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href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=ext.gadget.babel%2Cerror%2Cgeo%2Cprintonly%2Creferenser%2CsmallTagFontSize%2Ctables%2Ctags%2Ctoccolours%2CvideoPlayButton%2Cwarnings&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Perm (geologi) – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//sv.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Redigera" href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (sv)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sv.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-flöde" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Perm_geologi rootpage-Perm_geologi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Hoppa till innehållet</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Huvudmeny" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Huvudmeny</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Huvudmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" title="Besök huvudsidan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Huvudsida</span></a></li><li id="n-Introduktion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion"><span>Introduktion</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deltagarportalen" title="Om projektet, vad du kan göra, var man kan hitta saker"><span>Deltagarportalen</span></a></li><li id="n-Bybrunnen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bybrunnen"><span>Bybrunnen</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar" title="Lista över de senaste ändringarna på wikin [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Senaste ändringarna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Slumpsida" title="Gå till en slumpmässigt vald sida [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slumpartikel</span></a></li><li id="n-filuppladdning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Ladda upp filer till Wikimedia Commons"><span>Ladda upp filer</span></a></li><li id="n-Kontakta-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakta Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hj%C3%A4lp" title="Platsen där du hittar hjälp"><span>Hjälp</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sv.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:S%C3%B6k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Sök</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Sök på Wikipedia" aria-label="Sök på Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Perm+%28geologi%29" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Perm+%28geologi%29" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Perm+%28geologi%29" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Perm+%28geologi%29" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Namn_och_uppdelning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namn_och_uppdelning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Namn och uppdelning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namn_och_uppdelning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi_och_klimat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi_och_klimat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografi och klimat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi_och_klimat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livet_under_perm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livet_under_perm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Livet under perm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livet_under_perm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perm (geologi)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 86 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologie)" title="Perm (geologie) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Perm (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A" title="العصر البرمي – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر البرمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permianu" title="Permianu – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Permianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Perm dövrü – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Perm dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm-k%C3%AD" title="Perm-kí – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Perm-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Пермскі перыяд – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пермскі перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Пермскі пэрыяд – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пермскі пэрыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Перм (период) – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перм (период)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(period)" title="Perm (period) – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perm (period)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permi%C3%A0" title="Permià – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Permià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm" title="Perm – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaidd" title="Permaidd – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Permaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi) – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perm (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geoloogia)" title="Perm (geoloogia) – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perm (geoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πέρμια περίοδος – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέρμια περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rmico" title="Pérmico – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pérmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permio" title="Permio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Permio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiar" title="Permiar – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Permiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرمین – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permien" title="Permien – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Permien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiano" title="Permiano – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Permiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%84%EA%B8%B0" title="페름기 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페름기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պերմի ժամանակաշրջան – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պերմի ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="पर्मियाई कल्प – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्मियाई कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Perm (geološko razdoblje) – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perm (geološko razdoblje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian-epoko" title="Permian-epoko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Permian-epoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perem" title="Perem – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permt%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Permtímabilið – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Permtímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiano" title="Permiano – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Permiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9D_(%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99)" title="פרם (תור גאולוגי) – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרם (תור גאולוגי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პერმული სისტემა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერმული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Перм кезеңі – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перм кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Пермь мезгили – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пермь мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permium" title="Permium – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Permium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perms" title="Perms – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Perms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permas" title="Permas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Permas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(tiedvak)" title="Perm (tiedvak) – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Perm (tiedvak)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(id%C5%91szak)" title="Perm (időszak) – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perm (időszak)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Перм (период) – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перм (период)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പേർമിയൻ കാലഘട്ടം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പേർമിയൻ കാലഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرمین – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرمین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi) – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perm (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AA-di%C4%95k-g%C4%AB" title="Nê-diĕk-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nê-diĕk-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пермиан – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пермиан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(periode)" title="Perm (periode) – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perm (periode)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="शैलीयुग – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शैलीयुग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E7%B4%80" title="ペルム紀 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルム紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologii)" title="Perm (Geologii) – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perm (Geologii)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi) – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perm (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permtida" title="Permtida – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Permtida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_sistemasi" title="Perm sistemasi – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Perm sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm" title="Perm – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiano" title="Permiano – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Permiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Пермский период – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пермский период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geochronologick%C3%A1_jednotka)" title="Perm (geochronologická jednotka) – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perm (geochronologická jednotka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm" title="Perm – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perm" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmiyaan" title="Barmiyaan – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Barmiyaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Перм (периода) – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перм (периода)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologija)" title="Perm (geologija) – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perm (geologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(p%C3%A9riodeu)" title="Perm (périodeu) – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perm (périodeu)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikausi" title="Permikausi – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Permikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பேர்மியன் காலம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேர்மியன் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ยุคเพอร์เมียน – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคเพอร์เมียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiyen" title="Permiyen – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Permiyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Пермський період – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пермський період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B7_Permi" title="Kỷ Permi – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỷ Permi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" title="二疊紀 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="二疊紀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="二叠纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_P%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rm%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Ìgbà Pẹ́rmíà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Pẹ́rmíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" title="二疊紀 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="二疊紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二叠纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76402#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Perm_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [inte skriven än] [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perm_(geologi)"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perm_(geologi)"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Perm_(geologi)" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Perm_(geologi)" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&oldid=54511951" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Perm_%28geologi%29&id=54511951&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerm_%28geologi%29"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerm_%28geologi%29"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Perm+%28geologi%29"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Perm_%28geologi%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Permian" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76402" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:0.9em; margin:0em 0em 0.5em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perm</a><br />299 miljoner – 252 miljoner år före nutid </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_(geologi)" title="Period (geologi)">Period</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/System_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="System (geologi)">System</a>)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Epok_(geologi)" title="Epok (geologi)">Epok</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Serie_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serie (geologi)">Serie</a>)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lder_(geologisk_tids%C3%A5lder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ålder (geologisk tidsålder)">Ålder</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Etage" class="mw-redirect" title="Etage">Etage</a>)</small> </th> <th>Miljoner<br />år sedan </th></tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 5px solid grey;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">Trias</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ldre_trias" title="Äldre trias">Äldre trias</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indus_(geologi)" title="Indus (geologi)">Indus</a> </td> <td><i>senare</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:rgb(247,88,60)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perm</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(254,175,151)"><a href="/wiki/Loping_(geologi)" title="Loping (geologi)">Loping</a> </td> <td style="background-color:rgb(254,198,179)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changxing_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changxing (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Changxing</a> </td> <td>254–252 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(254,187,165)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wujiaping_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wujiaping (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Wujiaping</a> </td> <td>259–254 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(254,131,103)"><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_(geologi)" title="Guadalupe (geologi)">Guadalupe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:rgb(254,163,138)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitan_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitan (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Capitan</a> </td> <td>265–259 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(254,152,126)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Word (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Word</a> </td> <td>269–265 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(254,142,114)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Road (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Road</a> </td> <td>273–269 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:rgb(247,110,84)"><a href="/wiki/Cisural" title="Cisural">Cisural</a> </td> <td style="background-color:rgb(239,148,127)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kungur_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kungur (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Kungur</a> </td> <td>284–273 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(239,138,116)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artinsk_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artinsk (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Artinsk</a> </td> <td>290–284 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(239,128,106)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakmara_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakmara (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Sakmara</a> </td> <td>294–290 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:rgb(240,119,95)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assel_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assel (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Assel</a> </td> <td>299–294 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 5px solid grey;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_(geologi)" title="Pennsylvania (geologi)">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gzhel_(geologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gzhel (geologi) [inte skriven än]">Gzhel</a> </td> <td><i>tidigare</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Perm</b> är en <a href="/wiki/Geologisk_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologisk period">geologisk period</a> i <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">eran</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum">paleozoikum</a>. Slutet av perm kännetecknas av ett av de största <a href="/wiki/Massutd%C3%B6ende" title="Massutdöende">massutdöendena</a> i jordens historia, <a href="/wiki/Perm%E2%80%93trias-utd%C3%B6endet" title="Perm–trias-utdöendet">perm–trias-utdöendet</a>, då 90 procent av allt liv dog ut. Perm följs av perioden <a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">trias</a> i eran <a href="/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum">mesozoikum</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:0.9em; margin:0em 0em 0.5em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoikum" title="Fanerozoikum">Fanerozoikum</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geologi)" title="Eon (geologi)">Eon</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Era</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_(geologi)" title="Period (geologi)">Period</a> </th> <th>Miljoner<br />år sedan </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoikum" title="Fanerozoikum">Fanero-<br />zoikum</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kenozoikum" title="Kenozoikum">Kenozoikum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvart%C3%A4r" title="Kvartär">Kvartär</a> </td> <td>2,6–0,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a> </td> <td>23–2,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Paleogen</a> </td> <td>66–23 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum">Mesozoikum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krita_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krita (geologi)">Krita</a> </td> <td>145–66 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jura_(geologi)" title="Jura (geologi)">Jura</a> </td> <td>201–145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">Trias</a> </td> <td>252–201 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum">Paleozoikum</a> </td> <td style="background-color:rgb(247,88,60)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perm</a> </td> <td>299–252 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td>359–299 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devon_(geologi)" title="Devon (geologi)">Devon</a> </td> <td>419–359 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silur" title="Silur">Silur</a> </td> <td>444–419 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordovicium" title="Ordovicium">Ordovicium</a> </td> <td>485–444 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Kambrium</a> </td> <td>541–485 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 5px solid grey;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Proterozoikum" title="Proterozoikum">Protero-<br />zoikum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoikum" title="Neoproterozoikum"> Neoprotero-<br />zoikum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ediacara_(geologi)" title="Ediacara (geologi)">Ediacara</a> </td> <td><i>tidigare</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><small>Se även <a href="/wiki/Geologisk_tidsskala" title="Geologisk tidsskala">Geologisk tidsskala</a>.</small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namn_och_uppdelning">Namn och uppdelning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Namn och uppdelning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Namn och uppdelning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Namnet <i>perm</i> infördes 1841 av geologen <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a><sup id="cite_ref-ne_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> efter de rika lämningarna, särskilt av marina fossil från perioden, som identifierades i det ryska <a href="/wiki/Guvernementet_Perm" title="Guvernementet Perm">guvernementet Perm</a>. Även i Tyskland förekommer rikligt med avlagringar från Perm, där perioden tidigare kallades <b>Dyas</b> (grekiska: "tvådelning") då avlagringarna där bestod av två skilda delar, <a href="/wiki/Rotliegendes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotliegendes">rotliegendes</a> och <a href="/wiki/Zechstein" title="Zechstein">zechstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa lager beskrevs vid mitten av 1700-talet av geologerna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Christian_F%C3%BCchsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Christian Füchsel [inte skriven än]">Georg Christian Füchsel</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottlob_Lehmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottlob Lehmann [inte skriven än]">Johann Gottlob Lehmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ne_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idag indelas perm i tre epoker, <a href="/wiki/Cisural" title="Cisural">cisural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_(geologi)" title="Guadalupe (geologi)">guadalupe</a> och <a href="/wiki/Loping_(geologi)" title="Loping (geologi)">loping</a>, vilka i sin tur indelas i totalt nio åldrar (se tabell).<sup id="cite_ref-ICC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICC-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi_och_klimat">Geografi och klimat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Geografi och klimat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Geografi och klimat"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Perm gled <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> och <a href="/wiki/Laurasien" title="Laurasien">Laurasien</a> närmare varandra och i slutet av Perm stötte de ihop och bildade <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. Då kontinenterna stötte samman torkade många tidigare kustområden upp och stora öknar bildades. <a href="/wiki/Karooistiden" title="Karooistiden">Karooistiden</a>, som började under <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbontiden</a>, fortsatte under större delen av perm.<sup id="cite_ref-ne_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livet_under_perm">Livet under perm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Livet under perm" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Livet under perm"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Havslivet dominerades av <a href="/wiki/Mossdjur" title="Mossdjur">mossdjur</a>. Andra arter som var vanliga var olika former av <a href="/wiki/Armfotingar" title="Armfotingar">armfotingar</a>. I haven fanns även många arter som kom att försvinna under perm-trias-utdöendet, som de encelliga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusulinider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusulinider [inte skriven än]">fusuliniderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blastoid%C3%A9er" title="Blastoidéer">blastoidéer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trilobiter" title="Trilobiter">trilobiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugosa_koraller" title="Rugosa koraller">rugosa koraller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6liljor" title="Sjöliljor">sjöliljor</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6borrar" title="Sjöborrar">sjöborrar</a>. Bland fiskarna dominerade <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A5lfeniga_fiskar" title="Strålfeniga fiskar">strålfeniga fiskar</a> med ganoidfjäll. Bland insekterna utvecklades former som <a href="/wiki/Skalbaggar" title="Skalbaggar">skalbaggar</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4tvingar" title="Nätvingar">nätvingar</a>, och den primitiva <a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%A5vingar" title="Tvåvingar">tvåvingen</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permotipula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permotipula [inte skriven än]">permotipula</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Syrsor" title="Syrsor">Syrsor</a> och <a href="/wiki/Dagsl%C3%A4ndor" title="Dagsländor">dagsländor</a> fanns sedan tidigare och fortsatte vara ett betydande inslag bland insekterna. Bland groddjuren fanns flera landlevande former, av vilka många liknade tidiga kräldjur i levnadssätt. Den dominerande gruppen bland de fyrfota djuren var dock de <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">däggdjurslika kräldjuren</a>. Det fanns även ett flertal kräldjur, vilka mestadels var små. Enstaka former som den vattenlevande <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesasaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesasaurus [inte skriven än]">mesasaurus</a> var dock mycket stora.<sup id="cite_ref-ne_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ne-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ne_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ne_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ne_1-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ne_1-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i> multimedia plus, 2000 (DVD-ROM)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Svensk uppslagsbok</i>, Malmö 1937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICC-3"><a href="#cite_ref-ICC_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFCohenFinneyGibbardFan">Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (1 januari 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-01.pdf">”International Chronostratigraphic Chart”</a>. International Commission on Stratigraphy<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-01.pdf">http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-01.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 februari 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Finney%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Fan%2C+J.-X.&rft.date=1+januari+2020&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2020-01.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Perm_(geologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/newpage5.htm">Karta över hur jorden såg ut cirka 255 Ma</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&oldid=54511951">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perm_(geologi)&oldid=54511951</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Perm_(geologi)" title="Kategori:Perm (geologi)">Perm (geologi)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 10 mars 2024 kl. 07.44.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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