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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23996446%2FThe_use_of_cerebral_blood_flow_as_an_index_of_neuronal_activity_in_functional_neuroimaging_experimental_and_pathophysiological_considerations%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":44382989,"identifier":"Attachment_44382989","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":23996446,"created_at":"2016-04-04T02:35:18.648-07:00","from_world_paper_id":151410633,"updated_at":"2024-11-16T18:55:48.655-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Over recent years, activation studies that have been undertaken using brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography or near infrared spectroscopy, have greatly improved our knowledge of the functional anatomy of the brain. Nevertheless, activation studies do not directly quantify the variations of synaptic transmission (neuronal activity) but detect it indirectly either through the visualisation of changes in cerebral blood flow, oxidative or glycolytic metabolism (for positron emission tomography), or through the measurement of a global index that is dependent on both cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism (for functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy). Such approaches are based on the concept of a tight parallelism -termed coupling -between variations in neuronal activity, metabolism and cerebral blood flow. However, several ''uncoupled'' situations between these parameters have been reported over the last decade through experimental, pharmacological and pathophysiological studies. The aim of this review is to focus on these data that have to be taken into account for the interpretation of the results obtained in activation paradigms.","publication_date":"2000,,","publication_name":"Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"44382989"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The use of cerebral blood flow as an index of neuronal activity in functional neuroimaging: experimental and pathophysiological considerations","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [46346262]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":44382989,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The use of cerebral blood flow as an index of neuronal activity in functional neuroimaging: experimental and pathophysiological considerations”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44382989/mini_magick20190214-20074-5jp5cd.png?1550189435" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The use of cerebral blood flow as an index of neuronal activity in functional neuroimaging: experimental and pathophysiological considerations</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46346262" href="https://unicaen.academia.edu/EricMacKenzie"><img alt="Profile image of Eric MacKenzie" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Eric MacKenzie</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2000, Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">10 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 23996446; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=23996446"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Over recent years, activation studies that have been undertaken using brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography or near infrared spectroscopy, have greatly improved our knowledge of the functional anatomy of the brain. Nevertheless, activation studies do not directly quantify the variations of synaptic transmission (neuronal activity) but detect it indirectly either through the visualisation of changes in cerebral blood flow, oxidative or glycolytic metabolism (for positron emission tomography), or through the measurement of a global index that is dependent on both cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism (for functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy). Such approaches are based on the concept of a tight parallelism -termed coupling -between variations in neuronal activity, metabolism and cerebral blood flow. However, several ''uncoupled'' situations between these parameters have been reported over the last decade through experimental, pharmacological and pathophysiological studies. The aim of this review is to focus on these data that have to be taken into account for the interpretation of the results obtained in activation paradigms.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":44382989,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23996446/The_use_of_cerebral_blood_flow_as_an_index_of_neuronal_activity_in_functional_neuroimaging_experimental_and_pathophysiological_considerations"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":44382989,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23996446/The_use_of_cerebral_blood_flow_as_an_index_of_neuronal_activity_in_functional_neuroimaging_experimental_and_pathophysiological_considerations"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Four healthy volunteers were subjected to eight studies with use of [lsO]butanol as a tracer: four times while reading aloud and four times while reading silently from a pho nologically balanced list of single words. The gain from these repeated intra-individual studies of the same acti vation state (fractionation) was demonstrated in terms of noise-equivalent counts in a phantom study. A comput erized brain atlas was used to reformat the images to a common anatomical representation, thereby minimizing the effects of inter-and intra-individual anatomical and Studies of regional CBF (rCBF) in humans have been performed since the early sixties . Based on the postulate by Roy and Sherrington (1896) that the blood flow in the brain is coupled to its need for energy and oxygen, cerebral function may be stud ied by mapping the flow patterns induced by differ ent types of cerebral activation (Lassen et aI., 1991). Today such studies are often performed us ing positron emission tomography (PET) and an 150-labeled flow tracer.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Methodological Aspects of Brain Activation Studies: Cerebral Blood Flow Determined with [150]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography","attachmentId":48773257,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6635305/Methodological_Aspects_of_Brain_Activation_Studies_Cerebral_Blood_Flow_Determined_with_150_Butanol_and_Positron_Emission_Tomography","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6635305/Methodological_Aspects_of_Brain_Activation_Studies_Cerebral_Blood_Flow_Determined_with_150_Butanol_and_Positron_Emission_Tomography"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="102145135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102145135/Changes_in_cerebral_blood_flow_and_cerebral_oxygen_metabolism_during_neural_activation_measured_by_positron_emission_tomography_Comparison_with_changes_in_blood_oxygenation_level_dependent_contrast_measured_by_functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging">Changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen metabolism during neural activation measured by positron emission tomography: Comparison with changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34797888" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IwaoKanno">Iwao Kanno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &#38; Metabolism, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The discrepancy between the increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CMRO 2 during neural activation causes an increase in venous blood oxygenation and, therefore, a decrease in paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin concentration in venous blood. This can be detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast. In the present study, changes in the cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) that corresponds to the ratio of CMRO 2 to CBF, and in the BOLD signal during neural activation, were measured by both positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI in the same human subjects. C 15 O, 15 O 2 , and H 2 15 O PET studies were performed in each subject at rest (baseline) and during performance of a right-hand motor task. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies were then performed to measure the BOLD signal under the two conditions. During performance of the motor task, a significant increase in CBF and a significant decrease in OEF were observed in the left precentral gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right cingulate gyrus, and right cerebellum. A significant positive correlation was observed between changes in the CBF and the BOLD signal, and a significant negative correlation was observed between changes in the OEF and the BOLD signal. This supports the assumption on which BOLD contrast studies during neural activation are based.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen metabolism during neural activation measured by positron emission tomography: Comparison with changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging","attachmentId":102486564,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102145135/Changes_in_cerebral_blood_flow_and_cerebral_oxygen_metabolism_during_neural_activation_measured_by_positron_emission_tomography_Comparison_with_changes_in_blood_oxygenation_level_dependent_contrast_measured_by_functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102145135/Changes_in_cerebral_blood_flow_and_cerebral_oxygen_metabolism_during_neural_activation_measured_by_positron_emission_tomography_Comparison_with_changes_in_blood_oxygenation_level_dependent_contrast_measured_by_functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="41956433" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41956433/R_Kingstone_Handbook_of_Functional_Neuroimaging_of_Cognition">R. Kingstone - Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="145190818" href="https://independent.academia.edu/drpa1">dr pa</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"R. Kingstone - Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition","attachmentId":62079415,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41956433/R_Kingstone_Handbook_of_Functional_Neuroimaging_of_Cognition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41956433/R_Kingstone_Handbook_of_Functional_Neuroimaging_of_Cognition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="60155887" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60155887/Brain_function_and_neurophysiological_correlates_of_signals_used_in_functional_neuroimaging">Brain function and neurophysiological correlates of signals used in functional neuroimaging</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37040496" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MartinLauritzen">Martin Lauritzen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Brain function and neurophysiological correlates of signals used in functional neuroimaging","attachmentId":73721227,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60155887/Brain_function_and_neurophysiological_correlates_of_signals_used_in_functional_neuroimaging","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60155887/Brain_function_and_neurophysiological_correlates_of_signals_used_in_functional_neuroimaging"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13421674" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13421674/Concurrent_CBF_and_CMRGlc_changes_during_human_brain_activation_by_combined_fMRI_PET_scanning">Concurrent CBF and CMRGlc changes during human brain activation by combined fMRI–PET scanning</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32638922" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/JoelGreenberg">Joel Greenberg</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32814469" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/AAlavi">A. Alavi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">NeuroImage, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A novel approach for concurrent measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose consumption (CMRGlc) in humans is proposed and validated in normal subjects during visual stimulation. 18 F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose was administered during the measurement of CBF by continuous arterial spin labeled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subsequent positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning demonstrated the distribution of labeled deoxyglucose during the MRI acquisition. An excellent concordance between regional CBF and regional CMRGlc during visual stimulation was found, consistent with previously published PET findings. Although initially validated using a brief, non-quantitative protocol, this approach can provide quantitative CBF and CMRGlc, with a broad range of potential applications in functional physiology and pathophysiology. D</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Concurrent CBF and CMRGlc changes during human brain activation by combined fMRI–PET scanning","attachmentId":45360781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13421674/Concurrent_CBF_and_CMRGlc_changes_during_human_brain_activation_by_combined_fMRI_PET_scanning","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13421674/Concurrent_CBF_and_CMRGlc_changes_during_human_brain_activation_by_combined_fMRI_PET_scanning"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="29218662" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29218662/Cerebral_blood_flow_response_to_functional_activation">Cerebral blood flow response to functional activation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32931535" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/OlafPaulson">Olaf Paulson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate are normally coupled, that is an increase in metabolic demand will lead to an increase in flow. However, during functional activation, CBF and glucose metabolism remain coupled as they increase in proportion, whereas oxygen metabolism only increases to a minor degree-the so-called uncoupling of CBF and oxidative metabolism. Several studies have dealt with these issues, and theories have been forwarded regarding the underlying mechanisms. Some reports have speculated about the existence of a potentially deficient oxygen supply to the tissue most distant from the capillaries, whereas other studies point to a shift toward a higher degree of non-oxidative glucose consumption during activation. In this review, we argue that the key mechanism responsible for the regional CBF (rCBF) increase during functional activation is a tight coupling between rCBF and glucose metabolism. We assert that uncoupling of rCBF and oxidative metabolism is a consequence of a less pronounced increase in oxygen consumption. On the basis of earlier studies, we take into consideration the functional recruitment of capillaries and attempt to accommodate the cerebral tissue's increased demand for glucose supply during neural activation with recent evidence supporting a key function for astrocytes in rCBF regulation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cerebral blood flow response to functional activation","attachmentId":49670198,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29218662/Cerebral_blood_flow_response_to_functional_activation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29218662/Cerebral_blood_flow_response_to_functional_activation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2675653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2675653/Characterization_of_cerebral_blood_oxygenation_and_flow_changes_during_prolonged_brain_activation">Characterization of cerebral blood oxygenation and flow changes during prolonged brain activation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159104" href="https://nih.academia.edu/PeterBandettini">Peter Bandettini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract: The behavior of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation during prolonged brain activation was studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sensitized to flow and oxygenation changes, as well as positron emission tomography sensitized to flow. Neuronal habituation effects and hemodynamic changes were evaluated across tasks and cortical regions. Nine types of activation stimuli or tasks, including motor activation, vibrotactile stimulation, and several types of visual stimulation, were used.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Characterization of cerebral blood oxygenation and flow changes during prolonged brain activation","attachmentId":30671924,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2675653/Characterization_of_cerebral_blood_oxygenation_and_flow_changes_during_prolonged_brain_activation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2675653/Characterization_of_cerebral_blood_oxygenation_and_flow_changes_during_prolonged_brain_activation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="30876873" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30876873/Polarographic_Electrode_Measures_of_Cerebral_Tissue_Oxygenation_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Imaging">Polarographic Electrode Measures of Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation: Implications for Functional Brain Imaging</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58771282" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MylesJones1">Myles Jones</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58870197" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MohamadSaka">Mohamad Saka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sensors, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Polarographic Electrode Measures of Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation: Implications for Functional Brain Imaging","attachmentId":51302968,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30876873/Polarographic_Electrode_Measures_of_Cerebral_Tissue_Oxygenation_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Imaging","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30876873/Polarographic_Electrode_Measures_of_Cerebral_Tissue_Oxygenation_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Imaging"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="59838724" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59838724/Coupling_of_cerebral_blood_flow_and_oxygen_consumption_during_physiological_activation_and_deactivation_measured_with_fMRI">Coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during physiological activation and deactivation measured with fMRI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32210414" href="https://westernu.academia.edu/MamadouDiop">Mamadou Diop</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">NeuroImage, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The physiological basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal and its dependence on baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) were investigated by comparing responses to a visual stimulus after physiological changes of the baseline. Eight human subjects were imaged with 3 and 4 T MRI scanners, and both BOLD signal and CBF were simultaneously measured. Subjects viewed a flickering radial checkerboard in a block design experiment, alternating between eyes open or closed during the off periods. Compared to a baseline state with eyes open in a darkened room, substantial deactivation (average change: 2.9 F 0.3% BOLD, 22 F 2.1% CBF) in the occipital cortex was observed when the eyes were closed. The absolute response during stimulation (average change: 4.4 F 0.4% BOLD, 36.3 F 3.1% CBF) was independent of the preceding resting condition. We estimated the fractional change in CBF to be approximately 2.2 F 0.15 times greater than the fractional change in metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO 2). The changes in CBF and CMRO 2 were consistently linearly coupled during activation and deactivation with CBF changes being between approximately 60% and 150% compared to baseline with eyes open. Relative to an assumed baseline oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) of 40%, the estimated OEF decreased to 33 F 1.4% during activation and increased to 46 F 1.2% during rest with eyes closed. In conclusion, we found that simply closing the eyes creates a large physiological deactivation in the visual cortex, and provides a robust paradigm for studying baseline effects in fMRI. In addition, we propose a feedforward model for neurovascular coupling which accounts for the changes in OEF seen following baseline changes, including both the current physiological perturbations as well as previously reported pharmacologically induced changes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during physiological activation and deactivation measured with fMRI","attachmentId":73554441,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59838724/Coupling_of_cerebral_blood_flow_and_oxygen_consumption_during_physiological_activation_and_deactivation_measured_with_fMRI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59838724/Coupling_of_cerebral_blood_flow_and_oxygen_consumption_during_physiological_activation_and_deactivation_measured_with_fMRI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="41330880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41330880/Advances_in_brain_metabolism_research_toward_a_moving_picture_of_neural_activity">Advances in brain metabolism research: toward a moving picture of neural activity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32883054" href="https://bcm.academia.edu/AlanSwann">Alan Swann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Psychiatry, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Advances in brain metabolism research: toward a moving picture of neural activity","attachmentId":61534173,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41330880/Advances_in_brain_metabolism_research_toward_a_moving_picture_of_neural_activity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41330880/Advances_in_brain_metabolism_research_toward_a_moving_picture_of_neural_activity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44382989,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44382989,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_44382989" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19361905/Trial_by_trial_relationship_between_neural_activity_oxygen_consumption_and_blood_flow_responses">Trial-by-trial relationship between neural activity, oxygen consumption, and blood flow responses</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39627693" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/AlbertoVazquez">Alberto Vazquez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">NeuroImage, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trial-by-trial relationship between neural activity, oxygen consumption, and blood flow 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style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60343791/Inhibition_and_functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="14784182" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14784182/Simultaneous_Recording_of_Cerebral_Blood_Oxygenation_Changes_During_Human_Brain_Activation_by_Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging_and_Near_Infrared_Spectroscopy">Simultaneous Recording of Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Changes During Human Brain Activation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33841790" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KlausdietmarMerboldt">Klaus-dietmar Merboldt</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33748550" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JensFrahm">Jens Frahm</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Simultaneous Recording of Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Changes During Human Brain Activation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Near-Infrared 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