The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell)

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr"> <head> <script type="text/javascript">document.documentElement.className = 'js';</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-language" content="en" /> <title>The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell)</title> <link rel="alternate" href="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/pdf/3733" type="application/pdf" title="The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell)"/> <meta name="url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3733" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://static.openedition.org/journals/images/favicon.png" /> <meta name="generator" content="Lodel 1.0" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.MARCREL" href="http://www.loc.gov/loc.terms/relators/"/> <meta name="DC.type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" scheme="URI" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3733" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" scheme="ISSN" content="2105-2565" /> <meta name="DC.title" content="The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell)" /> <meta name="DC.publisher" content="Association pour la promotion de la préhistoire et de l'anthropologie méditerrannéennes" /> <meta name="DC.language" scheme="RFC3066" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.type" content="journalArticle" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" scheme="DOI" content="10.4000/pm.3733 " /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4000/pm.3733 " /> <meta name="author" content="Miniaoui, Souad" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Miniaoui, Souad" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Tunisie, Makthar, Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, Ellès, Hammam Zouakra, Mided, Protohistoire, Dolmen, Système de fermeture, Tunisia, Protohistory, closing system" /> <meta name="description" xml:lang="en" lang="en" content="The megalithic tombs of Tunisia have entrances with a closing system built into the front wall. At Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, this particularity was observed on four types of tombs. The closing system, which differs from one necropolis to another in the Upper Tell region, ensures both access and descent into the burial chamber. Access is direct in some necropolises, while in others it is preceded by amenities. Thoughts on the question of the closing system have been put forward. The closing system reflects a mastery of stone cutting, although it is sometimes simple. This stonework is not limited to the access opening alone, but is also found on other architectural elements of the structure such as the roof slab, side pillars, side walls and box pillars. The contribution of this article is to present the closing system, a subject that has not been dealt with before, and to reflect on issues around this subject, namely access and descent into the sepulchral chamber and the working of the stone. " /> <meta name="DC.description" xml:lang="en" lang="en" content="The megalithic tombs of Tunisia have entrances with a closing system built into the front wall. At Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, this particularity was observed on four types of tombs. The closing system, which differs from one necropolis to another in the Upper Tell region, ensures both access and descent into the burial chamber. Access is direct in some necropolises, while in others it is preceded by amenities. Thoughts on the question of the closing system have been put forward. The closing system reflects a mastery of stone cutting, although it is sometimes simple. This stonework is not limited to the access opening alone, but is also found on other architectural elements of the structure such as the roof slab, side pillars, side walls and box pillars. The contribution of this article is to present the closing system, a subject that has not been dealt with before, and to reflect on issues around this subject, namely access and descent into the sepulchral chamber and the working of the stone. " /> <meta name="keywords" xml:lang="en" lang="en" content="Tunisia, Makthar, Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, Ellès, Hammam Zouakra, Mided, Protohistory, Dolmen, closing system" /> <meta name="description" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr" content="Les sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie présentent des entrées avec un système de fermeture aménagé dans la paroi de façade. À Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, cette particularité a été observée sur quatre types de tombes. Le système de fermeture, qui diffère d’une nécropole à l’autre dans la région du Haut Tell, permet d’assurer l’accès et la descente dans la chambre funéraire. L’accès est direct dans quelques nécropoles ; dans d’autres, il est précédé d’aménagements. Des réflexions sur la question du système de fermeture sont avancées. Le système de fermeture reflète une maîtrise dans la taille de la pierre, bien qu’elle soit parfois simple. Ce travail de la pierre ne se limite pas à la seule ouverture d’accès, mais se retrouve aussi sur d’autres éléments architecturaux de la structure, tels que la dalle de couverture, les piliers latéraux, les parois latérales et les piliers-caissons. L’apport de cet article est de présenter le système de fermeture, sujet qui n’a pas été traité auparavant et de réfléchir sur des questions autour de cette problématique, à savoir l’accès et la descente dans la chambre sépulcrale et le travail de la pierre. " /> <meta name="DC.description" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr" content="Les sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie présentent des entrées avec un système de fermeture aménagé dans la paroi de façade. À Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, cette particularité a été observée sur quatre types de tombes. Le système de fermeture, qui diffère d’une nécropole à l’autre dans la région du Haut Tell, permet d’assurer l’accès et la descente dans la chambre funéraire. L’accès est direct dans quelques nécropoles ; dans d’autres, il est précédé d’aménagements. Des réflexions sur la question du système de fermeture sont avancées. Le système de fermeture reflète une maîtrise dans la taille de la pierre, bien qu’elle soit parfois simple. Ce travail de la pierre ne se limite pas à la seule ouverture d’accès, mais se retrouve aussi sur d’autres éléments architecturaux de la structure, tels que la dalle de couverture, les piliers latéraux, les parois latérales et les piliers-caissons. L’apport de cet article est de présenter le système de fermeture, sujet qui n’a pas été traité auparavant et de réfléchir sur des questions autour de cette problématique, à savoir l’accès et la descente dans la chambre sépulcrale et le travail de la pierre. " /> <meta name="keywords" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr" content="Tunisie, Makthar, Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, Ellès, Hammam Zouakra, Mided, Protohistoire, Dolmen, Système de fermeture" /> <meta name="DC.subject" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr" content=" Tunisie, Makthar, Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, Ellès, Hammam Zouakra, Mided, Protohistoire, Dolmen, Système de fermeture" /> <meta name="DC.subject" xml:lang="en" lang="en" content=" Tunisia, Makthar, Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, Ellès, Hammam Zouakra, Mided, Protohistory, Dolmen, closing system" /> <meta name="DC.date" scheme="W3CDTF" content="2022-06-10" /> <meta name="DC.rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" /> <meta name="DC.relation.isPartOf" content="Préhistoires Méditerranéennes, 10 | 2023 Varia " /> <meta name="DC.source" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm" /> <link title="Le système de fermeture des sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie : l’exemple de Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (région de Makthar, Haut Tell Tunisien)" type="text/html" rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3579" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Préhistoires Méditerranéennes" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Association pour la promotion de la préhistoire et de l'anthropologie méditerrannéennes" /> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Miniaoui, Souad" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell)" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/06/10" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/06/10" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2118-8211" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="10" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="23" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="43" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tunisie; Makthar; Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed; Ellès; Hammam Zouakra; Mided; Protohistoire; Dolmen; Système de fermeture; Tunisia; Protohistory; closing system" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" xml:lang="en" lang="en" content="The megalithic tombs of Tunisia have entrances with a closing system built into the front wall. At Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, this particularity was observed on four types of tombs. The closing system, which differs from one necropolis to another in the Upper Tell region, ensures both access and descent into the burial chamber. Access is direct in some necropolises, while in others it is preceded by amenities. Thoughts on the question of the closing system have been put forward. The closing system reflects a mastery of stone cutting, although it is sometimes simple. This stonework is not limited to the access opening alone, but is also found on other architectural elements of the structure such as the roof slab, side pillars, side walls and box pillars. The contribution of this article is to present the closing system, a subject that has not been dealt with before, and to reflect on issues around this subject, namely access and descent into the sepulchral chamber and the working of the stone." /> <meta name="citation_abstract" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr" content="Les sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie présentent des entrées avec un système de fermeture aménagé dans la paroi de façade. À Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, cette particularité a été observée sur quatre types de tombes. Le système de fermeture, qui diffère d’une nécropole à l’autre dans la région du Haut Tell, permet d’assurer l’accès et la descente dans la chambre funéraire. L’accès est direct dans quelques nécropoles ; dans d’autres, il est précédé d’aménagements. Des réflexions sur la question du système de fermeture sont avancées. Le système de fermeture reflète une maîtrise dans la taille de la pierre, bien qu’elle soit parfois simple. Ce travail de la pierre ne se limite pas à la seule ouverture d’accès, mais se retrouve aussi sur d’autres éléments architecturaux de la structure, tels que la dalle de couverture, les piliers latéraux, les parois latérales et les piliers-caissons. L’apport de cet article est de présenter le système de fermeture, sujet qui n’a pas été traité auparavant et de réfléchir sur des questions autour de cette problématique, à savoir l’accès et la descente dans la chambre sépulcrale et le travail de la pierre." /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3733" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3733" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/pdf/3733" /> <meta name="DC.description.tableOfContents" content="<h1>Plan</h1><h1>Introduction</h1><h1>The closure system</h1><h1>The necropolis of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed</h1><h1>The necropolis of Mided</h1><h1>The necropolis of Elles</h1><h1>The necropolis of Hammam Zouakra</h1><h1>The necropolis of Makthar</h1><h1>Access and descent into the chamber</h1><h1>Stone-working</h1><h1>Conclusion</h1>"/> <link title="schema(PRISM)" rel="schema.prism" href="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3733"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Préhistoires Méditerranéennes"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="10"/> <meta name="prism.issueName" content="Varia "/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="23" /> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="43" /> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-06-10T00:00:00+02:00"/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2118-8211"/> <meta name="prism.eIssn" content="2105-2565"/> <meta name="prism.teaser" content="Introduction This study presents the closure system of the megalithic graves of Tunesia based on the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, a necropolis located in the Makthar region in the Tunisian High Tell (Miniaoui 2022). This topic has to date not been the subject of an overview study. Different types of closure systems have been identified in other cemeteries in that same region (Tanda & De Nicolo 2009), i.e. Mided, Makthar, Hammam Zouakra and Elles (fig. 1). These vary and generally dep..."/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@OpenEditionActu" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3733" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of K..." /> <meta property="og:description" content="Introduction This study presents the closure system of the megalithic graves of Tunesia based on the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, a necropolis located in the Makthar region in the Tunisian..." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.openedition.org/docannexe/image/2792/pm_160x75.png" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Préhistoires Méditerranéennes, Numéros" href="backend?format=rssnumeros" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Préhistoires Méditerranéennes, Documents" href="backend?format=rssdocuments" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/common.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/base.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static.openedition.org/openbarre_/styles/main.css?date=2020-09-01" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bibliographie.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="js/fancybox/jquery.fancybox-1.3.1.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/image.css" media="screen" /> </head> <body id="article-3733" class="textes article ltr"> <div id="access"><a href="#nav">Navigation</a> – <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/pm/?page=map">Plan du site</a></div> <div id="outerHeader"> <div id="header"> <h1 id="siteName" class="ltr"> <a title="Accueil" href="http://journals.openedition.org/pm"><span>Préhistoires Méditerranéennes</span><img src="custom/sitename.png" alt="Préhistoires Méditerranéennes" /></a> </h1> </div> </div> <div id="ob-breadcrumb" class="ob-breadcrumb-wwwrevuesorg"> <p class="container"><a class="home" href="index.html">Accueil</a><a href="55">Nouvelle série</a><a href="3424">10</a><strong class="current">The closing system of megalithic ...</strong></p> </div> <div id="outerWrapper"> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="toolbox"> <form id="search" action="https://search.openedition.org/results" method="get"> <p> <input type="text" id="q" name="q" value="Recherche" /> <input name="s" type="hidden" value="Préhistoires méditerranéennes" /> <input name="pf" type="hidden" value="OJ" /> <button type="submit" title="Chercher">Chercher</button> </p> </form> </div> <div id="content"> <div id="main"> <div class="navEntities top"><a rev="contents" class="goContents" href="3424" title="10 | 2022 Varia ">Sommaire</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rev="prev" class="goPrev" href="3579" title="Le système de fermeture des sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie : l’exemple de Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (région de Makthar, Haut Tell Tunisien)">Document précédent</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rel="next" class="goNext" href="3920" title="Retour à Combe-Grèze (La Cresse, Aveyron) : nouvelles données sur la néolithisation des Grands Causses">Document suivant</a></div> <div id="docHeader"> <div id="docTopParent" class="numero parent-1"><a href="3424"><span class="number">10<span class="period"> | 2022</span></span><br /><span class="title" dir="ltr">Varia </span></a></div> <h1 id="docTitle" class="directionltr"><span class="text">The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell)</span></h1> <div id="docContributors"> <div id="docAuthor"> <strong>Souad <span class="familyName">Miniaoui</span></strong></div> </div> <div id="docPagination">p. 23-43</div> <div id="doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/pm.3733 ">https://doi.org/10.4000/pm.3733</a></div> <dl id="docTranslations"> <dt>Cet article est une traduction de :</dt> <dd class="title sitelang"><a href="3579">Le système de fermeture des sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie : l’exemple de Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (région de Makthar, Haut Tell Tunisien)</a> [fr]</dd> </dl> </div> <div id="docBody"> <div id="shortcuts"><a href="#abstract">Résumé</a> | <a href="#entries">Index</a> | <a href="#toc">Plan</a> | <a href="#ndlr">Notes de la rédaction</a> | <a href="#text">Texte</a> | <a href="#bibliography">Bibliographie</a> | <a href="#quotation">Citation</a> | <a href="#authors">Auteur</a></div> <div id="abstract" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Résumés</span></h2> <div class="tabMenu"><a href="#abstract-3733-en" hreflang="en">English</a> <a href="#abstract-3733-fr" hreflang="fr" class="active">Français</a> </div> <div id="abstract-3733-en" class="tabContent hidden ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p class="resume">The megalithic tombs of Tunisia have entrances with a closing system built into the front wall. At Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, this particularity was observed on four types of tombs. The closing system, which differs from one necropolis to another in the Upper Tell region, ensures both access and descent into the burial chamber. Access is direct in some necropolises, while in others it is preceded by amenities. Thoughts on the question of the closing system have been put forward. The closing system reflects a mastery of stone cutting, although it is sometimes simple. This stonework is not limited to the access opening alone, but is also found on other architectural elements of the structure such as the roof slab, side pillars, side walls and box pillars.</p> <p class="resume">The contribution of this article is to present the closing system, a subject that has not been dealt with before, and to reflect on issues around this subject, namely access and descent into the sepulchral chamber and the working of the stone.</p> </div> <div id="abstract-3733-fr" class="tabContent ltr" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> <p class="resume"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Les sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie présentent des entrées avec un système de fermeture aménagé dans la paroi de façade. À Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, cette particularité a été observée sur quatre types de tombes. Le système de fermeture, qui diffère d’une nécropole à l’autre dans la région du Haut Tell, permet d’assurer l’accès et la descente dans la chambre funéraire. L’accès est direct dans quelques nécropoles ; dans d’autres, il est précédé d’aménagements. Des réflexions sur la question du système de fermeture sont avancées. Le système de fermeture reflète une maîtrise dans la taille de la pierre, bien qu’elle soit parfois simple. Ce travail de la pierre ne se limite pas à la seule ouverture d’accès, mais se retrouve aussi sur d’autres éléments architecturaux de la structure, tels que la dalle de couverture, les piliers latéraux, les parois latérales et les piliers-caissons.</span></p> <p class="resume"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">L’apport de cet article est de présenter le système de fermeture, sujet qui n’a pas été traité auparavant et de réfléchir sur des questions autour de cette problématique, à savoir l’accès et la descente dans la chambre sépulcrale et le travail de la pierre.</span></p> </div><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="entries" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Entrées d’index</span></h2> <div class="index ltr"> <h3>Mots-clés : </h3><a href="3584">Tunisie</a>, <a href="3834"> Makthar</a>, <a href="3839"> Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed</a>, <a href="3844"> Ellès</a>, <a href="3849"> Hammam Zouakra</a>, <a href="3854"> Mided</a>, <a href="3859"> Protohistoire</a>, <a href="3864"> Dolmen</a>, <a href="3869"> Système de fermeture</a></div> <div class="index ltr"> <h3>Keywords: </h3><a href="3624">Tunisia</a>, <a href="3874"> Makthar</a>, <a href="3879"> Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed</a>, <a href="3884"> Ellès</a>, <a href="3889"> Hammam Zouakra</a>, <a href="3894"> Mided</a>, <a href="3899"> Protohistory</a>, <a href="3904"> Dolmen</a>, <a href="3909"> closing system</a></div><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="toc" class="section"> <h2 class="section directionltr"><span class="text">Plan</span></h2> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n1" id="tocfrom1n1">Introduction</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n2" id="tocfrom1n2">The closure system</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n3" id="tocfrom1n3">The necropolis of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n4" id="tocfrom1n4">The necropolis of Mided</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n5" id="tocfrom1n5">The necropolis of Elles</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n6" id="tocfrom1n6">The necropolis of Hammam Zouakra</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n7" id="tocfrom1n7">The necropolis of Makthar</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n8" id="tocfrom1n8">Access and descent into the chamber</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n9" id="tocfrom1n9">Stone-working</a></div> <div class="tocSection1"><a href="#tocto1n10" id="tocfrom1n10">Conclusion</a></div><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="docAddendum" class="section"> <div id="ndlr"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Notes de la rédaction</span></h2><span class="directionltr"><p class="ndlr"> This article is not quite a translation but rather a long summary of the French article “ Le système de fermeture des sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie : l’exemple de Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (région de Makthar, Haut Tell Tunisien)”. </p> <p class="ndlr"> English abridged version translated by K. Mazurié de Keroualin (www.linarkeo.fr).</p> <p class="ndlr">Received 16.05.2022 – Received in revised form 21.11.2022 – Accepted 24.11.2022. </p></span></div> </div> <div id="text" class="section ltr"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Texte intégral</span></h2> <div id="widgets" class="withTextSize"><a id="wDownload" href="./pdf/3733" title="Télécharger au format PDF" class="facsimile"><span class="fileinfo">PDF 730k</span></a> <a id="wSend" href="mailto:?subject=The%20closing%20system%20of%20megalithic%20tombs%20in%20Tunisia%3A%20the%20example%20of%20Kalaat%20Sidi%20Ali%20Ben%20Ahmed%20%28Makthar%20region%2C%20High%20Tunisian%20Tell%29&body=The%20closing%20system%20of%20megalithic%20tombs%20in%20Tunisia%3A%20the%20example%20of%20Kalaat%20Sidi%20Ali%20Ben%20Ahmed%20%28Makthar%20region%2C%20High%20Tunisian%20Tell%29%20%0APr%C3%A9histoires%20M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9ennes%20%0Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fpm%2F3733%20%0A%0ALes%20s%C3%A9pultures%20m%C3%A9galithiques%20de%20la%20Tunisie%20pr%C3%A9sentent%20des%20entr%C3%A9es%20avec%20un%20syst%C3%A8me%20de%20fermeture%20am%C3%A9nag%C3%A9%20dans%20la%20paroi%20de%20fa%C3%A7ade.%20%C3%80%20Kalaat%20Sidi%20Ali%20Ben%20Ahmed%2C%20cette%20particularit%C3%A9%20a%20%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20observ%C3%A9e%20sur%20quatre%20types%20de%20tombes.%20Le%20syst%C3%A8me%20de%20fermeture%2C%20qui%20diff%C3%A8re%20d%E2%80%99une%20n%C3%A9cropole%20%C3%A0%20l%E2%80%99autre%20dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion%20du%20Haut%20Tell%2C%20permet%20d%E2%80%99assurer%20l%E2%80%99acc%C3%A8s%20et%20la%20descente%20dans%20la%20chambre%20fun%C3%A9raire.%20L%E2%80%99acc%C3%A8s%20est%20direct%20dans%20quelques%20n%C3%A9cropoles%C2%A0%3B%20dans%20d%E2%80%99autres%2C%20il%20est%20pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20d%E2%80%99am%C3%A9nagements.%20Des%20r%C3%A9flexions%20sur%20la%20ques...%20%0A%0ASouad%20Miniaoui%2C%20%C2%AB%20The%20closing%20system%20of%20megalithic%20tombs%20in%20Tunisia%3A%20the%20example%20of%20Kalaat%20Sidi%20Ali%20Ben%20Ahmed%20%28Makthar%20region%2C%20High%20Tunisian%20Tell%29%20%C2%BB%2C%20%20Pr%C3%A9histoires%20M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9ennes%20%5BEn%20ligne%5D%2C%2010%20%7C%202022%2C%20mis%20en%20ligne%20le%2013%20novembre%202023%2C%20consult%C3%A9%20le%2024%20novembre%202024.%20URL%20%3A%20http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fpm%2F3733%20%3B%20DOI%20%3A%2010.4000%2Fpm.3733%20%0A%0A" title="Partager par e-mail">Partager par e-mail</a></div> <div class="text wResizable "> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n1" id="tocto1n1">Introduction</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">1</span>This study presents the closure system of the megalithic graves of Tunesia based on the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, a necropolis located in the Makthar region in the Tunisian High Tell (Miniaoui 2022). This topic has to date not been the subject of an overview study.</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">2</span>Different types of closure systems have been identified in other cemeteries in that same region (Tanda & De Nicolo 2009), i.e. Mided, Makthar, Hammam Zouakra and Elles (fig. 1). These vary and generally depend on the architecture (Camps 1961, 1995) of the monument and more particularly of the sepulchral chamber (Tanda <em>et al.</em> 2009, Miniaoui 2021).</p> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">1. Position of Tunisia in the Mediterranean and situation of the necropolis of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed in the Makthar region, with location of the main megalithic cemeteries in the Tunisian High Tell.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-1-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-1-small480.jpg" alt="1. Position of Tunisia in the Mediterranean and situation of the necropolis of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed in the Makthar region, with location of the main megalithic cemeteries in the Tunisian High Tell." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-1-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-1.jpg">Original (jpeg, 561k)</a></div> <p class="creditillustration">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</p> </div> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">3</span>The skeletons discovered in the tombs of Makthar and Mided were transported into the tombs along passages that are generally of medium size (Marras <em>et al.</em> 2009). The monuments of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed were plundered; however, the access and the closure systems are easily identifiable in the current state of preservation.</p> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n2" id="tocto1n2">The closure system</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">4</span>Generally speaking, the closure system ensures the protection of the burial. In certain cemeteries the location of each tomb was arranged in such a way that their protection was guaranteed. The funerary monuments, which can be simple or complex, do not have the same closure system; the more complex the tomb, the more sophisticated the system compared to a simple tomb.</p> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n3" id="tocto1n3">The necropolis of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">5</span>Many of the tombs of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed have passages that are still intact. Nonetheless, these lack their covering slabs. The closure system uses notches cut in the stone in the upper parts of the front walls. These notches are attested for four types of funerary monuments (fig. 5, fig. 6, fig. 8).</p> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">5. Drawings of the front walls into which notches were cut of thirteen tombs of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-2-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-2-small480.jpg" alt="5. Drawings of the front walls into which notches were cut of thirteen tombs of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-2-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-2.jpg">Original (jpeg, 160k)</a></div> <p class="creditillustration">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</p> </div> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">6. Notch cut in the front wall: monument 51 at Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-3-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-3-small480.jpg" alt="6. Notch cut in the front wall: monument 51 at Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-3-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-3.jpg">Original (jpeg, 1,3M)</a></div> <p class="creditillustration">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</p> </div> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">8. Entrance cut into the upper left corner of the front wall: monument 15 at Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-4-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-4-small480.jpg" alt="8. Entrance cut into the upper left corner of the front wall: monument 15 at Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-4-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-4.jpg">Original (jpeg, 1,3M)</a></div> <p class="creditillustration">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</p> </div> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n4" id="tocto1n4">The necropolis of Mided</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">6</span>Four types of entrances could be identified for the necropolis of Mided. As is the case in Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Bagelle <em>et al.</em> 2009b), these entrances were cut into the stone. The covering slab was preserved for several monuments and it was positioned towards one of the edges in order to be mounted in the cut-out space of the front slab.</p> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n5" id="tocto1n5">The necropolis of Elles</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">7</span>The megalithic monuments of Elles are characterised by a complex architecture and have a double closure system: the closure of the entire feature is achieved using a front slab set vertically on which a passage opens up: this latter provides access to the chambers as such, of which there are seven in total (Melis 2009). In each chamber the upper part of the front slab is worked and there is a notch (fig. 9).</p> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">9. Notch cut in the front wall.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-5-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-5-small480.jpg" alt="9. Notch cut in the front wall." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-5-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-5.jpg">Original (jpeg, 643k)</a></div> <p class="legendeillustration">a. The second chamber of the right row of the megalith 19 of Ellès ; b. seven chambers opening onto a passage; the notches are cut in the front walls that are set along the passage: megalith 16 of Elles (Miniaoui 2020).</p> <p class="creditillustration">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</p> </div> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n6" id="tocto1n6">The necropolis of Hammam Zouakra</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">8</span>In each megalithic grave a porch was built by vertical slabs leaning against the structure. In this porch, easily removable or movable rubble stones close the entry to the chamber (Ghaki 1997, Cicilloni 2009). The same closure system was observed in the megalithic tomb of Gbar El Ghoul, located within the same region (High Tell).</p> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n7" id="tocto1n7">The necropolis of Makthar</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">9</span>In the three megalithic tombs of Makthar antechamber cells open up onto a court and precede each of the four chambers. These latter are accessible through a shaft built in front of each chamber. The access shaft is protected by the porch of the megalithic structure (fig. 3, fig. 4a).</p> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">3. Access shaft in the antechamber of the megalithic monument of Pauphilet in the Makthar region.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-6-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-6-small480.jpg" alt="3. Access shaft in the antechamber of the megalithic monument of Pauphilet in the Makthar region." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-6-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-6.jpg">Original (jpeg, 1,4M)</a></div> <p class="creditillustration">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</p> </div> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">4. Complex megalithic monument and simple dolmen.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-7-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-7-small480.jpg" alt="4. Complex megalithic monument and simple dolmen." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-7-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-7.jpg">Original (jpeg, 797k)</a></div> <p class="legendeillustration">a. Megalith of Makthar (Ghaki 1997).</p> </div> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n8" id="tocto1n8">Access and descent into the chamber</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">10</span>The is direct access to the graves of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed and these access ways were not preceded by particular features such as a court, access shaft, passage or porch. The bays are generally of small size. The same layout can be observed for the megalithic tomb of de Gbar El Ghoul. In the absence of excavations it is difficult to discuss the issue of burial with regard to the tombs with direct access.</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">11</span>In other cemeteries access to the tomb is indirect. The sepulchral chambers are accessed via a covered passage opening onto a court. Access to the megaliths of Hammam Zouakra is difficult in the current state of preservation because the narrow space set below the front slab can only be crawled through. Access to the megalithic chambers of Makthar is via a shaft built into the antechamber cell. A possible second access to the chamber for a megalithic tomb in Makthar cannot be confirmed in the current state of research (Ghaki 2003).</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">12</span>Some of the closure and access systems of the Tunisian tombs have counterparts in dolmen monuments in Europe (Guilaine 2011).</p> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n9" id="tocto1n9">Stone-working</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">13</span>The access bays which are in parts hewn testify to the mastery of stone-working. The closure system thus results from a stone-working technique. However, the stone-cutting marks are difficult to examine because of the poor state of preservation of the limestone.</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">14</span>The stone-working techniques vary; they can be simple, intricate or basic. The stone-working associated with the funerary monuments of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed and Mided is simple. Several traces on the slab walls and the covering slabs were studied at Mided. In the graves of Hammam Zouakra stone-working is visible and easy to examine, in particular on the lateral pillars (fig. 10). Circular-shaped patterns are also attested to at Hammam Zouakra in the form of low relief carvings on the front walls.</p> <div class="textIcon"> <p class="titreillustration">10. Lateral pillars of the front wall: two megaliths from Hammam Zouakra.</p><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-8-small580.jpg" rel="iconSet"><img src="docannexe/image/3733/img-8-small480.jpg" alt="10. Lateral pillars of the front wall: two megaliths from Hammam Zouakra." /></a><div class="textIconAccess"><a rel="nofollow" class="iconZoom" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-8-small580.jpg">Agrandir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="iconOrig" href="docannexe/image/3733/img-8.jpg">Original (jpeg, 1,0M)</a></div> <p class="creditillustration">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</p> </div> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">15</span>As regards the megaliths of Makthar the stone was worked on the side walls of the antechambers, in the shafts built in the antechamber cells and on the lateral pillars.</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">16</span>Basic stone-working techniques were observed in the funerary monuments of Elles, Aïn Zouza, Gbar El Ghoul, Dougga and Althiburos: notches cut into the upper edges of the rear walls and a bend sculpted in one of the corners of the covering slab of the megaliths of Elles; worked slabs with more or less regular shapes in the tombs of Aïn Zouza, Gbar El Ghoul and Dougga; roughly squared blocks in the chambers of the dolmens of Althiburos (Kallala <em>et al.</em> 2017).</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">17</span>Given the current state of data, nothing is known about the tools used by the stone carvers.</p> <h1 class="texte"><a href="#tocfrom1n10" id="tocto1n10">Conclusion</a></h1> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">18</span>The megalithic monuments of Tunisia have a variety of closure systems. These systems are related to the access to the sepulchral chamber. Similar features are present in Europe where the entrance is protected either by a slab or by a monolithic block.</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">19</span>The closure system reveals details concerning the descent into the funerary space and the technical characteristics related to stone-working.</p> <p class="texte"><span class="paranumber">20</span>Test excavations are likely to unveil additional aspects and characteristics related to the closure systems of the megalithic tombs of Tunisia.</p> </div><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="bibliography" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Bibliographie</span></h2> <div class="text"> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Bagella </strong><em><strong>et al.</strong></em><strong> 2009b</strong>, BAGELLA S., CICILLONI R., MARRAS G., Tipologia dei monumenti dolmenici di Mididi, <em>in</em> G. Tanda, M. Ghaki, R Cicilloni, <em>Storia dei paesaggi preistorici e protostorici nell’Alto Tell tunisino,</em> Cagliari, 2009b, p. 157-162.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Camps 1961</strong>, CAMPS G., <em>Aux origines de la Berbérie. Monuments et rites funéraires protohistoriques</em>, Paris, 1961.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Camps 1995</strong>,<strong> </strong>CAMPS G., Dolmens, <em>Encyclopédie Berbère</em>, XVI, 1995, p. 2490-2509.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Cicilloni</strong><strong><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"> 2009</span></strong>, CICILLONI R., Makthar : tipologia dei monumenti megalitici, <em>in</em> G. Tanda, M. Ghaki, R Cicilloni, <em>Storia dei paesaggi preistorici e protostorici nell’Alto Tell tunisino</em>, Cagliari, 2009, p . 57-62.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Ghaki 1997</strong>,<strong> </strong>GHAKI M., Le nouveau monument mégalithique de Makthar. Rapport préliminaire, <em>Reppal</em>, X, 1997, p. 63-72.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Ghaki 2003</strong>,<strong> </strong>GHAKI M., Questions autour du mégalithisme en Tunisie. L’Afrique du Nord antique et médiévale, <em>VIII Colloque international sur l’histoire et l’archéologie de l’Afrique du Nord</em>, Tunis, 2003, p. 47-63.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Guilaine 2011</strong>,<strong> </strong>GUILAINE J., <em>Méditerranée mégalithique : dolmens, hypogées, sanctuaires</em>, Paris, 2011.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Kallala </strong><em><strong>et al.</strong></em><strong> 2017</strong>,<strong> </strong>KALLALA N., SANMARTI J., BELARTE M.C., BEN MOUSSA M., BERMUNDEZ X., CAMPILLO J., CANELA J., CHÉRIF S., CRUZ I., FADRIQUE T., JORNET R., MINIAOUI S., MONTANERO D., RAMON J., REVILLA V., Althiburos III. La nécropole protohistorique d’Althiburos-massif du Ksour, Tarragona, 2017.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Marras </strong><em><strong>et al.</strong></em><strong> 2009</strong>, MARRAS G., DORO L., FLORIS R., ZEDDA M., Il dolmen 102. Nota preliminare,<em> in</em> G. Tanda, M. Ghaki, R Cicilloni, <em>Storia dei paesaggi preistorici e protostorici nell’Alto Tell tunisino</em>, Cagliari, 2009, p. 179-200.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M</span></strong><strong>elis</strong><strong><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"> 2009</span></strong>, MELIS M. G., Caratteristiche tipologiche dei monumenti, <em>in</em> G. Tanda, M. Ghaki, R Cicilloni, <em>Storia dei paesaggi preistorici e protostorici nell’Alto Tell tunisino</em>, Cagliari, 2009, p. 271-283.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Miniaoui 2021</strong>, MINIAOUI S., Les monuments sépulcraux de Chaouach et Toukabeur dans le Tell Nord Est Tunisien, Dossier de <em>le Monografie della Scola Archeologica Italiana di Cartagine</em>, Sassari, 2021.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Miniaoui 2022</strong>, MINIAOUI S., Une nouvelle nécropole dolménique dans la région de Makthar : Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed, <em>Colloque international, 1979-2019, L’exposition DIE NUMIDER, 40 ans après. Bilan et perspectives des recherches sur les autochtones de l’Afrique du Nord</em>, Tunis, 27-29 novembre 2019, Tunis, 2022, p. 117-164.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Tanda & De Nicolo 2009</strong>, TANDA G., DE NICOLO B., Tecnica di costruzione dei dolmen di Mididi, <em>in</em> G. Tanda, M. Ghaki, R Cicilloni, <em>Storia dei paesaggi preistorici e protostorici nell’Alto Tell tunisino</em>, Cagliari, 2009a, p. 163-176.</p> <p class="bibliographie"><strong>Tanda </strong><em><strong>et al. </strong></em><strong>2009</strong>, TANDA G., GHAKI M., CICILLONI R., <em>Storia dei paesaggi preistorici e protostorici nell’Alto Tell tunisino</em>, Cagliari, 2009.</p> </div><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="illustrations" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Table des illustrations</span></h2> <table id="docImages"> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-1-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">1. Position of Tunisia in the Mediterranean and situation of the necropolis of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed in the Makthar region, with location of the main megalithic cemeteries in the Tunisian High Tell.</td> </tr> <tr class="credits"> <th scope="row">Crédits</th> <td class="directionltr">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-1.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-1.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 561k</td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-2-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">5. Drawings of the front walls into which notches were cut of thirteen tombs of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed.</td> </tr> <tr class="credits"> <th scope="row">Crédits</th> <td class="directionltr">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-2.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-2.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 160k</td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-3-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">6. Notch cut in the front wall: monument 51 at Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed.</td> </tr> <tr class="credits"> <th scope="row">Crédits</th> <td class="directionltr">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-3.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-3.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 1,3M</td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-4-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">8. Entrance cut into the upper left corner of the front wall: monument 15 at Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed.</td> </tr> <tr class="credits"> <th scope="row">Crédits</th> <td class="directionltr">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-4.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-4.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 1,3M</td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="6"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-5-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">9. Notch cut in the front wall.</td> </tr> <tr class="legende"> <th scope="row">Légende</th> <td class="directionltr">a. The second chamber of the right row of the megalith 19 of Ellès ; b. seven chambers opening onto a passage; the notches are cut in the front walls that are set along the passage: megalith 16 of Elles (Miniaoui 2020).</td> </tr> <tr class="credits"> <th scope="row">Crédits</th> <td class="directionltr">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-5.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-5.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 643k</td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-6-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">3. Access shaft in the antechamber of the megalithic monument of Pauphilet in the Makthar region.</td> </tr> <tr class="credits"> <th scope="row">Crédits</th> <td class="directionltr">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-6.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-6.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 1,4M</td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-7-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">4. Complex megalithic monument and simple dolmen.</td> </tr> <tr class="legende"> <th scope="row">Légende</th> <td class="directionltr">a. Megalith of Makthar (Ghaki 1997).</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-7.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-7.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 797k</td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr class="image"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="docannexe/image/3733/img-8-small64.jpg" /></th> </tr> <tr class="titre"> <th scope="row">Titre</th> <td class="directionltr">10. Lateral pillars of the front wall: two megaliths from Hammam Zouakra.</td> </tr> <tr class="credits"> <th scope="row">Crédits</th> <td class="directionltr">Credit : S. Miniaoui.</td> </tr> <tr class="source"> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Locator" lang="en" xml:lang="en">URL</abbr></th> <td><a href="docannexe/image/3733/img-8.jpg">http://journals.openedition.org/pm/docannexe/image/3733/img-8.jpg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="info"> <th scope="row">Fichier</th> <td>image/jpeg, 1,0M</td> </tr> </tbody> </table><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="quotation" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Pour citer cet article</span></h2> <h3>Référence papier</h3> <p> <strong>Souad <span class="familyName">Miniaoui</span></strong>, <span dir="ltr">« The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell) »</span>, <em>Préhistoires Méditerranéennes</em>, 10 | -1, 23-43.</p> <h3>Référence électronique</h3> <p> <strong>Souad <span class="familyName">Miniaoui</span></strong>, <span dir="ltr">« The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell) »</span>, <em>Préhistoires Méditerranéennes</em> [En ligne], 10 | 2022, mis en ligne le <span dir="ltr">13 novembre 2023</span>, consulté le <span dir="ltr">24 novembre 2024</span>. <span dir="ltr">URL</span> : http://journals.openedition.org/pm/3733 ; <span dir="ltr">DOI</span> : https://doi.org/10.4000/pm.3733</p><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="authors" class="section authors"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Auteur</span></h2> <h3><a href="3664">Souad <span class="familyName">Miniaoui</span></a></h3> <p class="description directionltr">Département d'Archéologie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Humaines de Tunis (ISSHT), Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie</p><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="license" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Droits d’auteur</span></h2> <p style="margin-bottom:10px;"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img src="https://static.openedition.org/images/cc/cc-by.png" alt="CC-BY-4.0" /></a></p> <p>Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a>. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.</p><a class="go-top" href="#article-3733">Haut de page</a></div></div> <div class="navEntities bottom"><a rev="contents" class="goContents" href="3424" title="10 | 2022 Varia ">Sommaire</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rev="prev" class="goPrev" href="3579" title="Le système de fermeture des sépultures mégalithiques de la Tunisie : l’exemple de Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (région de Makthar, Haut Tell Tunisien)">Document précédent</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rel="next" class="goNext" href="3920" title="Retour à Combe-Grèze (La Cresse, Aveyron) : nouvelles données sur la néolithisation des Grands Causses">Document suivant</a></div></div></div> <div id="barre"> <div id="nav"> <h1 class="hidden">Navigation</h1> <div id="navEntries"> <h2>Index</h2> <ul> <li><a href="33">Auteurs</a></li> <li><a href="38">Mots-clés</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="navIssues"> <h2>Numéros ouverts</h2> <ul class="issues"> <li><a href="4136"><span class="number">11 | 2023</span><br /><span class="title">Varia </span></a></li> </ul> <h2>Numéros en texte intégral</h2> <ul class="issues"> <li><a href="3424"><span class="number">10 | 2022</span><br /><span class="title">Varia </span></a></li> <li><a href="2695"><span class="number">9.2 | 2021</span><br /><span class="title">Grottes et dolmens</span></a></li> <li><a href="2563"><span class="number">9.1 | 2021</span><br /><span class="title">Varia </span></a></li> <li><a href="2077"><span class="number">8 | 2020</span><br /><span class="title">Identité ? 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CINXE.COM

The closing system of megalithic tombs in Tunisia: the example of Kalaat Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed (Makthar region, High Tunisian Tell)