CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>MIDI - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b3d4b2aa-7d1b-492d-89f5-b94559f64834","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"MIDI","wgTitle":"MIDI","wgCurRevisionId":1255480444,"wgRevisionId":1255480444,"wgArticleId":19996,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles that are too technical from November 2018","All articles that are too technical","Use dmy dates from February 2020","Use American English from August 2020", "All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles with hAudio microformats","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2020","All articles that are excessively detailed","Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020","All articles with style issues","MIDI","Computer hardware standards","Electronic music","Japanese inventions","Serial buses"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"MIDI","wgRelevantArticleId":19996,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/MIDI","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q80535","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg/1200px-Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1805"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg/800px-Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1203"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg/640px-Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="963"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="MIDI - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-MIDI rootpage-MIDI skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=MIDI" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=MIDI" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=MIDI" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=MIDI" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instrument_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Instrument control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrument_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_with_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_with_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Use with computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_with_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Computer files </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.1 Standard files </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RMID_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RMID_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.2 RMID files </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RMID_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.3 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.4 Sequencers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notation_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.5 Notation software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editors_and_librarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editors_and_librarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.6 Editors and librarians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editors_and_librarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto-accompaniment_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto-accompaniment_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.7 Auto-accompaniment programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto-accompaniment_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.8 Synthesis and sampling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.9 Game music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Other applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Devices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Devices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connectors_and_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connectors_and_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Connectors and interface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connectors_and_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DIN_connector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DIN_connector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 DIN connector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DIN_connector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TRS_minijack_connector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TRS_minijack_connector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 TRS minijack connector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TRS_minijack_connector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thru_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thru_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Thru port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thru_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Management devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Interfaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Controllers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synthesizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Synthesizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Samplers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drum_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drum_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Drum machines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drum_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workstations_and_hardware_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workstations_and_hardware_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.4 Workstations and hardware sequencers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workstations_and_hardware_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Effects units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Technical specifications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technical specifications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Messages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_Exclusive_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_Exclusive_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 System Exclusive messages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_Exclusive_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Implementation chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Electrical specifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Extensions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Extensions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_MIDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_MIDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 General MIDI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_MIDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GS,_XG,_and_GM2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GS,_XG,_and_GM2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 GS, XG, and GM2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GS,_XG,_and_GM2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuning_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tuning standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuning_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Time code </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Machine control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Show_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Show_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Show control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Show_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timestamping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timestamping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Timestamping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timestamping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_dump_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_dump_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Sample dump standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_dump_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downloadable_Sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downloadable_Sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Downloadable Sounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downloadable_Sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIDI_Polyphonic_Expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIDI_Polyphonic_Expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 MIDI Polyphonic Expression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIDI_Polyphonic_Expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_hardware_transports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_hardware_transports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Alternative hardware transports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_hardware_transports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Alternative hardware transports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_hardware_transports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-USB_and_FireWire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB_and_FireWire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 USB and FireWire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB_and_FireWire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XLR_connectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XLR_connectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 XLR connectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XLR_connectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serial_parallel,_and_joystick_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_parallel,_and_joystick_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Serial parallel, and joystick port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_parallel,_and_joystick_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mLAN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mLAN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 mLAN </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mLAN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SCSI_MIDI_Device_Interface_(SMDI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SCSI_MIDI_Device_Interface_(SMDI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 SCSI MIDI Device Interface (SMDI) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SCSI_MIDI_Device_Interface_(SMDI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethernet_and_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethernet_and_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Ethernet and Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethernet_and_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Wireless </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIDI_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIDI_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 MIDI 2.0 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-MIDI_2.0-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle MIDI 2.0 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-MIDI_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Property_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Property exchange </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIDI_Capability_Inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIDI_Capability_Inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 MIDI Capability Inquiry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIDI_Capability_Inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_MIDI_Packet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_MIDI_Packet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Universal MIDI Packet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_MIDI_Packet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 New protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_transfer_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_transfer_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Data transfer formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_transfer_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">MIDI</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الواجهة الرقمية للآلات الموسيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الواجهة الرقمية للآلات الموسيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="ام‌آی‌دی‌آی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام‌آی‌دی‌آی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%94%D0%98" title="МИДИ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="МИДИ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മ്യൂസിക്കൽ ഇൻസ്ട്രുമെന്റ് ഡിജിറ്റൽ ഇന്റർഫേസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മ്യൂസിക്കൽ ഇൻസ്ട്രുമെന്റ് ഡിജിറ്റൽ ഇന്റർഫേസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%AD" title="සංගීතමය උපකරණ සංඛ්‍යාංක අතුරු මුහුණත – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංගීතමය උපකරණ සංඛ්‍යාංක අතුරු මුහුණත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4" title="มิดิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิดิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_Enstr%C3%BCmanlar%C4%B1_Dijital_Arabirimi" title="Müzik Enstrümanları Dijital Arabirimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzik Enstrümanları Dijital Arabirimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MIDI" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80535#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:MIDI" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MIDI">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MIDI">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/MIDI" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/MIDI" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&oldid=1255480444" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=MIDI&id=1255480444&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMIDI">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMIDI">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=MIDI&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MIDI" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80535" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface">Musical Instrument Digital Interface</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Connection standard for electronic musical instruments</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MIDI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="MIDI (disambiguation)">MIDI (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details. (November 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIDI_LOGO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MIDI_LOGO.svg/220px-MIDI_LOGO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MIDI_LOGO.svg/330px-MIDI_LOGO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MIDI_LOGO.svg/440px-MIDI_LOGO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>MIDI logo from the <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Manufacturers_Association" title="MIDI Manufacturers Association">MIDI Manufacturers Association</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="272" data-mwtitle="Ented,_Nokturn_a-moll_-_Jesienny.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ented,_Nokturn_a-moll_-_Jesienny.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ented%2C_Nokturn_a-moll_-_Jesienny.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Ented%2C_Nokturn_a-moll_-_Jesienny.ogg/Ented%2C_Nokturn_a-moll_-_Jesienny.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Example of music created in MIDI format</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synth_rack_@_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several rack-mounted synthesizers that share a single controller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg/220px-Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg/330px-Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg/440px-Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Using MIDI, a single controller (often a musical keyboard, as pictured here) can play multiple electronic instruments, which increases the portability and flexibility of stage setups. This system fits into a single rack case, but before the advent of MIDI, it would have required four separate full-size keyboard instruments, plus outboard mixing and <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>.</figcaption></figure> MIDI (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɪdi/</a>; Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standard</a> that describes a <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital interface</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">electrical connectors</a> that connect a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, and related audio devices for playing, editing, and recording music.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> A single MIDI cable can carry up to sixteen channels of MIDI data, each of which can be routed to a separate device. Each interaction with a key, button, knob or slider is converted into a MIDI event, which specifies musical instructions, such as a note's <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, timing and <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">loudness</a>. One common MIDI application is to play a MIDI <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">keyboard</a> or other controller and use it to trigger a digital <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a> (which contains synthesized musical sounds) to generate sounds, which the audience hears produced by a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">keyboard amplifier</a>. MIDI data can be transferred via MIDI or <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> cable, or recorded to a <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a> to be edited or played back.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a> MIDI also defines a <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> that stores and exchanges the data. Advantages of MIDI include small <a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">file size</a>, ease of modification and manipulation and a wide choice of electronic instruments and <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">digitally sampled sounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>: 4  A MIDI recording of a performance on a keyboard could sound like a piano or other keyboard instrument; however, since MIDI records the messages and information about their notes and not the specific sounds, this recording could be changed to many other sounds, ranging from synthesized or sampled guitar or flute to full orchestra. Before the development of MIDI, electronic musical instruments from different manufacturers could generally not communicate with each other. This meant that a musician could not, for example, plug a Roland keyboard into a Yamaha synthesizer module. With MIDI, any MIDI-compatible keyboard (or other controller device) can be connected to any other MIDI-compatible sequencer, sound module, <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>, synthesizer, or computer, even if they are made by different manufacturers. MIDI technology was standardized in 1983 by a panel of music industry representatives, and is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Manufacturers_Association" title="MIDI Manufacturers Association">MIDI Manufacturers Association</a> (MMA). All official MIDI standards are jointly developed and published by the MMA in Los Angeles, and the MIDI Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Musical_Electronics_Industry" title="Association of Musical Electronics Industry">Association of Musical Electronics Industry</a> (AMEI) in Tokyo. In 2016, the MMA established The MIDI Association (TMA) to support a global community of people who work, play, or create with MIDI.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1980s, there was no <a href="/wiki/Standardized" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized">standardized</a> means of synchronizing <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instruments</a> manufactured by different companies.<a href="#cite_note-chadab5100-5">[5]</a> Manufacturers had their own proprietary standards to synchronize instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">CV/gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIN_sync" title="DIN sync">DIN sync</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">Digital Control Bus</a> (DCB).<a href="#cite_note-:152-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi" title="Ikutaro Kakehashi">Ikutaro Kakehashi</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a>, felt the lack of standardization was limiting the growth of the electronic music industry.<a href="#cite_note-:152-6">[6]</a> In June 1981, he proposed developing a standard to the <a href="/wiki/Oberheim_Electronics" title="Oberheim Electronics">Oberheim Electronics</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Tom_Oberheim" title="Tom Oberheim">Tom Oberheim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chadab5100-5">[5]</a> who had developed his own proprietary interface, the Oberheim System.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> Kakehashi felt the Oberheim System was too cumbersome, and spoke to <a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(engineer)" title="Dave Smith (engineer)">Dave Smith</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits">Sequential Circuits</a>, about creating a simpler, cheaper alternative.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> While Smith discussed the concept with American companies, Kakehashi discussed it with Japanese companies <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawai">Kawai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chadab5100-5">[5]</a> Representatives from all companies met to discuss the idea in October.<a href="#cite_note-chadab5100-5">[5]</a> Initially, only Sequential Circuits and the Japanese companies were interested.<a href="#cite_note-:32-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dave_Smith_at_Sequential_booth_-_2_-_2015_NAMM_Show.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dave_Smith_at_Sequential_booth_-_2_-_2015_NAMM_Show.jpg/220px-Dave_Smith_at_Sequential_booth_-_2_-_2015_NAMM_Show.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dave_Smith_at_Sequential_booth_-_2_-_2015_NAMM_Show.jpg/330px-Dave_Smith_at_Sequential_booth_-_2_-_2015_NAMM_Show.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dave_Smith_at_Sequential_booth_-_2_-_2015_NAMM_Show.jpg/440px-Dave_Smith_at_Sequential_booth_-_2_-_2015_NAMM_Show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Dave Smith (right), one of the creators of MIDI</figcaption></figure>Using Roland's DCB as a basis,<a href="#cite_note-:152-6">[6]</a> Smith and Sequential Circuits engineer Chet Wood devised a universal interface to allow communication between equipment from different manufacturers. Smith and Wood proposed this standard in a paper, Universal Synthesizer Interface,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a> show in October 1981.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huber_19913-11">[11]</a>: 4  The standard was discussed and modified by representatives of Roland, Yamaha, Korg, Kawai, and Sequential Circuits.<a href="#cite_note-chadab5100-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holmes3-12">[12]</a>: 20  Kakehashi favored the name Universal Musical Interface (UMI), pronounced you-me,<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> but Smith felt this was "a little corny".<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> However, he liked the use of instrument instead of synthesizer, and proposed Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI).<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huber_19913-11">[11]</a>: 4  <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/Moog_Music" title="Moog Music">Moog Music</a>, announced MIDI in the October 1982 issue of <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(magazine)" title="Keyboard (magazine)">Keyboard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 276  At the 1983 Winter <a href="/wiki/NAMM_Show" title="NAMM Show">NAMM Show</a>, Smith demonstrated a MIDI connection between <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits_Prophet-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits Prophet-5">Prophet 600</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-6" title="Roland Jupiter-6">Roland JP-6</a> synthesizers. The MIDI specification was published in August 1983.<a href="#cite_note-chadab5100-5">[5]</a> The MIDI standard was unveiled by Kakehashi and Smith, who received <a href="/wiki/Technical_Grammy_Award" title="Technical Grammy Award">Technical Grammy Awards</a> in 2013 for their work.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1983, the first instruments were released with MIDI, the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-6" title="Roland Jupiter-6">Roland Jupiter-6</a> and the Prophet 600. In 1983, the first MIDI <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">Roland TR-909</a>,<a href="#cite_note-russ_p66-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and the first MIDI <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a>, the Roland MSQ-700, were released.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) was formed following a meeting of "all interested companies" at the 1984 Summer NAMM Show in Chicago. The MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification was published at the MMA's second meeting at the 1985 Summer NAMM Show. The standard continued to evolve, adding standardized song files in 1991 (<a href="/wiki/General_MIDI" title="General MIDI">General MIDI</a>) and adapted to new connection standards such as <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> and <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>. In 2016, the MIDI Association was formed to continue overseeing the standard.<a href="#cite_note-:32-8">[8]</a> In 2017, an abridged version of MIDI 1.0 was published as international standard <a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> 63035.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> An initiative to create a 2.0 standard was announced in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI2Prototyping-22">[22]</a> The MIDI 2.0 standard was introduced at the 2020 Winter NAMM Show.<a href="#cite_note-midi2.0-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> cited MIDI as an early example of <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> technology. Smith believed MIDI could only succeed if every manufacturer adopted it, and so "we had to give it away".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> MIDI's appeal was originally limited to professional musicians and <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producers</a> who wanted to use electronic instruments in the production of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. The standard allowed different instruments to communicate with each other and with computers, and this spurred a rapid expansion of the sales and production of electronic instruments and music software.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes3-12">[12]</a>: 21  This interoperability allowed one device to be controlled from another, which reduced the amount of hardware musicians needed.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> MIDI's introduction coincided with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">dawn of the personal computer era</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">samplers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital synthesizers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The creative possibilities brought about by MIDI technology are credited for helping revive the music industry in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> MIDI introduced capabilities that transformed the way many musicians work. <a href="/wiki/MIDI_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDI sequencing">MIDI sequencing</a> makes it possible for a user with no notation skills to build complex arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A musical act with as few as one or two members, each operating multiple MIDI-enabled devices, can deliver a performance similar to that of a larger group of musicians.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The expense of hiring outside musicians for a project can be reduced or eliminated,<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 7  and complex productions can be realized on a system as small as a synthesizer with integrated keyboard and sequencer. MIDI also helped establish <a href="/wiki/Home_recording" title="Home recording">home recording</a>. By performing <a href="/wiki/Preproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Preproduction">preproduction</a> in a home environment, an artist can reduce recording costs by arriving at a recording studio with a partially completed song.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 7–8  In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> wrote that MIDI remained as important to music as <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> was to computing, and represented "a crucial value system of cooperation and mutual benefit, one all but thrown out by today's major tech companies in favour of captive markets". As of 2022, Smith's original MIDI design was still in use.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrument_control">Instrument control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Instrument control">edit</a>]</div> MIDI was invented so that electronic or digital musical instruments could communicate with each other and so that one instrument can control another. For example, a MIDI-compatible sequencer can trigger beats produced by a drum <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a>. Analog synthesizers that have no digital component and were built prior to MIDI's development can be retrofitted with kits that convert MIDI messages into analog control voltages.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 277  When a note is played on a MIDI instrument, it generates a digital MIDI message that can be used to trigger a note on another instrument.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 20  The capability for remote control allows full-sized instruments to be replaced with smaller sound modules, and allows musicians to combine instruments to achieve a fuller sound, or to create combinations of synthesized instrument sounds, such as acoustic piano and strings.<a href="#cite_note-Why-31">[31]</a> MIDI also enables other instrument parameters (volume, effects, etc.) to be controlled remotely. Synthesizers and samplers contain various tools for shaping an electronic or digital sound. <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">Filters</a> adjust <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, and envelopes automate the way a sound evolves over time after a note is triggered.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The frequency of a filter and the envelope attack (the time it takes for a sound to reach its maximum level), are examples of synthesizer <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">parameters</a>, and can be controlled remotely through MIDI. Effects devices have different parameters, such as delay feedback or reverb time. When a MIDI continuous controller number (CCN) is assigned to one of these parameters, the device responds to any messages it receives that are identified by that number. Controls such as knobs, switches, and pedals can be used to send these messages. A set of adjusted parameters can be saved to a device's internal memory as a patch, and these patches can be remotely selected by MIDI program changes.<a href="#cite_note-33">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Drum_sample.mid" title="File:Drum sample.mid">Drum sample 1</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Drum_sample.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Drum_sample.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Drum_sample.mid/Drum_sample.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Drum_sample.mid/Drum_sample.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Drum sample 1</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Drum_sample2.mid" title="File:Drum sample2.mid">Drum sample 2</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Drum_sample2.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Drum_sample2.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Drum_sample2.mid/Drum_sample2.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Drum_sample2.mid/Drum_sample2.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Drum sample 2</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bass_sample.mid" title="File:Bass sample.mid">Bass sample 1</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-mwtitle="Bass_sample.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Bass_sample.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Bass_sample.mid/Bass_sample.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Bass_sample.mid/Bass_sample.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Bass sample 1</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bass_sample2.mid" title="File:Bass sample2.mid">Bass sample 2</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-mwtitle="Bass_sample2.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Bass_sample2.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Bass_sample2.mid/Bass_sample2.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Bass_sample2.mid/Bass_sample2.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Bass sample 2</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:MIDI_sample.mid" title="File:MIDI sample.mid">Combination</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="MIDI_sample.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/MIDI_sample.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/MIDI_sample.mid/MIDI_sample.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/MIDI_sample.mid/MIDI_sample.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">A combination of the previous four files, with <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">jazz guitar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hi-hat" title="Hi-hat">hi-hat</a> and four extra <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measures</a> added to complete the short song, in <a href="/wiki/A_minor" title="A minor">A minor</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> MIDI events can be sequenced with <a href="/wiki/List_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIDI editors and sequencers">computer software</a>, or in specialized hardware <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">music workstations</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a> (DAWs) are specifically designed to work with MIDI as an integral component. MIDI <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano rolls</a> have been developed in many DAWs so that the recorded MIDI messages can be easily modified.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] These tools allow composers to audition and edit their work much more quickly and efficiently than did older solutions, such as <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Compositions can be programmed for MIDI that are impossible for human performers to play.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Because a MIDI performance is a sequence of commands that create sound, MIDI recordings can be manipulated in ways that audio recordings cannot. It is possible to change the key, instrumentation or tempo of a MIDI arrangement,<a href="#cite_note-Brewster-37">[36]</a>: 227  and to reorder its individual sections,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> or even edit individual notes. The ability to compose ideas and quickly hear them played back enables composers to experiment.<a href="#cite_note-Muse-39">[38]</a>: 175  <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a> programs provide computer-generated performances that can be used as song ideas or accompaniment.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 122  Some composers may take advantage of standard, portable set of commands and parameters in MIDI 1.0 and <a href="/wiki/General_MIDI" title="General MIDI">General MIDI</a> (GM) to share musical data files among various electronic instruments. The data composed via the sequenced MIDI recordings can be saved as a standard MIDI file (SMF), digitally distributed, and reproduced by any computer or electronic instrument that also adheres to the same MIDI, GM, and SMF standards. MIDI data files are much smaller than corresponding recorded <a href="/wiki/Audio_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio file">audio files</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_with_computers">Use with computers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use with computers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MIDI_standards" title="Comparison of MIDI standards">Comparison of MIDI standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> market stabilized at the same time that MIDI appeared, and computers became a viable option for music production.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 324  In 1983 computers started to play a role in mainstream music production.<a href="#cite_note-russ2012-40">[39]</a> In the years immediately after the 1983 ratification of the MIDI specification, MIDI features were adapted to several early computer platforms. The <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_CX5M" title="Yamaha CX5M">Yamaha CX5M</a> introduced MIDI support and <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencing</a> in an <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> system in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-casabona-41">[40]</a> The spread of MIDI on home computers was largely facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MPU-401" title="MPU-401">MPU-401</a>, released in 1984, as the first MIDI-equipped <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>, capable of MIDI sound processing<a href="#cite_note-emusician-mpu-42">[41]</a> and sequencing.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> After Roland sold MPU <a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">sound chips</a> to other sound card manufacturers,<a href="#cite_note-emusician-mpu-42">[41]</a> it established a universal standard MIDI-to-PC interface.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The widespread adoption of MIDI led to computer-based <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers" title="Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers">MIDI software</a> being developed.<a href="#cite_note-russ2012-40">[39]</a> Soon after, a number of platforms began supporting MIDI, including the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Archimedes" title="Acorn Archimedes">Acorn Archimedes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 325–7  The 1985 <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> shipped with MIDI ports as part of the base system. In 2015, Retro Innovations released the first MIDI interface for a <a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a>, making the computer's four voices available to electronic musicians and retro-computing enthusiasts for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Retro Innovations also makes a MIDI interface cartridge for <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Color_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandy Color Computer">Tandy Color Computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_32/64" title="Dragon 32/64">Dragon</a> computers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Chiptune musicians also use retro gaming consoles to compose, produce and perform music using MIDI interfaces. Custom interfaces are available for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)/Famicom,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Game Boy,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Game Boy Advance<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and Sega Genesis (Mega Drive).<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computer_files">Computer files</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Computer files">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm/220px--Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="900" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="900" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm/Bach-_Crab_Canon_from_the_Musical_Offering.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>MIDI files contain sound events such as a finger striking a key, which can be visualized using software such as <a href="/wiki/Synthesia_(video_game)" title="Synthesia (video game)">Synthesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> A MIDI file is not an audio recording. Rather, it is a set of instructions – for example, for pitch or tempo – and can use a thousand times less disk space than the equivalent recorded audio.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Due to their tiny filesize, fan-made MIDI arrangements became an attractive way to share music online, before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Broadband_internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband internet access">broadband internet access</a> and multi-gigabyte hard drives.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The major drawback to this is the wide variation in quality of users' audio cards, and in the actual audio contained as samples or synthesized sound in the card that the MIDI data only refers to symbolically. Even a sound card that contains high-quality sampled sounds can have inconsistent quality from one sampled instrument to another.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford-52">[51]</a> Early budget-priced cards, such as the <a href="/wiki/AdLib" class="mw-redirect" title="AdLib">AdLib</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a> and its compatibles, used a stripped-down version of Yamaha's <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">frequency modulation synthesis</a> (FM synthesis) technology<a href="#cite_note-WiffenFM-55">[54]</a> played back through low-quality digital-to-analog converters. The low-fidelity reproduction<a href="#cite_note-Crawford-52">[51]</a> of these ubiquitous<a href="#cite_note-WiffenFM-55">[54]</a> cards was often assumed to somehow be a property of MIDI itself. This created a perception of MIDI as low-quality audio, while in reality MIDI itself contains no sound,<a href="#cite_note-Battino-56">[55]</a> and the quality of its playback depends entirely on the quality of the sound-producing device.<a href="#cite_note-Brewster-37">[36]</a>: 227  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Standard_files">Standard files</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standard files">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Standard MIDI File</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.mid</code></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> audio/midi</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.midi-audio<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Standard MIDI File (SMF) is a <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> that provides a standardized way for music sequences to be saved, transported, and opened in other systems. The standard was developed and is maintained by the MMA, and usually uses a <code>.mid</code> extension.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The compact size of these files led to their widespread use in computers, mobile phone <a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">ringtones</a>, webpage authoring and musical greeting cards. These files are intended for universal use and include such information as note values, timing and track names. Lyrics may be included as <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, and can be displayed by <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> machines.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> SMFs are created as an export format of software sequencers or hardware workstations. They organize MIDI messages into one or more parallel <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">tracks</a> and time-stamp the events so that they can be played back in sequence. A <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> contains the arrangement's track count, tempo and an indicator of which of three SMF formats the file uses. A type 0 file contains the entire performance, merged onto a single track, while type 1 files may contain any number of tracks that are performed synchronously. Type 2 files are rarely used<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> and store multiple arrangements, with each arrangement having its own track and intended to be played in sequence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="RMID_files">RMID files</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: RMID files">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> bundles SMFs together with <a href="/wiki/Downloadable_Sounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Downloadable Sounds">Downloadable Sounds</a> (DLS) in a <a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">Resource Interchange File Format</a> (RIFF) wrapper, as RMID files with a <code>.rmi</code> extension. RIFF-RMID has been <a href="/wiki/Deprecated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecated">deprecated</a> in favor of Extensible Music Files (<a href="/wiki/XMF" title="XMF">XMF</a>).<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Software">Software</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers" title="Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers">Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers</a></div> The main advantage of the personal computer in a MIDI system is that it can serve a number of different purposes, depending on the software that is loaded.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 55  <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Multitasking</a> allows simultaneous operation of programs that may be able to share data with each other.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 65  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sequencers">Sequencers</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sequencers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Audio_sequencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio sequencer">Audio sequencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></div> Sequencing software allows recorded MIDI data to be manipulated using standard computer editing features such as <a href="/wiki/Cut,_copy_and_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut, copy and paste">cut, copy and paste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drag_and_drop" title="Drag and drop">drag and drop</a>. <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">Keyboard shortcuts</a> can be used to streamline workflow, and, in some systems, editing functions may be invoked by MIDI events. The sequencer allows each channel to be set to play a different sound and gives a graphical overview of the arrangement. A variety of editing tools are made available, including a notation display or <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriter</a> that can be used to create printed parts for musicians. Tools such as <a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">looping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(music)" title="Quantization (music)">quantization</a>, randomization, and <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">transposition</a> simplify the arranging process. <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">Beat</a> creation is simplified, and <a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">groove</a> templates can be used to duplicate another track's rhythmic feel. Realistic expression can be added through the manipulation of real-time controllers. Mixing can be performed, and MIDI can be synchronized with recorded audio and video tracks. Work can be saved, and transported between different computers or studios.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desmond-63">[62]</a>: 164–6  Sequencers may take alternate forms, such as drum pattern editors that allow users to create beats by clicking on pattern grids,<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 118  and loop sequencers such as <a href="/wiki/ACID_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="ACID Pro">ACID Pro</a>, which allow MIDI to be combined with prerecorded audio loops whose tempos and keys are matched to each other. Cue-list sequencing is used to trigger dialogue, sound effect, and music cues in stage and broadcast production.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 121  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Notation_software">Notation software</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notation software">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></div> With MIDI, notes played on a keyboard can automatically be transcribed to <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes3-12">[12]</a>: 213  <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriting</a> software typically lacks advanced sequencing tools, and is optimized for the creation of a neat, professional printout designed for live instrumentalists.<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-63">[62]</a>: 157  These programs provide support for dynamics and expression markings, chord and lyric display, and complex score styles.<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-63">[62]</a>: 167  Software is available that can print scores in <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Notation programs include <a href="/wiki/Finale_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finale (software)">Finale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encore_(software)" title="Encore (software)">Encore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibelius (software)">Sibelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/MuseScore" title="MuseScore">MuseScore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorico" title="Dorico">Dorico</a>. <a href="/wiki/SmartScore" title="SmartScore">SmartScore</a> software can produce MIDI files from <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanned</a> sheet music.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Editors_and_librarians">Editors and librarians</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Editors and librarians">edit</a>]</div> Patch editors allow users to program their equipment through the computer interface. These became essential with the appearance of complex synthesizers such as the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_FS1R" title="Yamaha FS1R">Yamaha FS1R</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> which contained several thousand programmable parameters, but had an interface that consisted of fifteen tiny buttons, four knobs and a small LCD.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Digital instruments typically discourage users from experimentation, due to their lack of the feedback and direct control that switches and knobs would provide,<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-68">[67]</a>: 393  but patch editors give owners of hardware instruments and effects devices the same editing functionality that is available to users of software synthesizers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Some editors are designed for a specific instrument or effects device, while other, universal editors support a variety of equipment, and ideally can control the parameters of every device in a setup through the use of System Exclusive messages.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 129  System Exclusive messages use the MIDI protocol to send information about the synthesizer's parameters. Patch librarians have the specialized function of organizing the sounds in a collection of equipment and exchanging entire banks of sounds between an instrument and a computer. In this way the device's limited patch storage is augmented by a computer's much greater disk capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 133  Once transferred to the computer, it is possible to share custom patches with other owners of the same instrument.<a href="#cite_note-Cakewalk-70">[69]</a> Universal editor/librarians that combine the two functions were once common, and included Opcode Systems' Galaxy, <a href="/wiki/Emagic" title="Emagic">eMagic</a>'s SoundDiver, and MOTU's Unisyn. Although these older programs have been largely abandoned with the trend toward computer-based synthesis using virtual instruments, several editor/librarians remain available, including Coffeeshopped Patch Base,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Sound Quest's Midi Quest, and several editors from Sound Tower. <a href="/wiki/Native_Instruments" title="Native Instruments">Native Instruments</a>' Kore was an effort to bring the editor/librarian concept into the age of software instruments,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> but was abandoned in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Auto-accompaniment_programs">Auto-accompaniment programs</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Auto-accompaniment programs">edit</a>]</div> Programs that can dynamically generate accompaniment tracks are called auto-accompaniment programs. These create a full-band arrangement in a style that the user selects, and send the result to a MIDI sound generating device for playback. The generated tracks can be used as educational or practice tools, as accompaniment for live performances, or as a songwriting aid.<a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-74">[73]</a>: 42  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Synthesis_and_sampling">Synthesis and sampling</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Synthesis and sampling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></div> Computers can use software to generate sounds, which are then passed through a <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC) to a power amplifier and loudspeaker system.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes3-12">[12]</a>: 213  The number of sounds that can be played simultaneously (the <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>) is dependent on the power of the computer's <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>, as are the <a href="/wiki/Sample_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample rate">sample rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">bit depth</a> of playback, which directly affect the quality of the sound.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Synthesizers implemented in software are subject to timing issues that are not necessarily present with hardware instruments, whose dedicated operating systems are not subject to interruption from background tasks as desktop <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> are. These timing issues can cause synchronization problems, and clicks and pops when sample playback is interrupted. Software synthesizers also may exhibit additional <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">latency</a> in their sound generation.<a href="#cite_note-WalkerTime-76">[75]</a> The roots of software synthesis go back as far as the 1950s, when <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC-N</a> programming language, which was capable of non-real-time sound generation.<a href="#cite_note-DMM1997-77">[76]</a> Reality, by Dave Smith's <a href="/wiki/Seer_Systems" title="Seer Systems">Seer Systems</a> was an early synthesizer that ran directly on a host computer's CPU. Reality achieved a low latency through tight driver integration, and therefore could run only on <a href="/wiki/Creative_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Labs">Creative Labs</a> soundcards.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Syntauri Corporation's Alpha Syntauri was another early software-based synthesizer. It ran on the Apple IIe computer and used a combination of software and the computer's hardware to produce additive synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Some systems use dedicated hardware to reduce the load on the host CPU, as with <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_Sound_Corporation" title="Symbolic Sound Corporation">Symbolic Sound Corporation</a>'s Kyma System,<a href="#cite_note-DMM1997-77">[76]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Creamware_(company)" title="Creamware (company)">Creamware</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sonic_Core" title="Sonic Core">Sonic Core</a> Pulsar/SCOPE systems,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> which power an entire recording studio's worth of instruments, <a href="/wiki/Effect_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect unit">effect units</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio console">mixers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The ability to construct full MIDI arrangements entirely in computer software allows a composer to render a finalized result directly as an audio file.<a href="#cite_note-Why-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Game_music">Game music</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Game music">edit</a>]</div> Early PC games were distributed on floppy disks, and the small size of MIDI files made them a viable means of providing soundtracks. Games of the <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> and early Windows eras typically required compatibility with either <a href="/wiki/Ad_Lib,_Inc." title="Ad Lib, Inc.">Ad Lib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a> audio cards. These cards used <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a>, which generates sound through <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine waves</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a>, the technique's pioneer, theorized that the technology would be capable of accurate recreation of any sound if <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">enough sine waves were used</a>, but budget computer audio cards performed FM synthesis with only two sine waves. Combined with the cards' 8-bit audio, this resulted in a sound described as "artificial"<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> and "primitive".<a href="#cite_note-Levy-84">[83]</a> Wavetable <a href="/wiki/Daughterboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughterboard">daughterboards</a> that were later available provided audio samples that could be used in place of the FM sound. These were expensive, but often used the sounds from respected MIDI instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Proteus" title="E-mu Proteus">E-mu Proteus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-84">[83]</a> The computer industry moved in the mid-1990s toward wavetable-based soundcards with 16-bit playback, but standardized on a 2 MB of wavetable storage, a space too small in which to fit good-quality samples of 128 General MIDI instruments plus drum kits. To make the most of the limited space, some manufacturers stored 12-bit samples and expanded those to 16 bits on playback.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other applications">edit</a>]</div> Despite its association with music devices, MIDI can control any electronic or digital device that can read and process a MIDI command. MIDI has been adopted as a control protocol in a number of non-musical applications. <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Show_Control" title="MIDI Show Control">MIDI Show Control</a> uses MIDI commands to direct stage lighting systems and to trigger cued events in theatrical productions. <a href="/wiki/VJ_(video_performance_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="VJ (video performance artist)">VJs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablists</a> use it to cue clips, and to synchronize equipment, and recording systems use it for synchronization and <a href="/wiki/Console_automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Console automation">automation</a>. Wayne Lytle, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Animusic" title="Animusic">Animusic</a>, derived a system he dubbed MIDIMotion in order to produce the Animusic series of computer-animated music video albums; Animusic would later design its own animation software specifically for MIDIMotion called Animotion.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Motion">Apple Motion</a> allows for a similar control of animation parameters through MIDI. The 1987 <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> game <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Maze" title="MIDI Maze">MIDI Maze</a> and the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_puzzle_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer puzzle game">computer puzzle game</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxyd" title="Oxyd">Oxyd</a> used MIDI to network computers together. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devices">Devices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Devices">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Midi_ports_and_cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Midi_ports_and_cable.jpg/115px-Midi_ports_and_cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Midi_ports_and_cable.jpg/173px-Midi_ports_and_cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Midi_ports_and_cable.jpg/230px-Midi_ports_and_cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="534" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">5-pin DIN MIDI cable plugged in a socket</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MIDI_connector2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MIDI_connector2.svg/79px-MIDI_connector2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MIDI_connector2.svg/119px-MIDI_connector2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MIDI_connector2.svg/158px-MIDI_connector2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="177" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">DIN connector pin numbers</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connectors_and_interface">Connectors and interface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Connectors and interface">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DIN_connector">DIN connector</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: DIN connector">edit</a>]</div> Per the original MIDI 1.0 standard, cables terminate in a <a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">180° five-pin DIN connector</a> (DIN 41524). Typical applications use only three of the five conductors: a <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">ground</a> wire (pin 2), and a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced pair">balanced pair</a> of conductors (pins 4 and 5) that carry the MIDI signal as an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-74">[73]</a>: 41  This connector configuration can only carry messages in one direction, so a second cable is necessary for two-way communication.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 13  Some proprietary applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Phantom_power" title="Phantom power">phantom-powered</a> footswitch controllers, use the spare pins for <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) power transmission.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opto-isolator" title="Opto-isolator">Opto-isolators</a> keep MIDI devices electrically separated from their MIDI connections, which prevents <a href="/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity)" title="Ground loop (electricity)">ground loops</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a>: 63  and protects equipment from voltage spikes.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 277  There is no <a href="/wiki/Error_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Error detection">error detection</a> capability in MIDI, so the maximum cable length is set at 15 meters (49 ft) to limit <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TRS_minijack_connector">TRS minijack connector</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: TRS minijack connector">edit</a>]</div> To save space, some MIDI devices (smaller ones in particular) started using 3.5 mm <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">TRS phone connectors</a> (also known as audio minijack connectors).<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> This became widespread enough that the MIDI Manufacturers' Association standardized the wiring.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The MIDI-over-minijack standards document also recommends the use of 2.5 mm connectors over 3.5 mm ones to avoid confusion with audio connectors.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thru_port">Thru port</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thru port">edit</a>]</div> Most devices do not copy messages from their input to their output port. A third type of port, the thru port, emits a copy of everything received at the input port, allowing data to be forwarded to another instrument<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 278  in a <a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">daisy-chain</a> arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-indiana.edu-94">[93]</a> Not all devices feature thru ports, and devices that lack the ability to generate MIDI data, such as effects units and sound modules, may not include out ports.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-68">[67]</a>: 384  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_devices">Management devices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Management devices">edit</a>]</div> Each device in a daisy chain adds delay to the system. This can be avoided by using a MIDI thru box, which contains several outputs that provide an exact copy of the box's input signal. A MIDI merger is able to combine the input from multiple devices into a single stream, and allows multiple controllers to be connected to a single device. A MIDI switcher allows switching between multiple devices, and eliminates the need to physically repatch cables. MIDI routers combine all of these functions. They contain multiple inputs and outputs, and allow any combination of input channels to be routed to any combination of output channels. Routing setups can be created using computer software, stored in memory, and selected by MIDI program change commands.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 47–50  This enables the devices to function as standalone MIDI routers in situations where no computer is present.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 62–3 <a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> MIDI data processors are used for utility tasks and special effects. These include MIDI filters, which remove unwanted MIDI data from the stream, and MIDI delays, effects that send a repeated copy of the input data at a set time.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 51  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Interfaces">edit</a>]</div> A computer MIDI interface's main function is to synchronize communications between the MIDI device and the computer.<a href="#cite_note-indiana.edu-94">[93]</a> Some computer sound cards include a standard MIDI connector, whereas others connect by any of various means that include the <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">D-subminiature</a> DA-15 <a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">game port</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> or a proprietary connection. The increasing use of <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> connectors in the 2000s has led to the availability of MIDI-to-USB data interfaces that can transfer MIDI channels to USB-equipped computers. Some MIDI keyboard controllers are equipped with USB jacks, and can be connected directly to computers that run music software. MIDI's serial transmission leads to timing problems. A three-byte MIDI message requires nearly 1 millisecond for transmission.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Because MIDI is serial, it can only send one event at a time. If an event is sent on two channels at once, the event on the second channel cannot transmit until the first one is finished, and so is delayed by 1 ms. If an event is sent on all channels at the same time, the last channel's transmission is delayed by as much as 16 ms. This contributed to the rise of MIDI interfaces with multiple in- and out-ports, because timing improves when events are spread between multiple ports as opposed to multiple channels on the same port.<a href="#cite_note-WalkerTime-76">[75]</a> The term MIDI slop refers to audible timing errors that result when MIDI transmission is delayed.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controllers">Controllers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Controllers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remote_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Novation Remote 25 two-octave MIDI controller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Remote_25.jpg/220px-Remote_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Remote_25.jpg/330px-Remote_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Remote_25.jpg/440px-Remote_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Smaller MIDI controllers are popular due to their portability. This two-<a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> unit provides a variety of controls for manipulating various sound design parameters of computer-based or standalone hardware instruments, effects, mixers and recording devices.</figcaption></figure> There are two types of MIDI controllers: performance controllers that generate notes and are used to perform music,<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> and controllers that may not send notes, but transmit other types of real-time events. Many devices are some combination of the two types. <a href="/wiki/MIDI_keyboard" title="MIDI keyboard">Keyboards</a> are by far the most common type of MIDI controller.<a href="#cite_note-Cakewalk-70">[69]</a> MIDI was designed with keyboards in mind, and any controller that is not a keyboard is considered an "alternative" controller.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> This was seen as a limitation by composers who were not interested in keyboard-based music, but the standard proved flexible, and MIDI compatibility was introduced to other types of controllers, including guitars, and other stringed instruments and <a href="/wiki/Drum_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum controller">drum controllers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_controller" title="Wind controller">wind controllers</a>, which emulate the playing of <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kit</a> and wind instruments, respectively and specialized and experimental controllers.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes3-12">[12]</a>: 23  Nevertheless, some features of the keyboard playing for which MIDI was designed do not fully capture other instruments' capabilities; <a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a> cites the standard as an example of technological "lock-in" that unexpectedly limited what was possible to express.<a href="#cite_note-You_Are_Not_a_Gadget-100">[99]</a> Some of these shortcomings have been addressed in <a href="#Extensions">extensions</a> to the protocol. Software synthesizers offer great power and versatility, but some players feel that division of attention between a MIDI keyboard and a computer keyboard and mouse robs some of the immediacy from the playing experience.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Devices dedicated to real-time MIDI control provide an ergonomic benefit and can provide a greater sense of connection with the instrument than an interface that is accessed through a computer. Controllers may be general-purpose devices that are designed to work with a variety of equipment, or they may be designed to work with a specific piece of software. Examples of the latter include Akai's APC40 controller for <a href="/wiki/Ableton_Live" title="Ableton Live">Ableton Live</a>, and Korg's MS-20ic controller, a reproduction of the control panel on their <a href="/wiki/MS-20" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-20">MS-20</a> analog synthesizer. The MS-20ic controller includes <a href="/wiki/Patch_cables" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch cables">patch cables</a> that can be used to control signal routing in their virtual reproduction of the MS-20 synthesizer and can also control third-party devices.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Instruments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korg_05RW_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A General MIDI sound module." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Korg_05RW_front.jpg/220px-Korg_05RW_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Korg_05RW_front.jpg/330px-Korg_05RW_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Korg_05RW_front.jpg/440px-Korg_05RW_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a>, which requires an external controller (e.g., a MIDI keyboard) to trigger its sounds. These devices are highly portable, but their limited programming interface requires computer-based tools for comfortable access to their sound parameters.</figcaption></figure> A MIDI instrument contains ports to send and receive MIDI signals, a CPU to process those signals, an interface that allows user programming, audio circuitry to generate sound, and controllers. The operating system and factory sounds are often stored in a <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM) unit.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 67–70  A MIDI instrument can also be a stand-alone module (without a piano-style keyboard) consisting of a General MIDI soundboard (GM, GS and XG), onboard editing, including transposing, MIDI instrument selection and adjusting volume, pan, reverb levels and other MIDI controllers. Typically, the MIDI module includes a screen, so the user can view information for the currently selected function. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthesizers">Synthesizers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Synthesizers">edit</a>]</div> Synthesizers may employ any of a variety of sound generation techniques. They may include an integrated keyboard or may exist as sound modules that generate sounds when triggered by an external controller, such as a MIDI keyboard. Sound modules are typically designed to be mounted in a <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch rack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 70–72  Manufacturers commonly produce a synthesizer in both standalone and rack-mounted versions, and often offer the keyboard version in a variety of sizes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samplers">Samplers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Samplers">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">sampler</a> can record and digitize audio, store it in <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM), and play it back. Samplers typically allow a user to edit a <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sample</a> and save it to a hard disk, apply effects to it, and shape it with the same tools that <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtractive synthesizer">subtractive synthesizers</a> use. They also may be available in either keyboard or rack-mounted form.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 74–8  Instruments that generate sounds through sample playback, but have no recording capabilities, are known as "<a href="/wiki/Rompler" title="Rompler">ROMplers</a>". Samplers did not become established as viable MIDI instruments as quickly as synthesizers did, due to the expense of memory and processing power at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 295  The first low-cost MIDI sampler was the <a href="/wiki/Ensoniq_Mirage" title="Ensoniq Mirage">Ensoniq Mirage</a>, introduced in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 304  MIDI samplers are typically limited by displays that are too small to use to edit sampled waveforms, although some can be connected to a computer monitor.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 305  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drum_machines">Drum machines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Drum machines">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machines</a> typically are sample playback devices that specialize in drum and percussion sounds. They commonly contain a sequencer that allows the creation of drum patterns and allows them to be arranged into a song. There often are multiple audio outputs, so that each sound or group of sounds can be routed to a separate output. The individual drum voices may be playable from another MIDI instrument, or from a sequencer.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 84  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workstations_and_hardware_sequencers">Workstations and hardware sequencers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Workstations and hardware sequencers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenori-on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A button matrix MIDI controller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tenori-on.jpg/220px-Tenori-on.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Tenori-on.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Yamaha's <a href="/wiki/Tenori-on" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenori-on">Tenori-on</a> controller allows arrangements to be built by "drawing" on its array of lighted buttons. The resulting arrangements can be played back using its internal sounds or external sound sources, or recorded in a computer-based sequencer.</figcaption></figure> Sequencer technology predates MIDI. <a href="/wiki/Analog_sequencer" title="Analog sequencer">Analog sequencers</a> use <a href="/wiki/CV/Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="CV/Gate">CV/Gate</a> signals to control pre-MIDI analog synthesizers. MIDI sequencers typically are operated by transport features modeled after those of <a href="/wiki/Tape_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape deck">tape decks</a>. They are capable of recording MIDI performances and arranging them into individual tracks using a <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> paradigm. Music workstations combine controller keyboards with an internal sound generation and a sequencer. These can be used to build complete arrangements and play them back using their own internal sounds, and function as self-contained music production studios. They commonly include file storage and transfer capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 103–4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_units">Effects units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Effects units">edit</a>]</div> Some <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> can be remotely controlled via MIDI. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Eventide,_Inc" title="Eventide, Inc">Eventide</a> H3000 Ultra-harmonizer allows such extensive MIDI control that it is playable as a synthesizer.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 322  The <a href="/wiki/Drum_Buddy" title="Drum Buddy">Drum Buddy</a>, a pedal-format <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>, has a MIDI connection so that it can have its tempo synchronized with a <a href="/wiki/Looper_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Looper pedal">looper pedal</a> or time-based effects such as delay. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Technical specifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8-N-1_MIDI_two-bytes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/8-N-1_MIDI_two-bytes.png/342px-8-N-1_MIDI_two-bytes.png" decoding="async" width="342" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/8-N-1_MIDI_two-bytes.png 1.5x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="54" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/8-N-1" title="8-N-1">8-N-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous serial communication</a> of two MIDI bytes. Each 8-bit byte is preceded by a start bit and succeeded by a stop bit for <a href="/wiki/Frame_synchronization" title="Frame synchronization">framing</a> purposes, to total 10 bits.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 286  So while the 31,250 <a href="/wiki/Baud_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Baud rate">baud rate</a> corresponds to 31.25 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Net_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Net bit rate">net bit rate</a> is only 25 kbit/s. Each byte with its frame uses 320 <a href="/wiki/Microseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Microseconds">microseconds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI_specification-103">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> MIDI messages are made up of 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Bytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytes">bytes</a> transmitted at 31,250<a href="#cite_note-104">[b]</a> (±1%) <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> using <a href="/wiki/8-N-1" title="8-N-1">8-N-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous serial communication</a> as described in the figure. The first bit of each byte identifies whether the byte is a status byte or a data byte, and is followed by seven bits of information.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 13–14  A MIDI link can carry sixteen independent channels, numbered 1–16. A device may listen to specific channels and ignore messages on other channels (omni off mode), or it can listen to all channels, effectively ignoring the channel address (omni on). A device that is <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic">polyphonic</a> can sound multiple notes simultaneously, until the device's polyphony limit is reached, or the notes reach the end of their <a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope#ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">decay envelope</a>, or explicit note-off MIDI commands are received. A device that is <a href="/wiki/Monophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic">monophonic</a> instead terminates any previous note when new note-on commands arrive. Some receiving devices may be set to all four combinations of omni off/on and mono/poly modes.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 14–18  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messages">Messages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Messages">edit</a>]</div> A MIDI message is an instruction that controls some aspect of the receiving device. A MIDI message consists of a status byte, which indicates the type of the message, followed by up to two data bytes that contain the parameters.<a href="#cite_note-Brewster-37">[36]</a> MIDI messages can be channel messages sent on only one of the 16 channels and monitored only by devices on that channel, or system messages that all devices receive. Each receiving device ignores data not relevant to its function.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-68">[67]</a>: 384  There are five types of message: Channel Voice, Channel Mode, System Common, System Real-Time, and System Exclusive.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Channel Voice messages transmit real-time performance data over a single channel. Examples include note-on messages which contain a MIDI note number that specifies the note's pitch, a velocity value that indicates how forcefully the note was played, and the channel number; note-off messages that end a note; program change messages that change a device's patch; and control changes that allow adjustment of an instrument's parameters. MIDI notes are numbered from 0 to 127 assigned to C−1 to G9. This extends beyond the 88-note piano range from A0 to C8 and corresponds to a frequency range of 8.175799 to 12543.85 Hz.<a href="#cite_note-106">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="System_Exclusive_messages">System Exclusive messages </h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: System Exclusive messages">edit</a>]</div> System Exclusive (SysEx) messages send information about a synthesizer's functions, rather than performance data such as which notes are being played and how loud. Because they can include functionality beyond what the MIDI standard provides, they are a major reason for the flexibility and longevity of the MIDI standard. Manufacturers use them to create proprietary messages that control their equipment more thoroughly than the limitations of standard MIDI messages.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 287  The MIDI Manufacturers Association issues a unique identification number to MIDI companies.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> These are included in SysEx messages, to ensure that only the specifically addressed device responds to the message, while all others know to ignore it. Many instruments also include a SysEx ID setting, so a controller can address two devices of the same model independently.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Universal System Exclusive messages are a special class of SysEx messages used for extensions to MIDI that are not intended to be exclusive to one manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation_chart">Implementation chart</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Implementation chart">edit</a>]</div> Devices typically do not respond to every type of message defined by the MIDI specification. The MIDI implementation chart was standardized by the MMA as a way for users to see what specific capabilities an instrument has, and how it responds to messages.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 231  A populated MIDI implementation chart is usually published as part of the documentation for MIDI devices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_specifications">Electrical specifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Electrical specifications">edit</a>]</div> MIDI 1.0's electrical interface is based around a fully isolated <a href="/wiki/Current_loop" title="Current loop">current loop</a><a href="#cite_note-MIDI_specification-103">[102]</a> along the red and blue lines in the following <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">schematic</a>: <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MIDI_IN_OUT_simplified_schematic_twisted-pair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="MIDI interconnection schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MIDI_IN_OUT_simplified_schematic_twisted-pair.svg/718px-MIDI_IN_OUT_simplified_schematic_twisted-pair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="718" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MIDI_IN_OUT_simplified_schematic_twisted-pair.svg/1077px-MIDI_IN_OUT_simplified_schematic_twisted-pair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MIDI_IN_OUT_simplified_schematic_twisted-pair.svg/1436px-MIDI_IN_OUT_simplified_schematic_twisted-pair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="78" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> "DIN / TRS" in this schematic indicates that either a <a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">DIN connector</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[d]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/TRS_phone_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="TRS phone connector">TRS phone connector</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[e]</a> may be used.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> To transmit a logic 0 and a start bit, the sender's <a href="/wiki/UART" class="mw-redirect" title="UART">UART</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[f]</a> produces a low voltage. This results in a nominal 5 <a href="/wiki/Milliampere" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliampere">milliamperes</a><a href="#cite_note-MIDI_specification-103">[102]</a> current flow <a href="/wiki/Current_source" title="Current source">sourced</a> from the sender's high voltage supply,<a href="#cite_note-116">[g]</a> which travels rightwards along the red lines though the <a href="/wiki/Shielded_cable" title="Shielded cable">shielded</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twisted-pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisted-pair">twisted-pair</a> cable and into the receiver's opto-isolator. The current exits the opto-isolator and returns back leftwards along the blue lines into the sender's UART, which <a href="/wiki/Current_sink" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sink">sinks</a> the current.<a href="#cite_note-118">[i]</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistors">Resistors</a> R1 and R2 limit the current and are equal to provide a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_line" title="Balanced line">balanced impedance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a> is for protection.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> This current turns on the opto-isolator's<a href="#cite_note-120">[j]</a> <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phototransistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototransistor">phototransistor</a>, so the receiver's UART can read the signal with the help of <a href="/wiki/Pull-up_resistor" title="Pull-up resistor">pull-up resistor</a> R3 to the receiver's voltage supply. While the supplies in the original specification are 5 <a href="/wiki/Volts" class="mw-redirect" title="Volts">volts</a>, the receiver and sender may use different voltage levels. To transmit a logic 1, a stop bit, and while idle, the sender's <a href="/wiki/UART" class="mw-redirect" title="UART">UART</a> produces the same high voltage as its <a href="/wiki/Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">voltage supply</a> provides, which results in no current flow. This avoids wasting power when idle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Extensions">edit</a>]</div> MIDI's flexibility and widespread adoption have led to many refinements of the standard, and have enabled its application to purposes beyond those for which it was originally intended. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_MIDI">General MIDI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: General MIDI">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_MIDI" title="General MIDI">General MIDI</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GM_Standard_Drum_Map_on_vertical_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="GM Standard Drum Map on the keyboard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/GM_Standard_Drum_Map_on_vertical_keyboard.svg/302px-GM_Standard_Drum_Map_on_vertical_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="302" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/GM_Standard_Drum_Map_on_vertical_keyboard.svg/453px-GM_Standard_Drum_Map_on_vertical_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/GM_Standard_Drum_Map_on_vertical_keyboard.svg/604px-GM_Standard_Drum_Map_on_vertical_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_MIDI#Percussion" title="General MIDI">General MIDI's Percussion Key Map</a> specifies the percussion sound that a given note triggers. MIDI note numbers shown in parentheses next to their corresponding keyboard note.</figcaption></figure> MIDI allows the selection of an instrument's sounds through program change messages, but there is no guarantee that any two instruments have the same sound at a given program location.<a href="#cite_note-Bello-121">[111]</a> Program #0 may be a piano on one instrument, or a flute on another. The General MIDI (GM) standard was established in 1991, and provides a standardized sound bank that allows a Standard MIDI File created on one device to sound similar when played back on another. GM specifies a bank of 128 sounds arranged into 16 families of eight related instruments, and assigns a specific program number to each instrument.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> Any given program change selects the same instrument sound on any GM-compatible instrument.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> Percussion instruments are placed on channel 10, and a specific MIDI note value is mapped to each percussion sound. The GM standard eliminates variation in note mapping. Some manufacturers had disagreed over what note number should represent middle C, but GM specifies that note number 69 plays <a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">A440</a>, which in turn fixes middle C as note number 60. GM-compliant devices must offer 24-note polyphony.<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> GM-compatible devices are required to respond to velocity, aftertouch, and pitch bend, to be set to specified default values at startup, and to support certain controller numbers such as for <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a>, and Registered Parameter Numbers (RPNs).<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> A simplified version of GM, called GM Lite, is used for devices with limited processing power.<a href="#cite_note-Bello-121">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GS,_XG,_and_GM2">GS, XG, and GM2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: GS, XG, and GM2">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/General_MIDI_Level_2" title="General MIDI Level 2">General MIDI Level 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_GS" title="Roland GS">Roland GS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_XG" title="Yamaha XG">Yamaha XG</a></div> A general opinion quickly formed that the GM's 128-instrument sound set was not large enough. Roland's General Standard, or <a href="/wiki/Roland_GS" title="Roland GS">Roland GS</a>, included additional sounds, drumkits and effects, provided a bank select command that could be used to access them, and used MIDI Non-Registered Parameter Numbers (NRPNs) to access its new features. Yamaha's Extended General MIDI, or <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_XG" title="Yamaha XG">Yamaha XG</a>, followed in 1994. XG similarly offered extra sounds, drumkits and effects, but used standard controllers instead of NRPNs for editing, and increased polyphony to 32 voices. Both standards feature backward compatibility with the GM specification but are not compatible with each other.<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> Neither standard has been adopted beyond its creator, but both are commonly supported by music software titles. Member companies of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Musical_Electronics_Industry" title="Association of Musical Electronics Industry">AMEI</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/General_MIDI_Level_2" title="General MIDI Level 2">General MIDI Level 2</a> specification in 1999. GM2 maintains backward compatibility with GM, but increases polyphony to 32 voices, standardizes several controller numbers such as for <a href="/wiki/Sostenuto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sostenuto">sostenuto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">soft pedal</a> (una corda), RPNs and Universal System Exclusive Messages, and incorporates the MIDI Tuning Standard.<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> GM2 is the basis of the instrument selection mechanism in Scalable Polyphony MIDI (SP-MIDI), a MIDI variant for low-power devices that allows the device's polyphony to scale according to its processing power.<a href="#cite_note-Bello-121">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuning_standard">Tuning standard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tuning standard">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIDI_tuning_standard" title="MIDI tuning standard">MIDI tuning standard</a></div> Most MIDI synthesizers use <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a> tuning. The <a href="/wiki/MIDI_tuning_standard" title="MIDI tuning standard">MIDI tuning standard</a> (MTS), ratified in 1992, allows alternate tunings.<a href="#cite_note-MTS-129">[119]</a> MTS allows <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtunings</a> that can be loaded from a bank of up to 128 patches, and allows real-time adjustment of note pitches.<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> Manufacturers are not required to support the standard. Those who do are not required to implement all of its features.<a href="#cite_note-MTS-129">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_code">Time code</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Time code">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIDI_timecode" title="MIDI timecode">MIDI timecode</a></div> A sequencer can drive a MIDI system with its internal clock, but when a system contains multiple sequencers, they must synchronize to a common clock. MIDI timecode (MTC), developed by <a href="/wiki/Digidesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Digidesign">Digidesign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> implements SysEx messages<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> developed specifically for timing purposes, and can translate to and from the <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_timecode" title="SMPTE timecode">SMPTE timecode</a> standard.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 288  MIDI interfaces such as Mark of the Unicorn's MIDI Timepiece can convert SMPTE code to MTC.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> While MIDI clock is based on tempo, timecode is based on <a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">frames</a> and is independent of tempo. MTC, like SMPTE code, includes position information and can recover in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Dropout_(communications)" title="Dropout (communications)">dropout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_control">Machine control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Machine control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Machine_Control" title="MIDI Machine Control">MIDI Machine Control</a></div> MIDI Machine Control (MMC) consists of a set of SysEx commands<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> that operate the transport controls of hardware recording devices. MMC lets a sequencer send Start, Stop, and Record commands to a connected tape deck or hard disk recording system, and to fast-forward or rewind the device to start playback at the same point as the sequencer. No synchronization data is involved, although the devices may synchronize through MTC.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Show_control">Show control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Show control">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterworld_Plane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A theatrical event operated by MIDI Show Control" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Waterworld_Plane.jpg/220px-Waterworld_Plane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Waterworld_Plane.jpg/330px-Waterworld_Plane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Waterworld_Plane.jpg/440px-Waterworld_Plane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>MIDI Show Control is used to cue and synchronize lighting and effects for theatrical events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waterworld:_A_Live_Sea_War_Spectacular" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterworld: A Live Sea War Spectacular">Waterworld</a> attraction at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood" title="Universal Studios Hollywood">Universal Studios Hollywood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-richmondsounddesign.com-137">[127]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Show_Control" title="MIDI Show Control">MIDI Show Control</a></div> <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Show_Control" title="MIDI Show Control">MIDI Show Control</a> (MSC) is a set of SysEx commands for sequencing and remotely <a href="/wiki/Cue_(theatrical)" title="Cue (theatrical)">cueing</a> show control devices such as lighting, music and sound playback, and <a href="/wiki/Motion_control" title="Motion control">motion control</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> Applications include stage productions, museum exhibits, recording studio control systems, and <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</a> attractions.<a href="#cite_note-richmondsounddesign.com-137">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timestamping">Timestamping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Timestamping">edit</a>]</div> One solution to MIDI timing problems is to mark MIDI events with the times they are to be played, transmit them beforehand, and store them in a buffer in the receiving device. Sending data beforehand reduces the likelihood that a busy passage overwhelms the transmission link. Once stored in the receiver, the information is no longer subject to timing issues associated with MIDI or USB interfaces and can be played with a high degree of accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> MIDI timestamping only works when both hardware and software support it. MOTU's MTS, eMagic's AMT, and Steinberg's Midex 8 had implementations that were incompatible with each other, and required users to own software and hardware manufactured by the same company to work.<a href="#cite_note-WalkerTime-76">[75]</a> Timestamping is built into FireWire MIDI interfaces,<a href="#cite_note-WalkerLate-140">[130]</a> Mac OS X <a href="/wiki/Core_Audio" title="Core Audio">Core Audio</a>, and Linux ALSA Sequencer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_dump_standard">Sample dump standard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sample dump standard">edit</a>]</div> An unforeseen capability of SysEx messages was their use for transporting audio samples between instruments. This led to the development of the sample dump standard (SDS), which established a new SysEx format for sample transmission.<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 287  SDS was later augmented with a pair of commands that allow the transmission of information about sample loop points, without requiring that the entire sample be transmitted.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downloadable_Sounds">Downloadable Sounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Downloadable Sounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DLS_format" title="DLS format">DLS format</a></div> The Downloadable Sounds (DLS) specification, ratified in 1997, allows mobile devices and computer <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a> to expand their wave tables with downloadable sound sets.<a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a> The DLS Level 2 specification followed in 2006, and defined a standardized synthesizer architecture. The Mobile DLS standard calls for DLS banks to be combined with SP-MIDI, as self-contained Mobile XMF files.<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIDI_Polyphonic_Expression">MIDI Polyphonic Expression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: MIDI Polyphonic Expression">edit</a>]</div> MIDI Polyphonic Expression (MPE) is a method of using MIDI that enables pitch bend, and other dimensions of expressive control, to be adjusted continuously for individual notes.<a href="#cite_note-MPE2018-144">[134]</a> MPE works by assigning each note to its own MIDI channel so that controller messages can be applied to each note individually.<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPE2018-144">[134]</a> The specifications were released in November 2017 by AMEI and in January 2018 by the MMA.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI-CI2018-146">[136]</a> Instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Continuum_Fingerboard" title="Continuum Fingerboard">Continuum Fingerboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/LinnStrument" class="mw-redirect" title="LinnStrument">LinnStrument</a>, <a href="/wiki/ROLI_Seaboard" title="ROLI Seaboard">ROLI Seaboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensel" title="Sensel">Sensel</a> Morph, and <a href="/wiki/Eigenharp" title="Eigenharp">Eigenharp</a> let users control pitch, timbre, and other nuances for individual notes within chords.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_hardware_transports">Alternative hardware transports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Alternative hardware transports">edit</a>]</div> In addition to using a 31.25 kbit/s current-loop over a <a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">DIN connector</a>, the same data can be transmitted over different hardware transports such as <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB_and_FireWire">USB and FireWire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: USB and FireWire">edit</a>]</div> Members of the USB-IF in 1999 developed a standard for MIDI over USB, the "Universal Serial Bus Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices".<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> MIDI over USB has become increasingly common as other interfaces that had been used for MIDI connections (<a href="/wiki/ISA_card" class="mw-redirect" title="ISA card">ISA card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">game port</a>, etc.) disappeared from personal computers. Linux, Microsoft Windows, Macintosh OS X, and Apple iOS operating systems include <a href="/wiki/USB_device_class" class="mw-redirect" title="USB device class">standard class</a> drivers to support devices that use the "Universal Serial Bus Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices". <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> developed the FireWire interface during the 1990s. It began to appear on <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#Connectivity" title="DV (video format)">digital video</a> (DV) cameras toward the end of the decade, and on G3 Macintosh models in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-WiffenFW1-149">[139]</a> It was created for use with multimedia applications.<a href="#cite_note-WalkerLate-140">[130]</a> Unlike USB, FireWire uses intelligent controllers that can manage their own transmission without attention from the main CPU.<a href="#cite_note-WiffenFW2-150">[140]</a> As with standard MIDI devices, FireWire devices can communicate with each other with no computer present.<a href="#cite_note-Cables-151">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XLR_connectors">XLR connectors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: XLR connectors">edit</a>]</div> The Octave-Plateau <a href="/wiki/Voyetra-8" title="Voyetra-8">Voyetra-8</a> synthesizer was an early MIDI implementation using <a href="/wiki/XLR_connector#XLR3_connectors" title="XLR connector">XLR3 connectors</a> in place of the <a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">5-pin DIN</a>. It was released in the pre-MIDI years and later retrofitted with a MIDI interface but kept its XLR connector.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serial_parallel,_and_joystick_port">Serial parallel, and joystick port</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Serial parallel, and joystick port">edit</a>]</div> As computer-based studio setups became common, MIDI devices that could connect directly to a computer became available. These typically used the <a href="/wiki/Mini_DIN-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini DIN-8">8-pin mini-DIN</a> connector that was used by Apple for <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a> prior to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh_G3_(Blue_%26_White)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White)">Blue & White G3</a> models. MIDI interfaces intended for use as the centerpiece of a studio, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_the_Unicorn" title="Mark of the Unicorn">Mark of the Unicorn</a> MIDI Time Piece, were made possible by a "fast" transmission mode that could take advantage of these serial ports' ability to operate at 20 times the standard MIDI speed.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 62–3 <a href="#cite_note-Cables-151">[141]</a> Mini-DIN ports were built into some late-1990s MIDI instruments, and enabled such devices to be connected directly to a computer.<a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a> Some devices connected via PCs' <a href="/wiki/DB-25" class="mw-redirect" title="DB-25">DB-25</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel port</a>, or through the <a href="/wiki/DA-15" class="mw-redirect" title="DA-15">DA-15</a> <a href="/wiki/Joystick_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Joystick port">joystick port</a> found in many PC sound cards.<a href="#cite_note-Cables-151">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="mLAN">mLAN</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: mLAN">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MLAN" title="MLAN">mLAN</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/MLAN" title="MLAN">mLAN</a> protocol in 1999. It was conceived as a <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> for musical instruments using FireWire as the transport, and was designed to carry multiple MIDI channels together with multichannel digital audio, data file transfers, and time code.<a href="#cite_note-WiffenFW1-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-WiffenFW2-150">[140]</a> mLan was used in a number of Yamaha products, notably <a href="/wiki/Digital_mixing_console" title="Digital mixing console">digital mixing consoles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motif" title="Yamaha Motif">Motif</a> synthesizer, and in third-party products such as the PreSonus FIREstation and the <a href="/wiki/Korg_Triton#Studio" title="Korg Triton">Korg Triton Studio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> No new mLan products have been released since 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SCSI_MIDI_Device_Interface_(SMDI)">SCSI MIDI Device Interface (SMDI)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: SCSI MIDI Device Interface (SMDI)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> MIDI Device Interface (SMDI) was used by some samplers and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">hard disk recorders</a> in the 1990s (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kurzweil_K2000" title="Kurzweil K2000">Kurzweil K2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peavey_Electronics" title="Peavey Electronics">Peavey</a> SP Sample Playback Synthesizer<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a>) for fast bidirectional sample transport to <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk drives">hard disk drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">magneto-optical drives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethernet_and_Internet">Ethernet and Internet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Ethernet and Internet">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a> implementations of MIDI provide network routing capabilities, and the high-bandwidth channel that earlier alternatives to MIDI, such as <a href="/wiki/ZIPI" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIPI">ZIPI</a>, were intended to bring. Proprietary implementations have existed since the 1980s, some of which use <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> cables for transmission.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 53–4  The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/RTP-MIDI" title="RTP-MIDI">RTP-MIDI</a> open specification has gained industry support. Apple has supported this protocol from <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> 10.4 onwards, and a <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> driver based on Apple's implementation exists for Windows XP and newer versions.<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless">Wireless</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Wireless">edit</a>]</div> Systems for wireless MIDI transmission have been available since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Huber_1991-2">[2]</a>: 44  Several commercially available transmitters allow wireless transmission of MIDI and <a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_Control" title="Open Sound Control">OSC</a> signals over <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> iOS devices are able to function as MIDI control surfaces, using Wi-Fi and OSC.<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> An <a href="/wiki/XBee" title="XBee">XBee</a> radio can be used to build a wireless MIDI transceiver as a do-it-yourself project.<a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a> Android devices are able to function as full MIDI control surfaces using several different protocols over <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MIDI_2.0">MIDI 2.0</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: MIDI 2.0">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (February 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The MIDI 2.0 standard was unveiled on January 17, 2020, at the Winter NAMM Show in Anaheim, California. Representatives Yamaha, <a href="/wiki/ROLI" title="ROLI">Roli</a>, Microsoft, Google, and the MIDI Association introduced the update,<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> which enables bidirectional communication while maintaining backward compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> Research on the new protocol began in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Battino-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMA_HD-165">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMA_HD_2012-166">[156]</a> Prototype devices showcasing wired and wireless connections have been shown privately at NAMM.<a href="#cite_note-MMA_HD-165">[155]</a> Licensing and product certification policies have been developed,<a href="#cite_note-MMA_AGM_2015-167">[157]</a> although no projected release date was announced.<a href="#cite_note-NAMM2013_future_of_MIDI-168">[158]</a> Proposed <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a> included <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>-based protocols such as <a href="/wiki/RTP_MIDI" class="mw-redirect" title="RTP MIDI">RTP MIDI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">Audio Video Bridging</a>/<a href="/wiki/Time-Sensitive_Networking" title="Time-Sensitive Networking">Time-Sensitive Networking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cables-151">[141]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP)-based transport.<a href="#cite_note-MMA_HD_2012-166">[156]</a> AMEI and MMA announced that complete specifications will be published following interoperability testing of prototype implementations from major manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steinberg" title="Steinberg">Steinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ableton" title="Ableton">Ableton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Instruments" title="Native Instruments">Native Instruments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ROLI" title="ROLI">ROLI</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI2Prototyping-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIDI-CI2018-146">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIDI20-2019-169">[159]</a> In January 2020, Roland announced the A-88mkII controller keyboard that supports MIDI 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-A-88MKII-170">[160]</a> MIDI 2.0 includes MIDI Capability Inquiry specification for property exchange and profiles, and the new Universal MIDI Packet format for high-speed transports which supports both MIDI 1.0 and MIDI 2.0 voice messages. Some devices operating MIDI 1.0 can "retrofit" some 2.0 features. Since its release in early January 2020 by the MIDI Manufacturers Association, more details have yet to come out about the new update. Currently there are five components to MIDI such as; M2-100-U v1.0 MIDI 2.0 Specification Overview, M2-101-UM v1.1 MIDI-CI Specification, M2-102-U v1.0 Common Rules for MIDI-CI Profiles, M2-103-UM v1.0 Common Rules for MIDI-CI PE and M2-104-UM v1.0 UMP and MIDI 2.0 Protocol Specification. Other specifications regarding MIDI 2.0 include; allowing the use of 32,000 controllers and wide range note enhancements. These enhancements are made better through the property exchange.<a href="#cite_note-midi.org-171">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_exchange">Property exchange</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Property exchange">edit</a>]</div> The property exchange in MIDI 2.0 uses JSON or JavaScript Object Notation. This provides human-readable format to for exchanging data sets. In doing so, this opens up a wide range of capabilities for MIDI 2.0. JSON allows any plugged-in device whether it be a keyboard, piano or any other electrical device to describe what it is doing and what it can do rather than having the person operating it, change their settings every time they operate a new device. For example, a MIDI keyboard that is plugged into an iOS device with specific MIDI settings can now be plugged into a Windows device and not have to have their settings manually changed. Any musical component used in one device will be kept and can be altered automatically in another.<a href="#cite_note-midi.org-171">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIDI_Capability_Inquiry">MIDI Capability Inquiry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: MIDI Capability Inquiry">edit</a>]</div> MIDI Capability Inquiry (MIDI-CI) specifies Universal SysEx messages to implement device profiles, parameter exchange, and MIDI protocol negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI-CI2018-146">[136]</a> The specifications were released in November 2017 by AMEI and in January 2018 by the MMA. Parameter exchange defines methods for inquiry of device capabilities, such as supported controllers, patch names, instrument profiles, device configuration and other metadata, and to get or set device configuration settings. Property exchange uses System Exclusive messages that carry <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> format data. Profiles define common sets of MIDI controllers for various instrument types, such as drawbar organs and analog synths, or for particular tasks, improving interoperability between instruments from different manufacturers. Protocol negotiation allows devices to employ the Next Generation protocol or manufacturer-specific protocols.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI20-2019-169">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_MIDI_Packet">Universal MIDI Packet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Universal MIDI Packet">edit</a>]</div> MIDI 2.0 defines a new Universal MIDI Packet format, which contains messages of varying length (32, 64, 96 or 128 bits) depending on the payload type. This new packet format supports a total of 256 MIDI channels, organized in 16 groups of 16 channels; each group can carry either a MIDI 1.0 Protocol stream or new MIDI 2.0 Protocol stream, and can also include system messages, system exclusive data, and timestamps for precise rendering of several simultaneous notes. To simplify initial adoption, existing products are explicitly allowed to only implement MIDI 1.0 messages. The Universal MIDI Packet is intended for high-speed transport such as USB and Ethernet and is not supported on the existing 5-pin DIN connections.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI20-2019-169">[159]</a> System Real-Time and System Common messages are the same as defined in MIDI 1.0.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI20-2019-169">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_protocol">New protocol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: New protocol">edit</a>]</div> As of January 2019, the draft specification of the new protocol supports all core messages that also exist in MIDI 1.0, but extends their precision and resolution; it also defines many new high-precision controller messages.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI20-2019-169">[159]</a> The specification defines default translation rules to convert between MIDI 2.0 Channel Voice and MIDI 1.0 Channel Voice messages that use different data resolution, as well as map 256 MIDI 2.0 streams to 16 MIDI 1.0 streams.<a href="#cite_note-ADC19_MIDI2-172">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADC19-VST3-173">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transfer_formats">Data transfer formats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Data transfer formats">edit</a>]</div> System Exclusive 8 messages use a new 8-bit data format, based on Universal System Exclusive messages. Mixed Data Set messages are intended to transfer large sets of data. System Exclusive 7 messages use the previous 7-bit data format.<a href="#cite_note-MIDI20-2019-169">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">music portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_notation" title="ABC notation">ABC notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum_module" title="Electronic drum module">Electronic drum module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_synthesizer" title="Guitar synthesizer">Guitar synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_software" title="List of music software">List of music software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_mockup" title="MIDI mockup">MIDI mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MusicXML" title="MusicXML">MusicXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Macro_Language" title="Music Macro Language">Music Macro Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_Control" title="Open Sound Control">Open Sound Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundFont" title="SoundFont">SoundFont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesia_(video_game)" title="Synthesia (video game)">Synthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_music_mobile_application_format" title="Synthetic music mobile application format">Synthetic music mobile application format</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The MIDI standard allows selection of 128 different programs, but devices can provide more by arranging their patches into banks of 128 programs each, and combining a program change message with a bank select message. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The 31,250 <a href="/wiki/Baud_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Baud rate">baud rate</a> is used because it is an exact division of 1 MHz,<a href="#cite_note-Manning3-14">[14]</a>: 286  a common divisor of the maximum <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a> of most <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">early microprocessors</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Assuming equal temperament and 440 Hz A4 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> The original MIDI 1.0 specification mandated DIN-5. The current source pin or hot pin ("H" in this schematic) corresponds to pin 4 of a 5-pin DIN. The current sink or cold pin ("C" in this schematic) corresponds to pin 5 of that DIN. The shield pin ("S" in this schematic) corresponds to pin 2 of that DIN. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Three variants on how to use TRS phone connectors are called Type A, Type B, and TS (a.k.a. Type C or Non-TRS). Type A became part of the MIDI standard in 2018. Type A pin assignments are: the current source or hot pin ("H" in the schematic) is ring of the TRS, the current sink or cold pin ("C" in the schematic) is the tip of the TRS, and the shield ("S" in the schematic) is the sleeve of the TRS. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (<a href="/wiki/UART" class="mw-redirect" title="UART">UART</a>) is hardware that transports bytes between digital devices. When MIDI was new, most synthesizers used discrete, external UART chips, such as the <a href="/wiki/8250" class="mw-redirect" title="8250">8250</a> or <a href="/wiki/16550_UART" title="16550 UART">16550 UART</a>, but UARTs have since moved into <a href="/wiki/Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontrollers">microcontrollers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SparkFun-114">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> MIDI nominally uses a +5 volt source, in which case the resistance assignments are R1=R2=R4=220<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a> and R3=280Ω. But it is possible to change the resistance values to achieve a similar current with other voltage supplies (in particular, for 3.3 volt systems). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The MIDI specification provides for a ground "wire" and a braid or foil shield, connected on the Shield pin, protecting the two signal-carrying conductors on the Hot and Cold pins. Although the MIDI cable is supposed to connect this Shield pin and the braid or foil shield to chassis ground, it should do so only at the MIDI out port; the MIDI in port should leave its Shield pin unconnected and isolated. Some large manufacturers of MIDI devices use modified MIDI in-only DIN 5-pin sockets with the metallic conductors intentionally omitted at pin positions 1, 2, and 3 so that the maximum voltage isolation is obtained. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> It is often easier to use <a href="/wiki/NPN_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="NPN transistor">NPN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor#n-channel_FET" title="Field-effect transistor">nMOS</a> transistors to sink current than to use <a href="/wiki/PNP_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="PNP transistor">PNP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor#p-channel_FET" title="Field-effect transistor">pMOS</a> transistors to source current, because <a href="/wiki/Electron_mobility" title="Electron mobility">electron mobility</a> is better than hole mobility. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> MIDI's original reference design uses the obsolete <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> PC900, but modern designs frequently use the 6N138.<a href="#cite_note-SparkFun-114">[109]</a> The opto-isolator provides <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_isolation" title="Galvanic isolation">galvanic isolation</a>, so there is no conductive path between the two MIDI devices. Properly designed MIDI devices are therefore relatively immune to ground loops and similar interference. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwift1997" class="citation cs2">Swift, Andrew. (May 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830211425/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol1/aps2/">"A brief Introduction to MIDI"</a>, SURPRISE, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol1/aps2/">the original</a> on 30 August 2012, retrieved 22 August 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SURPRISE&rft.atitle=A+brief+Introduction+to+MIDI&rft.date=1997-05&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Andrew.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.ic.ac.uk%2F~nd%2Fsurprise_97%2Fjournal%2Fvol1%2Faps2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huber_1991-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1991_2-25">z</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1991" class="citation book cs1">Huber, David Miles (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/midimanual00hube">The MIDI Manual</a>. Carmel, Indiana: SAMS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-22757-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-22757-8"><bdi>978-0-672-22757-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MIDI+Manual&rft.place=Carmel%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=SAMS&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-672-22757-8&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=David+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmidimanual00hube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instructables.com/id/What-is-MIDI/">"What is MIDI?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160616112709/http://www.instructables.com/id/What-is-MIDI/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+MIDI%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instructables.com%2Fid%2FWhat-is-MIDI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsamples" class="citation web cs1">samples, Electronic Musician – featuring gear reviews, audio tutorials, loops and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emusician.com/gear/1332/the-midi-association-launches-at-namm-2016/56183">"The MIDI Association Launches at NAMM 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014220505/http://www.emusician.com/gear/1332/the-midi-association-launches-at-namm-2016/56183">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MIDI+Association+Launches+at+NAMM+2016&rft.aulast=samples&rft.aufirst=Electronic+Musician+%E2%80%93+featuring+gear+reviews%2C+audio+tutorials%2C+loops+and&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emusician.com%2Fgear%2F1332%2Fthe-midi-association-launches-at-namm-2016%2F56183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-chadab5100-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chadab5100_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadab5100_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadab5100_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadab5100_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadab5100_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadab5100_5-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadabe2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Chadabe" title="Joel Chadabe">Chadabe, Joel</a> (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928230435/http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415">"Part IV: The Seeds of the Future"</a>. Electronic Musician. XVI (5). Penton Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415">the original</a> on 28 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Musician&rft.atitle=Part+IV%3A+The+Seeds+of+the+Future&rft.volume=XVI&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft.aulast=Chadabe&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emusician.com%2Fgear%2F0769%2Fthe-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future%2F145415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:152-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:152_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:152_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:152_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirn2011" class="citation book cs1">Kirn, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&q=%22mark+vail%22+808&pg=PT72">Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music</a>. Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61713-446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61713-446-3"><bdi>978-1-61713-446-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235744/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&lpg=PT72&dq=%22mark+vail%22+808&source=bl&ots=dOOpEyQGfI&sig=nPF6yAIeQlupw3Pw0Drg6LE34r4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir3b7qhsfRAhUFJcAKHfSNCyMQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepage&q=%22mark%20vail%22%20808&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keyboard+Presents+the+Evolution+of+Electronic+Dance+Music&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61713-446-3&rft.aulast=Kirn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbtJAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522mark%2Bvail%2522%2B808%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/">"The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to"</a>. FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music. 2 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403005512/http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FACT+Magazine%3A+Music+News%2C+New+Music.&rft.atitle=The+life+and+times+of+Ikutaro+Kakehashi%2C+the+Roland+pioneer+modern+music+owes+everything+to&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmag.com%2F2017%2F04%2F02%2Fikutaro-kakehashi-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/historical-early-midi-documents-uncovered">"Historical Early MIDI Documents Uncovered"</a>. www.midi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929112751/https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/historical-early-midi-documents-uncovered">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=Historical+Early+MIDI+Documents+Uncovered&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fmidi-articles%2Fhistorical-early-midi-documents-uncovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWood1981" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Dave; Wood, Chet (1 October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11909">"The 'USI', or Universal Synthesizer Interface"</a>. Audio Engineering Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805050636/https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11909">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audio+Engineering+Society&rft.atitle=The+%27USI%27%2C+or+Universal+Synthesizer+Interface&rft.date=1981-10-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Wood%2C+Chet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aes.org%2Fe-lib%2Fbrowse.cfm%3Felib%3D11909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/midi-history-chapter-6-midi-begins-1981-1983">"MIDI History:Chapter 6-MIDI Is Born 1980–1983"</a>. www.midi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103182245/https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/midi-history-chapter-6-midi-begins-1981-1983">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=MIDI+History%3AChapter+6-MIDI+Is+Born+1980%E2%80%931983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fmidi-articles%2Fmidi-history-chapter-6-midi-begins-1981-1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huber_19913-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_19913_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_19913_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1991" class="citation book cs1">Huber, David Miles (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/midimanual00hube">The MIDI Manual</a>. Carmel, Indiana: SAMS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-22757-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-22757-8"><bdi>978-0-672-22757-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MIDI+Manual&rft.place=Carmel%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=SAMS&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-672-22757-8&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=David+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmidimanual00hube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes3-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes3_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes3_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes3_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes3_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes3_12-4">e</a> Holmes, Thom. Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. New York: Routledge, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keyboardmag.com/gear/dave-smith-the-synth-design-icon-talks-analog-midi-and-more">"Dave Smith"</a>. KeyboardMag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095110/https://www.keyboardmag.com/gear/dave-smith-the-synth-design-icon-talks-analog-midi-and-more">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KeyboardMag&rft.atitle=Dave+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keyboardmag.com%2Fgear%2Fdave-smith-the-synth-design-icon-talks-analog-midi-and-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning3-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning3_14-14">o</a> Manning, Peter. Electronic and Computer Music. 1985. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith">"Technical GRAMMY Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi And Dave Smith"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073641/http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+GRAMMY+Award%3A+Ikutaro+Kakehashi+And+Dave+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards">"Ikutaro Kakehashi, Dave Smith: Technical GRAMMY Award Acceptance"</a>. 9 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209022049/http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ikutaro+Kakehashi%2C+Dave+Smith%3A+Technical+GRAMMY+Award+Acceptance&rft.date=2013-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fvideos%2Ftechnical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail2014" class="citation book cs1">Vail, Mark (2014). The Synthesizer. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539481-8"><bdi>978-0-19-539481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synthesizer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539481-8&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-russ_p66-18"><a href="#cite_ref-russ_p66_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Russ2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin Russ (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_W9Ek2LmPNMC&pg=PA66">Sound Synthesis and Sampling</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51692-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51692-3"><bdi>0-240-51692-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026003043/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_W9Ek2LmPNMC&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Synthesis+and+Sampling&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-240-51692-3&rft.au=Martin+Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_W9Ek2LmPNMC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2006" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Mark Jonathan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unlockinggroover00butl/page/64">Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music</a>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unlockinggroover00butl/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2533-4662-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-2533-4662-2"><bdi>0-2533-4662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlocking+the+Groove%3A+Rhythm%2C+Meter%2C+and+Musical+Design+in+Electronic+Dance+Music&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-2533-4662-2&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Mark+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funlockinggroover00butl%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roland.com/ca/company/history/">"Roland - Company - History - History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712075811/https://www.roland.com/ca/company/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roland+-+Company+-+History+-+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roland.com%2Fca%2Fcompany%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/31626">"IEC 63035:2017 | IEC"</a>. webstore.iec.ch. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Retrieved 5 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webstore.iec.ch&rft.atitle=IEC+63035%3A2017+%7C+IEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iec.ch%2Fen%2Fpublication%2F31626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIDI2Prototyping-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI2Prototyping_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI2Prototyping_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210030409/https://www.midi.org/articles-old/the-midi-manufacturers-association-mma-and-the-association-of-music-electronics-industry-amei-announce-midi-2-0tm-prototyping">"The MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) and the Association of Music Electronics Industry (AMEI) announce MIDI 2.0™ Prototyping"</a>. www.midi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/articles-old/the-midi-manufacturers-association-mma-and-the-association-of-music-electronics-industry-amei-announce-midi-2-0tm-prototyping">the original</a> on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=The+MIDI+Manufacturers+Association+%28MMA%29+and+the+Association+of+Music+Electronics+Industry+%28AMEI%29+announce+MIDI+2.0%E2%84%A2+Prototyping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Farticles-old%2Fthe-midi-manufacturers-association-mma-and-the-association-of-music-electronics-industry-amei-announce-midi-2-0tm-prototyping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-midi2.0-23"><a href="#cite_ref-midi2.0_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopf2020" class="citation web cs1">Kopf, Dan (30 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1788828/how-will-midi-2-0-change-music/">"An Update to a 37-Year-Old Digital Protocol Could Profoundly Change the Way Music Sounds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz (website)">Quartz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202012719/https://qz.com/1788828/how-will-midi-2-0-change-music/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Update+to+a+37-Year-Old+Digital+Protocol+Could+Profoundly+Change+the+Way+Music+Sounds&rft.pub=Quartz&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.aulast=Kopf&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1788828%2Fhow-will-midi-2-0-change-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20425376">"How MIDI changed the world of music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427220431/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20425376">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+MIDI+changed+the+world+of+music&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-20425376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1991" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Craner (October 1991). "New Tool for an Ancient Art: The Computer and Music". Computers and the Humanities. 25 (5): 308–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00120967">10.1007/bf00120967</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30204425">30204425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60991034">60991034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+and+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=New+Tool+for+an+Ancient+Art%3A+The+Computer+and+Music&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=308-309&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A60991034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30204425%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00120967&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Craner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Macan, Edward. Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. p.191 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Shuker, Roy. Understanding Popular Music. London: Routledge, 1994. p.286 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Demorest, Steven M. Building Choral Excellence: Teaching Sight-Singing in the Choral Rehearsal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Pertout, Andrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pertout.com/Midi.htm">Mixdown Monthly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504055022/http://www.pertout.com/Midi.htm">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, #26. 26 June 1996. Web. 22 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2022" class="citation web cs1">Stokes, William (3 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jun/03/dave-smith-synth-genius-pop-madonna-radiohead">"Dave Smith: the synth genius who made pop's instruments work in harmony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dave+Smith%3A+the+synth+genius+who+made+pop%27s+instruments+work+in+harmony&rft.date=2022-06-03&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2022%2Fjun%2F03%2Fdave-smith-synth-genius-pop-madonna-radiohead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_31-1">b</a> Lau, Paul. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1610624011.html">Why Still MIDI?</a>."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161431/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1610624011.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Canadian Musician. Norris-Whitney Communications Inc. 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasso2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Sasso, Len (13 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317104859/http://www.emusician.com/news/0766/sound-programming-101/145154">"Sound Programming 101"</a>. Electronic Musician. NewBay Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emusician.com/news/0766/sound-programming-101/145154">the original</a> on 17 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Musician&rft.atitle=Sound+Programming+101&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.aulast=Sasso&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emusician.com%2Fnews%2F0766%2Fsound-programming-101%2F145154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderton1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Anderton, Craig (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110075506/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/may95/midiforguitarists.html">"MIDI For Guitarists: A Crash Course In MIDI Effects Control"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a>. SOS Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/may95/midiforguitarists.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=MIDI+For+Guitarists%3A+A+Crash+Course+In+MIDI+Effects+Control&rft.date=1995-05&rft.aulast=Anderton&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2F1995_articles%2Fmay95%2Fmidiforguitarists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110031303/http://homerecording.guidento.com/daw.htm">"Digital audio workstation – Intro"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homerecording.guidento.com/daw.htm">the original</a> on 10 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+audio+workstation+%E2%80%93+Intro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomerecording.guidento.com%2Fdaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2002" class="citation web cs1">Forbes, Peter (14 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2002/mar/14/onlinesupplement2">"PCs hit the write note"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=PCs+hit+the+write+note&rft.date=2002-03-14&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2002%2Fmar%2F14%2Fonlinesupplement2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewster-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_37-2">c</a> Brewster, Stephen. "Nonspeech Auditory Output". The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications. Ed. Julie A. Jacko; Andrew Sears. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. p.227 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Campbell, Drew. ""Click, Click. Audio" Stage Directions. Vol. 16, No. 3. Mar 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-Muse-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Muse_39-0">^</a> McCutchan, Ann. The Muse That Sings: Composers Speak about the Creative Process. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 67-68,72 </li> <li id="cite_note-russ2012-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ2012_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ2012_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss2012" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Martin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192">Sound Synthesis and Sampling</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12214-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12214-9"><bdi>978-1-136-12214-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051514/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Synthesis+and+Sampling&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-12214-9&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9h5AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-casabona-41"><a href="#cite_ref-casabona_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_CasabonaDavid_Frederick" class="citation book cs1">Helen Casabona; David Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6K5Tpl_zBoEC&pg=PA15">Advanced MIDI Applications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Music" title="Alfred Music">Alfred Music</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4574-3893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4574-3893-6"><bdi>978-1-4574-3893-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026003030/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6K5Tpl_zBoEC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+MIDI+Applications&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Alfred+Music&rft.isbn=978-1-4574-3893-6&rft.au=Helen+Casabona&rft.au=David+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6K5Tpl_zBoEC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emusician-mpu-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emusician-mpu_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emusician-mpu_42-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textfiles.com/music/midi-em.txt">MIDI INTERFACES FOR THE IBM PC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021050032/http://textfiles.com/music/midi-em.txt">Archived</a> 21 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Musician" title="Electronic Musician">Electronic Musician</a>, September 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506080336/http://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serial/midi/mpu.html">"Programming the MPU-401"</a>. www.piclist.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serial/midi/mpu.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.piclist.com&rft.atitle=Programming+the+MPU-401&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piclist.com%2Ftechref%2Fio%2Fserial%2Fmidi%2Fmpu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.oldskool.org/pub/drivers/Roland/MPU-401%20technical%20reference%20manual.pdf">MIDI PROCESSING UNIT MPU-401 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Peter Manning (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryet1i-8OlYC">Electronic and Computer Music</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002807/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ryet1i-8OlYC">Archived</a> 26 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 319, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.go4retro.com/vic-20-midi-cartridge/">"VIC-20 MIDI Cartridge"</a>. RETRO Innovations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121182238/http://store.go4retro.com/vic-20-midi-cartridge/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RETRO+Innovations&rft.atitle=VIC-20+MIDI+Cartridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.go4retro.com%2Fvic-20-midi-cartridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go4retro.com/products/midi-maestro/">"MIDI Maestro – RETRO Innovations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301095814/https://www.go4retro.com/products/midi-maestro/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDI+Maestro+%E2%80%93+RETRO+Innovations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.go4retro.com%2Fproducts%2Fmidi-maestro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118110512/https://catskullelectronics.com/products/famimimidi-famicom-version">"Famimimidi Famicom Version"</a>. Catskull Electronics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catskullelectronics.com/products/famimimidi-famicom-version">the original</a> on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catskull+Electronics&rft.atitle=Famimimidi+Famicom+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatskullelectronics.com%2Fproducts%2Ffamimimidi-famicom-version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118103255/https://catskullelectronics.com/products/teensyboy-pro">"Teensyboy Pro"</a>. Catskull Electronics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catskullelectronics.com/products/teensyboy-pro">the original</a> on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catskull+Electronics&rft.atitle=Teensyboy+Pro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatskullelectronics.com%2Fproducts%2Fteensyboy-pro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301032949/https://catskullelectronics.com/products/gba-midi-synth">"GBA MIDI Synth"</a>. Catskull Electronics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catskullelectronics.com/products/gba-midi-synth">the original</a> on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catskull+Electronics&rft.atitle=GBA+MIDI+Synth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatskullelectronics.com%2Fproducts%2Fgba-midi-synth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083421/https://catskullelectronics.com/products/genmdm">"genMDM"</a>. Catskull Electronics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catskullelectronics.com/products/genmdm">the original</a> on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catskull+Electronics&rft.atitle=genMDM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatskullelectronics.com%2Fproducts%2Fgenmdm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_52-2">c</a> Crawford, Walt. "MIDI and Wave: Coping with the Language". Online. Vol. 20, No. 1. Jan/Feb 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboukhadijeh2018" class="citation cs2">Aboukhadijeh, Feross. (August 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feross.org/bitmidi/">Announcing BitMidi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004230746/https://feross.org/bitmidi/">archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018, retrieved 18 November 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Announcing+BitMidi&rft.date=2018-08&rft.aulast=Aboukhadijeh&rft.aufirst=Feross.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeross.org%2Fbitmidi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/a359xe/the-internets-first-hit-file-format-wasnt-the-mp3-it-was-midi">"The Internet's First Hit File Format Wasn't the MP3. It Was MIDI"</a>. 8 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204091322/https://www.vice.com/en/article/a359xe/the-internets-first-hit-file-format-wasnt-the-mp3-it-was-midi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Internet%27s+First+Hit+File+Format+Wasn%27t+the+MP3.+It+Was+MIDI&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fa359xe%2Fthe-internets-first-hit-file-format-wasnt-the-mp3-it-was-midi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WiffenFM-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WiffenFM_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WiffenFM_55-1">b</a> Wiffen, Paul. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/sep97/synthschool3.html">Synth School, Part 3: Digital Synthesis (FM, PD & VPM)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201090629/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/sep97/synthschool3.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Sound on Sound Sep 1997. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-Battino-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battino_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battino_56-1">b</a> Battino, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.oreilly.com/digitalmedia/2005/10/finally-midi-20.html">Finally: MIDI 2.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120816000340/http://blogs.oreilly.com/digitalmedia/2005/10/finally-midi-20.html">Archived</a> 16 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> O'Reilly Digital Media Blog. O'Reilly Media, Inc. 6 October 2005. Web. 22 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uniformtypeidentifiers/uttype/3551530-midi">"midi"</a>. Apple Developer Documentation: Uniform Type Identifiers. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple Inc</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522155319/https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uniformtypeidentifiers/uttype/3551530-midi">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Developer+Documentation%3A+Uniform+Type+Identifiers&rft.atitle=midi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Fdocumentation%2Funiformtypeidentifiers%2Futtype%2F3551530-midi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023033822/https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/standard-midi-files-smf">"Standard MIDI Files (SMF) Specification"</a>. www.midi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/standard-midi-files-smf">the original</a> on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=Standard+MIDI+Files+%28SMF%29+Specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fspecifications-old%2Fitem%2Fstandard-midi-files-smf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hass, Jeffrey. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eemusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI10.shtml">Chapter Three: How MIDI works 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607074023/http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eemusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI10.shtml">Archived</a> 7 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. 2010. Web 13 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822132443/http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/tut_midifiles.php">"MIDI Files"</a>. midi.org. Music Manufacturers Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/tut_midifiles.php">the original</a> on 22 August 2012. <q>a Type 2 was also specified originally but never really caught on</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=midi.org&rft.atitle=MIDI+Files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Faboutmidi%2Ftut_midifiles.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000120.shtml">RIFF-based MIDI File Format</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817183246/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000120.shtml">Archived</a> 17 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". digitalpreservation.gov. Library of Congress. 26 March 2012. Web. 18 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Gellerman, Elizabeth. "Audio Editing SW Is Music to Multimedia Developers' Ears". Technical Horizons in Education Journal. Vol. 22, No. 2. Sep 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-Desmond-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Desmond_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desmond_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desmond_63-2">c</a> Desmond, Peter. "ICT in the Secondary Music Curriculum". Aspects of Teaching Secondary Music: Perspectives on Practice. ed. Gary Spruce. New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Solomon, Karen. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2000/02/34495">You Gotta Feel the Music</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816175359/http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2000/02/34495">Archived</a> 16 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". wired.com. Condé Nast. 27 February 2000. Web. 13 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Cook, Janet Harniman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec98/articles/midiscan.265.htm">Musitek Midiscan v2.51</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110074408/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec98/articles/midiscan.265.htm">Archived</a> 10 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Dec 1998. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson, Derek (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225133744/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar99/articles/yamahafs1r.htm">"Yamaha FS1R Editor Software"</a>. Sound on Sound. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar99/articles/yamahafs1r.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Yamaha+FS1R+Editor+Software&rft.date=1999-03&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fmar99%2Farticles%2Fyamahafs1r.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonPoyser1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson, Derek; Poyser, Debbie (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415184804/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec98/articles/yamfs1r.549.htm">"Yamaha FS1R"</a>. Sound on Sound. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec98/articles/yamfs1r.549.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Yamaha+FS1R&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Poyser%2C+Debbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fdec98%2Farticles%2Fyamfs1r.549.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs_68-2">c</a> Gibbs, Jonathan (Rev. by Peter Howell) "Electronic Music". Sound Recording Practice, 4th Ed. Ed. John Borwick. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306223334/http://www.squest.com/Products/MidiQuest11/index.html">"Sound Quest MIDI Quest 11 Universal Editor"</a>. squest.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.squest.com/Products/MidiQuest11/index.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=squest.com&rft.atitle=Sound+Quest+MIDI+Quest+11+Universal+Editor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.squest.com%2FProducts%2FMidiQuest11%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cakewalk-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cakewalk_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cakewalk_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814222211/http://www.cakewalk.com/Support/kb/reader.aspx/2007013074">"Desktop Music Handbook – MIDI"</a>. cakewalk.com. Cakewalk, Inc. 26 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cakewalk.com/support/kb/reader.aspx/2007013074">the original</a> on 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cakewalk.com&rft.atitle=Desktop+Music+Handbook+%E2%80%93+MIDI&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cakewalk.com%2Fsupport%2Fkb%2Freader.aspx%2F2007013074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coffeeshopped.com/patch-base">"Patch Base"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907055311/https://coffeeshopped.com/patch-base">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patch+Base&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoffeeshopped.com%2Fpatch-base&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2006" class="citation web cs1">Price, Simon (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul06/articles/nikore.htm">"Native Instruments Kore"</a>. Soundonsound.com. Sound on Sound. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602131027/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul06/articles/nikore.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soundonsound.com&rft.atitle=Native+Instruments+Kore&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fjul06%2Farticles%2Fnikore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Rogerson2011" class="citation web cs1">Ben Rogerson (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicradar.com/news/tech/native-instruments-discontinues-kore-457945">"Native Instruments discontinues Kore"</a>. MusicRadar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907055313/https://www.musicradar.com/news/tech/native-instruments-discontinues-kore-457945">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicRadar&rft.atitle=Native+Instruments+discontinues+Kore&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.au=Ben+Rogerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicradar.com%2Fnews%2Ftech%2Fnative-instruments-discontinues-kore-457945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bozeman-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_74-1">b</a> Bozeman, William C. Educational Technology: Best Practices from America's Schools. Larchmont: Eye on Education, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrman1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Lehrman, Paul D. (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110172147/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/oct95/softwaresynthesis.html">"Software Synthesis: The Wave Of The Future?"</a>. Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/oct95/softwaresynthesis.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Software+Synthesis%3A+The+Wave+Of+The+Future%3F&rft.date=1995-10&rft.aulast=Lehrman&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2F1995_articles%2Foct95%2Fsoftwaresynthesis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalkerTime-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WalkerTime_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WalkerTime_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WalkerTime_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Walker, Martin (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/identifying-solving-pc-midi-audio-timing-problems">"Identifying & Solving PC MIDI & Audio Timing Problems"</a>. Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110151234/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar01/articles/pcmusician.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Identifying+%26+Solving+PC+MIDI+%26+Audio+Timing+Problems&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Ftechniques%2Fidentifying-solving-pc-midi-audio-timing-problems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMM1997-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMM1997_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMM1997_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Miller, Dennis (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110201713/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/may97/softwaresynth2.html">"Sound Synthesis On A Computer, Part 2"</a>. Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/may97/softwaresynth2.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Sound+Synthesis+On+A+Computer%2C+Part+2&rft.date=1997-05&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2F1997_articles%2Fmay97%2Fsoftwaresynth2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030112748/http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/Midi-Ancestors-and-Milestones/2171">"MIDI Ancestors and Milestones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Bay_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bay Media">New Bay Media</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/Midi-Ancestors-and-Milestones/2171">the original</a> on 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDI+Ancestors+and+Milestones&rft.pub=New+Bay+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keyboardmag.com%2Farticle%2FMidi-Ancestors-and-Milestones%2F2171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Walker, Martin (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225043325/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/nov97/seerreality.html">"Reality PC"</a>. Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/nov97/seerreality.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Reality+PC&rft.date=1997-11&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2F1997_articles%2Fnov97%2Fseerreality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintagesynth.com/misc/alphasyntauri.php">"Syntauri alphaSyntauri | Vintage Synth Explorer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060813/https://www.vintagesynth.com/misc/alphasyntauri.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syntauri+alphaSyntauri+%26%23124%3B+Vintage+Synth+Explorer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagesynth.com%2Fmisc%2Falphasyntauri.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWherry2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Wherry, Mark (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225043650/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun03/articles/creamwarescope.asp">"Creamware SCOPE"</a>. Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun03/articles/creamwarescope.asp">the original</a> on 25 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Creamware+SCOPE&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Wherry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fjun03%2Farticles%2Fcreamwarescope.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderton" class="citation web cs1">Anderton, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030112726/http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/sonic-core-scope-xite-1/147874">"Sonic Core SCOPE Xite-1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Bay_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bay Media">New Bay Media</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/sonic-core-scope-xite-1/147874">the original</a> on 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sonic+Core+SCOPE+Xite-1&rft.pub=New+Bay+Media&rft.aulast=Anderton&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keyboardmag.com%2Farticle%2Fsonic-core-scope-xite-1%2F147874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> David Nicholson. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-946733.html">HARDWARE</a>."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120852/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-946733.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Washington Post. Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive. 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_84-1">b</a> Levy, David S. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14803399.html">Aztech's WavePower daughtercard improves FM reception. (Aztech Labs Inc.'s wavetable synthesis add-on card for Sound Blaster 16 or Sound Galaxy Pro 16 sound cards) (Hardware Review) (Evaluation).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502121538/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14803399.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Computer Shopper. SX2 Media Labs LLC. 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Labriola, Don. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16232686.html">MIDI masters: wavetable synthesis brings sonic realism to inexpensive sound cards. (review of eight Musical Instrument Digital Interface sound cards) (includes related articles about testing methodology, pitfalls of wavetable technology, future wavetable developments) (Hardware Review) (Evaluation).</a>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502104559/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16232686.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Computer Shopper. SX2 Media Labs LLC. 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://midi.org/animusic-midi-driven-computer-animation">"Animusic-MIDI-Driven Computer Animation – MIDI.org"</a>. midi.org. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=midi.org&rft.atitle=Animusic-MIDI-Driven+Computer+Animation+%E2%80%93+MIDI.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmidi.org%2Fanimusic-midi-driven-computer-animation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528115750/https://www.midi.org/specifications/midi-transports-specifications/5-pin-din-electrical-specs">"5 Pin DIN Electrical Specs"</a>. The MIDI Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/specifications/midi-transports-specifications/5-pin-din-electrical-specs">the original</a> on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MIDI+Association&rft.atitle=5+Pin+DIN+Electrical+Specs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fspecifications%2Fmidi-transports-specifications%2F5-pin-din-electrical-specs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Lockwood, Dave. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec01/articles/tcgmajor.asp">TC Electronic G Major</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320113908/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec01/articles/tcgmajor.asp">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Dec 2001. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Mornington-West, Allen. "Digital Theory". Sound Recording Practice. 4th Ed. Ed. John Borwick. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richmondsounddesign.com/faq.html#midilen">Richmond Sound Design – Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105205625/http://www.richmondsounddesign.com/faq.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". richmondsounddesign.com. Web. 5 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirn2015" class="citation web cs1">Kirn, Peter (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm.link/2015/08/used-stereo-minijack-cables-midi/">"What if we used stereo minijack cables for MIDI?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419015513/https://cdm.link/2015/08/used-stereo-minijack-cables-midi/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+if+we+used+stereo+minijack+cables+for+MIDI%3F&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Kirn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm.link%2F2015%2F08%2Fused-stereo-minijack-cables-midi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830172520/https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/trs-specification-adopted-and-released">"Specification for TRS Adapters Adopted and Released"</a>. www.midi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/trs-specification-adopted-and-released">the original</a> on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=Specification+for+TRS+Adapters+Adopted+and+Released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fmidi-articles%2Ftrs-specification-adopted-and-released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm.link/2018/08/midi-minijack-trs/">"It's official: minijack connections are now kosher for MIDI"</a>. 21 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724033640/https://cdm.link/2018/08/midi-minijack-trs/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+official%3A+minijack+connections+are+now+kosher+for+MIDI&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm.link%2F2018%2F08%2Fmidi-minijack-trs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiana.edu-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiana.edu_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiana.edu_94-1">b</a> Hass, Jeffrey. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eemusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI2.shtml">Chapter Three: How MIDI works 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617205248/http://www.indiana.edu/~emusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI2.shtml">Archived</a> 17 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. 2010. Web. 13 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Horsey2019" class="citation web cs1">Julian Horsey (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geeky-gadgets.com/midi-router-control-center-10-09-2019/">"MIDI Router Control Center a modern reinvention of the MIDI router"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002152313/https://www.geeky-gadgets.com/midi-router-control-center-10-09-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDI+Router+Control+Center+a+modern+reinvention+of+the+MIDI+router&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.au=Julian+Horsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geeky-gadgets.com%2Fmidi-router-control-center-10-09-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Robinson, Herbie. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.apple.com/archives/coreaudio-api/2005/Jul/msg00120.html">Re: core midi time stamping</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028045258/http://lists.apple.com/archives/coreaudio-api/2005/Jul/msg00120.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Apple Coreaudio-api Mailing List. Apple, Inc. 18 July 2005. 8 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Shirak, Rob. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emusician.com/news/0766/mark-of-the-unicorn/140335">Mark of the Unicorn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323225235/http://www.emusician.com/news/0766/mark-of-the-unicorn/140335">Archived</a> 23 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". emusician.com. New Bay Media. 1 October 2000. Web. Retrieved 8 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolandmusiced.com/spotlight/article.php?ArticleId=1040">MIDI Performance Instruments</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118195443/http://www.rolandmusiced.com/spotlight/article.php?ArticleId=1040">Archived</a> 18 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Instruments of Change. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter 1999). Roland Corporation, U.S. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716225141/http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/products.php">"MIDI Products"</a>. MIDI Manufacturers Association. 1 August 1012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/products.php">the original</a> on 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDI+Products&rft.pub=MIDI+Manufacturers+Association&rft.date=1012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Faboutmidi%2Fproducts.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-You_Are_Not_a_Gadget-100"><a href="#cite_ref-You_Are_Not_a_Gadget_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanier2011" class="citation book cs1">Lanier, Jaron (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307269645">You Are Not a Gadget</a>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38997-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38997-8"><bdi>978-0-307-38997-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Are+Not+a+Gadget&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38997-8&rft.aulast=Lanier&rft.aufirst=Jaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780307269645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Preve, Francis. "Dave Smith", in "The 1st Annual Keyboard Hall of Fame". Keyboard (US). NewBay Media, LLC. Sep 2012. Print. p.18 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagesynth.com/korg/legacy.php">Korg Legacy Collection</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916101912/http://www.vintagesynth.com/korg/legacy.php">Archived</a> 16 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vintage Synth Explorer. Accessed 21 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-MIDI_specification-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI_specification_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI_specification_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI_specification_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMMA" class="citation web cs1">MMA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/techspecs/ca33.pdf">"MIDI DIN Electrical Specification"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120442/http://www.midi.org/techspecs/ca33.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDI+DIN+Electrical+Specification&rft.au=MMA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Ftechspecs%2Fca33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Hass, Jeffrey. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eemusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI3.shtml">Chapter Three: How MIDI works 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619160322/http://www.indiana.edu/~emusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI3.shtml">Archived</a> 19 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. 2010. Web. 13 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/request-sysex-id">"Request SysEx ID"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Manufacturers_Association" title="MIDI Manufacturers Association">MIDI Manufacturers Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923085555/https://www.midi.org/request-sysex-id">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIDI+Manufacturers+Association&rft.atitle=Request+SysEx+ID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Frequest-sysex-id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Hass, Jeffrey. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eemusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI9.shtml">Chapter Three: How MIDI works 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607074022/http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eemusic/etext/MIDI/chapter3_MIDI9.shtml">Archived</a> 7 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. 2010. Web. 13 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/table-4-universal-system-exclusive-messages">"MIDI 1.0 Universal System Exclusive Messages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Manufacturers_Association" title="MIDI Manufacturers Association">MIDI Manufacturers Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721230039/https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/table-4-universal-system-exclusive-messages">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIDI+Manufacturers+Association&rft.atitle=MIDI+1.0+Universal+System+Exclusive+Messages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fspecifications-old%2Fitem%2Ftable-4-universal-system-exclusive-messages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/updated-how-to-make-your-own-3-5mm-mini-stereo-trs-to-midi-5-pin-din-cables">"[Updated] How to Make Your Own 3.5mm mini stereo TRS-to-MIDI 5 pin DIN cables"</a>. The MIDI Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214070734/https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/updated-how-to-make-your-own-3-5mm-mini-stereo-trs-to-midi-5-pin-din-cables">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MIDI+Association&rft.atitle=%5BUpdated%5D+How+to+Make+Your+Own+3.5mm+mini+stereo+TRS-to-MIDI+5+pin+DIN+cables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fmidi-articles%2Fupdated-how-to-make-your-own-3-5mm-mini-stereo-trs-to-midi-5-pin-din-cables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minimidi.world/">"A simplified guide to MIDI over TRS minijacks – minimidi.world"</a>. minimidi.world. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214070735/https://minimidi.world/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minimidi.world&rft.atitle=A+simplified+guide+to+MIDI+over+TRS+minijacks+%E2%80%93+minimidi.world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminimidi.world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SparkFun-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SparkFun_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SparkFun_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/midi-tutorial/hardware--electronic-implementation">"MIDI Tutorial - SparkFun Learn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SparkFun" class="mw-redirect" title="SparkFun">SparkFun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215011929/https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/midi-tutorial/hardware--electronic-implementation">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SparkFun&rft.atitle=MIDI+Tutorial+-+SparkFun+Learn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.sparkfun.com%2Ftutorials%2Fmidi-tutorial%2Fhardware--electronic-implementation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss1988" class="citation journal cs1">Russ, Martin (1 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/practically-midi/3458">"Practically MIDI (SOS Jan 1988)"</a>. Sound on Sound (Jan 1988): 56–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214192852/https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/practically-midi/3458">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Practically+MIDI+%28SOS+Jan+1988%29&rft.issue=Jan+1988&rft.pages=56-59&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzines.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fpractically-midi%2F3458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bello-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bello_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bello_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bello_121-2">c</a> Bello, Juan P. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bello/FMT_files/10_MIDI_soundcontrol.pdf">MIDI: sound control</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120074709/http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bello/FMT_files/10_MIDI_soundcontrol.pdf">Archived</a> 20 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". nyu.edu. New York University. n.d. Web. 18 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIaluna" class="citation web cs1">Ialuna, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.com.au/gm-1-soundset/">"General MIDI (GM) Level 1 Sound Set"</a>. Hit Trax MIDI Files. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164219/https://www.midi.com.au/gm-1-soundset/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hit+Trax+MIDI+Files&rft.atitle=General+MIDI+%28GM%29+Level+1+Sound+Set&rft.aulast=Ialuna&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.com.au%2Fgm-1-soundset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.pgcc.edu/~njudy/mt/MIDI/gm.html">General MIDI Standard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153144/http://academic.pgcc.edu/~njudy/mt/MIDI/gm.html">Archived</a> 20 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". pgcc.edu. Prince George's Community College. n.d. Web. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harfesoft.de/aixphysik/sound/midi/pages/genmidi.html">""General MIDI Standard". www.harfesoft.de. n.p. n.d. Web"</a>. Harfesoft.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828013530/http://www.harfesoft.de/aixphysik/sound/midi/pages/genmidi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22General+MIDI+Standard%22.+www.harfesoft.de.+n.p.+n.d.+Web&rft.pub=Harfesoft.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harfesoft.de%2Faixphysik%2Fsound%2Fmidi%2Fpages%2Fgenmidi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Glatt, Jeff. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tutr/gm.htm">General MIDI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090423/http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tutr/gm.htm">Archived</a> 23 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The MIDI Technical Fanatic's Brainwashing Center. n.p. n.d. Web. 17 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215035132/https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/general-midi-lite">"General MIDI Lite"</a>. www.midi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/general-midi-lite">the original</a> on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=General+MIDI+Lite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fspecifications-old%2Fitem%2Fgeneral-midi-lite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Nagle, Paul. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/sep95/yamahamu50.html">Yamaha MU50 & Yamaha CBX-K1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110140106/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/sep95/yamahamu50.html">Archived</a> 10 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Sep 1995. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/techspecs/gm.php">About General MIDI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103100025/http://www.midi.org/techspecs/gm.php">Archived</a> 3 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". midi.org. MIDI Manufacturers Association. n.d. Web. 17 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-MTS-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MTS_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTS_129-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com/MIDItuning.html">The MIDI Tuning Standard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118195344/http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com/MIDItuning.html">Archived</a> 18 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". microtonal-synthesis.com. n.p. n.d. Web. 17 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130223728/http://www.midi.org/techspecs/midituning.php">"MIDI Tuning Messages"</a>. MIDI Manufacturers Association. 17 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/techspecs/midituning.php">the original</a> on 30 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDI+Tuning+Messages&rft.pub=MIDI+Manufacturers+Association&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Ftechspecs%2Fmidituning.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Glatt, Jeff. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tutr/history.htm">The beginnings of MIDI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501165134/http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tutr/history.htm">Archived</a> 1 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The MIDI Technical Fanatic's Brainwashing Center. n.p. n.d. Web. 13 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Glatt, Jeff. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tech/mtc.htm">MIDI Time Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212181214/http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tech/mtc.htm">Archived</a> 12 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The MIDI Technical Fanatic's Brainwashing Center. n.p. n.d. Web. 13 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweetwater.com/publications/sweetnotes/sn-summer96/SumSN_index.html">""Q & A". Sweet Notes. Sweetwater Sound. Summer 1996. Web"</a>. Sweetwater.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205031620/http://www.sweetwater.com/publications/sweetnotes/sn-summer96/SumSN_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Q+%26+A%22.+Sweet+Notes.+Sweetwater+Sound.+Summer+1996.+Web&rft.pub=Sweetwater.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sweetwater.com%2Fpublications%2Fsweetnotes%2Fsn-summer96%2FSumSN_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> White, Paul. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/jun96/miditimecode.html">SMPTE & MTC (MIDI Time Code)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110105648/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/jun96/miditimecode.html">Archived</a> 10 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Jun 1996. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Glatt, Jeff. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tech/mmc.htm">MIDI Machine Control (MMC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127041205/http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tech/mmc.htm">Archived</a> 27 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The MIDI Technical Fanatic's Brainwashing Center. n.p. n.d. Web. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweetwater.com/expert-center/glossary/t--MMC">Glossary: MIDI Machine Control (MMC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205031732/http://www.sweetwater.com/expert-center/glossary/t--MMC">Archived</a> 5 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". sweetwater.com. Sweetwater Sound. n.d. Web. 15 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-richmondsounddesign.com-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richmondsounddesign.com_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmondsounddesign.com_137-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richmondsounddesign.com/news.html#hpp">News Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095955/http://www.richmondsounddesign.com/news.html">Archived</a> 17 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". richmondsounddesign.com. Richmond Sound Design, Ltd. 17 July 2012. Web. 17 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.virginia.edu/~rlk3p/desource/TechNotes/MSC.html">An Inexpensive MIDI show-control System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621051011/http://people.virginia.edu/~rlk3p/desource/TechNotes/MSC.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Lighting TechNotes. The University of Virginia. 25 October 2004. Web. 17 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweetwater.com/expert-center/glossary/t--MTS-MOTU">Glossary: MTS (MIDI Time Stamping)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205041728/http://www.sweetwater.com/expert-center/glossary/t--MTS-MOTU">Archived</a> 5 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". sweetwater.com. Sweetwater Sound. n.d. Web. 17 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-WalkerLate-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WalkerLate_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WalkerLate_140-1">b</a> Walker, Martin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Oct02/articles/pcmusician1002.asp">The Truth About Latency: Part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225130148/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct02/articles/pcmusician1002.asp">Archived</a> 25 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. Oct 2002. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Glatt, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115234241/http://home.roadrunner.com/~jgglatt/tech/sds.htm">[1]</a>. The MIDI Technical Fanatic's Brainwashing Center. n.p. n.d. Web. 13 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/techspecs/dls/dlsoverview.php">"Massey, Howard. "DLS Overview". midi.org. n.d. Web. 27 Aug 2012"</a>. Midi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127083133/http://www.midi.org/techspecs/dls/dlsoverview.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massey%2C+Howard.+%22DLS+Overview%22.+midi.org.+n.d.+Web.+27+Aug+2012&rft.pub=Midi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Ftechspecs%2Fdls%2Fdlsoverview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/techspecs/dls/dls.php">""DLS 1 Spec". midi.org. n.d. Web. 27 Aug 2012"</a>. Midi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130114614/http://www.midi.org/techspecs/dls/dls.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22DLS+1+Spec%22.+midi.org.+n.d.+Web.+27+Aug+2012&rft.pub=Midi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Ftechspecs%2Fdls%2Fdls.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPE2018-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPE2018_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPE2018_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMIDI_Manufacturers_Association2018" class="citation web cs1">MIDI Manufacturers Association (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102162057/https://www.midi.org/articles/midi-polyphonic-expression-mpe">"MIDI Polyphonic Expression (MPE) Specification Adopted!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/articles/midi-polyphonic-expression-mpe">the original</a> on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDI+Polyphonic+Expression+%28MPE%29+Specification+Adopted%21&rft.date=2018-01&rft.au=MIDI+Manufacturers+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Farticles%2Fmidi-polyphonic-expression-mpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn" class="citation web cs1">Linn, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerlinndesign.com/implementing-mpe.html">"For Developers of MIDI Sound Generators: How to add MPE Capability"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917131941/http://www.rogerlinndesign.com/implementing-mpe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+Developers+of+MIDI+Sound+Generators%3A+How+to+add+MPE+Capability&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerlinndesign.com%2Fimplementing-mpe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIDI-CI2018-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI-CI2018_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI-CI2018_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI-CI2018_146-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123165200/https://www.midi.org/articles-old/midi-manufacturers-association-mma-adopts-midi-capability-inquiry-midi-ci-specification">"MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) Adopts MIDI Capability Inquiry (MIDI-CI) Specification"</a>. www.midi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/articles-old/midi-manufacturers-association-mma-adopts-midi-capability-inquiry-midi-ci-specification">the original</a> on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=MIDI+Manufacturers+Association+%28MMA%29+Adopts+MIDI+Capability+Inquiry+%28MIDI-CI%29+Specification.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Farticles-old%2Fmidi-manufacturers-association-mma-adopts-midi-capability-inquiry-midi-ci-specification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobair" class="citation web cs1">Robair, Gino. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111060618/https://roli.com/article/mpe-in-emusician?region=uk">"Three pioneers discuss Multidimensional Polyphonic Expression"</a>. ROLI. Electronic Musician. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roli.com/article/mpe-in-emusician?region=uk">the original</a> on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROLI&rft.atitle=Three+pioneers+discuss+Multidimensional+Polyphonic+Expression&rft.aulast=Robair&rft.aufirst=Gino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froli.com%2Farticle%2Fmpe-in-emusician%3Fregion%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Ashour, Gal, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/devclass_docs/midi10.pdf">"Universal Serial Bus Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices"</a>. USB Implementers Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426221331/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/devclass_docs/midi10.pdf">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 1 November 1999. Accessed 22 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-WiffenFW1-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WiffenFW1_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WiffenFW1_149-1">b</a> Wiffen, Paul. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug00/articles/mlan.htm">An Introduction To mLAN, Part 1</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102133428/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug00/articles/mlan.htm">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. August 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-WiffenFW2-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WiffenFW2_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WiffenFW2_150-1">b</a> Wiffen, Paul. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep00/articles/mlan.htm">An Introduction To mLAN, Part 2</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110210330/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep00/articles/mlan.htm">Archived</a> 10 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sound on Sound. SOS Publications. September 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cables-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cables_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cables_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cables_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cables_151-3">d</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/tut_midicables.php">MIDI Cables & Transports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104052816/http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/tut_midicables.php">Archived</a> 4 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". midi.org. Music Manufacturers Association. n.d. Web. 27 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail" class="citation web cs1">Vail, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130630120411/http://www.turtlebeach.com/support/entry/830517138/">"Voyetra 8: The original rackmount analog polysynth"</a>. Keyboard Magazine. Turtle Beach. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turtlebeach.com/support/entry/830517138/">the original</a> on 30 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keyboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Voyetra+8%3A+The+original+rackmount+analog+polysynth&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turtlebeach.com%2Fsupport%2Fentry%2F830517138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> "CS2x Control Synthesizer Owner's Manual". Yamaha Corporation, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presonus.com/products/FIREstation">""PreSonus FIREstation". presonus.com. n.p. n.d. Web. 18 Aug 2012"</a>. Presonus.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231140519/http://www.presonus.com/products/FIREstation">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22PreSonus+FIREstation%22.+presonus.com.+n.p.+n.d.+Web.+18+Aug+2012&rft.pub=Presonus.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presonus.com%2Fproducts%2FFIREstation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1992" class="citation journal cs1">Trask, Simon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/peavey-sp-sample-playback-synthesiser/2341">"Peavey SP Sample Playback Synthesiser"</a>. Music Technology (Aug 1992): 52–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516182228/https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/peavey-sp-sample-playback-synthesiser/2341">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Technology&rft.atitle=Peavey+SP+Sample+Playback+Synthesiser&rft.issue=Aug+1992&rft.pages=52-56&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzines.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fpeavey-sp-sample-playback-synthesiser%2F2341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1996" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Martin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/integrating-samplers-your-pc-scsi">"Integrating Samplers & Your PC Via SCSI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222164723/https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/integrating-samplers-your-pc-scsi">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Integrating+Samplers+%26+Your+PC+Via+SCSI&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Ftechniques%2Fintegrating-samplers-your-pc-scsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetwater1999" class="citation web cs1">Sweetwater (23 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/smdi/">"SMDI"</a>. inSync. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005133122/http://www.sweetwater.com/insync/smdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inSync&rft.atitle=SMDI&rft.date=1999-04-23&rft.au=Sweetwater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sweetwater.com%2Finsync%2Fsmdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> "rtpMIDI". tobias-erichsen.de. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 August 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tobias-erichsen.de/software/rtpmidi.html">Windows RTP-MIDI driver download</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120816032555/http://www.tobias-erichsen.de/software/rtpmidi.html">Archived</a> 16 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Kirn, Peter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://createdigitalmusic.com/2011/03/golden-age-of-wireless-korg-ios-sync-android-midi-hardware-enter-bluetooth-midi/">Golden Age of Wireless: Korg iOS Sync, Android + MIDI Hardware, Enter Bluetooth MIDI?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911130151/http://createdigitalmusic.com/2011/03/golden-age-of-wireless-korg-ios-sync-android-midi-hardware-enter-bluetooth-midi/">Archived</a> 11 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". createdigitalmusic.com. n.p. 25 March 2011. Web. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hexler.net/software/touchosc">""TouchOSC". hexler.net n.p. n.d. Web. 20 Aug 2012"</a>. Hexler.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205071535/http://hexler.net/software/touchosc">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22TouchOSC%22.+hexler.net+n.p.+n.d.+Web.+20+Aug+2012&rft.pub=Hexler.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhexler.net%2Fsoftware%2Ftouchosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ladyada.net/make/xbee/midibee.html">XBee Adapter – wireless Arduino programming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602152151/http://www.ladyada.net/make/xbee/midibee.html">Archived</a> 2 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". ladyada.net. n.p. 17 May 2011. Web. 20 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humatic.de/htools/touchdaw/">"TouchDAW – DAW controller and MIDI utilities for Android™"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160907160204/http://www.humatic.de/htools/touchdaw/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TouchDAW+%E2%80%93+DAW+controller+and+MIDI+utilities+for+Android%E2%84%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humatic.de%2Fhtools%2Ftouchdaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410213308/https://www.midi.org/articles-old/midi-2-0-at-the-2020-namm-show">"MIDI 2.0 at the 2020 NAMM Show"</a>. www.midi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/articles-old/midi-2-0-at-the-2020-namm-show">the original</a> on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=MIDI+2.0+at+the+2020+NAMM+Show&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Farticles-old%2Fmidi-2-0-at-the-2020-namm-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/articles-old/adc-2019-features-midi-2-0-and-more">"ADC 2019 Features MIDI 2.0 and more"</a>. www.midi.org. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=ADC+2019+Features+MIDI+2.0+and+more&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Farticles-old%2Fadc-2019-features-midi-2-0-and-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-MMA_HD-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_HD_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_HD_165-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/aboutus/news/hd.php">MMA HD Protocol Announcement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514214123/http://www.midi.org/aboutus/news/hd.php">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". midi.org. MIDI Manufacturers Association. n.d. Web. 22 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-MMA_HD_2012-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_HD_2012_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_HD_2012_166-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro-music-news.com/html/01/e20105mm.htm">General Meeting for MIDI developers by MMA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109223551/http://pro-music-news.com/html/01/e20105mm.htm">Archived</a> 9 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". pro-music-news.com. Pro-Music-News. n.d. 22 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-MMA_AGM_2015-167"><a href="#cite_ref-MMA_AGM_2015_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harmonycentral.com/news/midi-manufacturers-association-to-host-business-strategy-session-on-new-advanced-musical-instrument-control-technology-at-winter-namm-show">"News: MIDI Manufacturers Association to Host Business Strategy Session on New Advanced Musical Instrument Control Technology at Winter NAMM Show"</a>. 17 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014220042/http://www.harmonycentral.com/news/midi-manufacturers-association-to-host-business-strategy-session-on-new-advanced-musical-instrument-control-technology-at-winter-namm-show">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News%3A+MIDI+Manufacturers+Association+to+Host+Business+Strategy+Session+on+New+Advanced+Musical+Instrument+Control+Technology+at+Winter+NAMM+Show&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harmonycentral.com%2Fnews%2Fmidi-manufacturers-association-to-host-business-strategy-session-on-new-advanced-musical-instrument-control-technology-at-winter-namm-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAMM2013_future_of_MIDI-168"><a href="#cite_ref-NAMM2013_future_of_MIDI_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFIZc7IMzyA">"NAMM 2013: Panel discussion: Past, present and future of MIDI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Future_Music" title="Future Music">Future Music</a>. 4 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014220232/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFIZc7IMzyA">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Future+Music&rft.atitle=NAMM+2013%3A+Panel+discussion%3A+Past%2C+present+and+future+of+MIDI&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSFIZc7IMzyA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIDI20-2019-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI20-2019_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI20-2019_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI20-2019_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI20-2019_169-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI20-2019_169-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIDI20-2019_169-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815175122/https://www.midi.org/articles-old/details-about-midi-2-0-midi-ci-profiles-and-property-exchange">"Details about MIDI 2.0, MIDI-CI, Profiles and Property Exchange"</a>. www.midi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/articles-old/details-about-midi-2-0-midi-ci-profiles-and-property-exchange">the original</a> on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midi.org&rft.atitle=Details+about+MIDI+2.0%2C+MIDI-CI%2C+Profiles+and+Property+Exchange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Farticles-old%2Fdetails-about-midi-2-0-midi-ci-profiles-and-property-exchange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-88MKII-170"><a href="#cite_ref-A-88MKII_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeahl2020" class="citation web cs1">Deahl, Dani (7 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/7/21028136/roland-a-88mkii-keyboard-support-midi-2-0-ces-namm-2020">"Roland's A-88MKII keyboard is a sign that MIDI 2.0 is on the way"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108144743/https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/7/21028136/roland-a-88mkii-keyboard-support-midi-2-0-ces-namm-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Roland%27s+A-88MKII+keyboard+is+a+sign+that+MIDI+2.0+is+on+the+way&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Deahl&rft.aufirst=Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F1%2F7%2F21028136%2Froland-a-88mkii-keyboard-support-midi-2-0-ces-namm-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-midi.org-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-midi.org_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-midi.org_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/details-about-midi-2-0-midi-ci-profiles-and-property-exchange">"Details about MIDI 2.0™, MIDI-CI, Profiles and Property Exchange"</a>. The MIDI Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921214046/https://www.midi.org/midi-articles/details-about-midi-2-0-midi-ci-profiles-and-property-exchange">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MIDI+Association&rft.atitle=Details+about+MIDI+2.0%E2%84%A2%2C+MIDI-CI%2C+Profiles+and+Property+Exchange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Fmidi-articles%2Fdetails-about-midi-2-0-midi-ci-profiles-and-property-exchange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADC19_MIDI2-172"><a href="#cite_ref-ADC19_MIDI2_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2dAIvrI8zg&list=PLe2skUvADfhswhY0DaUM2b744Acwnvch0&index=7">"Mike Kent, Florian Bomers, & Brett Porter - Introduction to MIDI 2.0 - YouTube"</a>. www.youtube.com. 27 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/K2dAIvrI8zg">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=Mike+Kent%2C+Florian+Bomers%2C+%26+Brett+Porter+-+Introduction+to+MIDI+2.0+-+YouTube&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DK2dAIvrI8zg%26list%3DPLe2skUvADfhswhY0DaUM2b744Acwnvch0%26index%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADC19-VST3-173"><a href="#cite_ref-ADC19-VST3_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXnHaoN2Cig&list=PLe2skUvADfhvu_pyet1veIIEAH0LA4iFK&index=14">"Arne Scheffler and Janne Roeper - Support of MIDI2 and MIDI-CI in VST3 instruments - YouTube"</a>. www.youtube.com. 27 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/zXnHaoN2Cig">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=Arne+Scheffler+and+Janne+Roeper+-+Support+of+MIDI2+and+MIDI-CI+in+VST3+instruments+-+YouTube&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DzXnHaoN2Cig%26list%3DPLe2skUvADfhvu_pyet1veIIEAH0LA4iFK%26index%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midi.org/">The MIDI Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219070411/https://www.midi.org/">Archived</a> 19 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://midi.org/specifications">You can download English-language MIDI specifications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601121904/https://www.midi.org/specifications">Archived</a> 1 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Manufacturers_Association" title="MIDI Manufacturers Association">MIDI Manufacturers Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_bus" title="Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_bus" title="Template talk:Computer bus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_bus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wired</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer buses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">System bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-side_bus" title="Back-side bus">Back-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_bus" title="Control bus">Control bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">Address bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_contention" title="Bus contention">Bus contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Computer_buses" title="List of interface bit rates">List of bus bandwidths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-50_bus" title="SS-50 bus">SS-50 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD_Bus" title="STD Bus">STD Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Card_Bus" title="Europe Card Bus">Europe Card Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control" title="Computer Automated Measurement and Control">CAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTBUS" title="FASTBUS">FASTBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">HP Precision Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="VME eXtensions for Instrumentation">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXS" title="VXS">VXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">MCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_bus" title="GSC bus">HP GSC bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">UPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI Extended (PCI-X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express (PCIe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">Compute Express Link (CXL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface" title="Direct Media Interface">Direct Media Interface (DMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">Intel QuickPath Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Fabric">Infinity Fabric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">Intel Ultra Path Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface" title="Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface">Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ST-506/ST-412" title="ST-506/ST-412">ST-506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Peripheral_Interface" title="Intelligent Peripheral Interface">IPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">SMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA (PATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_and_Tag" title="Bus and Tag">Bus and Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">Serial ATA (SATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Storage_Architecture" title="Serial Storage Architecture">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATAe</a></li> <li>PCI Express (via <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> or <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> logical device interface)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">Atari SIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Commodore bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-IL" title="HP-IL">HP-IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIL_bus" title="HIL bus">HIL</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-423" title="RS-423">RS-423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMX512#DMX512-A" title="DMX512">DMX512-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488 (GPIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE-1284 (parallel port)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE-1394 (FireWire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI/O" title="UNI/O">UNI/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACCESS.bus" title="ACCESS.bus">ACCESS.bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I3C_(bus)" title="I3C (bus)">I3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">D²B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profibus" title="Profibus">Profibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Link" title="Camera Link">Camera Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_External_Cabling" title="PCI Express">External PCIe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio" title="Intel High Definition Audio">Intel HD Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McASP" title="McASP">McASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multidrop_bus" title="Multidrop bus">Multidrop bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoreConnect" title="CoreConnect">CoreConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture" title="Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture">AMBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface" title="Advanced eXtensible Interface">AXI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_(computer_bus)" title="Wishbone (computer bus)">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIMbus" title="SLIMbus">SLIMbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest. <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_buses" title="Category:Computer buses">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roland_Corporation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roland_Corporation" title="Template:Roland Corporation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roland_Corporation" title="Template talk:Roland Corporation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roland_Corporation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roland Corporation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roland_Corporation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthesizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Alpha_Juno" title="Roland Alpha Juno">Alpha Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_D-50" title="Roland D-50">D-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_D-70" title="Roland D-70">D-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_E-20" title="Roland E-20">E-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_GR-1" title="Roland GR-1">GR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_GR-300" title="Roland GR-300">GR-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_GR-500" title="Roland GR-500">GR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JD-800" title="Roland JD-800">JD-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JD-XA" title="Roland JD-XA">JD-XA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JP-8000" title="Roland JP-8000">JP-8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Juno-60" title="Roland Juno-60">Juno-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Juno-106" title="Roland Juno-106">Juno-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno-D" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno-D">Juno-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Juno-G" title="Roland Juno-G">Juno-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno-Gi" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno-Gi">Juno-Gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-4" title="Roland Jupiter-4">Jupiter-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-6" title="Roland Jupiter-6">Jupiter-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-8" title="Roland Jupiter-8">Jupiter-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-80" title="Roland Jupiter-80">Jupiter-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-50" title="Roland Jupiter-50">Jupiter-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JX-1" title="Roland JX-1">JX-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JX-3P" title="Roland JX-3P">JX-3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JX-8P" title="Roland JX-8P">JX-8P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JX-10" title="Roland JX-10">JX-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JX-305" title="Roland JX-305">JX-305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-202" title="Roland MC-202">MC-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_RS-202" title="Roland RS-202">RS-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-10" title="Roland S-10">S-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-50" title="Roland S-50">S-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-220" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland S-220">S-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SH-01_Gaia" title="Roland SH-01 Gaia">SH-01 Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SH-101" title="Roland SH-101">SH-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SH-201" title="Roland SH-201">SH-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SH-1000" title="Roland SH-1000">SH-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SH-3A" title="Roland SH-3A">SH-3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_System_100" title="Roland System 100">System 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_System-100M" title="Roland System-100M">System-100M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_System_700" title="Roland System 700">System 700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_TB-303" title="Roland TB-303">TB-303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_U-20" title="Roland U-20">U-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_VK-7" title="Roland VK-7">Roland VK-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_VK-8" title="Roland VK-8">Roland VK-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_V-Synth" title="Roland V-Synth">V-Synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_VP-330" title="Roland VP-330">VP-330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_XP-30" title="Roland XP-30">XP-30</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_logo.svg/90px-Roland_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_logo.svg/135px-Roland_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_logo.svg/180px-Roland_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="80" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic drums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_CR-78" title="Roland CR-78">CR-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_DDR-30" title="Roland DDR-30">DDR-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_HandSonic" title="Roland HandSonic">HandSonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_R-5" title="Roland R-5">R-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_R-8" title="Roland R-8">R-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-606" title="Roland TR-606">TR-606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">TR-808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">TR-909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-707" title="Roland TR-707">TR-707 / TR-727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-505" title="Roland TR-505">TR-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_V-Drums" title="Roland V-Drums">V-Drums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keytars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_AX-7" title="Roland AX-7">AX-7</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_AX-Synth" title="Roland AX-Synth">AX-Synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_AX-Edge" title="Roland AX-Edge">AX-Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_keytars" title="Roland keytars">Roland keytars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooveboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_D2" title="Roland D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-303" title="Roland MC-303">MC-303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-307" title="Roland MC-307">MC-307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-505" title="Roland MC-505">MC-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-808" title="Roland MC-808">MC-808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-909" title="Roland MC-909">MC-909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-808" title="Roland SP-808">SP-808</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samplers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_DJ-70" title="Roland DJ-70">DJ-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MS-1_Digital_Sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland MS-1 Digital Sampler">MS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-10" title="Roland S-10">S-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-50" title="Roland S-50">S-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_S-220" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland S-220">S-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-202" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-202">SP-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-303" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland SP-303">SP-303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-404" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-404">SP-404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-505" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-505">SP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-555" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-555">SP-555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-606" title="Roland SP-606">SP-606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-808" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-808">SP-808</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Workstations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Fantom-X" title="Roland Fantom-X">Fantom-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_W-30" title="Roland W-30">W-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_XP-50" title="Roland XP-50">XP-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_XP-80" title="Roland XP-80">XP-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-202" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-202">SP-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-303" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland SP-303">SP-303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-404" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-404">SP-404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-505" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-505">SP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-555" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-555">SP-555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SP-606" title="Roland SP-606">SP-606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-808" class="mw-redirect" title="SP-808">SP-808</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequencers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-4_Microcomposer" title="Roland MC-4 Microcomposer">MC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-8_Microcomposer" title="Roland MC-8 Microcomposer">MC-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MIDI interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPU-401" title="MPU-401">MPU-401</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JD-990" title="Roland JD-990">JD-990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JV-1080" title="Roland JV-1080">JV-1080</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_JV-2080" title="Roland JV-2080">JV-2080</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MKS-20" title="Roland MKS-20">MKS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MKS-80" title="Roland MKS-80">MKS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_MT-32" title="Roland MT-32">MT-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SC-55" title="Roland SC-55">SC-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_SC-8850" title="Roland SC-8850">SC-8850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_U-110" title="Roland U-110">U-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_U-20#U-220" title="Roland U-20">U-220</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Cloud" title="Roland Cloud">Roland Cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Jazz_Chorus" title="Roland Jazz Chorus">Jazz Chorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_RE-201" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland RE-201">Space Echo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_VK-7" title="Roland VK-7">VK-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_VK-8" title="Roland VK-8">VK-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boss effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_DS-1" title="Boss DS-1">DS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boss_HM-2" title="Boss HM-2">HM-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi" title="Ikutaro Kakehashi">Ikutaro Kakehashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-Beam" title="D-Beam">D-Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Kikumoto" title="Tadao Kikumoto">Tadao Kikumoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-MODA" class="mw-redirect" title="V-MODA">V-MODA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Template:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Template talk:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Digital audio and video protocols</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Control" title="Consumer Electronics Control">CEC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li>Obsolete: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLAN" title="MLAN">mLAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIPI" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIPI">ZIPI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">IP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONVIF" title="ONVIF">ONVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_Control" title="Open Sound Control">Open Sound Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES70" class="mw-redirect" title="AES70">AES70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTP-MIDI" title="RTP-MIDI">RTP-MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_Networking" title="Deterministic Networking">DetNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Net" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Net">A-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES50" title="AES50">AES50</a> (SuperMAC)</li> <li>AudioRail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaGIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MaGIC">MaGIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">Ethernet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES51" title="AES51">AES51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">AVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avnu#Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avnu">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CobraNet" title="CobraNet">CobraNet</a></li> <li>dSNAKE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherSound" title="EtherSound">EtherSound</a></li> <li>REAC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundGrid" title="SoundGrid">SoundGrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_over_IP" title="Audio over IP">IP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES67" title="AES67">AES67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_(networking)" title="Dante (networking)">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit" title="JACK Audio Connection Kit">NetJack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livewire_(networking)" title="Livewire (networking)">Livewire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-LAN" title="Q-LAN">Q-LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_(networking)" title="Ravenna (networking)">Ravenna</a></li> <li>WheatNet-IP</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">SDI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Ethernet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">AVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-Sensitive_Networking" title="Time-Sensitive Networking">TSN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_video_over_IP" title="Professional video over IP">IP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Device_Interface" title="Network Device Interface">NDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_bit_rate_media_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="High bit rate media transport">HBRMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2022" title="SMPTE 2022">SMPTE 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2110" title="SMPTE 2110">SMPTE 2110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Reliable_Transport" title="Secure Reliable Transport">SRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Messaging_Protocol" title="Real-Time Messaging Protocol">RTMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Device_Interface" title="Network Device Interface">NDI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Visual charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_network_protocols" title="Comparison of audio network protocols">Comparison of audio network protocols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">AES47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80535#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86007370">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117048&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529877905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIDI&oldid=1255480444">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIDI&oldid=1255480444</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:MIDI" title="Category:MIDI">MIDI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_hardware_standards" title="Category:Computer hardware standards">Computer hardware standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_music" title="Category:Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_inventions" title="Category:Japanese inventions">Japanese inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serial_buses" title="Category:Serial buses">Serial buses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2023">Articles with dead external links from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_too_technical_from_November_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are too technical from November 2018">Wikipedia articles that are too technical from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_too_technical" title="Category:All articles that are too technical">All articles that are too technical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use American English from August 2020">Use American English from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2012" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed_from_February_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2020">Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed" title="Category:All articles that are excessively detailed">All articles that are excessively detailed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_February_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020">Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 04:28 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIDI&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bmh6q","wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.798","walltime":"2.090","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25643,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":343135,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14526,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":465332,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1699.274 1 -total"," 36.53% 620.796 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.36% 311.954 60 Template:Rp"," 17.35% 294.767 60 Template:R/superscript"," 15.22% 258.579 71 Template:Cite_web"," 9.02% 153.352 7 Template:Navbox"," 8.59% 145.938 180 Template:R/where"," 5.02% 85.272 1 Template:Computer_bus"," 4.99% 84.844 2 Template:Citation"," 4.53% 76.908 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.872","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11430544,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xvj4r","timestamp":"20241122141309","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"MIDI","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIDI","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q80535","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q80535","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-02T16:02:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T04:28:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Synth_rack_%40_Choking_Sun_Studio.jpg","headline":"electronic musical instrument industry specification"}</script> </body> </html>