The Christian Nubia and the Arabs

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> The Christian Nubia and the Arabs | Studia Ceranea </title> <body onLoad="showSlides(); viewSlides();"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.17"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Małgorzata Martens-Czarnecka"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2015-12-30"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2019-08-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2015-12-30"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2020-04-03"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="Nubia constituted the area in the Nile Valley in the present day Sudan, the area which spread from the first cataract up to the place where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile. The area was inhabited by the population using a common language – Old Nubian. In the second half of the sixth century thanks to the missions send by the Byzantine Court, Nubia accepted Christianity as a state religion. Nubia immediately found itself in the area of influence of Byzantine culture. Byzantine administration, liturgy of the Eastern Church and the Greek language were introduced. In 641 the Arab conquest of Egypt took place. Soon after that in 642, the Arab army entered the Nubian territory and from this date centuries of clashes and peace treaties characterized relations between Nubians and Arab peoples. The 13th century marks slow decline of the kingdom of Nubia. Hostile Negro tribes from the South and South-West appear in the Mid Valley of Nile. Fights weaken the kingdom; slow islamization of the country follows, royal rule and Christian faith falls and together with those culture and arts deteriorates. The history of military as well as political or commercial Nubian-Arabic contacts over entire period of existence of Christian kingdom of Nubia undoubtedly had to bring about certain artistic trends in Nubia originating from rich heritage of Muslim culture. The culture of Christian Nubia originally based to considerable extent on Byzantine art, in course of time, subjected to more and more intense Arabic influence, significantly changed. Arabic components seen in Nubian church architecture, wall painting and art crafts became predominant, which over following centuries led to creation of Arabic culture of the contemporary Sudan."/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="pl" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="ru" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="5366"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.pageNumber" content="249-265"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.18778/2084-140X.05.08"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/sceranea/article/view/5366"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2015 "/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="Studia Ceranea"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2449-8378"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="5"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/sceranea"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Nubia"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="early Christianity"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Arabs"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Byzantium"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Christian Church"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Nobadia"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Makuria"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="The Christian Nubia and the Arabs"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Articles"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Studia Ceranea"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="SC"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2449-8378"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Małgorzata Martens-Czarnecka"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="The Christian Nubia and the Arabs"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2015/12/30"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="5"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="249"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="265"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.18778/2084-140X.05.08"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/sceranea/article/view/5366"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Nubia"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="early Christianity"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Arabs"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Byzantium"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Christian Church"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Nobadia"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Makuria"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/sceranea/article/download/5366/5036"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Adams W. Y., Nordström H–Ä., The Archeological Survey on the West Bank of the Nile, Ku 11, 1963, p. 10–46. Blair S., Islamic Inscriptions, Edinburgh 1998."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bloom J., Blair S., Islamic Arts, London 1997."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Erster G., Nubien, Goldland am Nil, Zürich–Stuttgart 1964."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gartkiewicz P. M., New Outline of the History of Nubian Church Architecture, BAB 55, 1980, p. 137–144."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Hägg T., Some remarks on the use of Greek in Nubia, [in:] Nubian Studies. Proceedings of the Symposium for Nubian Studies, Cambridge 1978, ed. J. M. Plumley, Warminster 1982, p. 103–107."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Islam. Art and Architecture, ed. M. Hattstein, P. Delius, Cologne 2000."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jakobielski S., Faras III. A History of the Bishopric of Pachoras on the Basis of Coptic Inscriptions, Warszawa 1972."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kirwan L., Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia, eds. T. Hägg, L. Tőrők, D. A. Welsby, Suffolk 2002."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Leroy J., Les manuscrits syriaques ŕ peitures conservés dans les bibliothéques d’Europe et d’Orient, Paris 1964."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Leroy J., Les manuscrits coptes et coptes-arabes illustrés, Paris 1974."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Martens-Czarnecka M., Byzantine Models in Nubian Iconography, GAMAR 6, 2010, p. 109–118."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Martens-Czarnecka M., Faras VII. Les éléments décoratifs sur les peintures de la Cathédrale de Faras, Varsovie 1982."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Martens-Czarnecka M., The Wall Paintings from The Monastery on Kom H in Dongola, Warsaw 2011."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Michałowski K., La Nubie chrétienne, AfB 3, 1965, p. 9–26."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Monneret de Villard U., Storia della Nubia christiana, Roma 1936."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Plumley J. M., Qasr Ibrim and Islam, ET.SP 12, 1983, p. 157–170."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ryl-Preibisz I., Architectural Decorative Elements Recently Discovered at Dongola, [in:] Actes de la VIIIe Conférence International des Études Nubienne, Lille 11 – 17 septembre 1994, vol. II, Découvertes archéologiques, Lille 1997, p. 227–234."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Säve-Söderbergh T., Preliminary Report of the Scandinavian Joint Expedition, Ku 11, 1963, p. 66–67."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Tőrők L., Money, Economy and Administration in Christian Nubia, [in:] Études Nubiennes, Colloque de Chantilly 1975, Le Caire 1978, p. 302–309."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Vantini G., Christianity in the Sudan, Bologna 1981."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Vantini G., Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia, Heidelberg–Warsaw 1975."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Welsby D. 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aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Articles </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> The Christian Nubia and the Arabs </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Małgorzata Martens-Czarnecka </span> <span class="affiliation"> Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item doi"> <h2 class="label"> DOI: </h2> <span class="value"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.05.08"> https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.05.08 </a> </span> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> Nubia, early Christianity, Arabs, Byzantium, Christian Church, Nobadia, Makuria </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>Nubia constituted the area in the Nile Valley in the present day Sudan, the area which spread from the first cataract up to the place where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile. The area was inhabited by the population using a common language – Old Nubian. In the second half of the sixth century thanks to the missions send by the Byzantine Court, Nubia accepted Christianity as a state religion. Nubia immediately found itself in the area of influence of Byzantine culture. Byzantine administration, liturgy of the Eastern Church and the Greek language were introduced. In 641 the Arab conquest of Egypt took place. Soon after that in 642, the Arab army entered the Nubian territory and from this date centuries of clashes and peace treaties characterized relations between Nubians and Arab peoples. The 13th century marks slow decline of the kingdom of Nubia. Hostile Negro tribes from the South and South-West appear in the Mid Valley of Nile. Fights weaken the kingdom; slow islamization of the country follows, royal rule and Christian faith falls and together with those culture and arts deteriorates. The history of military as well as political or commercial Nubian-Arabic contacts over entire period of existence of Christian kingdom of Nubia undoubtedly had to bring about certain artistic trends in Nubia originating from rich heritage of Muslim culture. The culture of Christian Nubia originally based to considerable extent on Byzantine art, in course of time, subjected to more and more intense Arabic influence, significantly changed. Arabic components seen in Nubian church architecture, wall painting and art crafts became predominant, which over following centuries led to creation of Arabic culture of the contemporary Sudan.</p> </section> <div class="item downloads_chart"> <h3 class="label"> Downloads </h3> <div class="value"> <canvas class="usageStatsGraph" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="5366"></canvas> <div class="usageStatsUnavailable" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="5366"> Download data is not yet available. </div> </div> </div>  <a href="https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.18778/2084-140X.05.08" class="plumx-plum-print-popup" data-hide-when-empty="false" data-popup="right" ></a>  <section class="item references"> <h2 class="label"> References </h2> <div class="value"> <p>Adams W. Y., Nordström H–Ä., The Archeological Survey on the West Bank of the Nile, Ku 11, 1963, p. 10–46. Blair S., Islamic Inscriptions, Edinburgh 1998. <br/><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Adams W. Y., Nordström H–Ä., The Archeological Survey on the West Bank of the Nile, Ku 11, 1963, p. 10–46. Blair S., Islamic Inscriptions, Edinburgh 1998." target="_blank">Google Scholar</a> </p> <p>Bloom J., Blair S., Islamic Arts, London 1997. <br/><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Bloom J., Blair S., Islamic Arts, London 1997." target="_blank">Google Scholar</a> </p> <p>Erster G., Nubien, Goldland am Nil, Zürich–Stuttgart 1964. <br/><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Erster G., Nubien, Goldland am Nil, Zürich–Stuttgart 1964." target="_blank">Google Scholar</a> </p> <p>Gartkiewicz P. M., New Outline of the History of Nubian Church Architecture, BAB 55, 1980, p. 137–144. <br/><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Gartkiewicz P. 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