R-6</a></p> <p><a href="r7.html">R-7</a></p> <p><a href="r8.html">R-8</a></p> <p><a href="r9.html">R-9</a></p> <p><a href="r12.html">R-12</a></p> <p><a href="r14.html">R-14</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r16.html">R-16</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r16_disaster.html">Nedelin disaster</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="r17.html">R-17</a></p> <p><a href="r36.html">R-36</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/r36-orbital-origin.html">Origin of the R-36orb project</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="rd250.html">RD-250 engine</a></li> </ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="r36m_family.html">R-36M family</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r36m.html">R-36M</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r36muttkh.html">R-36M UTTKh</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r36m2.html">R-36M-2</a> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="r56.html">R-56</a></p> <p><a href="protected/rfa.html">RFA-ONE rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="ppts_lv.html">Rus-M</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="rd0146.html">RD-0146</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="rockot.html">Rockot</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="rockot_swarm.html">Rockot successfully launches Swarm satellites</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel3a.html">Rockot launch with Sentinel-3A</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel5p.html">Rockot launch with Sentinel-5P</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel3b.html">Rockot launch with Sentinel-3B</a></li> </ul> <p><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Jan 3:</strong></span> <a href="protected/rockot-m.html">Rockot-M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="rt1.html">RT-1</a></p> <p><a href="rt2.html">RT-2</a></p> <p><a href="rt20.html">RT-20P</a></p> <p><a href="sarmat.html">Sarmat ICBM</a></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a href="sodruzhestvo.html">Sodruzhestvo</a> (rocket)</font></p> <p><a href="soyuz_lv.html"><strong>Soyuz</strong></a> (rocket family)</p> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz_lv_stage1.html">Stage I of the Soyuz rocket</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_lv_stage2.html">Stage II of the Soyuz rocket</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_lv_stage3.html">Stage III of the Soyuz rocket</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="soyuz_lv_2001.html">Soyuz rocket missions in 2001</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2002.html">2002</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2003.html">2003</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2004.html">2004</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2005.html">2005</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2006.html">2006</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2007.html">2007</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2008.html">2008</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2009.html">2009</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2010.html">2010</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2011.html">2011</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2012.html">2012</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2013.html">2013</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2014.html">2014</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2015.html">2015</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2016.html">2016</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2017.html">2017</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2018.html">2018</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2019.html">2019</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2020.html">2020</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2021.html">2021</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2022.html">2022</a>, <a href="soyuz_lv_2023.html">2023</a></p> <p><span class="style1"><strong>NEW, Oct. 4:</strong></span> <a href="soyuz_lv_2024.html">Soyuz rockets in 2024</a></p> <p><a href="soyuz_lv_2023.html">Soyuz rocket operations in 2023</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="molniya_lv.html">Molniya</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-fg.html">Soyuz-FG</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz1_lv.html">Soyuz-2-1v home page</a> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz1_lv_origin.html">Origin of the project</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz1_lv_development.html">Soyuz-2-1v development</a></li> <li><a href="rd193.html">RD-193 engine</a></li> <li><a href="rd0110r.html">RD-0110R engine</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz1_lv_aist.html">Soyuz-2-1v flies its maiden mission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz2_lv.html">Soyuz-2</a> (rocket) <ul> <li><a href="soyuz2-1a.html">Soyuz-2-1a</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2-1b.html">Soyuz-2-1b</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2-vostochny.html">Soyuz-2 rocket for Vostochny</a> </li> </ul> </li> <ul> <li><a href="rd0124.html">RD-0124 engine</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2_dummy.html">Soyuz-2 suborbital test flight</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2_metop.html">Soyuz-2/Metop launch</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel1.html">Soyuz launches European radarsat</a></li> <li><a href="metop-c.html">Soyuz ST-B launch with MetOp-C</a></li> <li><a href="cso1.html">Soyuz ST-A launch with CSO-1</a></li> <li><a href="cosmo-skymed-cheops.html">Soyuz ST-B launch with Cosmo-SkyMed</a></li> <li><a href="cso2.html">Soyuz ST-A launch with CSO-2</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="soyuz2_3_lv.html">Soyuz-2-3</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz3_lv.html">Soyuz-3</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="vostok_lv.html">Vostok</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="rd0110.html">RD-0110 engine</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="soyuz5-lv-ptk.html"><strong>Soyuz-5 launch vehicle</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz5.html">Original concept of the Soyuz-5 rocket with methane engines</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz5-lv-2017.html">Soyuz-5 development status in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-2018.html">Soyuz-5 rocket development in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-2019.html">Soyuz-5 development in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-2020.html">Soyuz-5 development in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-2021.html">Soyuz-5 development in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-2023.html">Soyuz-5 development in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Oct. 28:</span> <a href="protected/soyuz5-2024.html">Soyuz-5 development in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-stage1.html">First stage of the Soyuz-5 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-stage2.html">Second stage of the Soyuz-5 rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="style2"><a href="protected/rd171mv.html">RD-171MV engine</a></span></font> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-production.html">Soyuz-5 production</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz5-transportation.html">Transportation of the Soyuz-5 launch vehicle</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/soyuz6-lv.html">Soyuz-6 launch vehicle</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="protected/soyuz7-launcher.html">Soyuz-7 launch vehicle</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><font color="#000000"><a href="sputnik_lv.html">Sputnik </a></font>(rocket)</p> <p><a href="ssbs.html">SSBS silo-based ballistic missiles</a> (France)</p> <p><a href="start.html">Start</a></p> <p><span class="style1">NEW, July 15:</span> <a href="protected/start-1m.html">Start-1M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="stk_s.html">STK: Super-heavy rockets proposed by TsSKB Progress in 2013</a></p> <p><a href="strela.html">Strela</a></p> <p><a href="sunkar.html">Sunkar</a></p> <p><a href="tem.html">TEM nuclear-powered space tug</a></p> <p><a href="topolm.html">Topol-M</a></p> <p><a href="tsyklon.html">Tsyklon</a></p> <p><a href="tsyklon4m.html">Tsyklon-4M</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="rd870.html">RD-870</a></li> <li><a href="rd861k.html">RD-861K</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="ur100.html">UR-100</a></p> <p><a href="ur100n.html">UR-100N</a></p> <p><a href="ur200.html">UR-200</a></p> <p><a href="ur700.html">UR-700</a></p> <p><a href="ur700a.html">UR-700 Nuclear (Version "A")</a></p> <p><a href="superheavy.html"><strong>Yenisei super-heavy launcher</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="superheavy-origin.html">Super-heavy rocket development in 2013-2016</a></li> <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="superheavy-2017.html">Status of the super-heavy rocket development in 2017</a></font></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2018.html">Status of the super-heavy rocket in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2018-variant1.html">Variant 1 of the super-heavy rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2018-variant2.html">Variant 2 of the super-heavy rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-tskb-2018-variant4.html">Variant 3 of the super-heavy rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-tskb-2018-variant4.html">Super-heavy rocket, Variant 4 from RKTs Progress</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2019.html">Super-heavy rocket development in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2019-design.html">Evolution of the super-heavy rocket design in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-140.html">Don super-heavy rocket with 140-ton payload</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2020.html">Super-heavy rocket development in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2020-design.html">Evolution of the super-heavy rocket design in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2021.html">Super-heavy rocket project in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2021-spg-128t.html">Methane super-heavy rocket, Variant 1</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2021-spg-164t.html">Methane super-heavy rocket, Variant 2</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2021-3cluster.html">Three-Soyuz-5 cluster variant</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-rtb.html">RTB upper stage</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/drakar.html">Drakar (MOB-DM) upper stage</a></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy_rb.html">Dreadnought RB upper stage</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/rd180mv.html">RD-180MV</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-composition.html">Organization of the Super-heavy rocket program</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="yenisei5.html">Yenisei-5 proposal</a></p> <p><a href="zenit.html"><strong>Zenit rocket home page </strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="zenit_stage1_s.html">Zenit's first stage</a></li> <li><a href="zenit_stage2_s.html">Zenit's second stage</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/rd8.html">RD-8 engine</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="zenit_origin_s.html">Zenit's development history</a></li> <li><a href="zenit_flights_s.html"><strong>Zenit's flight history</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="zenit_nss8.html">Zenit-3SL rocket failure</a> on the Sea Launch platform in 2007 </li> <li><a href="zenit_2013_s.html">Zenit's failed mission to deliver Intelsat-27</a></li> <li><a href="zenit_amos4.html">Zenit mission to launch AMOS-4 satellite</a></li> <li><a href="zenit-angosat.html">Preparations for the Angosat-1 mission</a></li> <li><a href="zenit-angosat-launch.html">Zenit launch with Angosat-1 satellite</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Upper stages, space tugs</strong></p> <p><a href="briz.html">Briz upper stage</a></p> <p><a href="dvina.html">Dvina electrically propelled space tug</a></p> <p><a href="fregat.html">Fregat upper stage</a></p> <p><a href="volga.html">Volga upper stage</a></p> <p><strong>European rocketry</strong></p> <p><a href="vega_lv.html">Vega light-weight launch vehicle</a></p> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"><div align="left"><div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" align="left" bgcolor="#000000" rowspan="13"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>(</b></font></td> <td rowspan="13" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <p align="center"><a href="insider-content.html"><img src="images/logos/insider_content_200.jpg" alt="insider content" width="200" height="486" border="0"></a></p> <p align="center"><a href="book_future.html"><img src="images/zak/book_future_200x486.jpg" alt="Book" width="200" height="486" border="0"></a></p> <hr> <ul class="tableText"> <li><a href="protected/11d58mf.html">11D58MF</a> (<a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="19k.html">19K</a></li> <li><a href="21k.html">21K</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-soyuz2-1a.html">371KK35</a></li> <li><a href="3mv_b.html">3MV</a></li> <li><a href="3mv_1a4a.html">3MV-1A No. 4A</a></li> <li><a href="5m-origin.html">5NM</a></li> <li><a href="5m.html">5M</a></li> <li><a href="l1-2p-kosmos146.html">7K-L1 No. 2P</a></li> <li><a href="l1-3p-kosmos154.html">7K-L1 No. 3P</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no4l.html">7K-L1 No. 4L</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no5l.html">7K-L1 No. 5L</a></li> <li>7K-L1 No. 6L (see <a href="zond4.html">Zond-4</a>)</li> <li><a href="l1-no7l.html">7K-L1 No. 7L</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no8l.html">7K-L1 No. 8L</a></li> <li>7K-L1 No. 9L (see <a href="zond5.html">Zond-5</a>)</li> <li><a href="l1-no13l.html">7K-L1 No. 13L</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok.html">7K-OK</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-no1-explosion.html">7K-OK No. 1</a></li> <li>7K-OK No. 9 (<a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-238.html">Kosmos-238</a>)</li> <li>7K-T No. 33 (<a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos496.html">Kosmos-496</a>)</li> <li>7K-T No. 36 (<a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos573.html">Kosmos-573</a>)</li> <li>7K-T No. 61 (<a href="protected/soyuz-7k-t-kosmos656.html">Kosmos-656</a>) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-s.html">7K-S</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-tm.html">7K-TM</a></li> <li>7K-TM No. 71 (<a href="protected/soyuz-7k-tm-kosmos638.html">Kosmos-638</a>) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li>7K-TM No. 72 (<a href="protected/soyuz-7k-tm-kosmos672.html">Kosmos-672</a>) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="48.html">48</a> (space plane)</li> <li><a href="212_b.html">212</a> (cruise missile)</li> <li>559GK (see <a href="egyptsat2.html">Egyptsat-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="a1.html">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="a2.html">A-2</a></li> <li><a href="a3.html">A-3</a></li> <li><a href="a4.html">A-4</a></li> <li><a href="a4b.html">A-4b</a></li> <li><a href="a9a10.html">A-9/A-10</a></li> <li><a href="a600.html">A-600</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_acrv.html">ACRV</a></li> <li><a href="acts.html">ACTS</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-adron-lr.html">ADRON-LR</a> (<a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="aist.html">Aist</a></li> <li><a href="aist2d.html">Aist-2D</a></li> <li><a href="almaz.html">Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="almazt.html">Almaz-T</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_0205.html">Almaz-205</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_0206.html">Almaz-206</a></li> <li><a href="amazonas-5.html">Amazonas-5</a></li> <li><a href="zenit_amos4.html">AMOS-4</a></li> <li><a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Amur-SPG</a> (<a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="anapa.html">Anapa</a></li> <li><a href="angara.html">Angara</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="angara1.html">Angara-1</a></li> <li><a href="angara1pp.html">Angara-1.2PP</a></li> <li><a href="angara3.html">Angara-3</a></li> <li><a href="angara5.html">Angara-5</a></li> <li><a href="angara-block-dm03.html">Angara-5/Block DM-03</a></li> <li><a href="angara5_kvtk.html">Angara-5/KVTK</a></li> <li><a href="angara5m.html">Angara-5M</a></li> <li><a href="angara5p.html">Angara-5P</a></li> <li><a href="angara5v.html">Angara-5V</a></li> <li><a href="angara7.html">Angara-7</a></li> <li><a href="angara100.html">Angara-100</a></li> <li><a href="protected/angara-nzh.html">Angara-NZh</a> (<a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="angosat.html">Angosat-1</a></li> <li><a href="angosat2.html">Angosat-2</a></li> <li><a href="proton_anik_g1.html">Anik G1</a></li> <li><a href="antares.html">Antares</a></li> <li>AO stage (Angara-1.2)</li> <li><a href="apophis.html">Apophis</a></li> <li><a href="ard.html">ARD</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-aries-l.html">ARIES-L</a> (<a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="karat5_arka.html">ARKA (MKA-FKI PN5)</a></li> <li><a href="arktika.html">Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="arktika_m1.html">Arktika-M1</a></li> <li><a href="arktika-m2.html">Arktika-M2</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-art-xc.html">ART-XC</a></li> <li><a href="asiasat-9.html">AsiaSat-9</a></li> <li><a href="dnepr_asnaro.html">ASNARO-1</a></li> <li><a href="astra-2g.html">Astra-2G</a></li> <li><a href="astrometria.html">Astrometria</a></li> <li><a href="atv.html">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="auos.html">AUOS</a></li> <li><a href="angara.html">Baikal</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="baikonur.html">Baikonur</a></li> <li><a href="bars.html">Bars</a></li> <li><a href="bars-m.html">Bars-M</a></li> <li><a href="bars-m2.html">Bars-M2</a></li> <li><a href="bars-m3.html">Bars-M3</a></li> <li><a href="bars-m4.html">Bars-M4</a></li> <li><a href="baumanets.html">Baumanets</a></li> <li><a href="iss_sm_treadmill.html">BD-2 treadmill</a></li> <li><a href="beam.html">BEAM</a></li> <li><a href="belka.html">BelKA</a></li> <li><a href="protected/berkut.html">Berkut</a> (satellite) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="bion.html">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="bion_m.html">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="blagovest.html">Blagovest</a> (series)</li> <li><a href="blagovest11l.html">Blagovest No. 11L</a></li> <li><a href="blagovest12l.html">Blagovest No. 12L</a></li> <li><a href="blagovest13l.html">Blagovest No. 13L</a></li> <li><a href="blagovest14l.html">Blagovest No. 14L</a></li> <li><a href="protected/l3m_d2.html">Block D2</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="block-dm03.html">Block DM-03</a></li> <li><a href="lk-block-e.html">Block E for the N1/L3 complex</a><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></li> <li><a href="protected/l3m-block-sr.html">Block Sr</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="bor.html">BOR</a></li> <li><a href="briz.html">Briz</a></li> <li><a href="protected/briz-l.html">Briz-L</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="briz-m.html">Briz-M</a></li> <li><a href="buran_bts.html">BTS-002/OK GLI</a></li> <li><a href="bulava.html">Bulava</a></li> <li><a href="buran.html">Buran</a></li> <li><a href="protected/buro1440.html">Buro 1440</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="canso.html">Canso (launch site)</a></li> <li><a href="cas500-1.html">CAS-500-1</a></li> <li><a href="imp-che.html">CHE (Common Habitat Element)</a></li> <li><a href="cheget.html">Cheget</a> (cosmonaut chair)</li> <li><a href="chertok.html">Chertok</a></li> <li>Clipper (see <a href="kliper.html">Kliper</a>)</li> <li><a href="columbus.html">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="compass.html">Compass</a></li> <li>Condor (see <a href="kondor_s.html">Kondor</a>)</li> <li><a href="congreve.html">Congreve</a></li> <li><a href="corot.html">COROT</a></li> <li><a href="cosmo-skymed-cheops.html">Cosmo-SkyMed</a></li> <li><a href="cosmos_solar_sail.html">Cosmos-1</a> (solar sail)</li> <li><a href="cso1.html">CSO-1</a></li> <li><a href="cso2.html">CSO-2</a></li> <li><a href="cuban_missile_crisis.html">Cuban missile crisis</a></li> <li><a href="cygnus-oa-5.html">Cygnus OA-5</a></li> <li><a href="protected/l3m_d2.html">D2 space tug</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="dals.html">DALS</a></li> <li><a href="diamant.html">Diamant</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-m-ddu.html">DDU</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-d-hab.html">D-Hab</a> </li> <li><a href="dnepr.html">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="mir_docking.html">Docking Module</a> (Mir) </li> <li><a href="iss_dc.html">Docking Compartment</a> (ISS)</li> <li><a href="docking.html">Docking systems</a></li> <li><a href="protected/don.html">Don</a> (launcher)</li> <li><a href="salyut-dos2.html">DOS-7K No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="protected/salyut-dos3-4-design.html">DOS-7K No. 3 and No. 4</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/dragon-xl.html">Dragon-XL</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/drakar.html">Drakar (MOB-DM)</a></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy_rb.html">Dreadnought</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-robotic-arm.html">DSXR</a> (Canadarm)</li> <li><a href="dnepr_019.html">DubaiSat</a></li> <li><a href="dvina.html">Dvina</a></li> <li><a href="echostar-21.html">EchoStar-21</a></li> <li><a href="egyptsat-a.html">EgyptSat-A</a></li> <li><a href="egyptsat2-launch.html">EgyptSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="protected/e8-origin.html">E8</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="eks.html">EKS (Tundra)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-ekts.html">EKTS</a></li> <li><a href="express.html">Ekspress (series)</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-80-103.html">Ekspress-80, -103</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress1000n.html">Ekspress-1000N</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-2000.html">Ekspress-2000</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress_am4.html">Ekspress-AM4</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress_am4r.html">Ekspress-AM4R</a></li> <li><a href="proton_ekspress_am5.html">Ekspress-AM5</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-am6.html">Ekspress-AM6</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-am7.html">Ekspress-AM7</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-am8.html">Ekspress-AM8</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-amu1.html">Ekspress-AMU1</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-amu3-amu7.html">Ekspress-AMU3 -AMU7</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ekspress-amu4.html">Ekspress-AMU4</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="ekspress_at1_at2.html">Ekspress-AT1/AT2</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress_md.html">Ekspress-MD</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ekspress-rv.html">Ekspress-RV</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/elektro1.html">Elektro-1</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="elektro.html">Elektro-L</a> (series)</li> <li><a href="elektro_l1.html">Elektro-L1</a></li> <li><a href="elektro-l2.html">Elektro-L2</a></li> <li><a href="elektro-l3.html">Elektro-L3</a></li> <li><a href="elektro-l4.html">Elektro-L4</a></li> <li><a href="emka.html">EMKA</a></li> <li><a href="emka2.html">EMKA-2</a></li> <li><a href="energia.html">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="energia_m.html">Energia-M</a></li> <li><a href="energia5k.html">Energia-5K</a></li> <li><a href="energia5kv.html">Energia-5KV</a></li> <li><a href="energia5v.html">Energia-5V/VR</a></li> <li><a href="iss_enterprise.html">Enterprise</a> (ISS module)</li> <li><a href="images/spacecraft/manned/reusable/shuttle/enterprise/last_flight/index.htm">Enterprise</a> (Shuttle)</li> <li><a href="eo_mka4.html">EO-MKA No. 4</a></li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era.html">ERA</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-erosita.html">eROSITA</a></li> <li><a href="protected/esss3.html">ESSS-3</a> (Sfera-V/S) (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="proton_w3d.html">Eutelsat-3D</a></li> <li><a href="eutelsat9b.html">Eutelsat-9B</a></li> <li><a href="eutelsat5wb-mev1.html">Eutelsat-5B West</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_excalibur.html">Excalibur-Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="exomars.html">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="exomars_2016.html">ExoMars 2016</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2018.html">ExoMars 2018</a></li> <li><a href="expedition_m_b.html">Expedition-M</a></li> <li><a href="falcon-eye-2.html">Falcon Eye-2</a></li> <li><a href="protected/fedor.html">Fedor</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss_fgb.html">FGB</a></li> <li><a href="iss_fgb2.html">FGB-2 </a> (ISS)</li> <li><a href="fi103.html">Fi-103</a></li> <li><a href="protected/firefly.html">Firefly</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li>Fobos (See: <a href="phobos.html">Phobos</a>)</li> <li><a href="foton.html">Foton</a></li> <li><a href="foton_m4.html">Foton-M4</a></li> <li><a href="fregat.html">Fregat</a></li> <li><a href="gaia.html">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-1967.html">Galaktika</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="galileo.html">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv_vs09-galileo-foc-m1.html">Galileo FOC M1</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs11-galileo-foc-m2.html">Galileo FOC M2</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs12-galileo-foc-m3.html">Galileo FOC M3</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs13-galileo-foc-m4.html">Galileo FOC-M4</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs15-galileo-foc-m5.html">Galileo FOC-M5</a></li> <li><a href="garpun.html">Garpun</a></li> <li><a href="protected/gazprom-d2d.html">Gazprom D2D</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li>Geo-IK (see <a href="musson.html">Musson</a>)</li> <li><a href="geo_ik2.html">Geo-IK-2 No. 11L</a></li> <li><a href="geo-ik-2-2.html">Geo-IK-2 No. 12L</a></li> <li><a href="geo-ik-2-3.html">Geo-IK-2 No. 13L</a></li> <li><a href="gird09.html">GIRD-09</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="gird09-engine.html">GIRD-09</a> (engine)</li> <li><a href="vostok-gkzh.html">GKZh-2</a></li> <li><a href="globalstar2.html">Globalstar-2</a></li> <li>Globus-1 (see: <a href="raduga1.html">Raduga-1</a>)</li> <li>Globus-1M (see: <a href="raduga1m.html">Raduga-1M</a>)</li> <li><a href="glonass.html">GLONASS</a> (constellation)</li> <li><a href="glonass43.html">GLONASS-43</a></li> <li><a href="glonass51.html">GLONASS-51</a></li> <li><a href="uragan_k.html">GLONASS-K</a></li> <li><a href="glonass_k_no12.html">GLONASS-K No. 12</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k-15.html">GLONASS-K No. 15</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k-16.html">GLONASS-K No. 16</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k-17.html">GLONASS-K No. 17</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k2.html">GLONASS-K2</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k2-13l.html">GLONASS-K2 No. 13L</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-52.html">GLONASS-M No. 52</a></li> <li><a href="glonass54.html">GLONASS-M No. 53</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-56.html">GLONASS-M No. 56</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-57.html">GLONASS-M No. 57</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-58.html">GLONASS-M No. 58</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-59.html">GLONASS-M No. 59</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-60.html">GLONASS-M No. 60</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-61.html">GLONASS-M No. 61</a></li> <li><a href="gonets.html">Gonets</a></li> <li><a href="gonets-block15.html">Gonets-M Group 15</a></li> <li><a href="gonets-block16.html">Gonets-M Group 16</a></li> <li><a href="gonets-block17.html">Gonets-M Group 17</a></li> <li><a href="protected/gonets-m1.html">Gonets-M1</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="gorizont.html">Gorizont</a></li> <li><a href="protected/imp-halo.html">HALO</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="hispasat-36w-1.html">Hispasat-36W-1</a></li> <li><a href="hs293.html">Hs-293</a></li> <li><a href="protected/imp-htv-x.html">HTV-X (cis-lunar)</a></li> <li><a href="imp.html">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="inflatable_s.html">Inflatables</a></li> <li><a href="proton_inmarsat5f1.html">Inmarsat-5 F1</a></li> <li><a href="Inmarsat-5F2.html">Inmarsat-5 F2</a></li> <li><a href="inmarsat-5f3.html">Inmarsat-5 F3</a></li> <li><a href="intelsat-31.html">Intelsat-31</a></li> <li><a href="igz.html">Intergelio-Zond</a></li> <li><a href="ionosfera-1-2.html">Ionosfera</a></li> <li><a href="is.html">IS</a> (ASAT)</li> <li><a href="iskander.html">Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="iss.html">ISS</a> (International Space Station)</li> <li><a href="kanopus-st.html">Kanopus-ST</a></li> <li><a href="kanopus.html">Kanopus-V</a></li> <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="kanopus-v3-v4.html">Kanopus-V-3, Kanopus-V-4</a></font></li> <li><a href="kanopus-v5-v6.html">Kanopus V-5, V-6</a></li> <li><a href="kanopus-v-ik.html">Kanopus-V-IK</a></li> <li><a href="kapyar.html">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="karat.html">Karat</a></li> <li><a href="kaskad.html">Kaskad</a></li> <li><a href="kazsat.html">KazSat</a></li> <li><a href="khayam.html">Khayam</a></li> <li><a href="kholod_b.html">Kholod</a></li> <li><a href="kliper.html">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="kobalt_m.html">Kobalt-M</a></li> <li>Kometa (See: <a href="yantar-1kft-kometa.html">Yantar-1KFT</a>)</li> <li><a href="dnepr-kompsat-3a-arirang-3a.html">KompSat-3A</a></li> <li><a href="kondor_s.html">Kondor</a></li> <li><a href="kondor-e.html">Kondor-E</a></li> <li><a href="kondor-fka.html">Kondor-FKA</a></li> <li><a href="kondor-fka2.html">Kondor-FKA2</a></li> <li><a href="karat3_konus.html">Konus-M</a></li> <li><a href="koronas_foton.html">Koronas-Foton</a></li> <li><a href="raketoplan.html">Kosmoplan</a></li> <li><a href="cosmos2.html">Kosmos-2</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="cosmos3.html">Kosmos-3</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="3mv_kosmos21.html">Kosmos-21 (Zond)</a></li> <li><a href="3mv_kosmos27.html">Kosmos-27 (Zond)</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-kosmos57.html">Kosmos-57</a> (Voskhod-2)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-133.html">Kosmos-133 (Soyuz-7K-OK No. 2)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-140.html">Kosmos-140 (Soyuz-7K-OK No. 3)</a></li> <li><a href="l1-2p-kosmos146.html">Kosmos-146 (7K-L1 No. 2P)</a></li> <li><a href="l1-3p-kosmos154.html">Kosmos-154 (7K-L1 No. 3P)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-186-188.html">Kosmos-186 (7K-OK No. 6)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-188.html">Kosmos-188 (7K-OK No. 5)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-212-213.html">Kosmos-212/213 (7K-OK No. 8/7)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-238.html">Kosmos-238 (7K-OK No. 9)</a></li> <li><a href="venera72_kosmos482.html">Kosmos-482 (Venera-72 No. 671)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos496.html">Kosmos-496 (Soyuz 7K-T No. 33)</a></li> <li>Kosmos-557 (<a href="salyut-dos3.html">Salyut DOS-3</a>)</li> <li>Kosmos-573 (<a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos573.html">Soyuz 7K-T No. 36</a>)</li> <li>Kosmos-613 (<a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos613.html">Soyuz 7K-T No. 34A</a>)</li> <li>Kosmos-638 (<a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos613.html">Soyuz 7K-TM No. 71</a>)(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li>Kosmos-656 (<a href="protected/soyuz-7k-t-kosmos656.html">Soyuz 7K-T No. 61</a>)(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li>Kosmos-670 (<a href="protected/soyuz-7k-s-1l-kosmos670.html">Soyuz 7K-S No. 1L</a>)(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li>Kosmos-672 (<a href="protected/soyuz-7k-tm-kosmos672.html">Soyuz 7K-TM No. 72</a>)(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="Cosmos-2499.html">Kosmos-2499</a></li> <li><a href="Cosmos-2504.html">Kosmos-2504</a></li> <li>Kosmos-2525 (See <a href="emka.html">EMKA</a>)</li> <li><a href="Cosmos-2535-2536-2537-2538.html">Kosmos-2535, Kosmos-2536, Kosmos-2537, Kosmos-2538</a></li> <li><a href="eks-tundra-kosmos2541.html">Kosmos-2541</a></li> <li><a href="cosmos-2542.html">Kosmos-2542</a></li> <li><a href="nivelir3.html">Kosmos-2558</a></li> <li><a href="cosmos-2561.html">Kosmos-2561</a></li> <li><a href="eo_mka4.html">Kosmos-2568</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-808.html">Kosmos-2570/-2571</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz-2-1b-2023-1125.html">Kosmos-2572</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz-2-1b-2023-1221.html">Kosmos-2573</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz2-1v-2023-1227.html">Kosmos-2574</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz2-2024-0516.html">Kosmos-2576</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz-2-1b-2024-1031.html">Kosmos-2579</a></li> <li>Kosmos-2581</li> <li><a href="kourou.html">Kourou</a></li> <li><a href="mir_kristall.html">Kristall</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny_ksiso.html">KSISO (Vostochny)</a></li> <li><a href="kslv.html">KSLV-1</a></li> <li><a href="protected/kslv2.html">KSLV-2</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="angara_kvtk.html">KVTK</a></li> <li><a href="kummersdorf.html">Kummersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html">Kurs-NA</a></li> <li><a href="mir_kvant.html">Kvant</a></li> <li><a href="mir_kvant-2.html">Kvant-2</a></li> <li><a href="l1.html">L1</a></li> <li><a href="l1e.html">L1E</a></li> <li><a href="l3.html">L3</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="lagrange.html">Lagrange missions</a></li> <li><a href="laplas.html">Laplas</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-lazma-lr.html">LAZMA-LR</a> (<a href="protected/amur-spg.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="imp-lcub.html">LCUB</a></li> <li><a href="lehesten.html">Lehesten</a></li> <li><a href="liana.html">Liana</a></li> <li><a href="lk.html">LK</a></li> <li><a href="lk1.html">LK-1</a></li> <li><a href="protected/l3m-lkm.html">LKM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="lks.html">LKS</a></li> <li><a href="protected/l3m-lkt.html">LKT</a> (TLK-D) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-lmk.html">LMK</a> (manipulator) (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="mikhailo-lomonosov.html">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="los.html">LOS</a></li> <li>Lotos (see: <a href="liana.html">Liana</a>)</li> <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="lotos-s1-803.html" class="menuTextLinks">Lotos-S1 No. 803</a></font></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-804.html">Lotos-S1 No. 804</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-805.html">Lotos-S1 No. 805</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-806.html">Lotos-S1 No. 806</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-807.html">Lotos-S1 No. 807</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-808.html">Lotos-S1 No. 808</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-809.html">Lotos-S1 No. 809</a></li> <li><a href="luch.html">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="luch5a.html">Luch-5A</a></li> <li><a href="luch5v_kazsat3.html">Luch-5V</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luch-5vm.html">Luch-5VM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="luna1.html">Luna-1</a></li> <li><a href="luna9.html">Luna-9</a></li> <li><a href="luna10.html">Luna-10</a></li> <li> <a href="luna13.html">Luna-13</a></li> <li><a href="luna24.html">Luna-24</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luna29-2019.html">Luna-29</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="luna-glob.html">Luna-Glob</a></li> <li><a href="luna_glob_lander.html">Luna-Glob lander</a></li> <li><a href="luna_glob_orbiter.html">Luna-Glob orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="luna_grunt.html">Luna-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="luna_resurs.html">Luna-Resurs</a></li> <li><a href="luna_glob_lander.html">Luna-Resurs lander</a></li> <li><a href="lunar_base.html">Lunar base</a></li> <li><a href="lunny_poligon.html">Lunny Poligon</a></li> <li><a href="lvpk.html">LVPK</a></li> <li><a href="raketoplan.html">M-12</a></li> <li>M-48 (see: <a href="48.html">48</a>)</li> <li>M-69 (see <a href="mars69.html">Mars-69</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/marafon-iot.html">Marafon-IoT</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="spacecraft_planetary_mars.html">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="mars3_landing.html">Mars-3</a></li> <li><a href="mars69.html">Mars-69</a></li> <li><a href="mars96.html">Mars-96</a></li> <li><a href="marsnet.html">Mars-NET</a></li> <li><a href="msr.html">Mars sample return</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft_manned_mars.html">Martian expedition</a></li> <li><a href="mayak.html">Mayak</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny_soyuz_mbo.html">MBO (Mobile Service Tower)</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft_planetary_mercury.html">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="meridian.html">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="meridian5.html">Meridian No. 5 launch failure</a></li> <li><a href="meridian7.html">Meridian (7)</a></li> <li><a href="meridian8.html">Meridian (8)</a></li> <li><a href="meridian9.html">Meridian (9)</a></li> <li><a href="meridian10.html">Meridian (10)</a></li> <li><a href="meteor.html">Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m.html">Meteor-M series</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m1.html">Meteor-M No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="meteor_m2.html">Meteor-M No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-1.html">Meteor-M No. 2-1</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-2.html">Meteor-M No. 2-2</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-3.html">Meteor-M No. 2-3</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-4.html">Meteor-M No. 2-4</a></li> <li><a href="metop.html">MetOp</a></li> <li><a href="metop-c.html">MetOp-C</a></li> <li><a href="mexsat1.html">MexSat-1</a></li> <li>Mikhailo Lomonosov (see <a href="mikhailo-lomonosov.html">Lomonosov</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss_mim1.html">MIM1 Rassvet</a></li> <li><a href="iss-mim2.html">MIM2 Poisk</a></li> <li><a href="mir.html">Mir</a></li> <li>MiR (See: <a href="yubileiny.html">Yubileiny</a>)</li> <li>MKA-FKI (See: <a href="karat.html">Karat</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mmkk.html">MMKK</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="angara5v-mob1-kvtk.html">MOB1-KVTK</a></li> <li><a href="molniya_lv.html">Molniya</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="raketoplan.html">MP-1</a></li> <li><a href="mrur100.html">MR-UR-100</a></li> <li><a href="musson.html">Musson</a></li> <li><a href="mykolaiv.html">Mykolaiv launch site (Ukraine)</a></li> <li><a href="n1.html">N1 launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="n1_icbm_s.html">N1</a> (ICBM)</li> <li><a href="n1_3l.html">N1 No. 3L</a></li> <li><a href="n1_5l.html">N1 No. 5L</a></li> <li><a href="n1_6l.html">N1 No. 6L</a></li> <li><a href="n1_7l.html">N1 No. 7L</a></li> <li><a href="protected/n1-8l.html">N1 No. 8L</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="napryazhenie.html">Napryazhenie</a></li> <li><a href="naryad.html">Naryad</a></li> <li><a href="navigator.html">Navigator platform</a></li> <li><a href="neitron.html">Neitron</a></li> <li><a href="nem.html">NEM</a></li> <li><a href="iss_nep.html">NEP</a> (ISS)</li> <li><a href="kik_nip16.html">NIP-16</a> (Yevpatoria ground station)</li> <li><a href="zagorsk.html">NITs RKT</a></li> <li><a href="nk33.html">NK-33</a></li> <li><a href="iss_node.html">Node Module</a> (Prichal)</li> <li><a href="nord.html">Nord</a></li> <li><a href="o3b.html">O3b</a></li> <li><a href="obzor_o.html">Obzor-O</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"> <a href="obzor_r.html">Obzor-R</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="oka_t.html">Oka-T</a></font></li> <li><a href="protected/okean.html">Okean</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="oko.html">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="olymp.html">Olymp</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb.html">OneWeb</a></li> <li><a href="opsek.html">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="protected/orion-imp-clearances.html">Orion</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="orlan_mks.html">Orlan MKS</a></li> <li><a href="parom.html">Parom</a></li> <li><a href="parus.html">Parus</a></li> <li><a href="protected/persei.html">Persei</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="persona.html">Persona</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-08-phasoperekhod.html">Phasoperekhod</a> (experiment)</li> <li><a href="phobos.html">Phobos-1/2</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt.html">Phobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt2.html">Phobos-Grunt-2</a></li> <li><a href="protected/piksel-vr.html">Piksel-VR</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="pion.html">Pion-NKS</a></li> <li><a href="pioneer.html">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="pleiades.html">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="plesetsk.html">Plesetsk</a></li> <li>Poisk (see <a href="iss-mim2.html">MIM2</a>)</li> <li><a href="imp-ppb.html">PPB/PPE</a></li> <li><a href="ppts.html">PPTS</a></li> <li>Prichal (see <a href="iss_node.html">Node module</a>)</li> <li><a href="mir_priroda.html">Priroda</a></li> <li><a href="progress.html">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="progressm58.html">Progress M-58</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m_0m.html">Progress MM series</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m12m.html">Progress M-12M</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m19m.html">Progress M-19M</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m20m.html">Progress M-20M</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m22m.html">Progress M-22M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m25m.html">Progress M-25M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m26m.html">Progress M-26M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m27m.html">Progress M-27M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m28m.html">Progress M-28M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m29m.html">Progress M-29M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms.html">Progress-MS series</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms.html">Progress MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms02.html">Progress MS-02</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-03.html">Progress MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-04.html">Progress MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-05.html">Progress MS-05</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-06.html">Progress MS-06</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-07.html">Progress MS-07</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-08.html">Progress MS-08</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-09.html">Progress MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-10.html">Progress MS-10</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-11.html">Progress MS-11</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-12.html">Progress MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-13.html">Progress MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-14.html">Progress MS-14</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-15.html">Progress MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-16.html">Progress MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-17.html">Progress MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-18.html">Progress MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-19.html">Progress MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-20.html">Progress MS-20</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-21.html">Progress MS-21</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-22.html">Progress MS-22</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-24.html">Progress MS-23</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-24.html">Progress MS-24</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-25.html">Progress MS-25</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-26.html">Progress MS-26</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-27.html">Progress MS-27</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-28.html">Progress MS-28</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-29.html">Progress MS-29</a></li> <li><a href="progress_gvk.html">Progress retrievable</a></li> <li><a href="protected/progress-ros.html">Progress ROS</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="progress_centaur.html">Progress-Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="proton.html">Proton</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="proton-light.html">Proton-Light</a></li> <li><a href="proton-m.html">Proton-M (modified)</a></li> <li><a href="proton-m-plus.html">Proton-M-Plus</a></li> <li><a href="proton-medium.html">Proton-Medium</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-m.html">PTK-M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="ptk_np.html">PTK NP</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-flight1.html">PTK NP Prototype</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-ros.html">PTK-ROS</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="ptk_z.html">PTK-Z</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ptks.html">PTKS</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="r1.html">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="r2.html">R-2</a></li> <li><a href="r3.html">R-3</a></li> <li><a href="r5.html">R-5</a></li> <li><a href="r6.html">R-6</a></li> <li><a href="r7.html">R-7</a></li> <li><a href="r8.html">R-8</a></li> <li><a href="r9.html">R-9</a></li> <li><a href="r12.html">R-12</a></li> <li><a href="images/r13_1.jpg">R-13</a></li> <li><a href="r14.html">R-14</a></li> <li><a href="r16.html">R-16</a></li> <li><a href="r17.html">R-17</a></li> <li><a href="rockets_slbm.html">R-21</a></li> <li><a href="rockets_slbm.html">R-27</a></li> <li><a href="rockets_slbm.html">R-29</a></li> <li><a href="r36.html">R-36</a></li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r36m.html">R-36M</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r36muttkh.html">R-36M UTTKh</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="r36m2.html">R-36M-2</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="r56.html">R-56</a></li> <li><a href="raduga.html">Raduga</a></li> <li><a href="raduga1.html">Raduga-1</a> (Globus-1)</li> <li><a href="raduga1m.html">Raduga-1M</a> (Globus-1M)</li> <li><a href="raketoplan.html">Raketoplan</a></li> <li>Rassvet (see: <a href="iss_mim1.html">MIM1</a>)</li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz-2-1b-2023-1125.html">Razdan</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rbka.html">RBKA</a></li> <li><a href="rd0110.html">RD-0110</a></li> <li><a href="rd0110r.html">RD-0110R</a></li> <li><a href="rd0120.html">RD-0120</a></li> <li><a href="rd0124.html">RD-0124</a></li> <li><a href="rd0146.html">RD-0146</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rd0169.html">RD-0169</a></li> <li><a href="rd0210.html">RD-0210</a></li> <li><a href="rd0212.html">RD-0212</a></li> <li><a href="rd170_s.html">RD-170</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rd171mv.html">RD-171MV</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rd180mv.html">RD-180MV</a><em> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="rd181.html">RD-181</a></li> <li><a href="rd191.html">RD-191</a></li> <li><a href="rd193.html">RD-193</a></li> <li><a href="rd250.html">RD-250</a></li> <li><a href="rd253.html">RD-253/275</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rd8.html">RD-8</a> <em>(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="protected/rd809k.html">RD-809K</a> <em>(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="rd810.html">RD-810</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rd815.html">RD-815</a> <em>(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="rd861k.html">RD-861K</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rd862.html">RD-862</a> <em>(<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="rd870.html">RD-870</a></li> <li><a href="karat2_relek.html">Relek (MKA-FKI PN2)</a></li> <li><a href="resurs_dk.html">Resurs-DK</a></li> <li><a href="resurs_p.html">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="resurs_p2.html">Resurs-P2</a></li> <li><a href="resurs-p3.html">Resurs-P3</a></li> <li><a href="resurs-p4.html">Resurs-P4</a></li> <li><a href="resurs-p5.html">Resurs-P5</a></li> <li><a href="protected/resurs-pm.html">Resurs-PM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/rfa.html">RFA-ONE</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="rheinbote.html">Rheinbote</a></li> <li><a href="rockot.html">Rockot</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rockot-m.html">Rockot-M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="rodnik.html">Rodnik</a></li> <li><a href="rodnik-block16.html">Rodnik (Block 16)</a></li> <li><a href="ros.html">ROS</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ross.html">ROSS</a></li> <li><a href="roskosmos.html">Roskosmos</a></li> <li><a href="rt1.html">RT-1</a></li> <li><a href="rt2.html">RT-2</a></li> <li><a href="rt20.html">RT-20P</a></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-rtb.html">RTB</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm_rtod.html">RTOd</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="ppts_lv.html">Rus-M</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ryvok.html">Ryvok</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="spacecraft_manned_salyut.html">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="salyut1-design.html">Salyut-1</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_ops1.html">Salyut-2</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_ops2.html">Salyut-3</a></li> <li><a href="salyut-dos4.html">Salyut-4</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_ops3.html">Salyut-5</a></li> <li><a href="sarmat.html">Sarmat</a></li> <li><a href="proton_satmex8.html">SatMex-8</a></li> <li>Scud (see <a href="r17.html">R-17</a>)</li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="exomars2016-edm.html">Schiaparelli, EDM</a></font></li> <li><a href="sealaunch.html">Sea Launch</a></li> <li><a href="sei.html">SEI</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel1.html">Sentinel-1A</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel1b.html">Sentinel-1B</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel3a.html">Sentinel-3A</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel3b.html">Sentinel-3B</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel5p.html">Sentinel-5P</a></li> <li><a href="proton_ses6.html">SES-6</a></li> <li><a href="ses-15.html">SES-15</a></li> <li><a href="sfera.html">Sfera</a></li> <li><a href="protected/sfera-program.html">Sfera program</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/esss3.html">Sfera-V/S</a> (ESSS-3) (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros-sgm.html">SGM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="almaz-shield2.html">Shield-2</a></li> <li><a href="shm.html">ShM</a></li> <li><a href="imp-shm.html">ShM for IMP</a></li> <li><a href="sich2.html">Sich-2</a></li> <li><a href="sich2-30.html">Sich-2-30</a></li> <li><a href="proton_siriusfm6.html">Sirius FM-6 </a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="ska.html">SKA</a></font></li> <li><a href="protected/skif-comsat.html">Skif</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="gonets-block18-skif.html">Skif-D</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="sodruzhestvo.html">Sodruzhestvo</a> (rocket)</font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="solnechny_parus.html">Solnechny Parus</a></font></li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-sotr.html">SOTR</a> of Soyuz-MS (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="soyuz.html">Soyuz</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="soyuz_lv.html">Soyuz</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz1.html">Soyuz-1</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz1_lv.html">Soyuz-1</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz2-soyuz3.html">Soyuz-2</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="soyuz2_lv.html">Soyuz-2</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz2-1a.html">Soyuz-2-1a</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2-1b.html">Soyuz-2-1b</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2_3_lv.html">Soyuz-2-3</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz2-soyuz3.html">Soyuz-3</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="soyuz3_lv.html">Soyuz-3</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz4-soyuz5.html">Soyuz-4, -5</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="soyuz5.html">Soyuz-5</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz5-lv-ptk.html">Soyuz-5/PTK</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz6-launch.html">Soyuz-6</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz6-lv.html">Soyuz-6</a> (rocket) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="soyuz7-launch.html">Soyuz-7</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz7-launcher.html">Soyuz-7</a> (rocket) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="soyuz8-launch.html">Soyuz-8</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz9.html">Soyuz-9</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz10.html">Soyuz-10</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz11.html">Soyuz-11</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz12.html">Soyuz-12</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz13.html">Soyuz-13</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz14.html">Soyuz-14</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz15.html">Soyuz-15</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz16.html">Soyuz-16</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz17.html">Soyuz-17</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-fg.html">Soyuz-FG</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms.html">Soyuz MS</a> (spacecraft variant)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-01.html">Soyuz MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-02.html">Soyuz MS-02</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-03.html">Soyuz MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-04.html">Soyuz MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-05.html">Soyuz MS-05</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-06.html">Soyuz MS-06</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-07.html">Soyuz MS-07</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-08.html">Soyuz MS-08</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-09.html">Soyuz MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-10.html">Soyuz MS-10</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-11.html">Soyuz MS-11</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-12.html">Soyuz MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-13.html">Soyuz MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-14.html">Soyuz MS-14</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-15.html">Soyuz MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-16.html">Soyuz MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-17.html">Soyuz MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-18.html">Soyuz MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-19.html">Soyuz MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-20.html">Soyuz MS-20</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-21.html">Soyuz MS-21</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-22.html">Soyuz MS-22</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-23.html">Soyuz MS-23</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-24.html">Soyuz MS-24</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-25.html">Soyuz MS-25</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-26.html">Soyuz MS-26</a></li> <li><a href="iss-soyuz-tm31.html">Soyuz TM-31</a></li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="iss_soyuztm32.html">Soyuz TM-32</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="iss_soyuztm33.html">Soyuz TM-33</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztm34.html">Soyuz TM-34</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma1.html">Soyuz TMA-1</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma2.html">Soyuz TMA-2</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma3.html">Soyuz TMA-3</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma4.html">Soyuz TMA-4</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma5.html">Soyuz TMA-5</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma6.html">Soyuz TMA-6</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma7.html">Soyuz TMA-7</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma8.html">Soyuz TMA-8</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma9.html">Soyuz TMA-9</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma10.html">Soyuz TMA-10</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma11.html">Soyuz TMA-11</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma12.html">Soyuz TMA-12</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma13.html">Soyuz TMA-13</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma14.html">Soyuz TMA-14</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma15.html">Soyuz TMA-15</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma16.html">Soyuz TMA-16</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma17.html">Soyuz TMA-17</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma18.html">Soyuz TMA-18</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma19.html">Soyuz TMA-19</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma20.html">Soyuz TMA-20</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma21.html">Soyuz TMA-21</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma22.html">Soyuz TMA-22</a> </li> <li><a href="soyuz_tma_m.html">Soyuz TMA-M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma01m.html">Soyuz TMA-01M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma02m.html">Soyuz TMA-02M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma03m.html">Soyuz TMA-03M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma04m.html">Soyuz TMA-04M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma05m.html">Soyuz TMA-05M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma06m.html">Soyuz TMA-06M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma07m.html">Soyuz TMA-07M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma08m.html">Soyuz TMA-08M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma09m.html">Soyuz TMA-09M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma10m.html">Soyuz TMA-10M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma11m.html">Soyuz TMA-11M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma12m.html">Soyuz TMA-12M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma13m.html">Soyuz TMA-13M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma14m.html">Soyuz TMA-14M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma15m.html">Soyuz TMA-15M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma16m.html">Soyuz TMA-16M</a></li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma17m.html">Soyuz TMA-17M</a></li> <li><a href="iss-soyuz-tma18m.html">Soyuz TMA-18M</a></li> <li><a href="iss-soyuz-tma19m.html">Soyuz TMA-19M</a></li> <li><a href="iss-soyuz-tma20m.html">Soyuz TMA-20M</a></li> <li><a href="mir_spektr.html">Spektr module</a></li> <li><a href="spektr_m.html">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="spektr_r.html">Spektr-R</a></li> <li><a href="spektr_rg.html">Spektr-RG</a></li> <li><a href="protected/spektr-rg-am.html">Spektr-RG (AM)</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="spektr_uf.html">Spektr-UF</a></li> <li><a href="spiral_development.html">Spiral</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="sputnik_lv.html">Sputnik </a></font>(rocket)</li> <li><a href="sputnik.html">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik2.html">Sputnik-2</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik3.html">Sputnik-3</a></li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-docking-ssa-g.html">SSA-G</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-docking-ssa-m.html">SSA-M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/sskms.html">SSKMS</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider Content</a>)</li> <li><a href="start.html">Start</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="protected/start-1m.html">Start-1M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="sterkh.html">Sterkh</a></li> <li><a href="stk.html">STK</a></li> <li><a href="karat4_strannik.html">Strannik (MKA-FKI PN4)</a></li> <li><a href="strela.html">Strela</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="strela_comsat.html">Strela</a> (comsat)</li> <li><a href="strizh.html">Strizh</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-sts-l.html">STS-L</a> (camera)</li> <li><a href="sunkar.html">Sunkar</a></li> <li><a href="superheavy.html">Super-heavy launcher</a></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2018-variant2.html">Super-heavy, Variant 1</a></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2018-variant2.html">Super-heavy, Variant 2</a></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-2018-variant3.html">Super-heavy, Variant 3</a></li> <li><a href="protected/superheavy-tskb-2018-variant4.html">Super-heavy, Variant 4</a></li> <li><a href="svobodny.html">Svobodny</a></li> <li><a href="rockot_swarm.html">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-szi-m.html">SZI-M</a> recording system</li> <li><a href="tem.html">TEM</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ros-tgkm-mm.html">TGKM MM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="tgk-pg.html">TGK PG</a></li> <li><a href="protected/imp-logistics-russian.html">TGK PG-Lunar</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="exomars2016-tgo.html">TGO (Trace Gas Orbiter)</a></li> <li><a href="tks.html">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="tks_followon.html">TKS follow-on</a></li> <li><a href="topolm.html">Topol-M</a></li> <li><a href="tms.html">Transformable warehouse module, TM</a></li> <li><a href="transhab.html">TransHab</a></li> <li><a href="tselina.html">Tselina</a></li> <li><a href="tsyklon.html">Tsyklon</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="tsyklon4m.html">Tsyklon-4M</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ros-spaceplane.html">TTO ROS space plane</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li>Tundra (See <a href="eks.html">EKS</a>)</li> <li><a href="turksat4a.html">Turksat-4A</a></li> <li><a href="turksat4b.html">Turksat-4B</a></li> <li><a href="ur100.html">UR-100</a></li> <li><a href="ur100n.html">UR-100N</a></li> <li><a href="ur200.html">UR-200</a></li> <li><a href="proton.html">UR-500</a></li> <li><a href="ur700.html">UR-700</a></li> <li><a href="ur700a.html">UR-700 Nuclear (Version "A")</a></li> <li><a href="uragan.html">Uragan</a></li> <li><a href="angara_urm1.html">URM-1</a></li> <li><a href="angara_urm2.html">URM-2</a></li> <li><a href="angara_urm2v.html">URM-2V</a></li> <li>Uragan-K (See: <a href="uragan_k.html">GLONASS-K</a>)</li> <li><a href="us.html">US-A/US-P</a></li> <li>US-K (see <a href="oko.html">Oko</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-usm.html">USM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-ue.html">Utilization Element for LOP-G</a></li> <li>V-2 (see <a href="a4.html">A-4</a>)</li> <li><a href="vega_lv.html">Vega</a> (launch vehicle)</li> <li><a href="spacecraft_planetary_venus.html">Venera</a></li> <li><a href="venera7.html">Venera-7</a></li> <li>Venera-72 No. 671 (see <a href="venera72_kosmos482.html">Kosmos-482</a>)</li> <li><a href="venera75.html">Venera-75</a></li> <li><a href="venera_d.html">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="iss-vkd45a.html">VKD-45A</a></li> <li><a href="iss_vkd46.html">VKD-46</a></li> <li><a href="iss-vkd47.html">VKD-47</a></li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva1.html">VKD-48</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva2.html">VKD-49</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva3.html">VKD-50</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-rs-integration-eva4-vkd51.html">VKD-51</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva5-vkd52.html">VKD-52</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva6-vkd53.html">VKD-53</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd53-esa.html">VKD-ESA</a> (VKD-53-2) (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd54.html">VKD-54</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss-vkd54a.html">VKD-54a</a></li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd55.html">VKD-55</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd56.html">VKD-56</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd57.html">VKD-57</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd58.html">VKD-58</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd59.html">VKD-59</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd60.html">VKD-60</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">Insider content</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss-vkd61.html">VKD-61</a></li> <li><a href="iss_vkd62.html">VKD-62</a></li> <li><a href="iss-vkd63.html">VKD-63</a></li> <li><a href="vkz.html">VKZ probe</a></li> <li><a href="volga.html">Volga upper stage</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod.html">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2.html">Voskhod-2</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft_manned_first.html">Vostok spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1kp.html">Vostok-1KP</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-1.html">Vostok-1K No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-2.html">Vostok-1K No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-3.html">Vostok-1K No. 5</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-4.html">Vostok-1K No. 6</a></li> <li><a href="vostok1.html">Vostok (1) mission</a></li> <li><a href="vostok2.html">Vostok-2</a></li> <li><a href="vostok3.html">Vostok-3 and -4</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-3ka-1.html">Vostok-3A No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-3ka-2.html">Vostok-3A No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="vostok5_6.html">Vostok-5 and -6</a></li> <li><a href="vostok_lv.html">Vostok rocket</a></li> <li><a href="vozvrat_mka.html">Vozvrat-MKA</a></li> <li><a href="vr3.html">VR-3</a></li> <li><a href="vshos.html">VShOS</a></li> <li>W3D: see <a href="proton_w3d.html">Eutelsat-3D</a></li> <li><a href="yamal.html">Yamal</a> (series)</li> <li><a href="yamal401.html">Yamal-401</a></li> <li><a href="proton_yamal402.html">Yamal-402</a></li> <li><a href="yamal601.html">Yamal-601</a></li> <li><a href="yantar-1kft-kometa.html">Yantar-1KFT Kometa</a></li> <li>Yenisei (see <a href="superheavy.html">Super-heavy launcher</a>)</li> <li><a href="yenisei5.html">Yenisei-5</a></li> <li><a href="yubileiny.html">Yubileiny</a></li> <li>Zarya (see <a href="iss_fgb.html">FGB</a>)</li> <li><a href="zenit.html">Zenit</a> (rocket)</li> <li><a href="protected/zevs-galaktika.html">Zevs</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="3mv_zond1.html">Zond-1</a></li> <li><a href="3mv_Zond-2.html">Zond-2</a></li> <li><a href="zond4.html">Zond-4</a></li> <li><a href="zond5.html">Zond-5</a></li> <li><a href="zond6.html">Zond-6</a></li> <li><a href="zond7.html">Zond-7</a></li> <li><a href="zond8.html">Zond-8</a></li> <li><a href="karat1_zond_pp.html">Zond-PP (MKA-FKI PN1)</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#000000" height="8" valign="top" colspan="2"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>SPACECRAFT</b></font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999999" width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <div align="center"><a href="spacecraft.html"><img src="images/spacecraft_planetary_icon.jpg" width="100" height="100" border="0" align="top"></a></div> </td> <td width="767" height="100" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="tableText"><div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><b><a href="spacecraft.html">SPACECRAFT</a> </b>(section home) </p> <p><a href="astronomy.html">Astronomy: a prequel to space flight</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="astrometry/index.htm">Visual history of astronomical tools</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><b>Early experimental satellites:</b></p> <p><a href="sputnik.html"><strong>Sputnik</strong></a> (Section home)</p> <ul> <li><a href="sputnik_origin.html">Origin of the Sputnik project</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik3.html">Object D: First Soviet satellite project</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik_design.html">Simplest satellite</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik_preflight.html">Preparing for Sputnik launch</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="sputnik_mission.html">The mission</a></font></li> <li><a href="sputnik_aftermath.html">The aftermath of the Sputnik launch</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="sputnik2.html"><strong>Sputnik-2</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="sputnik2_decision.html">The decision to fly a dog</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik2_origin.html">Roots of the Sputnik-2 project</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik2_design.html">Design of Sputnik-2</a></li> <li><a href="sputnik2_preflight.html">Preparing for flight</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="sputnik2_mission.html">The mission</a></font></li> <li><a href="sputnik2_aftermath.html">The aftermath</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="sputnik3_launch_s.html"><strong>Launch of Sputnik-3</strong></a></p> <hr> <p><b>Human space flight:</b> </p> <p align="left"><a href="spacecraft_reusable.html">Reusable spacecraft</a> (Abstract page)</p> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="48.html">Myasishev Project 48</a>: Early Soviet attempt to develop reusable spacecraft</p> <p><a href="raketoplan.html">Raketoplan/Kosmoplan</a>: Vladimir Chelomei's early attempt to develop reusable and planetary spacecraft</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="spacecraft_manned_first.html">The pioneers (1946-1963)</a>: Vostok and Voskhod projects:</p> <ul> <li><a href="vostok-gkzh.html">GKZh-2 cabin</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1kp.html">Vostok-1KP</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-1.html">Vostok-1K No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-2.html">Vostok-1K No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-3.html">Vostok-1K No. 5</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-1k-4.html">Vostok-1K No. 6</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-3ka-1.html">Vostok-3A No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="vostok-3ka-2.html">Vostok-3A No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="vostok1.html"><strong>Yuri Gagarin's mission</strong></a> | <a href="vostok1_preflight.html">On the eve of the new era</a> | <a href="vostok1_launch.html">Dangerous rocket ride</a> | <a href="vostok1_orbit.html">Drama in orbit</a> | <a href="vostok1_landing.html">A bumpy ride home</a></li> <li><a href="vostok2.html">Gherman Titov's mission onboard Vostok-2</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="vostok3.html">Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 world's first dual mission</a></font></li> <li><a href="vostok5_6.html"><strong>Missions of Vostok-5 and Vostok-6</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="vostok5_6_origin_s.html">Roots of the "woman in space" project</a></li> <li><a href="vostok5_6_training_s.html">Women's space team starts training</a></li> <li><a href="vostok5_6_preparation_s.html">Tereshkova prepares to fly: A race behind the scene</a></li> <li><a href="vostok5_delays_s.html">Vostok-5 delays: Burned by the Sun</a></li> <li><a href="vostok5_launch_s.html">Vostok-5 launch: On the knife's edge</a></li> <li><a href="vostok5_flight_s.html">Vostok-5 in orbit: Almost flawless</a></li> <li><a href="vostok6_flight_s.html">Mission of Vostok-6: I am "Seagull"</a></li> <li><a href="vostok6_landing_s.html">Vostok-6 landing: Real and imaginary ills</a></li> <li><a href="vostok5_landing_s.html">Vostok-5 landing: Without a hitch</a></li> <li><a href="vostok6_aftermath_s.html">Aftermath of Tereshkova's mission: the triumph, rumors and controversy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="voskhod.html"><strong>Voskhod mission</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="vostok-follow-on_b.html">Unknown Vostoks</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod-origin_b.html">Voskhod: Mission impossible</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod-design_b.html">From Vostok to Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod_lv_b.html">Voskhod launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod-mission_b.html">Voskhod flight program</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod-crew_b.html">Most decadent crew</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod-kosmos47_b.html">Kosmos-47: The final test</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="voskhod-flight_b.html">The riskiest mission</a></font></li> <li><a href="voskhod_landing_b.html">October 13: Landing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="voskhod2.html" class="tableHeader">Voskhod-2 mission</a> <ul> <li><a href="voskhod2-origin.html">Roots of the Voskhod-2 mission</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-design.html">Design of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-berkut.html">Berkut spacesuit</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-training.html">Training for Voskhod-2</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-kosmos57.html">Mission of Kosmos-57</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-launch.html">Launch of Voskhod-2</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-eva.html">Leonov performs the world's first spacewalk</a></li> <li><a href="voskhod2-landing.html">Wild landing of Voskhod-2</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="spacecraft_manned_lunar.html"><b>The Moon Race (1961-1974):</b></a> Soviet lunar spacecraft projects</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="lk1.html">LK-1 circumlunar mission project</a></div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="l1.html">7K-L1 circumlunar mission project</a> <ul> <li><a href="l1-2p-kosmos146.html">7K-L1 No. 2P mission (Kosmos-146)</a></li> <li><a href="l1-3p-kosmos154.html">7K-L1 No. 3P (Kosmos-154)</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no4l.html">7K-L1 No. 4L</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no5l.html">7K-L1 No. 5L</a></li> <li><a href="zond4.html">7K-L1 No. 6L (Zond-4)</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no7l.html">7K-L1 No. 7L</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no8l.html">7K-L1 No. 8L</a></li> <li><a href="zond5.html">7K-L1 No. 9L (Zond-5)</a></li> <li><a href="zond6.html">7K-L1 No. 12L (Zond-6)</a></li> <li><a href="l1-no13l.html">7K-L1 No. 13L</a></li> <li><a href="zond7.html">7K-L1 No. 11L (Zond-7)</a></li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Nov. 28:</span> <a href="l1e.html">L1E No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="zond8.html">Zond-8</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><font color="#000000"><a href="l3.html">L3 lunar landing complex</a></font> <ul> <li><a href="19k.html">19K vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="21k.html">21K tanker</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="lk.html">LK lunar lander</a></font> <ul> <li><a href="lk-block-e.html">Block E</a></li> <li><a href="dals.html">DALS instrument package</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="lok.html">LOK</a></font></li> <li>L3M lunar expeditionary complex <ul> <li><a href="protected/l3m-origin.html">Origin of L3M project</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-1967.html">Planning in the Soviet space program in 1967</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/l3m-1969.html">L3M project in 1969</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><strong class="style1">NEW, Sept. 27:</strong> <a href="protected/l3m-1970.html">L3M project in 1970</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><strong class="style1">NEW, Oct. 15:</strong> <a href="protected/l3m-lkt.html">LKT (TLK-D) lander</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/l3m-block-sr.html">Block Sr</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/l3m-lkm.html">LKM lunar lander for L3M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/l3m_d2.html">D2 space tug for L3M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> </li> <li><font color="#FFFFFF"><a href="lunar_base.html">Plans for a permanent lunar base</a></font></li> <li><a href="l3-cancellation.html">Cancellation of the N1/L3 project</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="soyuz.html"><strong>Soyuz spacecraft family</strong></a></p> <ul><li><strong>History</strong><ul> <li><a href="soyuz_origin.html">Overview of the Soyuz spacecraft development history</a></li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-anomalies.html">Soyuz anomaly statistics</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Hardware</strong></li> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz_tech.html">Systems overview </a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_sa.html">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_pao.html">Instrument module</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_bo.html">Habitation module</a></li> <li><a href="docking.html">Docking system</a></li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-kdu.html">Propulsion system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </ul> <ul><ul><li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok.html" class="tableHeader">7K-OK: Original Soyuz</a> <ul> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-origin.html">Origin of 7K-OK variant</a> </li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-development.html">Development of 7K-OK</a> </li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-production.html">Production of 7K-OK</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <li><strong>Soyuz missions</strong> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-133.html">Soyuz 7K-OK No. 2 (Kosmos-133)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-no1-explosion.html">Soyuz 7K-OK No. 1 launch accident</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-140.html">Soyuz 7K-OK No. 3 (Kosmos-140)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_lv_2017.html">Soyuz-1 mission</a> <ul> <li><a href="b_soyuz1_planning.html">Soyuz-1 launch decision</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz1-program.html">Soyuz-1 flight scenario</a></li> <li><a href="b_soyuz1_training.html">Training crews for the first Soyuz mission</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz1-preparations.html">Preparing Soyuz-1 mission</a></li> <li><a href="b_soyuz1_decision.html">Final decision to launch Soyuz-1</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz1-liftoff.html">Soyuz-1 begins its fateful flight</a></li> <li><a href="b_soyuz1_reentry.html">Soyuz-1 attempts to return to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="b_soyuz1_crash.html" class="tableText">Vladimir Komarov dies on landing</a></li> <li><a href="b_soyuz1_investigation.html">Investigation into the Soyuz-1 accident</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-186-188.html">Joint mission of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 and No. 5 (Kosmos-186, Kosmos-188)</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-186-188.html">Preparations for launch of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 and No. 5</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-186.html">Launch of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 (Kosmos-186)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-188.html">Launch of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 5 (Kosmos-188), rendezvous and docking</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-186-landing.html">Landing of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 (Kosmos-186)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-188-landing.html">Landing of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 5 (Kosmos-188)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-186-188-postflight.html">Aftermath of the first Soyuz automated docking mission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-212-213.html">Joint mission of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 8 and No. 7 (Kosmos-212, Kosmos-213)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-ok-kosmos-238.html">7K-OK No. 9 (Kosmos-238)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2-soyuz3.html">Joint mission of Soyuz-2, -3 mission</a> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz2-soyuz3-planning.html" class="tableText">Planning the Soyuz-2 and -3 dual mission</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz3-pilot.html" class="tableText">Choosing the Soyuz-3 pilot</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2-soyuz-3-preparation.html" class="tableText">Preparing Soyuz-2, -3 for flight</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2_soyuz3-scenario.html" class="tableText">Soyuz-2 and 3 flight scenario</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2-flight.html" class="tableText">Unpiloted ship lifts off for rendezvous with Soyuz-3</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz3-soyuz2-rendezvous.html" class="tableText">Upside down: a strange flight of Soyuz-3 spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz2-landing.html" class="tableText">Soyuz-2 completes its mission</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz3-flight.html" class="tableText">Soyuz-3 in orbit: "You make me run like a rabbit"</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz3-landing.html" class="tableText">Georgy Beregovoi lands aboard Soyuz-3</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz3-postflight.html" class="tableText">Post-flight analysis of the Soyuz-3 mission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li></li> <li><a href="soyuz4-soyuz5.html">Joint mission of Soyuz-4, and -5 spacecraft</a> <ul> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz4-soyuz5-scenario.html">Planning joint mission of Soyuz-4 and -5</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz4-soyuz5-preparation.html">Preparing joint mission of Soyuz-4 and -5</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz4-launch.html">Soyuz-4 lifts off!</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz5-launch.html">Soyuz-5 lifts off!</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz4-soyuz5-rendezvous.html">Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 dock in orbit</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz4-soyuz5-eva.html">Cosmonauts transfer from Soyuz-5 to Soyuz-4</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz4-landing.html">Soyuz-4 lands successfully</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz5-landing.html">Soyuz-5 makes near-fatal crash landing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz6-soyuz7-soyuz8.html">Joint mission of Soyuz-6, -7 and -8 spacecraft</a>: <ul> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz6-7-8-planning.html">Planning Soyuz-6, -7 and -8 mission</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz6-7-8-launch-campaign.html">Soyuz-6, -7, and -8 prepare for launch</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz6-launch.html">Launch of Soyuz-6</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz7-launch.html">Launch of Soyuz-7</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz8-launch.html">Launch of Soyuz-8</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz6-landing.html">Landing of Soyuz-6</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz7-landing.html">Landing of Soyuz-7</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz8-landing.html">Landing of Soyuz-8</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz9.html">Soyuz-9 mission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="tableText"><strong>Soyuz mods and variants</strong></li> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz-7k-tm.html">Soyuz 7K-TM</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-7k-tm-kosmos638.html">Soyuz 7K-TM No. 71 (Kosmos-638)</a> (<a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Aug 12:</strong></span> <a href="protected/soyuz-7k-tm-kosmos672.html">Soyuz 7K-TM No. 72 (Kosmos-672)</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> </li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Aug. 6:</strong></span> <a href="soyuz-7k-s.html">Soyuz 7K-S</a> <ul> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Aug 6:</strong></span> <a href="protected/soyuz-7k-s-1l-kosmos670.html">Soyuz 7K-S No. 1L (Kosmos-670)</a> (<a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Dec. 2:</strong></span> <a href="soyuz16.html">Soyuz-16 (7K-TM No. 73)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuztm.html">Soyuz TM</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_tma_m.html">Soyuz TMA-M</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-tma-m-sotr.html">Thermal-control system, SOTR</a> (<a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-tma-m-sotr-ventilation.html">Soyuz ventilation system</a> (<a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms.html">Soyuz MS</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">Design of the Soyuz-MS spacecraft</a> (<a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-sa.html">Descent Module, SA</a> (<a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html">Kurs-NA rendezvous system</a></li> <li><a href="b_soyuz-ms-sep.html">EKTS communications system</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-sep.html">Power supply system, SEP</a></li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-sotr.html">Thermal-control system of Soyuz-MS</a> (<a href="protected/soyuz-ms-design.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-kdu.html">Propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-szi-m.html">"Black box" system</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-soyuz2-1a.html">The Soyuz-2-1a integrated launch vehicle with Soyuz MS spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-import.html">Replacing imported avionics on Soyuz MS series</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-upgrades.html">Upgrades to Soyuz-MS and Progress-MS spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-upgrades.html">Upgrading Soyuz for post-2024 missions</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-upgrades-sudn.html">Soyuz tests new navigation instruments</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <blockquote> <p><a href="soyuz_flight.html"><strong>Soyuz flight profile</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz_launch.html">How Soyuz is launched</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li> <div align="left"><a href="soyuz_sas.html">Emergency escape system of the Soyuz spacecraft</a></div> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-landing.html">Landing of the Soyuz spacecraft</a> </li> <li> <div align="left"></div> </li> </ul> </blockquote> </ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <hr> <p><a href="spacecraft_manned_mars.html"><b>Russian plans for Mars expeditions</b></a></p> <hr> <p><a href="spacecraft_manned_salyut.html"><b>The first space stations</b></a> (1969-1985, Salyut era)</p> <ul> <li class="tableText"><a href="salyut1-origin.html" class="picCaptionSidebar">The origin of the Salyut project</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="salyut1-development.html" class="picCaptionSidebar">Building the first Salyut</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="salyut1-design.html">Design of Salyut</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="salyut1-launch.html">Salyut-1 lifts off</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz10.html">Soyuz-10</a></li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz11.html">Soyuz-11</a> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz11-accident.html">Soyuz-11 accident</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="tableText"><a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos496.html">Soyuz 7K-T No. 33A (Kosmos-496)</a></li> <li><a href="salyut-dos2.html">DOS-7K No. 2</a></li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Dec. 26:</span> <a href="protected/salyut-dos3-4-design.html">Design of the DOS-3 and DOS-4</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="salyut-dos3.html">DOS-7K No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos573.html">Soyuz 7K-T No. 36 (Kosmos-573)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz12.html">Soyuz-12</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-7kt-kosmos613.html">Soyuz 7K-T No. 34A (Kosmos-613)</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz13.html">Soyuz-13</a></li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Dec. 26:</span> <a href="salyut-dos4.html">Salyut-4 (DOS-7K No. 4)</a></li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Jan 11:</span> <a href="soyuz17.html">Soyuz-17</a></li> </ul> <hr> <p><b><a href="almaz.html">The Almaz military space station program</a>: </b></p> <p><b>Almaz history:</b></p> <p><a href="almaz_origin.html">Origin of the Almaz project</a></p> <p><a href="almaz_development.html">Development of the Almaz station</a></p> <p><a href="almaz_excalibur.html">Excalibur-Almaz</a></p> <p><b>Almaz hardware:</b></p> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="almaz_ops.html">Almaz technical description</a> </p> <ul> <li><a href="almaz_hab.html">Almaz habitation section</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_lab.html">Almaz laboratory section</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_po.html">Almaz transfer compartment</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="tks.html">The TKS heavy transport ship</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><b>Almaz missions:</b> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="almaz_ops1.html">OPS-1 (Salyut-2)</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-7k-t-kosmos656.html">Soyuz 7K-T No. 61 (Kosmos-656)</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="almaz_ops2.html">OPS-2 (Salyut-3)</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz14.html">Soyuz-14</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz15.html">Soyuz-15</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="almaz_ops3.html">OPS-3 (Salyut-5)</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="almaz_ops4.html">OPS-4</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="almaz-shield2.html">Shield-2 anti-satellite system</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="almaz_0205.html">Almaz-205</a></li> <li><a href="almaz_0206.html">Almaz-206</a></li> </ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <hr> <p><a href="progress.html"><strong>Progress cargo ship</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><strong>In depth:</strong> <a href="progressm58.html">Mission of Progress M-58 cargo ship</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="progress_gvk.html">Progress cargo ship with retrievable capsule</a></p> <p><a href="progress_m_0m.html">Progress MM series</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="progress_m12m.html">Progress M-12M launch failure</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m19m.html">Progress M-19M</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m20m.html">Progress M-20M</a></li> <li><a href="progress_m22m.html">Progress M-22M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m25m.html">Progress M-25M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m26m.html">Progress M-26M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m27m.html">Progress M-27M launch failure</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m28m.html">Progress M-28M</a></li> <li><a href="progress-m29m.html">Progress M-29M</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="progress-ms.html">Progress-MS series</a></p> <ul> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Dec. 9:</span> <a href="protected/progress-ms-sd.html">Progress-MS refueling system, SD</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="progress-ms-01.html">Progress-MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms02.html">Progress MS-02</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-03.html">Progress MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-04.html">Progress MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-05.html">Progress MS-05</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-06.html">Progress MS-06</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-07.html">Progress MS-07</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-07.html">Progress MS-08</a> <ul> <li><a href="progress-ms-08-phasoperekhod.html">Phasoperekhod experiment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="progress-ms-09.html">Progress MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-10.html">Progress MS-10</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-11.html">Progress MS-11</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-12.html">Progress MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-13.html">Progress MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-14.html">Progress MS-14</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-15.html">Progress MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-16.html">Progress MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-17.html">Progress MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-18.html">Progress MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-19.html">Progress MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-20.html">Progress MS-20</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-21.html">Progress MS-21</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-22.html">Progress MS-22</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-23.html">Progress MS-23</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-24.html">Progress MS-24</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-25.html">Progress MS-25</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-26.html">Progress MS-26</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-27.html">Progress MS-27</a></li> <li><a href="progress-ms-28.html">Progress MS-28</a></li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Nov. 20: </strong></span><a href="progress-ms-29.html">Progress MS-29</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="progress_centaur.html">Progress cargo ship for lunar orbit missions</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <hr> <p> <a href="spiral_development.html">Spiral development</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="spiral_orbiter_design.html">Technical description of the Spiral orbiter</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="buran.html"><b>Buran reusable orbiter</b></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="bor.html">BOR scaled prototypes of Buran</a></li> <li><a href="buran_bts.html">Buran BTS-002/OK GLI flight test vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="strizh.html">Strizh rescue suit</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="lks.html">LKS</a><b>:</b> Vladimir Chelomei's alternative to Buran</p> <hr> <p><a href="mir.html"><b>The Mir space station</b></a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="mir_close_calls.html">Mir's close calls</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_chronology.html">Mir chronology</a></font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1986.html">Mir in 1986</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1987.html">Mir in 1987</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1988.html">Mir in 1988</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1989.html">Mir in 1989</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1990.html">Mir in 1990</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1991.html">Mir in 1991</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1992.html">Mir in 1992</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1993.html">Mir in 1993</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1994.html">Mir in 1994</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1995.html">Mir in 1995</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1996.html">Mir in 1996</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1997.html">Mir in 1997</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1998.html">Mir in 1998</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_1999.html">Mir in 1999</a></font></li> <li><font color="#FFFFFF"><a href="mir_2000.html">Mir in 2000</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="mir_2001.html">Mir in 2001</a></font></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><b>Mir modules:</b> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="mir_core.html">Core module</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="mir_kvant.html">Kvant-1</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="mir_kvant-2.html">Kvant-2</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="mir_kristall.html">Kristall</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="mir_spektr.html">Spektr</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="mir_priroda.html">Priroda</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="mir_docking.html">Docking module </a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <hr> <p><b><a href="iss.html">International Space Station (ISS)</a></b></p> <p><a href="iss_us_roots.html">US roots of the ISS</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz_acrv.html">Assured Crew Return Vehicle, ACRV</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="iss_chronology.html">Chronology of ISS development and assembly</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/iss_2019.html">Status of the ISS project in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> <li><a href="protected/iss_2020.html">Status of the ISS project in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="iss_vkd46.html">VKD-46 spacewalk aboard ISS</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/iss_2021.html">Status of the ISS project in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/iss_sm_prk_leak_2021.html">Search for ISS air leak in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/iss_2022.html">ISS in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss_2023.html">ISS in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-2024.html">ISS in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Dec. 18:</strong></span> <a href="iss-vkd63.html">VKD-63</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <blockquote> <p><b><a href="iss_russia.html">Russian Segment of the ISS</a></b></p> <ul> <li><a href="iss_fgb.html">Zarya FGB Control Module</a> <ul> <li><a href="iss-fgb-launch.html">Launch of Zarya FGB module</a></li> <li><a href="protected/iss-fgb-2021.html">Zarya FGB in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="iss_sm.html">Zvezda Service Module, SM</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-2021.html">Zvezda in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss_sm_treadmill.html">Treadmill system aboard the service module</a></li> <li><a href="iss-sm-development.html">Development of the service module</a></li> <li><a href="iss-sm-preparation.html">Preparing service module for launch</a></li> <li><a href="iss-sm-launch.html">Launch of the Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="iss-sm-rendezvous.html">Zvezda docks with ISS</a></li> <li><a href="protected/iss_sm_prk_leak.html">Air leak in Zvezda's PrK chamber</a></li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-du.html">Propulsion System of the Zvezda Service Module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-bvs.html">BVS computers of the Zvezda Service Module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-kurs-p.html">Kurs-P rendezvous system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-szho.html">Life-support system of the Zvezda Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-brk.html">BRK radio system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-suba.html">SUBA system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-sep.html">Power-supply system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-sm-sotr.html">Thermal-control system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="iss_dc.html">Docking Compartment, SO</a></li> <li><a href="iss-mim2.html">MIM2 Poisk module</a></li> <li><a href="iss_mim1.html">MIM1 Rassvet module</a></li> <li><a href="protected/iss-usm.html">Universal Docking Module, USM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss_nep.html">Science and Power Platform, NEP</a></li> <li><a href="iss_enterprise.html">Enterprise module</a></li> <li><a href="iss_fgb2.html"><strong>Nauka Multi-purpose Laboratory Module, MLM (formerly FGB-2)</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm-design.html">MLM design overview</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm-structure.html">MLM structural design</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-science.html">Science aboard MLM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-shk.html">Science airlock, ShK</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-service-systems.html">Service systems aboard MLM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-ksotr.html">Thermal control system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm_rtod.html">Add-on radiator, RTOd</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-ses.html">Power supply system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-ksozh.html">Life-support system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-brtk.html">Radio systems</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-docking.html">Docking mechanisms on MLM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm-docking-ssa-g.html">SSA-G docking system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-docking-ssa-m.html">SSA-M docking mechanism</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-propulsion.html">Propulsion system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-tanks.html">Tank system of the MLM module</a></li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-du-upgrades.html">Upgrading propulsion system of MLM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-flight-control.html">Flight control system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-tk.html">Preparation of MLM at launch site</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/baikonur-energia-254-mlm.html">Processing facility for MLM in Baikonur</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era.html">The European Robotic Arm</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-history.html">History of the European Robotic Arm, ERA</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-tools.html">Manual tools for the European Robotic Arm</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-accessories.html">Accessories for the European Robotic Arm</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-operations.html">Operations of the European Robotic Arm</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-contigencies.html">Contingencies during ERA operations</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-activation.html">Activation of ERA</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-2022.html">ERA activities in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-era-2023.html">ERA activities, MLM outfitting in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-cargo.html">Cargo aboard MLM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-integration.html">Integration of the MLM Nauka module with Russian ISS segment</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-pre-launch.html">Preparing Russian Segment for MLM launch</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva1.html">Plan for VKD-48 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-launch-scenario.html">MLM launch scenario</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-autonomous-flight.html">MLM autonomous flight</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-pre-docking.html">Reconfiguring Russian Segment of ISS after Nauka's launch</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-post-docking.html">Reconfiguring Russian Segment after Nauka's docking</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva2.html">VKD-49 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva3.html">VKD-50 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva5-vkd52.html">VKD-52 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-russian-segment-integration-eva6-vkd53.html">VKD-53 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd53-esa.html">VKD-ESA spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd54.html">VKD-54 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss-vkd54a.html">VKD-54A spacewalk</a></li> <li><a href="iss-vkd55.html">VKD-55 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd56.html">VKD-56 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd57.html">VKD-57 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd58.html">VKD-58 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd59.html">VKD-59 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-vkd60.html">VKD-60 spacewalk</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <ul> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-origin.html">Origin of the MLM Nauka project</a></li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-2012.html">MLM status in 2012</a></li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-2013.html">MLM status in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-2014.html">MLM status in 2014</a></li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-2015.html">MLM status in 2015</a></li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-2016.html">MLM status in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-2017.html">MLM status in 2017</a></li> <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="iss-fgb2-mlm-2018.html">MLM status in 2018</a></font></li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-2019.html">MLM status in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-2020.html">MLM status in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-2021.html">MLM status in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <li><a href="iss_node.html">Prichal Node Module, UM</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/iss-um-development.html">Prichal's development history</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-um-development.html">Prichal's design overview</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/iss-um-docking.html">Prichal's docking mechanisms</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/redocking.html">Prichal's redocking mechanism</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-um-refueling.html">Prichal's refueling system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-um-interior.html">Prichal's interior design</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-um-progress.html">Progress M-UM space tug for Prichal</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss-um-launch-campaign.html">Prichal launch campaign</a></li> <li><a href="iss-um-launch.html">Prichal launch</a></li> <li><a href="protected/iss-um-integration.html">Integrating node module with ISS</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/mlm-rs-integration-eva4-vkd51.html">VKD-51</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="nem.html">Science and Power Module, NEM</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/nem-design.html">NEM design overview</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="tableText"><a href="protected/nem-ground-processing.html">Ground processing of the NEM module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="nem-origin.html">Origin of the NEM project</a></li> <li><a href="nem1-2017.html">NEM module development in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/nem-2020.html">NEM module in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/nem-2021.html">NEM module in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/nem-2022.html">NEM module in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/nem-2023.html">NEM module in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, July 29: </strong></span><a href="protected/nem-2024.html">NEM module in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/nem2.html">NEM-2 tourist module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="oka_t.html">Oka-T free-flying platform</a></li> <li><a href="inflatable.html">Inflatable systems in space</a> <ul> <li><a href="inflatable_history.html">History of inflatable systems in space</a></li> <li><a href="tm_origin.html">Russian plans for an inflatable module</a></li> <li><a href="tm_scale.html">Russian scaled prototypes of the inflatable module</a></li> <li><a href="tms.html">Russian concept of the inflatable warehouse module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="shm.html">Airlock Module, ShM</a></li> <li><a href="orlan_mks.html">Orlan MKS spacesuit</a></li> <li><a href="tgk-pg.html">Cargo vehicle with increased payload capacity, TGK PG</a></li> <li><a href="protected/fedor.html">Fedor</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> <ul> <li><a href="protected/iss-russia-science.html">Science aboard the Russian ISS Segment</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-russia-extension-to-2030.html">Extending operations of the Russian ISS Segment until 2030</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-deorbiting.html">Planning for ISS deorbiting</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-russia-docking.html">Docking systems of the Russian Segment</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-russia-nku.html">Ground control of the Russian ISS Segment</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/iss-russia-ks.html">Ground simulators for the Russian Segment</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p><strong>American segment of the ISS</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="cygnus-oa-5.html">Cygnus OA-5 mission</a></li> <li><a href="transhab.html">TransHab module</a></li> <li><a href="beam.html">BEAM module</a> </li> </ul> <p><strong>European segment of the ISS</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="columbus.html">Columbus laboratory module</a></li> <li><a href="atv.html">Automated Transfer Vehicle, ATV</a> <ul> <li><a href="atv_history.html">ATV development history</a></li> <li><a href="atv_design.html">ATV design</a></li> <li><a href="atv1.html">ATV-1 Jules Verne mission</a></li> <li><a href="atv_followon.html">Possible future configurations of the ATV vehicle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="ard.html">Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator</a>, ARD</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p><a href="iss_chronology_flights.html"><strong>ISS mission chronology</strong></a></p> <p><b>Soyuz missions to the ISS</b></p> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="iss-soyuz-tm31.html">Soyuz TM-31</a> (Expedition 1 launch)</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="iss_soyuztm32.html">Soyuz TM-32</a> (Dennis Tito's mission to the ISS)</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="iss_soyuztm33.html">Soyuz TM-33</a> (A Russo-French commercial mission)</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztm34.html">Soyuz TM-34</a> (A Russo-Italian commercial mission)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma1.html">Soyuz TMA-1</a> (A Russo-Belgian commercial mission)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma2.html">Soyuz TMA-2</a> (The 7th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma3.html">Soyuz TMA-3</a> (The 8th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma4.html">Soyuz TMA-4</a> (The 9th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma5.html">Soyuz TMA-5</a> (The 10th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma6.html">Soyuz TMA-6</a> (The 11th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma7.html">Soyuz TMA-7</a> (The 12th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma8.html">Soyuz TMA-8</a> (The 13th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma9.html">Soyuz TMA-9</a> (The 14th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma10.html">Soyuz TMA-10</a> (The 15th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma11.html">Soyuz TMA-11</a> (The 16th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma12.html">Soyuz TMA-12</a> (The 17th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma13.html">Soyuz TMA-13</a> (The 18th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma14.html">Soyuz TMA-14</a> (The 19th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma15.html">Soyuz TMA-15</a> (The 20th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma16.html">Soyuz TMA-16</a> (The <font color="#000000">21/22</font>nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma17.html">Soyuz TMA-17</a> (The <font color="#000000">22/23</font>th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma18.html">Soyuz TMA-18</a> (The <font color="#000000">23/24</font>th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma19.html">Soyuz TMA-19</a> (The <font color="#000000">24/25</font>th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma01m.html">Soyuz TMA-01M</a> (The <font color="#000000">25/26</font>th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma20.html">Soyuz TMA-20</a> (The <font color="#000000">26/27</font>th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuztma21.html">Soyuz TMA-21</a> (The <font color="#000000">27/28</font>th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma02m.html">Soyuz TMA-02M</a> (The <font color="#000000">28/29</font>th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma22.html">Soyuz TMA-22</a> (The 29/30th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma03m.html">Soyuz TMA-03M</a> (The <font color="#000000">30/31st</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma04m.html">Soyuz TMA-04M</a> (The <font color="#000000">31/32nd</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma05m.html">Soyuz TMA-05M</a> (The <font color="#000000">32/33rd</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma06m.html">Soyuz TMA-06M</a> (The <font color="#000000">33/34th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma07m.html">Soyuz TMA-07M</a> (The <font color="#000000">34/35th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma08m.html">Soyuz TMA-08M</a> (The <font color="#000000">35/36th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma09m.html">Soyuz TMA-09M</a> (The <font color="#000000">36/37th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma10m.html">Soyuz TMA-10M</a> (The <font color="#000000">37/38th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma11m.html">Soyuz TMA-11M</a> (The <font color="#000000">38/39th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma12m.html">Soyuz TMA-12M</a> (The <font color="#000000">39/40th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma13m.html">Soyuz TMA-13M</a> (The <font color="#000000">40/41th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma14m.html">Soyuz TMA-14M</a> (The <font color="#000000">41/42nd</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma15m.html">Soyuz TMA-15M</a> (The <font color="#000000">42/43rd</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma16m.html">Soyuz TMA-16M</a> (The <font color="#000000">43rd</font> long-duration expedition; "Year in Space" mission)</li> <li><a href="iss_soyuz_tma17m.html">Soyuz TMA-17M</a> (The <font color="#000000">44/45th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss-soyuz-tma18m.html">Soyuz TMA-18M</a> (The <font color="#000000">45/46th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss-soyuz-tma19m.html">Soyuz TMA-19M</a> (The <font color="#000000">46/47th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="iss-soyuz-tma20m.html">Soyuz TMA-20M</a> (The <font color="#000000">47/48th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-01.html">Soyuz MS-01</a> (The <font color="#000000">48/49th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS) <ul> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Nov. 15:</strong></span> <a href="protected/soyuz-ms-01-burk-tsvm-issues.html">Soyuz MS-01 launch delayed by computer issues</a><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-13-power-issue.html"></a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-02.html">Soyuz MS-02</a> (The <font color="#000000">49/50th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS) <ul> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Jan. 8:</strong></span> <a href="protected/soyuz-ms-02-cable-issue.html">A faulty cable could cause a fatal accident on Soyuz MS-02</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-03.html">Soyuz MS-03</a> (The <font color="#000000">50th/51st</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-04.html">Soyuz MS-04</a> (The <font color="#000000">51st/52nd</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-05.html">Soyuz MS-05</a> (The <font color="#000000">52nd/53rd</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-06.html">Soyuz MS-06</a> (The <font color="#000000">53rd/54th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-07.html">Soyuz MS-07</a> (The <font color="#000000">54th/55th</font> long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-08.html">Soyuz MS-08</a> (The <font color="#000000">55th</font>/56th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-09.html">Soyuz MS-09</a> (The <font color="#000000">56th</font>/57th long-duration expedition to the ISS) <ul> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-09-hole.html">A hole aboard Soyuz MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms09-hole-eva.html">Plans for a spacewalk to investigate Soyuz MS-09 air leak</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="iss_vkd45a_training.html">Training for the VKD-45a spacewalk</a></li> <li><a href="iss-vkd45a.html">VKD-45a spacewalk</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-10.html">Soyuz MS-10</a> (The <font color="#000000">57th</font>/58th long-duration expedition to the ISS, Launch failure) </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-11.html">Soyuz MS-11</a> (The <font color="#000000">57th</font>/58th long-duration expedition to the ISS; Second attempt) <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-11-kdu.html">Investigation into the Soyuz MS-11 landing failure</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-12.html">Soyuz MS-12</a> (The <font color="#000000">59</font>th/60th long-duration expedition to the ISS) <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-12-tv-transmission-issue.html" class="tableText">Soyuz MS-12 experiences TV transmission issue</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-13.html">Soyuz MS-13</a> (The <font color="#000000">60</font>th/61st long-duration expedition to the ISS) <ul> <li><a href="protected/soyuz-ms-13-power-issue.html">Soyuz-MS gets backup avionics after an incident</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-14.html">Soyuz MS-14</a> (Unpiloted) <ul> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Sept. 18:</strong></span> <a href="protected/soyuz-ms-14-ballistic-descent.html">Soyuz MS-14 emergency ballistic descent</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-15.html">Soyuz MS-15</a> (The <font color="#000000">61st</font>/62nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-16.html">Soyuz MS-16</a> (The <font color="#000000">62nd</font>/63rd long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-17.html">Soyuz MS-17</a> (The <font color="#000000">63rd</font>/64th long-duration expedition to the ISS) <ul> <li><a href="iss-vkd47.html">VKD-47 spacewalk</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-18.html">Soyuz MS-18</a> (The 64th/65th/66th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-18.html">Soyuz MS-19</a> (The 65th/66th long-duration expedition to the ISS, visting "movie crew")</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-20.html">Soyuz MS-20</a> (The 20th visiting mission to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-21.html">Soyuz MS-21</a> (The 67th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-22.html">Soyuz MS-22</a> (The 68th long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-23.html">Soyuz MS-23</a> (The replacement vehicle for the Soyuz MS-22 crew)</li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-24.html">Soyuz MS-24</a> (The 70th long-duration expedition to the ISS) <ul> <li><a href="iss-vkd61.html">VKD-61 spacewalk</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="soyuz-ms-25.html">Soyuz MS-25</a> (The 71st long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Sept. 10:</strong></span> <a href="soyuz-ms-26.html">Soyuz MS-26</a> (The 72nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)</li> </ul> <p><a href="kliper.html"><strong>Kliper</strong></a>, a potential replacement for the Soyuz spacecraft (abstract page)</p> <ul> <li><a href="kliper_lunar.html">Circumlunar version of the Kliper spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="kliper_2006.html">The 2006 configuration</a> </li> <li><a href="kliper_history.html">Kliper development history</a></li> <li> <a href="kliper_international.html">International cooperation in the Kliper project </a></li> <li><a href="kliper_cabin.html">Crew cabin of the Kliper spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="kliper_fuselage.html">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="kliper_bo_pao.html">Habitation and propulsion module of the Kliper spacecraft </a></li> <li><a href="kliper_photos/index.htm">Kliper photo gallery</a></li> <li><a href="parom.html">Parom orbital tug</a></li> </ul> <p>A <a href="tks_followon.html">follow-on to the TKS</a> spacecraft</p> <p class="tableHeader"> </p> <p class="tableHeader">PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE</p> <p><a href="spacecraft_manned_2010s.html"><strong>Russian human space flight in the 2010s</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-russia-china.html">Russia considers cooperation with China in human space flight</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-lunar-china.html">Russian-Chinese cooperation on the lunar base</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-lunar-2014.html">Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2014</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-lunar-2018.html">Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-lunar-2019.html">Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/lunar-base-2019.html">Lunar base design in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/lunar-base-power-supply.html">Power-supply systems for a lunar base</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-2020.html"><strong>Russian human space flight in 2020</strong></a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-lunar-2019.html">Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-2021.html"><strong>Russian human space flight in 2021</strong></a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-lunar-2021.html">Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><strong><a href="protected/spacecraft-manned-2022.html">Russian human space flight in 2022</a></strong> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="acts.html"><strong>Orel next-generation manned spacecraft, PTK NP (formerly ACTS, Federatsiya)</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="soyuz_acts.html">ACTS concept</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_acts_origin.html">Initial ACTS studies</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz_acts_history.html">Choosing ACTS architecture</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"> <a href="ppts.html">PPTS project</a></font> <ul> <li><a href="ppts_landing.html">Development of the landing system for the PPTS spacecraft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="ptk_np.html">PTK NP development in 2010</a> <ul> <li><a href="ptk_z.html">PTK-Z Earth-orbiting version of the spacecraft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="ptk_np.html">PTK NP development in 2011</a></li> <li><a href="ptk_2012.html">PTK NP development in 2012</a></li> <li><a href="ptk_2013_s.html">PTK NP development in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="ptk_2014.html">PTK NP development in 2014</a></li> <li><a href="ptk-2015.html">PTK NP development in 2015</a></li> <li><a href="ptk-2016.html">PTK NP development in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="ptk-2017.html">PTK NP development in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-2018.html">PTK NP development in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-2019.html">PTK NP development in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-2020.html">PTK NP development in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-2021.html">PTK NP development in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-2022.html">PTK NP development in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-2023.html">PTK NP development in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-2024.html">PTK NP development in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/ptk-design-2020.html">Overall design of PTK Orel</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-cost.html">Cost of PTK missions</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Dec. 11: </strong></span> <a href="protected/ptk-simulator.html">PTK NP simulator</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="ptk_va_s.html">Descent Module (Return Vehicle) VA</a> </li> <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-ko.html">Command Compartment, KO, of the Return Vehicle</a> <ul> <li><strong><span class="style3">NEW, July 10:</span></strong> <a href="protected/ptk-interior.html">Interior of the KO compartment</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-ko-production.html">Manufacturing the KO compartment</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-va-tzp.html">Thermal protectection system, TZP</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="ptk-docking-port.html">Docking mechanism for PTK NP spacecraft</a> </li> <ul> <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-docking-2018.html">Russia re-designs PTK Federatsiya spacecraft for multiple docking ports</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </ul> </ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-sas.html">Emergency Escape System, SAS</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-sas-2020.html">SAS for PTK NP in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-sas-bas.html">BAS escape rocket</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="protected/ptk-ao.html">Aggregate Compartment, AO, of the PTK NP spacecraft</a></font> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-ko.html">Evolution of the Aggregate Compartment in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-va-ao-ptdu.html">Landing Solid-propellant Propulsion Unit, PTDU, for PTK</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-va-ao-pdu.html">New landing propulsion system for PTK Federatsiya spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="ptk_pu_s.html">Landing gear for PTK NP spacecraft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="cheget.html">Cheget cosmonaut chair</a></li> <li><a href="ptk-do.html">Propulsion Module, DO</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-do-2020.html">Evolution of the DO module design (2013-2020)</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Nov. 11: </strong></span><a href="protected/ptk-kdu.html">Orel's propulsion system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-sotr.html">Thermal control system, SOTR</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><strong class="style1">NEW, Jan. 14: </strong><a href="protected/ptk-s-raz.html">Separation system of the Orel spacecraft, SRaz</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-production.html">Manufacturing PTK Orel</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-production-composites.html">Manufacturing from composites</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Sept. 9: </strong></span> <a href="protected/ptk-launch.html">PTK launch profile</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/ptk-m.html">PTK-M variant</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <ul><li><a href="protected/ptk-m-design.html">Design of PTK-M Orlyonok</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-m-ddu.html">DDU space tug for PTK-M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/briz-l.html">Briz-L space tug for PTK-M</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="ptk_flight_testing.html">PTK NP flight test program</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/ptk-kpeo.html">Ground testing of the PTK spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-angara-a1e.html">Launch of Angara-A1E-PTK rocket for testing the emergency escape system of PTK spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-flight1.html">Prototype of the PTK NP spacecraft for the first launch</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-kpeo-post-first-flight.html">Second phase in the PTK Orel ground testing</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ptk-flight2.html">The 2nd test launch of PTK Orel</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="ptk_proton.html">Test flight of Russia's next-generation spacecraft around the Moon</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/ptks.html">PTKS space station transport</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="protected/ptk-ros.html">PTK-ROS space station transport concept</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="ros.html"><strong>Russian Orbital Station, ROS, concept to succeed the ISS</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="opsek.html">Orbital Piloted Assembly Complex, OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="vshos.html">High-Altitude Orbital Station, VShOS</a></li> <li><a href="ros-2017.html">Russian Orbital Station, ROS, in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ros_2020.html">Russian Orbital Service Station Concept in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ross.html">ROSS concept</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/ross-rational.html">Rationale for the ROSS concept</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/ros_2021.html">ROSS concept in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/nem-ross-upgrades.html">Modifying NEM module for ROSS operations</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> </li> <ul> <li><a href="protected/ross-assembly.html">ROSS assembly schedule as of 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <li><a href="protected/ros-2022.html">ROSS concept in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros-2023.html">ROS project in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros-2024.html">ROS project in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><strong>ROS modules and components: </strong> <ul> <li><a href="protected/ros-sgm.html">SGM module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros-shm.html">Airlock Module, ShM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Aug. 8: </strong></span><a href="protected/ros-tgkm-mm.html">TGKM MM space tug</a></li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Aug. 19: </strong></span><a href="protected/ros-bm.html">Core Module, BM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros-expansion.html">Expansion module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros-expansion.html">Commercial module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/progress-ros.html">Progress ROS</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros-um.html">UM Prichal Node module for ROSS complex</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ros_robotics.html">ROS robotics</a></li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Feb. 24: </strong></span><a href="protected/ros-spaceplane.html">TTO ROS space plane</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><a href="los.html"><strong>Russian Lunar Orbital Station, LOS</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/los_nem.html">Russian concept of the cis-lunar station based on NEM and UM modules</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/los_nem_2019.html">Russian cis-lunar station concept in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="lvpk.html"><strong>Lunar Descent and Ascent Complex, LVPK</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/lvpk-overview.html">Design overview</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="protected/ryvok.html">Ryvok</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><strong><a href="imp.html">Cis-lunar Gateway<br> </a>(a.k.a. <a href="imp.html">International Manned Platform, Deep Space Gateway, <br> Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway. LOP-G</a>)</strong></p> <p><strong>Development history:</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="imp-origin.html">Origin of the cis-lunar station project</a></li> <li><a href="imp-2017.html">Status of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/imp-2018.html">Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-2019.html">Development of the cis-lunar Gateway</a><a href="protected/imp-2019.html"> in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-2020.html">Development of the cis-lunar Gateway </a><a href="protected/imp-2020.html">in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-2021.html">Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-2022.html">Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Feb. 8:</strong></span> <a href="protected/imp-2023.html">Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Modules and major components:</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="imp-ppb.html">Power and Propulsion Element, PPE</a> <ul> <li><span class="style3"><a href="protected/imp-ppe-2018.html">PPE in 2018</a> <span class="style2">(</span><a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a><span class="style2">)</span></span></li> <li><span class="style3"><a href="protected/imp-ppe-2019.html">PPE in 2019</a> <span class="style2">(</span><a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a><span class="style2">)</span></span></li> <li><a href="protected/imp-ppe-2020.html">PPE in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-ppe-2022.html">PPE in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="imp-lcub.html">Logistics Communications and Utilization Bus, LCUB</a>, (later ESPRIT) <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-esprit-2018.html">ESPRIT in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-esprit-2019.html">ESPRIT in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-esprit-2020.html">ESPRIT in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-esprit-2022.html">ESPRIT in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/imp-science-airlock.html">Science airlock</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-ue.html">Utilization Element, UE</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-robotic-arm.html">Robotic arm</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="imp-che.html">International habitation module, I-Hab</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-i-hab-2019.html">I-Hab in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-i-hab-2021.html">I-Hab in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-i-hab-2022.html">I-Hab in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Feb. 8:</strong></span> <a href="protected/imp-i-hab-2023.html">I-Hab in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/imp-d-hab.html">D-Hab module</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-d-hab-2019.html">D-Hab in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/imp-logistics.html">Logistics Modules</a> <ul><li><a href="protected/dragon-xl.html">Dragon-XL</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/imp-lam.html">Logistics Augmentation Module, LAM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-htv-x.html">Japan's cargo ship for cis-lunar station</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="imp-shm.html">Russian Airlock Module</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-shm-2018.html">Russian airlock in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-shm-2019.html">Russian airlock in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Feb. 8:</strong></span> <a href="protected/imp-shm-2020.html">Russian airlock in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Feb. 8:</strong></span> <a href="protected/imp-airlock-2023.html">Airlock module in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="imp-lmsm.html">Lunar Mission Support Module, LMSM, for Deep Space Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="protected/imp-lander.html">Lunar lander for the cis-lunar station</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-lander-ascent-element.html">Ascent Element</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-lander-descent-element.html">Descent Element</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-lander-transfer-element.html">Transfer Element</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/imp-logistics-russian.html">Russian cargo ship for cis-lunar Gateway</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style3"><a href="protected/imp-ppe-2019.html">Habitation and Logistics Outpost, HALO</a> <span class="style2">(</span><a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a><span class="style2">)</span></span> <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-halo-ppe_combo.html">PPE/HALO combo</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-halo-i-hab.html">HALO/I-Hab combo sans D-Hab</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-halo-2021.html">HALO in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-halo-2022.html">HALO in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Systems and operations:</strong> </p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-budget.html">Cis-lunar station budget</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-schedule.html">Scheduling cis-lunar station development</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-assembly.html">The assembly scenario for the cis-lunar station</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/imp-assembly-2018-10.html">Assembly scenarios (October 2018)</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-assembly-2019-08.html">Assembly scenarios (August 2019)</a> (<a href="protected/imp-assembly-2019-08.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> </li> <li><span class="style3"><a href="protected/imp-refueling.html">Refueling operations</a> <span class="style2">(</span><a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a><span class="style2">)</span></span></li> <li><a href="protected/imp-transfer.html">Orbital transfers of the cis-lunar station</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-rendezvous-2018.html">Upgrades to the rendezvous system of the cis-lunar station</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-risk.html">How risky is the Gateway?</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-halo-orion-eclss.html">ECLSS for the Gateway-Orion system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/imp-safe-haven.html">Gateway as a "safe haven" for Orion</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/orion-imp-clearances.html">Clearances with the Orion spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> <hr> <p><strong><a href="sei.html">NASA's Space Exploration Initiative, SEI</a></strong></p> <p><a href="lagrange.html">Space flight to Langrangian points</a></p> <hr> <div align="left"><div align="left"><div align="left"><div align="left"><div align="left"> <p> </p> <p><b>ROBOTIC PLANETARY SPACECRAFT</b><b></b></p> <p><a href="spacecraft_planetary_2013.html">Russian robotic planetary exploration program in 2013</a></p> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="spacecraft_planetary_2014.html">Russian robotic planetary exploration program in 2014</a></div> </div> </div> <p><strong><a href="spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html">Robotic missions to the Moon (overview)</a></strong> </p> <p><a href="luna1.html">Luna-1</a></p> <p><a href="luna9.html">Luna-9</a> </p> <p><a href="luna10.html">Luna-10</a></p> <p><a href="luna13.html">Luna-13</a></p> <p><span class="style1">NEW, Feb. 7:</span> <a href="protected/e8-origin.html">Origin of the E8 Lunokhod platform</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="luna24.html">Luna-24</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a href="moon_2012.html">Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2012</a></p> <p><a href="protected/luna-2019.html">Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><a href="protected/luna-2020.html">Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)<a href="protected/luna-2020.html"></a></p> <p><a href="moon-2023.html">Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2023</a></p> <ul><ul> <li><strong><a href="luna-glob.html">Luna-Glob project (Luna-25)</a></strong> <ul> <li><a href="luna-glob-original.html">Origin of the Luna-Glob mission</a></li> <li><a href="luna-glob-original-scenario.html">Original scenario of the Luna-Glob mission</a></li> <li><a href="luna_glob.html">First attempt to revive the Luna-Glob project</a></li> <li><a href="luna-glob-2010s.html">Attempt at cooperation with India</a></li> <li><a href="luna_glob_lander.html">Luna-Glob becomes a lander mission</a></li> <li><a href="luna_glob_2013_s.html">Luna-Glob project in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="luna-glob-status-2015.html">Luna-Glob project in 2014 and 2015</a></li> <li><a href="luna-glob-2016.html">Luna-Glob project in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="luna-glob-2017.html">Luna-Glob project in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-2018.html">Luna-Glob project in 2018</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-2020.html">Luna-Glob project in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-2021.html">Luna-Glob project in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-2022.html">Luna-Glob project in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-2023.html">Luna-Glob project in 2023</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-design.html">Design of the Luna-Glob spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-prototypes.html">Prototypes of the Luna-Glob spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-design-bku.html">Flight control system of the Luna-Glob spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-design-propulsion.html">Propulsion system of the Luna-Glob spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-design-sotr.html">Thermal control system of the Luna-Glob spacecraft</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science.html">Luna-Glob science</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-lmk.html">LMK robotic arm</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-sts-l.html">STS-L camera package</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-lis-tv-rpm.html">LIS-TV-RPM instrument</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-adron-lr.html">ADRON-LR instrument</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-lazma-lr.html">LAZMA-LR instrument</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-science-aries-l.html">ARIES-L instrument</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-launch.html">Luna-Glob launch scenario</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="luna_resurs_landing.html">Luna-Glob landing scenario</a></li> <li><a href="protected/luna-glob-launch.html">Luna-Glob launch</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="luna_glob_orbiter.html">Luna-Glob/Luna-Resurs orbiter (Luna-26) </a> <ul> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Jan. 20:</span> <a href="protected/luna26-orbiter-design.html">Luna-26 orbiter design</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Jan. 20:</span> <a href="protected/luna26-orbiter-2025.html">Luna-26 orbiter development in 2025</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="luna_resurs_lander.html">Luna-Resurs lander</a></li> <li><a href="luna_resurs.html">Luna-Resurs</a><ul><li><a href="luna-resurs-2017.html">Luna-Resurs in 2017</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="luna_grunt.html">Luna-Grunt</a> (a.k.a. Luna-28) <ul> <li><a href="protected/luna-grunt-2019.html">Luna-Grunt project in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-grunt-2020.html">Luna-Grunt project in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/luna-grunt-2021.html">Luna-Grunt project in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/luna29-2019.html">Luna-29 project</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <ul> <li><a href="protected/luna29-2020.html">Luna-29 project in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <a href="protected/luna29-2019.html"></a></li> </ul> <li><a href="lunny_poligon.html">Lunny Poligon</a></li> </ul> </ul> <p><a href="3mv_b.html"><strong>3MV (Zond) project</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="3mv_kosmos21.html">Kosmos-21</a></li> </ul> <p><strong><a href="spacecraft_planetary_mars.html">Robotic missions to Mars</a></strong></p> <ul> <ul> <li><a href="3mv_Zond-2.html">Zond-2</a></li> <li><a href="mars69.html">Mars-69 missions</a></li> <li><a href="mars3_landing.html">Mars-3's likely landing site</a></li> <li><a href="5m.html"><strong>5M Mars sample return project</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="5m-origin.html">Origin of the 5M Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="5m-redesign.html">Retailoring 5M project from N1 to Proton</a></li> <li><a href="5m-final.html">Final design of the 5M spacecraft</a></li> <li><strong> </strong><a href="5m-scenario-launch.html">5M mission scenario scenario: Launch and rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="5m-scenario-cruise.html">Transit of the 5M spacecraft from Earth to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="protected/5m-scenario-mars-landing.html">5M Mars landing scenario</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/5m-scenario-surface-operations.html">5M operations on the surface</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/5m-scenario-return.html">5M return trip</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/5m-cancellation.html">Cancellation of the 5M project</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="phobos.html">Phobos (Fobos) 1/2</a></li> <li><a href="mars96.html">Mars-96</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt.html">Phobos-Grunt</a> <ul> <li><a href="phobos_grunt_design.html">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt_scenario.html">Phobos-Grunt mission scenario</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt_origin.html">Origin of the Phobos-Grunt mission</a> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="phobos_grunt_prelaunch.html">Preparing Phobos-Grunt mission during 2008-2009</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="phobos_grunt_2010.html">Phobos-Grunt project development during 2010</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="phobos_grunt_2010.html">Phobos-Grunt project development during 2011</a></font></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt_launch.html">Launch of the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt_kik.html">Command and control challenges in Phobos-Grunt mission</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt_reentry.html">Phobos-Grunt reentry</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt_aftermath.html">Aftermath of the Phobos-Grunt mission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong><a href="exomars.html">ExoMars project</a></strong></li> <li><a href="exomars_2016.html"><strong>ExoMars 2016</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="exomars2016-tgo.html">Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="exomars2016-edm.html">Schiaparelli, EDM</a></font></li> <li><a href="exomars2016-history-2015.html">Mission status in 2015</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2016-prelaunch-processing.html">Pre-launch processing</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2016-launch.html">Launch of ExoMars-2016</a></li> <li><a href="b_exomars2016-eop.html">Early operations of the ExoMars-2016 mission</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2016-mission.html">Mission of ExoMars-2016</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2016-mission-dsm.html">ExoMars-2016 deep-space maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2016-mars-arrival.html">ExoMars-2016 arrival at Mars</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2016-edm-landing.html">ExoMars-2016 landing on Mars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="exomars2018.html"><strong>ExoMars rover mission</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="exomars2018_2014.html">Mission status in 2014</a></li> <li><a href="exomars2018-2017.html">Mission status in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/exomars2020-2019.html">Mission status in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/exomars2020-parachute-tests.html">Parachute testing for ExoMars-2020 mission</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/exomars2020-launch-planning.html">Preparing ExoMars-2020 launch campaign</a></li> <li><a href="protected/exomars2020-2020-status.html">Mission status in 2020</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/exomars-2021.html">Mission status in 2021</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> <li><a href="protected/exomars-2022.html">Mission status in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="marsnet.html">Mars-NET</a></li> <li><a href="phobos_grunt2.html">Phobos-Grunt-2</a></li> <li><a href="msr.html">Mars sample return mission</a> <ul> <li><a href="expedition_m_b.html"> Expedition-M Mars sample return mission</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </ul> <p><strong><a href="spacecraft_planetary_venus.html">Unmanned missions to Venus</a></strong></p> <ul> <ul> <li><a href="3mv_1a4a.html">3MV-1A No. 4A</a></li> <li><a href="3mv_kosmos27.html">Kosmos-27</a></li> <li><a href="3mv_zond1.html">Zond-1</a></li> <li><a href="venera75.html">Venera-7</a></li> <li><a href="venera72_kosmos482.html">Venera-72 No. 671 (Kosmos-482)</a></li> <li><a href="venera75.html">Venera-9 and 10</a></li> <li><a href="venera_d.html">Venera-D</a> <ul> <li><a href="venera-d-2021.html">Venera-D project in 2021</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </ul> <p><strong class="style1">UPDATE, June 24: </strong><a href="spacecraft_planetary_plans.html"><strong>Plans for unmanned missions beyond Mars and Venus</strong></a> </p> <ul> <ul> <li><span class="style1">NEW, June 24:</span> <a href="protected/zevs-galaktika.html">Zevs mission to Jupiter in response to the US Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="igz.html">Intergelio-Zond mission to explore our home star</a></li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="solnechny_parus.html">Solnechny Parus mission to the Sun</a></div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="laplas.html">Laplas mission to Jupiter and its Moons</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft_small_bodies.html">Missions to comets and asteroids</a> <ul> <li><a href="apophis.html">Mission to Apophis</a></li> <li><a href="anapa.html">Anapa asteroid-orbiting mission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="spacecraft_planetary_mercury.html">Missions to Mercury</a></li> </ul> </ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <hr> <p><a href="spacecraft_military.html"><b>Military spacecraft (section home)</b></a></p> <p><a href="protected/asat.html">Russian anti-satellite systems</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="almazt.html">Almaz-T radar-carrying satellite</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="araks.html">Araks spacecraft</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="bars.html">Bars topopgraphy satellite project</a></li> <li><a href="bars-m.html">Bars-M topography satellite</a> <ul> <li><a href="bars-m2.html">Bars-M2</a></li> <li><a href="bars-m3.html">Bars-M3</a></li> <li><a href="bars-m4.html">Bars-M4</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="blagovest.html">Blagovest series:</a> <ul> <li><a href="blagovest11l.html">Blagovest-11L</a></li> <li><a href="blagovest12l.html">Blagovest-12L</a></li> <li><a href="blagovest13l.html">Blagovest-13L</a></li> <li><a href="blagovest14l.html">Blagovest-14L</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="egyptsat2.html">Egyptsat-2 (559GK) series</a> <ul> <li><a href="egyptsat2-launch.html">EgyptSat-2<br> </a><a href="egyptsat-a.html">EgyptSat-A</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="eks.html">EKS satellite system</a> <ul> <li><a href="eks-network.html">EKS network overview</a></li> <li><a href="eks-origin.html">Development of the EKS network</a></li> <li><a href="eks-tundra.html">EKS (Tundra) satellite</a></li> <li><a href="eks-tundra-kosmos2510.html">First launch into EKS network (Kosmos-2510)</a></li> <li><a href="eks-tundra-kosmos2541.html">Third launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite</a></li> <li><a href="eks4.html">Fourth launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite</a></li> <li><a href="eks5.html">Fifth launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite</a></li> <li><a href="eks6.html">Sixth launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="emka.html">EMKA (Kosmos-2525)</a></li> <li><a href="emka2.html">EMKA-2</a></li> <li><a href="falcon-eye-2.html">Falcon Eye-2</a> (UAE)</li> <li><a href="garpun.html">Garpun military data relay satellite</a></li> <li><a href="geo_ik2.html">Geo-IK-2 No. 11L geodetic satellite</a></li> <li><a href="geo-ik-2-2.html">Geo-IK-2 No. 12L geodetic satellite</a></li> <li><a href="geo-ik-2-3.html">Geo-IK-2 No. 13L geodetic satellite</a></li> <li><a href="glonass.html">GLONASS satellite navigation network</a> <ul> <li><a href="uragan.html">Uragan navigation satellite</a> </li> </ul> </li> <ul> <li><a href="glonass_deployment.html">GLONASS satellite missions</a> <ul> <li><a href="glonass43.html">GLONASS-43</a></li> <li> <a href="glonass51.html">GLONASS-51</a></li> <li><a href="glonass54.html">GLONASS-M No. 53</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-52.html">GLONASS-M No. 52</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-56.html">GLONASS-M No. 56</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-57.html">GLONASS-M No. 57</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-58.html">GLONASS-M No. 58</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-59.html">GLONASS-M No. 59</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-60.html">GLONASS-M No. 60</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-m-61.html">GLONASS-M No. 61</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="uragan_k.html">GLONASS-K navigation satellite</a> <ul> <li><a href="glonass_k_no12.html">GLONASS-K No. 12</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k-15.html">GLONASS-K No. 15</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k-16.html">GLONASS-K No. 16</a></li> <li><a href="glonass-k-17.html">GLONASS-K No. 17</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="uragan_k.html">GLONASS-K2 navigation satellite</a> <ul> <li><a href="glonass-k2-13l.html">GLONASS-K2 No. 13L</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <li><a href="is.html">IS anti-satellite system</a></li> <li><a href="kanopus-st.html">Kanopus-ST ocean-watching satellite</a></li> <li><a href="khayam.html">Khayam observation satellite</a></li> <li><a href="kobalt_m.html">Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="kondor_s.html">Kondor reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="kondor-e.html">Kondor-E radar-</a><a href="kondor_s.html">reconnaissance </a><a href="kondor-e.html">satellite</a></li> <li><a href="kondor-fka.html">Kondor-FKA No. 1</a></li> <li><strong class="style3">NEW, Nov. 29:</strong> <a href="kondor-fka2.html">Kondor-FKA No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="Cosmos-2499.html">Kosmos-2499</a></li> <li><a href="Cosmos-2504.html">Kosmos-2504</a></li> <li><a href="Cosmos-2535-2536-2537-2538.html">Kosmos-2535, -2536, -2537, -2538</a></li> <li><a href="cosmos-2542.html">Kosmos-2542</a></li> <li><a href="cosmos-2561.html">Kosmos-2561</a></li> <li><a href="nivelir3.html">Kosmos-2558</a></li> <li><strong class="style3">NEW, Oct. 31:</strong> <a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz-2-1b-2024-1031.html">Kosmos-2579</a></li> <li><strong class="style3">NEW, Feb. 5:</strong> <a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz2-1v-2025-0205.html">Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="liana.html">Liana electronic-intelligence network</a> <ul> <li><a href="lotos-s1-803.html" class="menuTextLinks">Lotos-S1 No. 803</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-804.html">Lotos-S1 No. 804</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-805.html">Lotos-S1 No. 805</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-806.html">Lotos-S1 No. 806</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-807.html">Lotos-S1 No. 807</a></li> <li><a href="lotos-s1-808.html">Lotos-S1 No. 808</a></li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Dec. 4:</span> <a href="lotos-s1-809.html">Lotos-S1 No. 809</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="meridian.html">Meridian communications satellite</a> <ul> <li><a href="meridian5.html">Meridian (5) launch failure</a></li> <li><a href="meridian7.html">Meridian (7)</a></li> <li><a href="meridian8.html">Meridian (8)</a></li> <li><a href="meridian9.html">Meridian-M2 (19L)</a></li> <li><a href="meridian10.html">Meridian-M3 (20L)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/mmkk.html">MMKK space plane</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> <li><a href="musson.html">Musson geodetic satellite</a></li> <li><a href="napryazhenie.html">Napryazhenie</a></li> <li><a href="naryad.html">Naryad anti-satellite system</a></li> <li><a href="neitron.html">Neitron</a></li> <li><a href="oko.html">Oko/US-K early warning satellite</a></li> <li><a href="olymp.html">Olymp satellite</a> <ul> <li><a href="olymp2.html">Second Olymp-K</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="parus.html">Parus navigation satellite</a></li> <li><a href="persona.html">Persona reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="pion.html">Pion-NKS</a></li> <li><a href="raduga.html">Raduga communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="raduga1.html">Raduga-1/Globus-1 communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="raduga1m.html">Raduga-1M/Globus-1M communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz-2-1b-2023-1125.html">Razdan reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="rodnik.html">Rodnik comsat</a> <ul> <li><a href="rodnik-block16.html">Rodnik (Block 16)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="sfera.html">Sfera geodetic satellite</a></li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Dec. 2:</strong></span> <a href="protected/esss3.html">Sfera-S/V (ESSS-3) communications system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="ska.html">SKA radar satellite</a></font></li> <li><a href="spacecraft-military-soyuz-2-1b-2023-1221.html">Soyuz-2-1b launch on Dec. 21, 2023</a></li> <li><a href="protected/sskms.html">SSKMS secure satellite communications system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="strela_comsat.html">Strela communications satellite</a></li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="tselina.html">Tselina electronic-intelligence spacecraft</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="us.html">US-A and US-P ocean-surveillance and missile-guidance spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="yantar-1kft-kometa.html">Yantar-1KFT Kometa topography satellite</a></li> </ul> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <hr> <p><a href="spacecraft_application.html"><b>Application spacecraft (section home)</b></a></p> <p><a href="protected/spacecraft-application-remote-sensing-2019.html">Status of remote-sensing satellite systems in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <p><span class="style1"><strong>NEW, Oct. 25:</strong></span> <a href="protected/spacecraft-application-remote-sensing-2019.html">Status of remote-sensing satellite systems in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> <ul> <li><a href="aist2d.html">Aist-2D</a></li> <li><a href="arktika.html">Arktika satellite network</a> <ul> <li><a href="arktika_m1.html">Arktika-M No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="arktika-m2.html">Arktika-M No. 2</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="baumanets.html">Baumanets</a></li> <li><a href="belka.html">BelKA remote-sensing satellite</a></li> <li><span class="style1"><strong>NEW, Sept. 3:</strong></span> <a href="protected/berkut.html">Berkut remote-sensing series</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="cas500-1.html">CAS-500-1</a></li> <li><a href="protected/elektro1.html">Elektro-1</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="elektro.html">Elektro-L</a> (series) <ul> <li><a href="elektro_l1.html">Elektro-L1</a></li> <li><a href="elektro-l2.html">Elektro-L2</a></li> <li><a href="elektro-l3.html">Elektro-L3</a></li> <li><a href="elektro-l4.html">Elektro-L4</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="galileo.html">Galileo</a>: Europe's satellite navigation network <ul> <li><a href="soyuz-lv_vs09-galileo-foc-m1.html">Galileo FOC M1</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs11-galileo-foc-m2.html">Galileo FOC M2</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs12-galileo-foc-m3.html">Galileo FOC M3</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs13-galileo-foc-m4.html">Galileo FOC-M4</a></li> <li><a href="soyuz-lv-vs15-galileo-foc-m5.html">Galileo FOC-M5</a></li> <li><a href="galileo13.html">Galileo FOC-M9</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="globalstar2.html">Globalstar-2 communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="uragan_k.html">GLONASS-K navigation satellite</a></li> <li><a href="kanopus.html">Kanopus-V remote-sensing satellite</a></li> <li><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="kanopus-v3-v4.html">Kanopus-V-3, Kanopus-V-4</a></font></li> <li><a href="kanopus-v5-v6.html">Kanopus V-5, Kanopus V-6</a></li> <li><a href="kanopus-v-ik.html">Kanopus-V-IK remote-sensing satellite</a></li> <li><a href="protected/marafon-iot.html">Marafon-IoT</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> <li><a href="meteor.html">Meteor weather-forecasting and remote-sensing satellite family</a> <ul> <li><a href="meteor-m.html">Meteor-M series</a> <ul> <li><a href="meteor-m1.html">Meteor-M No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="meteor_m2.html">Meteor-M No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-1.html">Meteor-M No. 2-1</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-2.html">Meteor M No. 2-2</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-3.html">Meteor-M2-3</a></li> <li><a href="meteor-m2-4.html">Meteor-M2-4</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="metop.html">MetOp weather-forecasting satellites</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"> <a href="obzor_o.html">Obzor-O remote-sensing satellite</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"> <font color="#000000"><a href="obzor_r.html">Obzor-R radar-imaging satellite</a></font></font></li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Dec. 16:</strong></span> <a href="protected/okean.html">Okean radar-imaging satellite</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><span class="style1"><strong>NEW, Jan. 27:</strong></span> <a href="protected/piksel-vr.html">Piksel-VR remote-sensing series</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="pleiades.html">Pleiades remote-sensing satellite</a></li> <li><a href="protected/rbka.html">RBKA satellite</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="resurs_dk.html">Resurs-DK remote-sensing satellite</a></li> <li><a href="resurs_p.html">Resurs-P remote-sensing satellite series</a> <ul> <li><a href="resurs-p1.html">Resurs-P1</a></li> <li><a href="resurs_p2.html">Resurs-P2</a></li> <li><a href="resurs-p3.html">Resurs-P3</a></li> <li><a href="resurs-p4.html">Resurs-P4</a></li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Dec. 24:</strong></span> <a href="resurs-p5.html">Resurs-P5</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Oct. 18:</strong></span> <a href="protected/resurs-pm.html">Resurs-PM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="sentinel1.html">Sentinel-1A</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel1b.html">Sentinel-1B</a></li> <li><a href="sentinel3a.html">Sentinel-3A</a></li> <li><a href="protected/sfera-program.html">Sfera communications and remote-sensing program</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) <ul> <ul> <li><a href="protected/skif-comsat.html">Skif Internet system</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </ul> </li> <li><a href="sich2.html">Sich-2 remote-sensing satellite</a></li> <li><a href="sich2-30.html">Sich-2-30</a></li> <li><a href="sterkh.html">Sterkh navigation satellite</a></li> <li><a href="yubileiny.html">Yubileiny remote-sensing satellite</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <blockquote> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="spacecraft_comsats.html"><b>Communications satellites</b></a></p> <p><span class="style1"><strong>NEW, Nov. 13:</strong></span> <a href="protected/spacecraft-comsats-2024.html">Russian satellite communications in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="angosat.html">Angosat</a></div> </div> </li> <li><a href="angosat2.html">Angosat-2</a></li> <li><a href="protected/buro1440.html">Buro 1440</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="express.html">Ekspress series</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="ekspress-80-103.html">Ekspress-80 and -103 satellites</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress1000n.html">Ekspress-1000N platform</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-2000.html">Ekspress-2000 platform</a> </li> </ul> </li> <ul> <li><a href="ekspress_am4.html">Ekspress-AM4</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress_md.html">Ekspress-MD2</a></li> <li><a href="proton_ekspress_am5.html">Ekspress-AM5</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-am6.html">Ekspress-AM6</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-am7.html">Ekspress-AM7</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-am8.html">Ekspress-AM8</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-amu1.html">Ekspress-AMU1</a></li> <li><a href="ekspress-amu3-amu7.html">Ekspress-AMU3 -AMU7</a></li> <li><a href="protected/ekspress-amu4.html">Ekspress-AMU4</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/ekspress-rv.html">Ekspress-RV</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <li><a href="protected/gazprom-d2d.html">Gazprom D2D</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="gonets.html">Gonets</a> <ul> <li><a href="gonets-block15.html">Gonets-M Group 15</a></li> <li><a href="gonets-block16.html">Gonets-M Group 16</a></li> <li><a href="gonets-block17.html">Gonets-M Group 17</a></li> <li><a href="gonets-block18-skif.html">Gonets-M Group 18</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="protected/gonets-m1.html">Gonets M1</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="gorizont.html">Gorizont</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="hispasat-36w-1.html">Hispasat-36W-1</a></li> <li><a href="kazsat.html">KazSat comsat</a></li> <li><a href="luch.html">Luch relay satellites</a> <ul> <li><a href="luch5a.html">Luch-5A</a></li> <li><a href="luch5v_kazsat3.html">Luch-5V</a></li> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Oct. 3:</span> <a href="protected/luch-5vm.html">Luch-5VM</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="nord.html">Nord project</a></li> <li><a href="o3b.html">O3b constellation</a> <ul> <li><a href="o3b-flight4.html">Fourth Soyuz mission with O3b satellites</a></li> <li><a href="o3b-flight5.html">Fifth launch of O3b quartet</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="oneweb.html">OneWeb constellation</a> <ul> <li><a href="oneweb1.html">1st OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb2.html">2nd OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb3.html">3rd OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb4.html">4th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb5.html">5th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb6.html">6th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb7.html">7th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb8.html">8th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb9.html">9th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb10.html">10th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb11.html">11th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb12.html">12th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb13.html">13th OneWeb launch</a></li> <li><a href="oneweb14.html">14th OneWeb launch</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="ses-15.html">SES-15</a></li> <li><a href="yamal.html">Yamal series</a></li> <li><a href="yamal401.html">Yamal-401</a></li> <li><a href="yamal601.html">Yamal-601</a></li> </ul> </blockquote> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <hr> <p><a href="spacecraft_science.html"><b>Science spacecraft (Section home)</b></a></p> <ul> <li><span class="style1">NEW, Oct. 8:</span> <a href="protected/spacecraft-science-2024.html">Russian space science in 2024</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="auos.html">AUOS spacecraft bus</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a href="astrometria.html">Astrometria star-mapping satellite</a> </p> <p><a href="bion.html">Bion project home page</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="bion_origin_s.html">Original Bion satellites</a></li> <li><a href="bion_m_s.html">Bion-M spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="bion_science_s.html">Bion-M No. 1 science program</a></li> <li><a href="aist_s.html">Aist satellite</a></li> <li><a href="bion_m_preparation.html">Preparing Bion-M No. 1 for flight</a></li> <li><a href="bion_m_flight.html">Bion-M No. 1 mission</a></li> <li><a href="bion_m_landing.html">Landing of Bion M No. 1 spacecraft</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="corot.html">COROT astronomy satellite</a> of the French space agency, CNES, launched by the Russian Soyuz-2.1b rocket</p> <p><a href="compass.html">Compass</a></p> <p><a href="cosmos_solar_sail.html">Cosmos-1 solar-sailing spacecraft</a></p> <p><a href="foton.html">Foton</a></p> <p><a href="foton_m4.html">Foton-M4</a></p> <p><a href="gaia.html">Gaia satellite</a></p> <p><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Nov. 4:</strong></span> <a href="ionosfera-1-2.html">Ionosfera-M</a></p> <p><a href="karat.html">Karat (MKA-FKI) platform</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="karat2_relek.html">MKA-FKI (PN2) Relek</a></li> <li><a href="karat3_konus.html">MKA-FKI (PN3) Konus-M (372A353)</a></li> <li><a href="karat4_strannik.html">MKA-FKI (PN4) Strannik</a></li> <li><a href="karat5_arka.html">MKA-FKI (PN5) ARKA</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="koronas_foton.html">Koronas-Foton</a></p> <p><a href="mikhailo-lomonosov.html">Lomonosov</a></p> <p><a href="navigator.html">Navigator platform</a></p> <p><a href="spektr_r.html">Spektr-R Radioastron observatory</a> </p> <ul> <li><a href="spektr_origin.html">Origin of the Spektr project</a></li> <li><a href="spektr_r_development.html">Spacecraft development</a></li> <li><a href="spektr_r_scenario.html">Mission scenario</a></li> <li><a href="spektr_r_design.html">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="spektr_r_mission.html">Launch of Spektr-R</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-r-2017.html">Spektr-R mission in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="protected/spektr-r-2019.html">Spektr-R mission in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> </ul> <p><a href="spektr_rg.html">Spektr-RG X-ray observatory</a> </p> <ul> <li><a href="protected/spektr-rg-am.html">Original Spektr-RG</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/spektr-rg-revival.html">Revival of Spektr-RG</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-development.html">Spektr-RG project in 2009-2014</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-2015.html">Spektr-RG in 2015</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-2016.html">Spektr-RG in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="protected/spektr-rg-lagrange-cruise.html">Spektr-RG's cruise to Lagrange point</a> <strong> </strong> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/spektr-rg-e-rosita-activation.html">Activation of the eROSITA telescope</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-2017.html">Spektr-RG project in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-2018.html">Spektr-RG project in 2018</a></li> <li><a href="protected/spektr-rg-2019.html">Spektr-RG project in 2019</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/spektr-rg-2022.html">Spektr-RG project in 2022</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>) </li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-launch.html">First two attempts to launch Spektr-RG (scrubbed)</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-launch-attempt2.html">Successful launch of the Spektr-RG observatory</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-erosita.html">eROSITA telescope</a></li> <li><a href="spektr-rg-art-xc.html">ART-XC telescope</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="spektr_uf.html">Spektr-UF</a></p> <ul> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Jan. 25:</strong></span> <a href="protected/spektr-uf-2025.html">Spektr-UF project in 2025</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="spektr_m.html">Spektr-M</a></p> <ul> <li><span class="style3"><strong>NEW, Feb. 12:</strong></span> <a href="protected/spektr-m-2025.html">Spektr-M project in 2025</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> <p><a href="vkz.html">VKZ probe</a></p> <p><a href="vozvrat_mka_s.html">Vozvrat-MKA</a></p> <p> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#000000" height="8" valign="top" colspan="2" align="left"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>CENTERS</b></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999999" width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <div align="center"><a href="centers.html"><img src="images/centers_control_icon.jpg" width="100" height="100" border="0" align="top"></a></div> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" class="tableText"><div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><b><a href="centers.html">CENTERS </a></b>(section home)</p> <p><a href="roskosmos.html">Russian space agency, Roskosmos</a></p> <p><b>Launch sites</b></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="baikonur.html"><b>Baikonur</b></a></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a href="baikonur_origin.html">The origin of a test range in Tyuratam</a></font></p> <p><a href="baikonur_foundation.html">Early years of a test range in Tyuratam</a></p> <p><a href="baikonur_secrecy.html">Secrecy around Tyuratam</a></p> <p><a href="baikonur_art.html">Art of Baikonur</a></p> <p><a href="baikonur_facilities.html"><b>Baikonur regions and facilities</b></a> (overview)</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_energia.html"><strong>Energia-Buran launch facility</strong></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="baikonur_energia_history.html">History of the Buran launch facilities</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_energia_110.html">Site 110</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_energia_112.html">Site 112</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_energia_113.html">Site 113</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_energia_250.html">Site 250</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_energia_251.html">Site 251</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_energia_254.html">Site 254</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <p><a href="baikonur_proton.html"><strong>Proton launch facilities in Baikonur</strong></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="baikonur_proton_origin_s.html">Origin of the site</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_proton_tech.html">Launch pad operations</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_proton_81.html">Site 81: Original launch pads</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_proton_91.html">Site 91: Fueling area</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_proton_92.html">Site 92: Proton processing area</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_proton_95.html">Site 95: Proton city</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_proton_200.html">Site 200: Two new launch pads</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_r9.html">R-9 facilities</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="baikonur_ur100.html">UR-100, Strela and Rockot facilities</a></li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_r36.html">R-36 facilities</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_r36m.html">R-36M facilities</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_town.html">Residential area at Site 10</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="baikonur_downrange.html">Baikonur downrange</a></li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_road.html">Road to Baikonur</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_r7.html">Soyuz launch facility</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="baikonur_r7_1.html">Site 1</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_r7_2.html">Site 2</a></li> <li><a href="baikonur_r7_31.html">Site 31</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_tsyklon.html">Tsyklon launch facilities</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"> <div align="left"><a href="baikonur_zenit.html">Zenit launch facilities</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="canso.html">Canso launch site</a></p> <p><a href="dombarovskiy.html">Dombarovsky</a></p> <p><b><a href="kapyar.html">Kapustin Yar</a></b></p> <ul> <li><a href="kapyar_a4.html">Testing of the A-4 (V-2) rocket in Kapustin Yar</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="kourou.html"><strong>Kourou</strong></a></p> <ul><li><a href="kourou_origin.html">Origin of the Guiana Space Center</a></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="kourou_ela1.html">ELA-1 launch complex: From Europa to Ariane</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="kourou_ela2.html">ELA-2 launch complex: Ariane-3 and 4</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="kourou_ela3.html">ELA-3: The Ariane-5 launch complex</a></font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="kourou_els_design.html">ELS: Soyuz launch pad</a></font> <ul> <li><a href="kourou_els.html">History of the Soyuz launch pad in Kourou</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><font color="#000000"><a href="kourou_support.html">Support facilities</a></font></li> </ul> <p><a href="mykolaiv.html">Mykolaiv launch site (Ukraine)</a></p> <p><a href="plesetsk.html"><b>Plesetsk</b></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="plesetsk_facilities.html">Overview of facilities in Plesetsk</a></li> <li><a href="plesetsk_r7.html">Plesetsk launch sites for Soyuz rockets</a> <ul> <li><a href="plesetsk_r7_origin.html">Origin of the facility</a></li> <li><a href="plesetsk_r7_41.html">Site 41</a></li> <li><a href="plesetsk_r7_16.html">Site 16</a></li> <li><a href="plesetsk_r7_43.html">Site 43</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="plesetsk_angara.html">Angara launch complex in Plesetsk</a> <ul> <li><a href="protected/plesetsk-angara-untk.html">Processing facility for Angara payloads</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="plesetsk_rockot.html">Rockot launch facility in Plesetsk</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="sealaunch.html"><strong>Sea Launch</strong></a>, a sea-based launch site</p> <ul> <li><a href="sea-launch-2017.html">Sea Launch status in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="sea-launch-2018.html">Sea Launch status in 2018</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="vostochny.html"><b>Vostochny (formerly Svobodny)</b></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="vostochny2013_b.html">2013: Vostochny turns from clay to stone</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny2014_b.html">2014: Construction in Vostochny to enter critical phase</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny2015.html">2015: Moment of truth for Vostochny</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny2016.html">2016: First launch</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny_tp.html"><strong>Processing area in Vostochny</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="vostochny-tp-mik-ka.html">Spacecraft processing building, MIK KA, in Vostochny</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny-tp-mik-rn.html">Launch vehicle processing building, MIK RN, in Vostochny</a></li> <li><a href="protected/vostochny-tp-storage.html">Storage and vacuum testing facility in Vostochny</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/vostochny-angara-tk.html">Processing facilities for Angara rockets</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> <li><a href="protected/vostochny-ptk-processing.html">Processing facilities for Angara payloads</a> (<a href="insider-content.html">INSIDER CONTENT</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="vostochny_soyuz.html"><strong>Soyuz launch complex in Vostochny</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="vostochny_soyuz_ko.html">Soyuz launch pad service cabin, KO</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny_soyuz_mbo.html">Mobile Service Tower, MBO</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny_soyuz_kp.html">Soyuz launch control facility, KP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="vostochny_angara.html"><strong>Angara launch complex in Vostochny</strong></a><ul><li><a href="vostochny-angara-2018.html">Development of the Angara complex in Vostochny in 2018</a></li> <li><a href="vostochny-angara-2019.html">Angara pad in Vostochny in 2019</a></li> <li><a href="protected/vostochny-angara-2020.html">Angara 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2001</a></li> <li><a href="2002.html">Space exploration in 2002</a></li> <li><a href="chronology_2003.html">Space exploration in 2003</a></li> <li><a href="chronology_2004.html">Space exploration in 2004</a> <ul> <li><a href="2004_security.html">Security 2004 military exercise</a></li> <li><a href="lebourget2005/index2.htm">Paris air and space show in Le Bourget, 2005</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="2006.html">Space exploration in 2006</a></li> <li><a href="2007.html">Space exploration in 2007</a></li> <li><a href="2008.html">Space exploration in 2008</a> <ul> <li><a href="ila2008/index.htm">Berlin air and space show, ILA-2008 </a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="2009.html">Space exploration in 2009</a> <ul> <li><a href="lebourget2009/index.htm">Paris air and space show in Le Bourget, 2009</a></li> <li><a href="maks2009/index.htm">Moscow air and space show, MAKS 2009</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><a href="russia_2010s.html"><strong>Russian space program in the 2010s</strong></a></p> 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