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> <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sarrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sarrera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eboluzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eboluzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eboluzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eboluzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuaren_determinazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuaren_determinazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sexuaren determinazioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexuaren_determinazioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sexuaren determinazioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sexuaren_determinazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Determinazio_genetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinazio_genetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Determinazio genetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinazio_genetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingurunearen_araberako_determinazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingurunearen_araberako_determinazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ingurunearen araberako determinazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingurunearen_araberako_determinazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karaktere_sexual_sekundarioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karaktere_sexual_sekundarioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Karaktere sexual sekundarioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karaktere_sexual_sekundarioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_erabilera_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_erabilera_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beste erabilera batzuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_erabilera_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 113 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannetjie" title="Mannetjie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mannetjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nnliches_Geschlecht" title="Männliches Geschlecht – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Männliches Geschlecht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ወንድ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masclo" title="Masclo – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Masclo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="ذكر (جنس) – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذكر (جنس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%9F%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܕܟܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܟܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascul%C3%ADn" title="Masculín – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Masculín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urqu" title="Urqu – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Urqu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%A9" title="ائرکک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ائرکک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ата зат – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ата зат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanang" title="Lanang – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lanang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manndal" title="Manndal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Manndal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABr%C4%97%C5%A1ka_l%C4%ABt%C4%97s" title="Vīrėška lītės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vīrėška lītės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalaki_(tawuha)" title="Lalaki (tawuha) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lalaki (tawuha)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Самец – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Самец – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Мъжки организъм – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъжки организъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6" title="मरद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मरद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="পুংলিঙ্গ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুংলিঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par" title="Par – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Par" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%BEjak" title="Mužjak – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mužjak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascle" title="Mascle – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mascle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="نێر – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%C3%A7%D0%B0" title="Аçа – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аçа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwryw" title="Gwryw – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwryw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%C3%B8n" title="Hankøn – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hankøn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nnliches_Geschlecht" title="Männliches Geschlecht – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Männliches Geschlecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Αρσενικό – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρσενικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male" title="Male – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Male" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_sekso" title="Vira sekso – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vira sekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macho" title="Macho – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isane" title="Isane – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="نر (جنس) – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نر (جنس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiras" title="Koiras – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koiras" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%A4ne" title="Esäne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Esäne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagane" title="Tagane – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tagane" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2le" title="Mâle – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mâle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascli_(ses)" title="Mascli (ses) – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mascli (ses)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_(byoloji)" title="Mal (byoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mal (byoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireannach" title="Fireannach – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fireannach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macho" title="Macho – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macho" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="זכר – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="नर – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%BEjak" title="Mužjak – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mužjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADmnem_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Hímnem (biológia) – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hímnem (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Արու – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantan" title="Jantan – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jantan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwoke" title="Nwoke – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nwoke" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalaki_(sekso)" title="Lalaki (sekso) – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lalaki (sekso)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D3%80%D0%B0" title="МаӀа – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="МаӀа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulo" title="Maskulo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maskulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlkyn" title="Karlkyn – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karlkyn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschio" title="Maschio – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maschio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%84" title="雄 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtem" title="Awtem – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Awtem" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguk" title="Jaguk – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jaguk" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F" title="ប្រុស – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រុស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%BB%B7" title="수컷 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수컷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%95%D8%AF" title="مَرٕد – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مَرٕد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%B3mi" title="Molómi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Molómi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinas" title="Patinas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93vi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Tēviņš – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tēviņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BA" title="ആൺ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="नर – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantan" title="Jantan – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jantan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атяка – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Атяка" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scure" title="Máscure – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Máscure" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="भाले – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाले" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82" title="मिजं – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिजं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannelijk_(biologie)" title="Mannelijk (biologie) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mannelijk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankj%C3%B8nn" title="Hankjønn – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hankjønn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann" title="Hann – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascle" title="Mascle – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mascle" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiec" title="Samiec – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macho" title="Macho – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urqu_uywa" title="Urqu uywa – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urqu uywa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascul" title="Mascul – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mascul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascuru" title="Mascuru – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mascuru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Самец – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Самець – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Самець" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83" title="पुरुषः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पुरुषः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱲᱟ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱲᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0sculu" title="Màsculu – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Màsculu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male" title="Male – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Male" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%BEjak" title="Mužjak – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mužjak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male" title="Male – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Male" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samec" title="Samec – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hono" title="Hono – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hono" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab" title="Lab – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashkulli" title="Mashkulli – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mashkulli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мужјак – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мужјак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalu" title="Jalu – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jalu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hane" title="Hane – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hane" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dume" title="Dume – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dume" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஆண் (பால்) – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆண் (பால்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="เพศชาย – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพศชาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eril" title="Eril – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eril" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ата зат – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ата зат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чоловіча стать – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чоловіча стать" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="مذکر – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مذکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkak" title="Erkak – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erkak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0scolo" title="Màscolo – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Màscolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%B1c" title="Giống đực – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giống đực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7" title="雄性 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雄性" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudoda" title="Ubudoda – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ubudoda" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="זכר – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זכר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzboux" title="Duzboux – zhuangera" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzboux" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7" title="雄性 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雄性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_(s%C3%A8ng-pia%CC%8Dt)" title="Kang (sèng-pia̍t) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang (sèng-pia̍t)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC" title="公 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44148#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ar" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Ar&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ar"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ar"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Ar" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Ar" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&oldid=10035025" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Ar&id=10035025&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAr"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAr"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ar"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ar&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Male_animals" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44148" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/220px-Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/330px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/440px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marte_(mitologia)" title="Marte (mitologia)">Marte</a> erromatar gerra-jainkoaren ikurra, arrak adierazteko erabiltzen duguna</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i>Beste esanahi batzuen berri izateko, ikus: «<a href="/wiki/Ar_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ar (argipena)">Ar (argipena)</a>»</i></dd></dl> <p><b>Arra</b> (ikurra: ♂) <a href="/wiki/Sexu_ugalketa" title="Sexu ugalketa">sexuaren</a> bidez ugaltzen diren izaki <a href="/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi">bizidunen</a> sexuetako bat da, <a href="/wiki/Espermatozoide" title="Espermatozoide">espermatozoideak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">polena</a> sortzeko gaitasuna duten banakoen sexua, alegia. Arrak sortzen duen <a href="/wiki/Gameto" title="Gameto">gametoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Eme" title="Eme">emeek</a> sortzen duten handiagoarekin batzen da, <a href="/wiki/Obulu" title="Obulu">obulua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernalketa" title="Ernalketa">ernalketan</a> zehar<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ar batek ez du gaitasunik <a href="/wiki/Sexu-ugalketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexu-ugalketa">sexu-ugalketa</a> bere kabuz egiteko, ez badu gutxienez eme baten obulu batera sarbidea, baina badaude <a href="/wiki/Ugalketa_asexual" title="Ugalketa asexual">ugalketa asexuala</a> ere egin dezaketen organismoak<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun">Ugaztun</a> ar gehienek, baita <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">gizakiek</a> ere, <a href="/wiki/Y_kromosoma" title="Y kromosoma">Y kromosoma</a> bat dute<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterona" title="Testosterona">testosterona</a> kopuru handiak sortzeko aukera ematen diona, eta <a href="/wiki/Gizonezkoaren_ugaltze-aparatu" title="Gizonezkoaren ugaltze-aparatu">gizonezkoaren ugaltze-aparatua</a> garatzen duena. </p><p>Gizakien kasuan, ar terminoa ere erabiltzen da <a href="/wiki/Genero_(soziologia)" title="Genero (soziologia)">generoa</a> izendatzeko, <a href="/wiki/Genero-rol" title="Genero-rol">genero-rolak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Genero_identitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Genero identitate">genero identitatea</a> eztabaidatzen denean, <a href="/wiki/Gizon" title="Gizon">gizon</a> erabili beharrean<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarrera">Sarrera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sarrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sarrera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sexu bereizien existentziak <a href="/wiki/Eboluzio" title="Eboluzio">eboluzio</a> independentea izan du une eta leinu ezberdinetan, <a href="/wiki/Eboluzio_konbergente" title="Eboluzio konbergente">eboluzio konbergentearen</a> adibide<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Patroi errepikatua da ugalketa sexuala espezie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isogamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isogamo (sortu gabe)">isogamoetan</a>, forma eta portaera bereko gametoekin (baina maila molekularrean desberdinak) estalketa mota bi edo gehiagorekin, gameto maskulino eta femeninoa duten espezie anisogamoekin eta gameto femeninoa duten espezie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oogamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oogamo (sortu gabe)">oogamoekin</a>, zeinetan gameto femeninoa maskulinoa baino askoz handiagoa den eta mugitzeko gaitasunik ez duen. Argudia daiteke ugaltze sexualerako bi gameto elkartzen dituzten mekanismoen muga fisikoek eragiten dutela patroi hori<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Baina espezie batzuetan arrak beren kabuz ugaldu daitezke asexualki, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgenesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androgenesi (sortu gabe)">androgenesi</a> bidez, adibidez<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ondorioz, sexua espezie guztietan sortutako gameto motaren arabera definitzen da (hau da, <a href="/wiki/Espermatozoide" title="Espermatozoide">espermatozoide</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Obulu" title="Obulu">obuluen</a> arabera), eta leinu batean ar eta emeen arteko desberdintasunek ez dute beti desberdintasunik iragartzen beste leinu batean<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sexu desberdineko organismo edo ugal-organoen arteko <a href="/wiki/Sexu_dimorfismo" title="Sexu dimorfismo">ar/eme dimorfismoa</a> ez da animalietara mugatzen; gameto arrak <a href="/wiki/Kitrido" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitrido">kitridoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatomeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomeo">diatomeoek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landare</a> lurtarrek sortzen dituzte, besteak beste. Landare lehortar, femenino eta maskulinoetan, gameto femenino eta maskulinoak ekoizten dituzten organismo eta egiturak ez ezik, landare ar eta femeninoak sortzen dituzten <a href="/wiki/Esporofito" title="Esporofito">esporofitoen</a> egiturak ere izendatzen dituzte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eboluzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Eboluzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anisogamia" title="Anisogamia">Anisogamiaren</a> eboluzioak funtzio maskulino eta femeninoaren eboluziora eraman zuen<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anisogamiaren eboluzioaren aurretik, espezie bateko ernalketa motak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isogamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isogamo (sortu gabe)">isogamoak</a> ziren: tamaina berekoak eta biak mugi zitezkeen, «+» edo «-» motetan soilik katalogatuta<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anisogamian, ugalketa egiten duen elementu bakoitzari <a href="/wiki/Gameto" title="Gameto">gameto</a> deitzen zaio. Arren gametoa emeena baino txikiagoa da, eta mugikorra izan ohi da<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anisogamia zergatik gertatu zen ez da oraindik guztiz ondo ulertzen, ez baitago haren agerpenaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erregistro_fosil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erregistro fosil (sortu gabe)">erregistro fosilik</a>. Anisogamiaren jatorriari buruzko teoria ugari daude. Azalpenetako askok komunean dute gameto eme handiagoek bizirauteko aukera gehiago dituztela eta gameto ar txikiagoek beste gameto batzuk aurkitzeko aukera gehiago dituztela, azkarrago bidaiatu dezaketelako. Gaur egungo ereduek ez dute azaldu ohi zergatik mantentzen den isogamia espezie gutxi batzuetan<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Badirudi anisogamiak hainbat aldiz eboluzionatu duela isogamiatik aurrera; adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volvocales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volvocales (sortu gabe)">Volvocales</a> emeek (<a href="/wiki/Alga_berde" title="Alga berde">alga berde</a> mota bat) Plus estalketa motatik aurrera eboluzionatu zuten. Sexuaren eboluzioa gutxienez duela 1.200 milioi urte hasi bazen ere, erregistro fosil anisogamorik ez dagoenez, zaila da zehaztea noiz eboluzionatu zuten arrek<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Teoria baten arabera, arrak «-» motako ernalketatik eboluzionatu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuaren_determinazioa">Sexuaren determinazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sexuaren determinazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sexuaren determinazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organismo jakin baten sexua hainbat faktorek zehaztu dezakete. Genetikoak edo ingurunekoak izan daitezke, edo modu naturalean alda daitezke organismo baten bizitzan zehar. Espezie gehienek bi sexu baino ez dituzten arren (arra edo emea), animalia <a href="/wiki/Hermafrodita" title="Hermafrodita">hermafroditek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har" title="Har">harrek</a> bezala, ugal-organo arrak zein emeak dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ar eta emeetan banatzen diren espezieei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonokoriko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonokoriko (sortu gabe)">gonokoriko</a> deitzen zaie animalietan eta <a href="/wiki/Dioiko" title="Dioiko">dioiko</a> hazidun landareetan eta <a href="/wiki/Kriptogamo" title="Kriptogamo">kriptogamoetan</a>. Sistema batzuetan, arrek eta hermafroditek elkarrekin biziraun dezakete, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Androdioiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androdioiko (sortu gabe)">androdioiko</a> deitzen den sistema batean. Arrez gain, emeak eta hermafroditak baldin badaude, orduan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trioiko (sortu gabe)">trioiko</a> deitzen zaio<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Espezie guztiek ez dute <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexua_zehazteko_sistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexua zehazteko sistema (sortu gabe)">sexua zehazteko sistema</a> bera. Animalia gehienetan, gizakiak barne, sexua <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetikoki</a> zehazten da; hala ere, <i><a href="/wiki/Cymothoa_exigua" title="Cymothoa exigua">Cymothoa exigua</a></i> bezalako espezieek sexua aldatzen dute inguruan dauden eme kopuruaren arabera<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determinazio_genetikoa">Determinazio genetikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Determinazio genetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Determinazio genetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun">Ugaztun</a> gehienak, gizakiak barne, genetikoki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexua_zehazteko_XY_sistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexua zehazteko XY sistema (sortu gabe)">sexua zehazteko XY sistemak</a> zehazten ditu, eta arrek XY <a href="/wiki/Sexu-kromosoma" title="Sexu-kromosoma">sexu-kromosomak</a> dituzte sistema horretan (emeek, berriz, XX). Hainbat espezietan, gizakiak barne, posible da <a href="/w/index.php?title=XX_ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XX ar (sortu gabe)">XX ar</a> bat izatea, edo beste <a href="/wiki/Kariotipo" title="Kariotipo">kariotipo</a> batzuk edukitzea. Ugalketan, ar batek X espermatozoide bat edo Y espermatozoide bat eman dezake, eta eme batek, berriz, X obulu bat baino ezin du eman. Y espermatozoide batek eta X obulu batek ar bat sortzen dute, eta X espermatozoide batek eta X obulu batek, berriz, eme bat<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Maskulinitatearen erantzule den <a href="/wiki/Y_kromosoma" title="Y kromosoma">Y kromosomaren</a> zatia da Y kromosomaren sexuaren eskualde determinatzailea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SRY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRY (sortu gabe)">SRY</a> delakoa<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. SRYk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sox9a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sox9a (sortu gabe)">Sox9a</a> aktibatzen du, zeinak <a href="/w/index.php?title=FGF9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FGF9 (sortu gabe)">FGF9arekin</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=PGD2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PGD2 (sortu gabe)">PGD<sub>2</sub>arekin</a> atzeraelikatze-begiztak eratzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Gonada" title="Gonada">gonadetan</a>, eta gene horien mailak garapen maskulinoa eragiteko bezain altu mantentzea ahalbidetzen du<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; adibidez, FGF9ak <a href="/wiki/Kordoi_espermatiko" title="Kordoi espermatiko">kordoi espermatikoen</a> garapena eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sertoli_zelula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sertoli zelula (sortu gabe)">Sertoli zelula</a> sexualen ugalketa eragiten ditu (biak ala biak erabakigarriak dira garapen maskulinorako)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZW_sexua_zehazteko_sistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZW sexua zehazteko sistema (sortu gabe)">ZW sexua zehazteko sistema</a>, non arrek ZZ sexu-kromosomak dituzten (emeen ZW ez bezala), <a href="/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti">hegaztietan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Intsektu" title="Intsektu">intsektu</a> batzuetan (<a href="/wiki/Tximeleta" title="Tximeleta">tximeletak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sits" title="Sits">sitsak</a> batez ere) eta beste organismo batzuetan aurki daiteke. <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> intsektuen ordenako kideak, <a href="/wiki/Inurri" title="Inurri">inurriak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erle" title="Erle">erleak</a> bezala, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplodiploidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplodiploidia (sortu gabe)">haplodiploidiak</a> zehaztu ohi ditu: ar gehienak <a href="/wiki/Haploide" title="Haploide">haploideak</a> dira, eta emeak eta ar antzu batzuk, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Diploide" title="Diploide">diploideak</a>. Hala ere, oraindik ar diploide emankorrak ager daitezke zenbait espezietan, hala nola <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cataglyphis_cursor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cataglyphis cursor (sortu gabe)">Cataglyphis cursor</a></i> espeziean<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingurunearen_araberako_determinazioa">Ingurunearen araberako determinazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ingurunearen araberako determinazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ingurunearen araberako determinazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Narrasti" title="Narrasti">Narrasti</a> espezie batzuetan, <a href="/wiki/Kaiman" title="Kaiman">kaimanetan</a> adibidez, sexua arrautza inkubatzen den tenperaturaren araberakoa izaten da. Beste espezie batzuek, <a href="/wiki/Barraskilo" title="Barraskilo">barraskilo</a> batzuek adibidez, sexu-aldaketa praktikatzen dute: helduak arrak izaten hasten dira, eta gero eme bihurtzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_ocellaris" title="Amphiprion ocellaris">Pailazo-arrain</a> tropikaletan, talde bateko indibiduo menderatzailea eme bihurtzen da; gainerakoak, berriz, ar<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karaktere_sexual_sekundarioak">Karaktere sexual sekundarioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karaktere sexual sekundarioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Karaktere sexual sekundarioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Karaktere_sexual_sekundario" title="Karaktere sexual sekundario">Karaktere sexual sekundario</a>» eta «<a href="/wiki/Sexu-dimorfismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexu-dimorfismo">Sexu-dimorfismo</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/220px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/330px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/440px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Giza eme bat (ezkerrean) eta ar bat (eskuman), alderatzeko parez pare jarrita. <a href="/wiki/Genital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">Genitalen</a> inguruan duten <a href="/wiki/Ile_pubiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile pubiko">ile pubikoa</a> kenduta dute anatomia hobeto ikus dadin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arrek eboluzionatu egin dute bigarren mailako ezaugarri sexualak erabiltzeko, beren gaitasuna adierazten duten ezaugarriak erakusteko. Uste denez, <a href="/wiki/Hautespen_sexual" title="Hautespen sexual">hautespen sexuala</a> da ezaugarri horiek garatzeko indar bultzatzailea. Tamaina fisikoaren ezberdintasunek eta hautespen sexualaren baldintzak betetzeko gaitasunak modu esanguratsuan lagundu dute espezie bakoitzaren bigarren mailako ezaugarri sexualen emaitzan<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Espezie askotan, esperma ekoizte soilak baino alde handiagoa dute arrek emeengandik. Adibidez, intsektu eta <a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">arrain</a> batzuetan, arra emea baino txikiagoa da. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landare_hazidun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landare hazidun (sortu gabe)">Landare hazidunetan</a>, organismo beraren <a href="/wiki/Lore" title="Lore">sexu-organoak</a> bai emeen bai arren elementuak izaten dituzte. </p><p>Ugaztunetan, gizakiak barne, arrak emeak baino handiagoak izan ohi dira. Ugaztun arrek estalketa aukerak irabazteko fisikoki indartsuagoak eta lehiakorragoak izan beharrari egozten zaio hori askotan. Gizakietan, zehazki, arrek emeek baino gorputz-ile eta muskulu-masa gehiago dute<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Hegaztiek <a href="/wiki/Luma" title="Luma">lumaje</a> koloretsua izaten dute, eta horrek emeak erakartzen ditu<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hegazti espezie askotan, arrek emeek baino kolore biziagoak erakusten dituzte, eta horrek ikusgarriago egiten ditu balizko bikoteentzat. Ezaugarri horiek denborarekin eboluzionatu egin dute, hautespen sexualaren ondorioz; izan ere, ezaugarri horiek zituzten arrek arrakasta handiagoa zuten bikotekideak erakarri eta geneak transmititzeko orduan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beste_erabilera_batzuk">Beste erabilera batzuk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste erabilera batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Beste erabilera batzuk"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Male_VGA_connector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Male_VGA_connector.jpg/220px-Male_VGA_connector.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Male_VGA_connector.jpg/330px-Male_VGA_connector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Male_VGA_connector.jpg/440px-Male_VGA_connector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a> konektore ar bat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Analogiaz, <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronikan</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Iturgintza" title="Iturgintza">iturgintzan</a> erabiltzen diren tresnetan, besteak beste, ar eta eme hitzak erabiltzen dira konektoreen duten forma zehazteko. Oro har, konektatzen den atalari, ar deitzen zaio, eta finkoa denari eme. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLehtonenParker2014-12-01">Lehtonen, Jussi; Parker, Geoff A..  (2014-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/molehr/article-abstract/20/12/1161/1062990?redirectedFrom=fulltext">«Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes»</a> <i>Molecular Human Reproduction</i> 20 (12): 1161–1168.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgau068">10.1093/molehr/gau068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1360-9947">1360-9947</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFuscoMinelli2019">Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro.  (2019). <i>The biology of reproduction. </i> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9">978-1-108-49985-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbiol0000unse_f6k5"><i>A dictionary of biology. </i></a> (7th ed. argitaraldia) Oxford university press 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-871437-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-871437-8">978-0-19-871437-8</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLively2010-03-01">Lively, Curtis M..  (2010-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/101/suppl_1/S13/757712?redirectedFrom=fulltext">«A Review of Red Queen Models for the Persistence of Obligate Sexual Reproduction»</a> <i>Journal of Heredity</i> 101 (suppl_1): S13–S20.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesq010">10.1093/jhered/esq010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-1503">0022-1503</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/y/">«Y chromosome: MedlinePlus Genetics»</a> <i>medlineplus.gov</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Y-Chromosome">«Y Chromosome»</a> <i>www.genome.gov</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPalazzani2012-08-18">Palazzani, Laura.  (2012-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8bbP6D7U2UC&pg=PA5"><i>Gender in Philosophy and Law. </i></a> Springer Science & Business Media <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-94-007-4991-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-94-007-4991-7">978-94-007-4991-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/sex">«Sex | Definition, Origin, Significance, & Facts | Britannica»</a> <i>www.britannica.com</i> 2024-12-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Book%3A_Biofundamentals_(Klymkowsky_and_Cooper)/04%3A_Social_evolution_and_sexual_selection/4.09%3A_Sexual_dimorphism">«4.9: Sexual dimorphism»</a> <i>Biology LibreTexts</i> 2016-06-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDusenbery2009">Dusenbery, David B..  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(2014(e)ko uzt. 1(a)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899">«Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?»</a> <i>PLOS Biology</i> 12 (7): e1001899.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001899">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885">1545-7885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24983465">24983465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4077654">PMC4077654</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSawadaInoueIwano2014-02-07">Sawada, Hitoshi; Inoue, Naokazu; Iwano, Megumi.  (2014-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Adm6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants. </i></a> Springer <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-4-431-54589-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-4-431-54589-7">978-4-431-54589-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKumarMeenaSwapnil2019">Kumar, Rahul; Meena, Mukesh; Swapnil, Prashant.  (2019). Vonk, Jennifer ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1">«Anisogamy»</a> <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</i> (Springer International Publishing): 1–5.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_340-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6">978-3-319-47829-6</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTogashiCox2011-04-14">Togashi, Tatsuya; Cox, Paul Alan.  (2011-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eOvRTIuLXMC&pg=PA1"><i>The Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-139-50082-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-139-50082-1">978-1-139-50082-1</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFButterfield2000">Butterfield, Nicholas J..  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0094837300021485/type/journal_article">«Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes»</a> <i>Paleobiology</i> 26 (3): 386–404.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0094-8373">0094-8373</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTogashiBarteltYoshimuraTainaka2012-08-21">Togashi, Tatsuya; Bartelt, John L.; Yoshimura, Jin; Tainaka, Kei-ichi; Cox, Paul Alan.  (2012-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1203495109">«Evolutionary trajectories explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae»</a> <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 109 (34): 13692–13697.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1203495109">10.1073/pnas.1203495109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869736">22869736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3427103">PMC3427103</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/hermaphroditism">«Hermaphroditism | Definition, Types, & Effects | Britannica»</a> <i>www.britannica.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLeonard2019-05-21">Leonard, Janet L..  (2019-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems. </i></a> Springer <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-319-94139-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-319-94139-4">978-3-319-94139-4</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRuiz-LMadrid-V1992-03-06">Ruiz-L, A.; Madrid-V, J..  (1992-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cienciasmarinas.com.mx/index.php/cmarinas/article/view/885">«Studies on the biology of the parasitic isopod Cymothoa exigua Schioedte and Meinert, 1884 and it's relationship with the snapper Lutjanus peru (Pisces: Lutjanidae) Nichols and Murphy, 1922, from commercial catch in Michoacan»</a> <i>Ciencias Marinas</i> 18 (1): 19–34.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7773%2Fcm.v18i1.885">10.7773/cm.v18i1.885</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2395-9053">2395-9053</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/43%3A_Animal_Reproduction_and_Development/43.01%3A_Reproduction_Methods/43.1C%3A_Sex_Determination">«43.1C: Sex Determination»</a> <i>Biology LibreTexts</i> 2018-07-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/">«SRY gene: MedlinePlus Genetics»</a> <i>medlineplus.gov</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMoniotDeclosmenilBarrionuevoScherer2009-06-01">Moniot, Brigitte; Declosmenil, Faustine; Barrionuevo, Francisco; Scherer, Gerd; Aritake, Kosuke; Malki, Safia; Marzi, Laetitia; Cohen-Solal, Anne <i>et al</i>..  (2009-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/136/11/1813/65129/The-PGD2-pathway-independently-of-FGF9-amplifies">«The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation»</a> <i>Development</i> 136 (11): 1813–1821.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.032631">10.1242/dev.032631</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0950-1991">0950-1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429785">19429785</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4075598">PMC4075598</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKimKobayashiSekidoDiNapoli2006(e)ko_mai._23(a)">Kim, Yuna; Kobayashi, Akio; Sekido, Ryohei; DiNapoli, Leo; Brennan, Jennifer; Chaboissier, Marie-Christine; Poulat, Francis; Behringer, Richard R. <i>et al</i>..  (2006(e)ko mai. 23(a)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187">«Fgf9 and Wnt4 Act as Antagonistic Signals to Regulate Mammalian Sex Determination»</a> <i>PLOS Biology</i> 4 (6): e187.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040187">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885">1545-7885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700629">16700629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC1463023">PMC1463023</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDoumsRuelClémencetFédérici2013-12-01">Doums, Claudie; Ruel, Camille; Clémencet, Johanna; Fédérici, Pierre; Cournault, Laurent; Aron, Serge.  (2013-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6">«Fertile diploid males in the ant Cataglyphis cursor: a potential cost of thelytoky?»</a> <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i> 67 (12): 1983–1993.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-013-1606-6">10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1432-0762">1432-0762</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCahillJumanPellman-IsaacsBruno2015-12">Cahill, Abigail E.; Juman, Alia Rehana; Pellman-Isaacs, Aaron; Bruno, William T..  (2015-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/BBLv229n3p276">«Physical and Chemical Interactions with Conspecifics Mediate Sex Change in a Protandrous Gastropod Crepidula fornicata»</a> <i>The Biological Bulletin</i> 229 (3): 276–281.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2FBBLv229n3p276">10.1086/BBLv229n3p276</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0006-3185">0006-3185</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBull1980-03">Bull, J. J..  (1980-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/411613">«Sex Determination in Reptiles»</a> <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i> 55 (1): 3–21.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F411613">10.1086/411613</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0033-5770">0033-5770</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCampbell2017-09-04">Campbell, Bernard.  (2017-09-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392"><i>Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations. </i></a> Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-351-51441-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-351-51441-5">978-1-351-51441-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEllisHershbergerFieldWersinger2013-05-13">Ellis, Lee; Hershberger, Scott; Field, Evelyn; Wersinger, Scott; Pellis, Sergio; Geary, David; Palmer, Craig; Hoyenga, Katherine <i>et al</i>..  (2013-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Skw2mezpvO4C&q=sex+differences+in+size&pg=PA21"><i>Sex Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research. </i></a> Psychology Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-136-87493-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-136-87493-2">978-1-136-87493-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRichards2011">Richards, Julia E., ed. (2011). <i>The human genome: a user's guide. </i> (3rd ed. argitaraldia) Academic Press/Elsevier <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-08-091865-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-08-091865-5">978-0-08-091865-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShortBalaban1994-08-04">Short, R. V.; Balaban, Evan.  (1994-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zunYrumtsR8C&q=sex+differences+in+birds&pg=PA303"><i>The Differences Between the Sexes. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-44878-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-44878-9">978-0-521-44878-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2025-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44148" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q44148">Q44148</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Males">Males</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q44148%22">Q44148</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph987133">ph987133</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300189559">300189559</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44148" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q44148">Q44148</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" 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