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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifle_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Rifle clubs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifle_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1934–1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1934–1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1934–1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1934–1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s–2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1970s–2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s–2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2018–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ackerman_McQueen_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ackerman_McQueen_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Ackerman McQueen lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ackerman_McQueen_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_New_York_State_corruption_verdict;_2021_bankruptcy_filing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_New_York_State_corruption_verdict;_2021_bankruptcy_filing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 2024 New York State corruption verdict; 2021 bankruptcy filing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_New_York_State_corruption_verdict;_2021_bankruptcy_filing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_and_political_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_and_political_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Lobbying and political activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lobbying_and_political_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lobbying and political activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_and_political_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Russian influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ATF_and_Senate_confirmations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ATF_and_Senate_confirmations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The ATF and Senate confirmations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ATF_and_Senate_confirmations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Litigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure_and_finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure_and_finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Organizational structure and finances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizational_structure_and_finances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizational structure and finances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure_and_finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_staff_and_spokespersons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_staff_and_spokespersons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Executive staff and spokespersons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_staff_and_spokespersons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Board of directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Notable members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interconnected_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interconnected_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Interconnected organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interconnected_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NRA_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NRA_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 NRA Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NRA_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Victory_Fund_(NRA-PVF)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Victory_Fund_(NRA-PVF)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Victory_Fund_(NRA-PVF)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2018_New_York_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_New_York_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 2018 New York lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_New_York_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_New_York_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_New_York_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 2020 New York lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_New_York_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_and_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_and_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Public opinion and image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_and_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Political involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gun_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Gun control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gun_manufacturing_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_manufacturing_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Gun manufacturing industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_manufacturing_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_shootings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_shootings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Mass shootings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_shootings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Las_Vegas_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 2017 Las Vegas shooting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Las_Vegas_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.3 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boycott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boycott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.4 Boycott </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boycott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Media campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-gun_rights_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-gun_rights_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Pro-gun rights criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-gun_rights_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_advocacy_for_black_gun_owners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_advocacy_for_black_gun_owners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Lack of advocacy for black gun owners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_advocacy_for_black_gun_owners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_past_and_present_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_past_and_present_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Lists of past and present leaders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lists_of_past_and_present_leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lists of past and present leaders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_past_and_present_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 News </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">National Rifle Association</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="National Rifle Association" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="الاتحاد القومي للأسلحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد القومي للأسلحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_cho%C3%A2n-kok_p%C5%8D%CD%98-chh%C3%A8ng_hia%CC%8Dp-h%C5%8De" title="Bí-kok choân-kok pō͘-chhèng hia̍p-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok choân-kok pō͘-chhèng hia̍p-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Rifle Association" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Rifle" title="Asociación Nacional del Rifle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asociación Nacional del Rifle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_fusila_asocio_de_Usono" title="Nacia fusila asocio de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia fusila asocio de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="انجمن ملی سلاح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن ملی سلاح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%AF%B8_%EC%B4%9D%EA%B8%B0_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="전미 총기 협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전미 총기 협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landssamband_byssueigenda_%C3%AD_Bandar%C3%ADkjunum" title="Landssamband byssueigenda í Bandaríkjunum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landssamband byssueigenda í Bandaríkjunum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="איגוד הרובאים הלאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגוד הרובאים הלאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Rifle Association of America" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%B1%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A" title="全米ライフル協会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全米ライフル協会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 22 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American nonprofit organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="National Rifle Association (disambiguation)">National Rifle Association (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">A request that this article title be changed to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association_of_America&redirect=no">National Rifle Association of America</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:National_Rifle_Association#Requested_move_22_November_2024" title="Talk:National Rifle Association">under discussion</a>. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Rifle Association of America</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Rifle_Association_official_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/National_Rifle_Association_official_logo.svg/180px-National_Rifle_Association_official_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/National_Rifle_Association_official_logo.svg/270px-National_Rifle_Association_official_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/National_Rifle_Association_official_logo.svg/360px-National_Rifle_Association_official_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:NRA_Headquarters_(53890423833).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NRA_Headquarters_%2853890423833%29.jpg/225px-NRA_Headquarters_%2853890423833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NRA_Headquarters_%2853890423833%29.jpg/338px-NRA_Headquarters_%2853890423833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NRA_Headquarters_%2853890423833%29.jpg/450px-NRA_Headquarters_%2853890423833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Fair_Oaks,_Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fair Oaks, Fairfax County, Virginia">Fair Oaks, Virginia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">November 17, 1871; 153 years ago (1871-11-17)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Conant_Church" title="William Conant Church">William Conant Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wood_Wingate" title="George Wood Wingate">George Wood Wingate</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(4)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(4)">501(c)(4)</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53-0116130</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun rights">Gun rights</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Oaks,_Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fair Oaks, Fairfax County, Virginia">Fair Oaks, Virginia</a>, U.S. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Rifle_Association&params=38_51_47_N_77_20_8_W_type:landmark_US-VA">38°51′47″N 77°20′8″W / 38.86306°N 77.33556°W / 38.86306; -77.33556</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Services</th><td class="infobox-data note"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Lobbying</li><li>Membership organization</li><li>Magazine publisher</li><li>Education/certification</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Method</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outreach" title="Outreach">Outreach</a> programs</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 5.5 million (self-reported)<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Rifle_Association" title="List of presidents of the National Rifle Association">President</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hamlin" title="Doug Hamlin">Doug Hamlin</a> (CEO and Executive Vice President)</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund</li><li>NRA Foundation</li><li>NRA Special Contribution Fund</li><li>NRA Freedom Action Foundation</li><li>NRA <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Legislative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Legislative Action">Institute for Legislative Action</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Victory_Fund" title="Political Victory Fund">NRA Political Victory Fund</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2018) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">$412,233,508[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">$423,034,158[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.nra.org/">home.nra.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Buchanan Jr.">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Mellon Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Rifle_Association.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/National_Rifle_Association.svg/180px-National_Rifle_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/National_Rifle_Association.svg/270px-National_Rifle_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/National_Rifle_Association.svg/360px-National_Rifle_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the National Rifle Association</figcaption></figure> The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is a <a href="/wiki/Gun_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun rights">gun rights</a> advocacy group based in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-2013Membership-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-GAS2012p616-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-more_gun_rights-8">[b]</a> Founded in 1871 to advance rifle <a href="/wiki/Marksmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship">marksmanship</a>, the modern NRA has become a prominent <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun rights lobbying</a> organization while continuing to teach <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">firearm safety</a> and competency. The organization also publishes several magazines and sponsors competitive marksmanship events.<a href="#cite_note-NRABriefHist-9">[7]</a> According to the NRA, it had nearly 5 million members as of December 2018,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit">[update]</a> though that figure has not been independently confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> The NRA is among the most influential <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a> in U.S. politics.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FortuneSurvey1999-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The NRA <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Legislative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Legislative Action">Institute for Legislative Action</a> (NRA-ILA) is its lobbying division, which manages its <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a> (PAC), the <a href="/wiki/Political_Victory_Fund" title="Political Victory Fund">Political Victory Fund</a> (PVF). Over its history, the organization has influenced legislation, participated in or initiated lawsuits, and endorsed or opposed various candidates at local, state, and federal levels. Some notable lobbying efforts by the NRA-ILA are the <a href="/wiki/Firearm_Owners_Protection_Act" title="Firearm Owners Protection Act">Firearm Owners Protection Act</a>, which lessened restrictions of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dickey_Amendment" title="Dickey Amendment">Dickey Amendment</a>, which blocks the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) from using federal funds to advocate for gun control. Starting in the mid- to late 1970s, the NRA has been increasingly criticized by gun control and gun rights advocacy groups, political commentators, and politicians. This criticism began following changes in the NRA's organizational policies, following what is now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_at_Cincinnati" title="Revolt at Cincinnati">Revolt at Cincinnati</a> at the 1977 NRA annual convention. The changes, which deposed former NRA executive vice president <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Rich" title="Maxwell Rich">Maxwell Rich</a> and included new organizational bylaws, have been described as moving the organization away from its previous focuses of "hunting, conservation, and marksmanship" and toward a focus on the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">right to bear arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The organization has been the focus of intense criticism in the aftermath of high-profile shootings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parkland_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland High School shooting">Parkland High School shooting</a>, after both of which they suggested adding armed security guards to schools.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Conant_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/William_Conant_Church.JPG/170px-William_Conant_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/William_Conant_Church.JPG/255px-William_Conant_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/William_Conant_Church.JPG/340px-William_Conant_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Conant_Church" title="William Conant Church">William Conant Church</a>, one of the NRA's founders</figcaption></figure> A few months after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> began in 1861, a national rifle association was proposed by Americans in England. In a letter that was sent to President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, R.G. Moulton and R.B. Perry recommended forming an organization similar to the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Rifle Association (United Kingdom)">National Rifle Association</a> in Britain, which had formed a year and a half earlier. They suggested making a shooting range, perhaps on the base on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, and were offering <a href="/wiki/Whitworth_rifle" title="Whitworth rifle">Whitworth rifles</a> for prizes for the first shooting competition with those rifles. They suggested a provisional committee to start the Association which would include: President Lincoln, Secretary of War, officers, and other prominent New Yorkers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The National Rifle Association of America was chartered in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a> on November 17, 1871<a href="#cite_note-incorporation-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NRABriefHist-9">[7]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Army_and_Navy_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army and Navy Journal">Army and Navy Journal</a> editor <a href="/wiki/William_Conant_Church" title="William Conant Church">William Conant Church</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/George_Wood_Wingate" title="George Wood Wingate">George Wood Wingate</a>. On November 25, 1871, the group voted to elect its first corporate officers. Union Army Civil War General <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, who had worked as a <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">gunsmith</a>, was elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Rifle_Association" title="List of presidents of the National Rifle Association">president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-firstelection-24">[22]</a> When Burnside resigned on August 1, 1872,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Church succeeded him as president.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> records for the Civil War indicate that its troops fired about 1,000 rifle shots for each Confederate hit, causing General Burnside to lament his recruits: "Out of ten soldiers who are perfect in drill and the <a href="/wiki/Manual_of_arms" title="Manual of arms">manual of arms</a>, only one knows the purpose of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron sight">sights</a> on his gun or can hit the broad side of a barn."<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-craige-29">[27]</a> The generals attributed this to the use of volley tactics, devised for earlier, less accurate <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> muskets.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kerr1990-31">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrose_Burnside_State_House_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ambrose_Burnside_State_House_portrait.jpg/170px-Ambrose_Burnside_State_House_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ambrose_Burnside_State_House_portrait.jpg/255px-Ambrose_Burnside_State_House_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ambrose_Burnside_State_House_portrait.jpg/340px-Ambrose_Burnside_State_House_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> general, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island" title="Governor of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode Island</a>, and first president of the NRA</figcaption></figure> Recognizing a need for better training, Wingate sent emissaries to Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany to observe militia and armies' marksmanship training programs.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> With plans provided by Wingate, the New York Legislature funded the construction of a modern <a href="/wiki/Shooting_range" title="Shooting range">range</a> at <a href="/wiki/Creedmoor_Rifle_Range" title="Creedmoor Rifle Range">Creedmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, for long-range shooting competitions. The range officially opened on June 21, 1873.<a href="#cite_note-grandopening-33">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_Long_Island" title="Central Railroad of Long Island">Central Railroad of Long Island</a> established a railway station nearby, with trains running from <a href="/wiki/Hunterspoint_Avenue_(LIRR_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunterspoint Avenue (LIRR station)">Hunter's Point</a>, with connecting boat service to <a href="/wiki/34th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="34th Street (Manhattan)">34th Street</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, allowing access from New York City.<a href="#cite_note-rangeopen-34">[32]</a> After beating England and Scotland to win the <a href="/wiki/Elcho_Shield" title="Elcho Shield">Elcho Shield</a> in 1873 at <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London#Rifle_shooting" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a>, then a village outside London, the Irish Rifle Team issued a challenge through the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> to riflemen of the United States to raise a team for a long-range match to determine an Irish-American championship.<a href="#cite_note-irishamerican-35">[33]</a> A team was organized through the subsidiary Amateur Club of New York City.<a href="#cite_note-irishamerican-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Remington_Arms" title="Remington Arms">Remington Arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharps_Rifle_Manufacturing_Company" title="Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company">Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading weapons</a> for the team.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Muzzle-loading_rifle" title="Muzzle-loading rifle">muzzle-loading rifles</a> had long been considered more accurate, eight American riflemen won the 1874 Irish-American Match firing breech-loading rifles. Publicity of the event generated by the New York Herald helped to establish breech-loading firearms as suitable for military marksmanship training, and promoted the NRA to national prominence.<a href="#cite_note-craige-29">[27]</a> In 1875, the NRA issued a challenge for an international rifle match as part of the 1876 Centennial celebrations of the founding of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Australia, Ireland, Scotland and Canada accepted the challenge, and the Centennial Trophy was commissioned from <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany & Co.</a> (later known as the "Palma Trophy").<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The United States won the 1876 match, and the <a href="/wiki/Palma_Match" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma Match">Palma Match</a> went on to be contested every four years as the World Long Range Rifle Championships.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rifle_clubs">Rifle clubs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rifle clubs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PresidentUSGrantVignette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PresidentUSGrantVignette.jpg/170px-PresidentUSGrantVignette.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PresidentUSGrantVignette.jpg/255px-PresidentUSGrantVignette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PresidentUSGrantVignette.jpg/340px-PresidentUSGrantVignette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> served as President of the NRA from 1883 (six years after he left office) to 1884.</figcaption></figure> The NRA organized rifle clubs in other states, and many state National Guard organizations sought NRA advice to improve members' marksmanship. Wingate's marksmanship manual evolved into the United States Army marksmanship instruction program.<a href="#cite_note-craige-29">[27]</a> Former President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> served as the NRA's eighth president and General <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Sheridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip H. Sheridan">Philip H. Sheridan</a> as its ninth.<a href="#cite_note-NRA2479-41">[39]</a> The US Congress created the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice in 1901 to include representatives from the NRA, National Guard, and United States military services. A program of annual rifle and pistol competitions was authorized, and included a national match open to military and civilian shooters. In 1907, NRA headquarters moved to Washington, D.C. to facilitate the organization's advocacy efforts.<a href="#cite_note-craige-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal" title="Rock Island Arsenal">Rock Island Arsenal</a> began the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield" title="M1903 Springfield">M1903 Springfield</a> rifles for civilian members of the NRA in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Canfield2008-42">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Civilian_Marksmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Civilian Marksmanship">Director of Civilian Marksmanship</a> began manufacture of <a href="/wiki/M1911_pistol" title="M1911 pistol">M1911 pistols</a> for NRA members in August 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Ness1983-43">[41]</a> Until 1927, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</a> provided free ammunition and targets to civilian rifle clubs with a minimum membership of ten United States citizens at least 16 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1934–1970s">1934–1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1934–1970s">edit</a>]</div> After the passage of the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">National Firearms Act</a> (NFA) of 1934, the first federal gun-control law in the US, the NRA formed its Legislative Affairs Division to update members with facts and analysis of upcoming bills.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Frederick" title="Karl Frederick">Karl Frederick</a>, NRA president in 1934, during congressional NFA hearings testified "I have never believed in the general practice of carrying weapons. I seldom carry one. I have when I felt it was desirable to do so for my own protection. I know that applies in most of the instances where guns are used effectively in self-defense or in places of business and in the home. I do not believe in the general promiscuous toting of guns. I think it should be sharply restricted and only under licenses."<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Four years later, the NRA backed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Firearms_Act_of_1938" title="Federal Firearms Act of 1938">Federal Firearms Act of 1938</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerhart-48">[46]</a> The NRA supported the NFA along with the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a> (GCA), which together created a system to federally license gun dealers and established restrictions on particular <a href="/wiki/Title_II_weapons" title="Title II weapons">categories and classes</a> of firearms.<a href="#cite_note-Lepore2012-49">[47]</a> The organization opposed a national firearms registry, an initiative favored by then-President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerhart-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s–2000s">1970s–2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s–2000s">edit</a>]</div> Until the 1970s, the NRA was <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lacombe-2019-4">[3]</a> Previously, the NRA mainly focused on sportsmen, hunters, and target shooters.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> During the 1970s, it became increasingly aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lacombe-2019-4">[3]</a> After 1977, the organization expanded its membership by focusing heavily on political issues and forming coalitions with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> politicians. Most of these are Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Glen_H._Utter_2000_pp_99-100-52">[50]</a> However, the passage of the GCA galvanized a growing number of NRA gun rights activists, including <a href="/wiki/Harlon_Carter" title="Harlon Carter">Harlon Carter</a>. In 1975, it began to focus more on politics and established its lobbying arm, the Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA), with Carter as director. The next year, its political action committee (PAC), the <a href="/wiki/Political_Victory_Fund" title="Political Victory Fund">Political Victory Fund</a>, was created in time for the 1976 elections.<a href="#cite_note-CPGCp158-53">[51]</a>: 158  The 1977 annual <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">convention</a> was a defining moment for the organization and came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Revolt_at_Cincinnati" title="Revolt at Cincinnati">The Cincinnati Revolution</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Knoxp299-54">[52]</a> (or as the Cincinnati Coup,<a href="#cite_note-kohn-55">[53]</a> the Cincinnati Revolt,<a href="#cite_note-lopez-56">[54]</a> or the Revolt at Cincinnati).<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Leadership planned to relocate NRA headquarters to Colorado and to build a $30 million recreational facility in New Mexico, but activists within the organization, whose central concern was <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> rights, defeated the incumbents (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Rich" title="Maxwell Rich">Maxwell Rich</a>) and elected Carter as executive director and <a href="/wiki/Neal_Knox" title="Neal Knox">Neal Knox</a> as head of the NRA-ILA.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Utter_2000-59">[57]</a> Insurgents including Carter and Knox had demanded new leadership in part because they blamed incumbent leaders for existing gun control legislation like the GCA and believed that no compromise should be made.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> With a goal to weaken the GCA, Knox's ILA successfully lobbied Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Firearm_Owners_Protection_Act" title="Firearm Owners Protection Act">Firearm Owners Protection Act</a> (FOPA) of 1986 and worked to reduce the powers of the federal <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF). In 1982, Knox was ousted as director of the ILA, but began mobilizing outside the NRA framework and continued to promote opposition to gun control laws.<a href="#cite_note-Knoxp314-61">[59]</a> At the 1991 national convention, Knox's supporters were elected to the board and named staff lobbyist <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a> as the executive vice president. The NRA focused its attention on the gun control policies of the Clinton Administration.<a href="#cite_note-Utter_2000-59">[57]</a> Knox again lost power in 1997, as he lost reelection to a coalition of moderate leaders who supported movie star <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a>, despite Heston's past support of gun control legislation.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In 1994, the NRA unsuccessfully opposed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a> (AWB), but successfully lobbied for the ban's 2004 expiration.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Heston was elected president in 1998 and became a highly visible spokesman for the organization. In an effort to improve the NRA's image, Heston presented himself as the voice of reason in contrast to Knox.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond2006-64">[62]</a>: 262–68  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018–present">2018–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2018–present">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ackerman_McQueen_lawsuit">Ackerman McQueen lawsuit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ackerman McQueen lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> In April 2019, the group unexpectedly sued its longtime public relations firm <a href="/wiki/Ackerman_McQueen" title="Ackerman McQueen">Ackerman McQueen</a>, which was responsible for two decades of aggressive gun-rights advertising on behalf of the NRA. The lawsuit alleges that the firm refused to turn over financial records to support its billings to the NRA, which amounted to $40 million in 2017. The lawsuit questioned recent programming on NRATV, an online channel operated by Ackerman, which has taken political positions unrelated to the NRA's traditional focus on gun-related issues. There were also concerns about possible conflicts of interest, such as the $1 million contract to host <a href="/wiki/NRATV" title="NRATV">NRATV</a> between Ackerman and NRA president <a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beset-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Leading up to the NRA's 2019 national convention in April, there were reports that North and LaPierre were at odds, with North demanding that LaPierre resign and LaPierre accusing North of extortion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> At the convention a letter was read from North, saying he had been told he would not be granted a second term as NRA president and adding that he intended to create a committee to investigate allegations of financial mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> A subsequent resolution to oust LaPierre over "highly suspect" financial practices was hotly debated for an hour before members voted not to discuss financial issues in public and to refer the resolution to the NRA board.<a href="#cite_note-ousts-69">[67]</a> On June 25, 2019, the NRA severed all ties with Ackerman McQueen and shut down the NRATV operation.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2024_New_York_State_corruption_verdict;_2021_bankruptcy_filing">2024 New York State corruption verdict; 2021 bankruptcy filing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2024 New York State corruption verdict; 2021 bankruptcy filing">edit</a>]</div> Following an 18-month investigation, on August 6, 2020, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Attorney General">New York Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Letitia_James" title="Letitia James">Letitia James</a> filed a civil lawsuit against the NRA, alleging <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, financial misconduct, and misuse of charitable funds by some of its executives, including its long-time former CEO and EVP <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a>, treasurer Wilson Phillips, former chief of staff and current executive director of general operations Joshua Powell,<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">general counsel</a> and secretary John Frazer.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The suit called for the dissolution of the NRA as being "fraught with fraud and abuse".<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonnig-200806-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-200806-75">[73]</a> On the same date, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Attorney General for the District of Columbia">Attorney General for the District of Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Racine" title="Karl Racine">Karl Racine</a> filed a lawsuit against the NRA for misusing charitable funds.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> On January 15, 2021, the NRA announced in a press release that it and one of its subsidiaries had filed for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 11</a> <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States" title="Bankruptcy in the United States">bankruptcy</a> in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas in Dallas.<a href="#cite_note-LaPierreLetter-77">[75]</a> It also announced that it would reincorporate in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, subject to court approval, although its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>, would not move.<a href="#cite_note-LaPierreLetter-77">[75]</a> During the bankruptcy trial LaPierre stated that he had kept the bankruptcy filing secret from the NRA's board of directors and most of its senior officials.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> LaPierre's spending of NRA funds on himself and his wife, such as upscale suits, chartered jet flights, and a traveling "glam squad" for his wife, became a subject of testimony in the eleven-day Texas proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-Texas-79">[77]</a> On May 11, 2021, Judge Harlin Hale of the federal bankruptcy court of the Northern District of Texas, dismissed the bankruptcy petition without prejudice, describing that it "was not filed in good faith", warning that if the NRA chose to file a new bankruptcy case, Hale's court would immediately revisit concerns about "disclosure, transparency, secrecy, conflicts of interest of litigation counsel", which could lead to the appointment of a trustee to oversee the organization's affairs.<a href="#cite_note-auto-80">[78]</a> Hale doubted that the NRA was "faced with financial difficulties", instead ruling that the true purposes of the lawsuit were "to gain an unfair litigation advantage" against the New York Attorney General, and to "avoid" regulation from New York.<a href="#cite_note-auto-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> On March 2, 2022, New York state court in Manhattan ruled against Letitia James's effort to break up the NRA while allowing the portion of the legal actions against the NRA's leadership to continue. The judge found that dissolving the NRA would have a negative impact on the free speech and assembly rights of the organization's members. It was also found that the NRA as an organization did not benefit from the alleged misconduct of its leadership and "less intrusive" remedies against NRA officials could be sought instead.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In February 2024, NRA leaders were found guilty of financial misconduct<a href="#cite_note-Politico-85">[83]</a> and corruption by a Manhattan jury.<a href="#cite_note-TNYT-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobbying_and_political_activity">Lobbying and political activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lobbying and political activity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chris_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chris_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Chris_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chris_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/255px-Chris_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chris_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/340px-Chris_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chris_W._Cox" title="Chris W. Cox">Chris W. Cox</a>, the NRA's former chief lobbyist and political strategist, in March 2016</figcaption></figure> When the National Rifle Association of America was officially incorporated on November 16, 1871,<a href="#cite_note-incorporation-23">[21]</a> its primary goal was to "promote and encourage rifle shooting on a scientific basis". The NRA's website says the organization is "America's longest-standing civil rights organization".<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> On February 7, 1872, the NRA created a committee to <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">lobby</a> for legislation in the interest of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Its first lobbying effort was to petition the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State legislature">New York State legislature</a> for $25,000 to purchase land to set up a <a href="/wiki/Shooting_ranges_in_the_United_States" title="Shooting ranges in the United States">range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Within three months, the legislation had passed and had been signed into law by <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of New York State">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">John T. Hoffman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In 1934, the National Rifle Association created a Legislative Affairs Division and testified in front of Congress in support of the first substantial federal gun control legislation in the US, the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">National Firearms Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-91">[89]</a> The Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA), the lobbying branch of the NRA, was established in 1975. According to <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a> John M. Bruce and Clyde Wilcox, the NRA shifted its focus in the late 1970s to incorporate political advocacy, and started seeing its members as political resources rather than just as recipients of goods and services. Despite the impact on the volatility of membership, the politicization of the NRA has been consistent and its PAC, the Political Victory Fund established in 1976, ranked as "one of the biggest spenders in congressional elections" as of 1998.<a href="#cite_note-BruceWilcox1998p158-92">[90]</a> A 1999 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine survey said that lawmakers and their staffers considered the NRA the most powerful lobbying organization three years in a row.<a href="#cite_note-FortuneSurvey1999-14">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_W._Cox" title="Chris W. Cox">Chris W. Cox</a> was the NRA's chief lobbyist and principal political strategist, a position he held from 2002 until 2019. In 2012, 88% of Republicans and 11% of Democrats in Congress had received an NRA PAC contribution at some point in their career. Of the members of the Congress that convened in 2013, 51% received funding from the NRA PAC within their political careers, and 47% received NRA money in their most recent race. According to Lee Drutman, political scientist and senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Sunlight_Foundation" title="Sunlight Foundation">Sunlight Foundation</a>, "It is important to note that these contributions are probably a better measure of allegiance than of influence."<a href="#cite_note-Drutman121218-93">[91]</a> Internationally, the NRA opposes the <a href="/wiki/Arms_Trade_Treaty" title="Arms Trade Treaty">Arms Trade Treaty</a> (ATT).<a href="#cite_note-NYTEB130930-94">[92]</a> It has opposed Canadian gun registry,<a href="#cite_note-CBCNews100913-95">[93]</a> supported Brazilian gun rights,<a href="#cite_note-Kurlantzick060917-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> and criticized Australian gun laws.<a href="#cite_note-OMalley131212-98">[96]</a> In 2016, the NRA raised a record $366 million and spent $412 million for political activities. The NRA also maintains a PAC which is excluded from these figures.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The organization <a href="/wiki/List_of_congresspersons_who_received_campaign_money_from_the_NRA_in_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="List of congresspersons who received campaign money from the NRA in 2016">donated to congressional races</a> for both Republicans (223) and Democrats (9) to candidates for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsBI111-100">[98]</a> The NRA has been described as influential in shaping American gun control policy.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2014-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reich-2017-102">[100]</a> The organization influences legislators' voting behavior through its financial resources and ability to mobilize its large membership.<a href="#cite_note-Reich-2017-102">[100]</a> The organization has not lost a major battle over gun control legislation since the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2014-101">[99]</a> At the federal level, the NRA successfully lobbied Congress in the mid-1990s to effectively halt governments-sponsored research into the public health effects of firearms, and to ensure the passage of legislation in 2005 largely immunizing gun manufacturers and dealers from lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2014-101">[99]</a> At the same time, the NRA stopped efforts at the federal level to increase regulation of firearms.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2014-101">[99]</a> At the state and local level, the NRA successfully campaigned to deregulate guns, for example by pushing state governments to eliminate the ability of local governments to regulate guns and removing restrictions on guns in public places (such as bars and campuses).<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2014-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayne_LaPierre_by_Gage_Skidmore_5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wayne_LaPierre_by_Gage_Skidmore_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Wayne_LaPierre_by_Gage_Skidmore_5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wayne_LaPierre_by_Gage_Skidmore_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Wayne_LaPierre_by_Gage_Skidmore_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wayne_LaPierre_by_Gage_Skidmore_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Wayne_LaPierre_by_Gage_Skidmore_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a>, NRA executive vice president, in 2017</figcaption></figure> The NRA Political Victory Fund (PVF) PAC was established in 1976 to challenge gun-control candidates and to support gun-rights candidates.<a href="#cite_note-BruceWilcox1998p186-103">[101]</a> An NRA "A+" candidate is one who has "not only an excellent voting record on all critical NRA issues, but who has also made a vigorous effort to promote and defend the Second Amendment", whereas an NRA "F" candidate is a "true enemy of gun owners' rights".<a href="#cite_note-Lowes140311-104">[102]</a> The NRA endorsed a presidential candidate for the first time in 1980, backing <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> over <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The NRA has also made endorsements even when it viewed both candidates positively. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2006 United States Senate elections">2006 Pennsylvania Senate elections</a>, the NRA endorsed <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> over <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Bob Casey Jr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> even though they both had an "A" rating. Despite this endorsement, Santorum lost to Casey. Republicans joined forces with the NRA and used the recently passed gun control measures to motivate voters in the 1994 midterm elections.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2013-108">[106]</a> In 1993, with Democrats in the majority of both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Bill</a>, named after the press secretary who was shot and paralyzed during the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">assassination attempt of President Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2013-108">[106]</a> The Brady Bill created a mechanism for background checks in order to enforce the GCA of 1968 and prevent criminals and minors from purchasing guns.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2013-108">[106]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994">Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994</a> included a 10-year ban on the sale of assault weapons. In 1994, the ban was favored by 78% of Americans according to a CBS poll.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> According to Yale professor <a href="/wiki/Reva_Siegel" title="Reva Siegel">Reva Siegel</a>, during the 1994 midterm elections, the NRA "spent more than $3.2 million on GOP campaigns and helped win nineteen of twenty-four 'priority' races the organization targeted, leading to a House with a majority of members who were 'A-rated' by the NRA."<a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2013a-110">[108]</a> Groups like the NRA seeking to expand interpretation of the Second Amendment to include an individual right to a gun, coincided with the '<a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>', a political movement concerned with gun control, and social issues such as school prayer and abortion.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Leader of the new House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> stated that support for or against gun control defined ones partisan identity.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2013a-110">[108]</a> NRA leader Knox echoed this sentiment, assuring members that Republicans would be defenders of Second Amendment rights and repeal recently passed gun control legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2013a-110">[108]</a> The NRA spent $40 million on <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_elections" title="2008 United States elections">United States elections in 2008</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GAS2012-112">[110]</a> including $10 million in opposition to the election of Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cox081019-113">[111]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a> was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">dark money</a> to flow into U.S. elections. As of mid-September 2018, the NRA has become one of just 15 groups which account for three-quarters of the anonymous cash.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The NRA spent over $360,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_recall_election_of_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado recall election of 2013">Colorado recall election of 2013</a>, which resulted in the ouster of state senators <a href="/wiki/John_Morse_(Colorado_politician)" title="John Morse (Colorado politician)">John Morse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Giron" title="Angela Giron">Angela Giron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siddiqui130910-115">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">The Huffington Post</a> called the recall "a stunning victory for the National Rifle Association and gun rights activists."<a href="#cite_note-Siddiqui130910-115">[113]</a> Morse and Giron helped to pass expanded <a href="/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System" title="National Instant Criminal Background Check System">background checks</a> and ammunition <a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">magazine capacity limits</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting">2012 Aurora, Colorado</a>, and Sandy Hook, Connecticut, shootings.<a href="#cite_note-AP130910-116">[114]</a> On May 20, 2016, the NRA endorsed <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The timing of the endorsement, before Trump became the official Republican nominee, was unusual, as the NRA typically endorses Republican nominees towards the end of the general election. The NRA said its early endorsement was due to the strong gun control stance of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> the NRA reported spending more than $30 million in support of Donald Trump, more than any other independent group in that election, and three times what it spent in the 2012 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_influence">Russian influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russian influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a></div> Investigations by the FBI and <a href="/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Mueller special counsel investigation">Special Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a> resulted in indictments of Russian nationals on charges of developing and exploiting ties with the NRA to influence US politics by using the NRA to gain access to Republican politicians. Russian politician and gun-rights activist <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Torshin" title="Aleksandr Torshin">Aleksandr Torshin</a>, a lifetime NRA member who is close to Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchy-20180118-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> was suspected by some of illegally funneling money through the NRA to benefit Trump's 2016 campaign. In May 2018, Democrats on the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> released a report stating it had obtained "a number of documents that suggest the Kremlin used the National Rifle Association as a means of accessing and assisting Mr. Trump and his campaign" through Torshin and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Maria Butina</a>, and that "The Kremlin may also have used the NRA to secretly fund Mr. Trump's campaign."<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anapol-123">[121]</a> Butina was arrested on July 15, 2018, and charged with conspiring to act as an <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act" title="Foreign Agents Registration Act">unregistered agent</a> of the Russian Federation and using Republican operative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erickson_(activist)" title="Paul Erickson (activist)">Paul Erickson</a> for cover and connections as she developed an influence operation designed to "advance the interests of the Russian Federation." The FBI acquired an email Erickson had sent to an acquaintance in 2016 stating, "Unrelated to specific presidential campaigns, I've been involved in securing a VERY private line of communication between the Kremlin and key [GOP] leaders through, of all conduits, the [NRA]."<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> According to the affidavit, from 2015 through at least February 2017, Butina worked at the direction of Russian who was a high level government official and official at the Russian Central Bank.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bykowicz-180717-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheth-180717-128">[126]</a> In December, Butina agreed in a plea deal to cooperate with federal prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-Madden-181210-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Butina later denied accusations that she was a Russian agent.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> In 2018, in a letter sent to Sen. <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> and addressed to Congress, the NRA acknowledged it had accepted approximately $2,000 in membership dues and magazine subscriptions and $525 in contributions from 23 Russian nationals or people associated with Russian addresses since 2015. In an earlier news interview the NRA's lawyers stated that the NRA had received less than $1000 from only one Russian donor. According to a Wyden aide, the NRA letter would be referred to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Elections_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Elections Commission">Federal Elections Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> NRA's General Counsel John C. Frazer wrote to Senator Wyden: "While we do receive some contributions from foreign individuals and entities, those contributions are made directly to the NRA for lawful purposes. Our review of our records has found no foreign donations in connection with a United States election, either directly or through a conduit."<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> According to the minority Democratic staff of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> the NRA acted as "a foreign asset" of Russia during the 2016 election, putting its tax exempt status at risk. The allegations were made in a 77-page report on an 18-month investigation released on September 27, 2019. An 18-page rebuttal by majority committee Republicans said the Democratic report demonstrated "little or nothing".<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Neither the FBI nor Special Counsel investigations found any Russian money funneling. The FBI investigation resulted in the conviction of Butina, not on any money-related charges, and the Mueller Report does not mention the NRA.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> has dismissed allegations of Russian money funneling as unsupported by the evidence.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_ATF_and_Senate_confirmations">The ATF and Senate confirmations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The ATF and Senate confirmations">edit</a>]</div> The NRA has for decades sought to limit the ability of the ATF to regulate firearms by blocking nominees and lobbying against reforms that would increase the ability of the ATF to track gun crimes.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins-2018-142">[140]</a> For instance, the NRA opposed ATF reforms to trace guns to owners electronically; the ATF currently does so through paper records.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins-2018-142">[140]</a> In 2006, the NRA lobbied <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">F. James Sensenbrenner</a> to add a provision to the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> reauthorization that requires Senate confirmation of ATF director nominees.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz130731-143">[141]</a> For seven years after that, the NRA lobbied against and "effectively blocked" every presidential nominee.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz130731-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Serrano130711-145">[143]</a> First was President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s choice, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sullivan_(U.S._Attorney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Sullivan (U.S. Attorney)">Michael Sullivan</a>, whose confirmation was held up in 2008 by three Republican Senators who said the ATF was hostile to gun dealers. One of the Senators was <a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a>, who was an NRA board member during his years in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz101026-146">[144]</a> Confirmation of President Obama's first nominee, Andrew Traver, stalled in 2011 after the NRA expressed strong opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins-2018-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horwitz130731-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skiba110216-147">[145]</a> Some Senators resisted confirming another Obama nominee, <a href="/wiki/B._Todd_Jones" title="B. Todd Jones">B. Todd Jones</a>, because of the NRA's opposition,<a href="#cite_note-Serrano130711-145">[143]</a> until 2013, when the NRA said it was neutral on Jones' nomination and that it would not include the confirmation vote in its grading system.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz130731-143">[141]</a> Dan Freedman, national editor for <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst Newspapers</a>' Washington, D.C. bureau, stated that it, "clears the way for senators from pro-gun states—Democrats as well as at least some Republicans—to vote for Jones without fear of political repercussions".<a href="#cite_note-Freedman130730-148">[146]</a> In 2014, Obama weighed the idea of delaying a vote on his nominee for Surgeon General, <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy">Vivek Murthy</a>, when Republicans and some <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Democrats">conservative Democrats</a> criticized Murthy, after the NRA opposed him.<a href="#cite_note-ViserBierman140315-149">[147]</a> In February, the NRA wrote to Senate leaders <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> to say that it "strongly opposes" Murthy's confirmation, and told <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>' <a href="/wiki/Emily_J._Miller" title="Emily J. Miller">Emily Miller</a> that it would score the vote in its PAC grading system. "The NRA decision", wrote Miller, "will undoubtedly make vulnerable Democrats up for reelection in the midterms reconsider voting party line on this nominee."<a href="#cite_note-Miller140228-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> stated on March 15, "Crossing the NRA to support Dr. Murthy could be a liability for some of the Democrats running for re-election this year in conservative-leaning states".<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Murthy's nomination received broad support from over 100 medical and public health organizations in the U.S., including the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American College of Physicians, the American Public Health Association, the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, and the</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association" title="American Diabetes Association">American Diabetes Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> On December 15, 2014, Murthy's appointment as Surgeon General was approved by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The NRA also opposed the appointments of <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> justices.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot130109-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <caption>National Rifle Association Position on Federal US Legislation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Bill/Law </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Supported </th> <th scope="col">Opposed </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">National Firearms Act</a> </th> <td>1934 </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Firearms_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Firearms Act">Federal Firearms Act</a> </th> <td>1938 </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun Control Act">Gun Control Act</a> </th> <td>1968 </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_in_Arms_Act" title="Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act">Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act</a> </th> <td>2005 </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Disaster_Recovery_Personal_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act">Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act</a> </th> <td>2006 </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Assault_Weapons_Ban_of_2013" title="Assault Weapons Ban of 2013">Assault Weapons Ban</a> </th> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/16px-Black_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/24px-Black_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Black_x.svg/32px-Black_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr></tbody></table> The NRA initially opposed the <a href="/wiki/1934_National_Firearms_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 National Firearms Act">1934 National Firearms Act</a>, but gave their support after several changes including the removal of <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolvers</a> and redefinition of machine gun,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winkler111003-156">[154]</a> which regulated what were considered at the time "gangster weapons" such as <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-barreled_rifle" title="Short-barreled rifle">short-barreled rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-barreled_shotgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-barreled shotgun">short-barreled shotguns</a>, and sound <a href="/wiki/Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor">suppressors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATF-NFA-157">[155]</a> However, the organization's position on suppressors has since changed.<a href="#cite_note-NRA-Suppressors2011-158">[156]</a> The NRA supported the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Federal_Firearms_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 Federal Firearms Act (page does not exist)">1938 Federal Firearms Act</a> (FFA) which established the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Firearms_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Firearms License">Federal Firearms License</a> (FFL) program. The FFA required all manufacturers and dealers of firearms who ship or receive firearms or ammunition in interstate or foreign commerce to have a license, and forbade them from transferring any firearm or most ammunition to any person interstate unless certain conditions were met.<a href="#cite_note-SAF-Ascione1939-159">[157]</a> The NRA supported and opposed parts of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a>, which broadly regulated the firearms industry and firearms owners, primarily focusing on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers. The law was supported by America's oldest manufacturers (Colt, Smith & Wesson, etc.) in an effort to forestall even greater restrictions which were feared in response to recent domestic violence. The NRA supported elements of the law, such as those forbidding the sale of firearms to convicted criminals and the mentally ill.<a href="#cite_note-Knox1966-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld130114-161">[159]</a> The NRA influenced the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Firearm_Owners_Protection_Act" title="Firearm Owners Protection Act">Firearm Owners Protection Act</a> and worked for its passage.<a href="#cite_note-University2002-162">[160]</a> In 2004, the NRA opposed renewal of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994">Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994</a>. The ban expired on September 13, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-CoxChat040917-163">[161]</a> In 2005, President George W. Bush signed into law the NRA-backed <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_in_Arms_Act" title="Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act">Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act</a> which partially shields firearms manufacturers and dealers from being held liable for negligence when crimes have been committed with their products.<a href="#cite_note-NRA4228-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_2013-01-31-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litigation">Litigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Litigation">edit</a>]</div> In November 2005, the NRA and other gun advocates filed a lawsuit challenging <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Proposition_H_(2005)" title="San Francisco Proposition H (2005)">San Francisco Proposition H</a>, which banned the ownership and sales of firearms. The NRA argued that the proposition overstepped local government authority and intruded into an area regulated by the state. The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_County_Superior_Court" title="San Francisco County Superior Court">San Francisco County Superior Court</a> agreed with the NRA position.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The city appealed the court's ruling, but lost a 2008 appeal.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> In October 2008, San Francisco was forced to pay a $380,000 settlement to the National Rifle Association and other plaintiffs to cover the costs of litigating Proposition H.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In April 2006, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana, police began returning to citizens guns that had been <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department#Hurricane_Katrina" title="New Orleans Police Department">confiscated after Hurricane Katrina</a>. The NRA, <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Foundation" title="Second Amendment Foundation">Second Amendment Foundation</a> (SAF), and other groups agreed to drop a lawsuit against the city in exchange for the return.<a href="#cite_note-AP060419-169">[167]</a> The NRA filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus brief</a> with the Supreme Court in the 2008 landmark gun rights case of <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v Heller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In a 5 to 4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that the District of Columbia's gun laws were unconstitutional, and for the first time held that an individual's right to a gun was unconnected to service in a militia.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2013a-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walden-2015-171">[169]</a> Some legal scholars believe that the NRA was influential in altering the public's interpretation of the Second Amendment, providing the foundation for the majority's opinion in <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">Heller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walden-2015-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> In 2009, the NRA again filed suit (<a href="/wiki/Guy_Montag_Doe_v._San_Francisco_Housing_Authority" title="Guy Montag Doe v. San Francisco Housing Authority">Guy Montag Doe v. San Francisco Housing Authority</a>) in the city of San Francisco challenging the city's ban of guns in public housing. On January 14, 2009, the San Francisco Housing Authority reached a settlement with the NRA, which allows residents to possess legal firearms within a SFHA apartment building.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> In 2010, the NRA sued the city of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (<a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald v. Chicago">McDonald v. Chicago</a>) and the Supreme Court ruled that like other substantive rights, the right to bear arms is incorporated via the Fourteenth Amendment to the Bill of Rights, and therefore applies to the states.<a href="#cite_note-landmark-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> In March 2013, the NRA joined a federal lawsuit with other gun rights groups challenging New York's gun control law (the <a href="/wiki/NY_SAFE_Act" title="NY SAFE Act">NY SAFE Act</a>), arguing that Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> "usurped the legislative and democratic process" in passing the law, which included restrictions on magazine capacity and expanding the state's assault weapons ban.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In November 2013, voters in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>, passed an ordinance banning certain ammunition magazines along with three other firearm-related restrictions. The ordinance was passed by 66 percent in favor.<a href="#cite_note-Chokshi-177">[175]</a> The ordinance requires city residents to "dispose, donate, or sell" any magazine capable of holding more than ten rounds within a proscribed period of time once the measure takes effect.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The following month, the NRA joined local residents in suing the city on second amendment grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Chokshi-177">[175]</a> A federal judge dismissed the suit three months later, upholding the Sunnyvale's ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-Wadsworth-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richman-180">[178]</a> The city of San Francisco then passed similar ordinances a short time later. The San Francisco Veteran Police Officers Association (SFVPOA), represented by NRA attorneys, filed a lawsuit challenging San Francisco's ban on the possession of high-capacity magazines, seeking an injunction.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> A federal judge denied the injunction in February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Wadsworth-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egelko-182">[180]</a> In 2014, the NRA lobbied for a bill in Pennsylvania which grants it and other advocacy groups <a href="/wiki/Legal_standing" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal standing">legal standing</a> to sue municipalities to overturn local firearm regulations passed in violation of a state law <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/preemption" class="extiw" title="wikt:preemption">preempting</a> such regulations, and which also allows the court to force cities to pay their legal fees. As soon as it became law, the NRA sued three cities: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>. In Philadelphia, seven regulations the NRA sued to overturn included a ban on gun possession by those found to be a risk for harming themselves or others, and a requirement to report stolen guns to the police within twenty-four hours after discovery of the loss or theft.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In Lancaster, a city of fewer than 60,000, mayor <a href="/wiki/Rick_Gray_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Rick Gray (Pennsylvania politician)">Rick Gray</a>, who has chaired the pro-gun control group <a href="/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors Against Illegal Guns">Mayors Against Illegal Guns</a>, was also named in the suit. In that city, the NRA challenged an ordinance requiring gun owners to tell police when a firearm is lost or stolen within 72 hours or face jail time.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The basis for the lawsuits is "a 1974 state law that bars municipalities against passing restrictions that are pre-empted by state gun laws". At least 20 Pennsylvania municipalities have rescinded regulations in response to threatened litigation.<a href="#cite_note-2015USN-Penn-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The NRA has worked with the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU) in opposing <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> collection of the call records of calls in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> On September 4, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Francisco Board of Supervisors">San Francisco Board of Supervisors</a> passed a non-binding resolution which declared the NRA a domestic terrorist organization and said the city should "take every reasonable step" to limit vendors which do business with the city from also doing business with the NRA. On September 9, the NRA filed a lawsuit in response, accusing city officials of violating the organization's free speech rights by discriminating against the organization "based on the viewpoint of their political speech."<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-10sep2019-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> On September 23, mayor <a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">London Breed</a> and city attorney <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Herrera" title="Dennis Herrera">Dennis Herrera</a> announced in a memo that "the city's contracting process and policies have not changed and will not change as a result of the resolution." On November 7, 2019, the NRA dropped their lawsuit against San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-sfchron-7nov2019-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-8nov2019-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Los Angeles had passed a similar ordinance but the NRA won a <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">preliminary injunction</a> on December 11, 2019<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> and subsequently dropped the lawsuit after Los Angeles repealed the law.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programs">Programs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Programs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Firearms_Museum_-_Inside_(53890602620).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/National_Firearms_Museum_-_Inside_%2853890602620%29.jpg/220px-National_Firearms_Museum_-_Inside_%2853890602620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/National_Firearms_Museum_-_Inside_%2853890602620%29.jpg/330px-National_Firearms_Museum_-_Inside_%2853890602620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/National_Firearms_Museum_-_Inside_%2853890602620%29.jpg/440px-National_Firearms_Museum_-_Inside_%2853890602620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Inside of the National Firearms Museum (2024)</figcaption></figure> The National Rifle Association owns the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Museum" title="National Firearms Museum">National Firearms Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County, Virginia</a>, featuring exhibits on the evolution and history of firearms in America.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> In August 2013, the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum opened at an expansive <a href="/wiki/Bass_Pro_Shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass Pro Shop">Bass Pro Shops</a> retail store in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>. It displays almost 1,000 firearms, including historically significant firearms from the NRA and other collections.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy130803-199">[197]</a> The NRA publishes a number of <a href="/wiki/Periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodicals">periodicals</a> including <a href="/wiki/American_Rifleman" title="American Rifleman">American Rifleman</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-NRAPubs-200">[198]</a> The NRA sponsors a range of programs about firearm safety for children and adults, including a program for school-age children, the NRA's "Eddie Eagle". The organization issues credentials and trains firearm instructors.<a href="#cite_note-KBTX-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In 1994, following disagreements between the NRA and athletes over control of the program of Olympic <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting sports</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="US Olympic Committee">US Olympic Committee</a> recommended <a href="/wiki/USA_Shooting" title="USA Shooting">USA Shooting</a> replace the NRA as the national <a href="/wiki/Sport_governing_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport governing body">governing body</a> for Olympic shooting. The NRA dropped out just before the decision was announced, citing a lack of appreciation for their efforts.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The NRA supports marksmanship training as well as hosting the National Rifle and Pistol Matches at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Perry" title="Camp Perry">Camp Perry</a>, events which are described by the El Paso Times as "America's world series of competitive shooting".<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> In 2014 the NRA temporarily moved the National Smallbore Matches to <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Indiana" title="Bristol, Indiana">Bristol, Indiana</a> in advance of Camp Perry hosting the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Palma_Match" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma Match">Palma Match</a> (Long Range World Championships).<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> In 2015 it was announced the change was permanent.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The move drew criticism from shooters as the Bristol ranges lacked affordable accommodation, trade stands per Camp Perry's "Commercial Row", or even interest from the NRA - whose own publications had only reported on the Camp Perry matches.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> A fall in participant numbers led to the foundation of the American Smallbore Shooting Association in 2016 as an apolitical match organiser to address the NRA's perceived lack of interest in smallbore competition shooting.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The National Rifle Association maintains ties with other organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/4-H" title="4-H">4-H</a> and contributes to youth shooting programs.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The NRA hosts annual meetings. The 2018 meeting was held on May 3 in Dallas, Texas. More than 800 exhibitors and 80,000 people attended the event, making it the largest in NRA history. President Donald Trump and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> addressed attendees.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure_and_finances">Organizational structure and finances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organizational structure and finances">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive_staff_and_spokespersons">Executive staff and spokespersons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Executive staff and spokespersons">edit</a>]</div> Since 1991, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a> has been the organization's executive vice president, and functions as the chief executive officer.<a href="#cite_note-About.comBio-215">[213]</a> LaPierre's compensation averages $1 million per year and including a nearly $4 million retirement payout in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Tuttle-216">[214]</a> Previous notable holders of that office include: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Reckord" title="Milton Reckord">Milton Reckord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Lavinius_Parks" title="Floyd Lavinius Parks">Floyd Lavinius Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Orth" title="Franklin Orth">Franklin Orth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Rich" title="Maxwell Rich">Maxwell Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlon_Carter" title="Harlon Carter">Harlon Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Cassidy" title="J. Warren Cassidy">J. Warren Cassidy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Anderson_(sport_shooter)" title="Gary Anderson (sport shooter)">Gary Anderson</a>. Chris W. Cox was the executive director of the NRA's lobbying branch, the Institute for Legislative Action. He received more than $1.3 million in compensation in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-217">[215]</a> Kyle Weaver is executive director of general operations.<a href="#cite_note-NRAWeaver2011-218">[216]</a> Kayne B. Robinson is executive director of the General Operations Division and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/NRA_Whittington_Center" title="NRA Whittington Center">Whittington Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-219">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dana_Loesch_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dana_Loesch_2.jpg/170px-Dana_Loesch_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dana_Loesch_2.jpg/255px-Dana_Loesch_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dana_Loesch_2.jpg/340px-Dana_Loesch_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2973" data-file-height="3950" /></a><figcaption>Spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Dana_Loesch" title="Dana Loesch">Dana Loesch</a> speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a> American Policy Summit in 2011</figcaption></figure> In 2017, political commentator <a href="/wiki/Dana_Loesch" title="Dana Loesch">Dana Loesch</a> was appointed as the NRA's national spokesperson, with the formal title of "Special Assistant to the Executive Vice President for Public Communication."<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-gatedestate-221">[219]</a> Loesch hosts The DL on NRATV and has featured prominently in other NRA-produced videos.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Actor <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> serves as the honorary chairman for the association's voter registration campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Sherfinski-223">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colion_Noir" title="Colion Noir">Colion Noir</a> hosts a video program on the NRA's online video channel.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> In May 2018, the NRA announced that <a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a> would become president of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-Mele-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watkins-226">[224]</a> North served one tumultuous term, marked by multiple legal battles and a power struggle with LaPierre; he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a> on April 29, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Board of directors">edit</a>]</div> The NRA is governed by a board of 76 elected directors, 75 of whom serve three-year terms and one who is elected to serve as a cross-over director. The directors choose a president and other officers from among the membership, as well as the executive director of the NRA General Operations and the executive director of the NRA Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA).<a href="#cite_note-NRABylaws-228">[226]</a> In 2015, 71 members were white and 65 were male. More came from Texas than any other state.<a href="#cite_note-MJones_these-229">[227]</a> Only 7 percent of eligible members vote.<a href="#cite_note-franksmyth_kingm-230">[228]</a> Most board nominations are vetted by an appointed nine-member Nominating Committee.<a href="#cite_note-jordanweissmann_another-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> One member is <a href="/wiki/George_Kollitides" title="George Kollitides">George Kollitides</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Group">Freedom Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jordanweissmann_another-231">[229]</a> The nomination committee has been called "kingmakers" by <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> and Jeff Knox says "the process is front-loaded to give incumbents and Nominating Committee candidates a significant advantage".<a href="#cite_note-franksmyth_kingm-230">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Membership">edit</a>]</div> According to the NRA, their membership reached 5.5 million total members in 2018, a record high, and membership dues went from $128,209,303 in 2017 to $170,391,374 in 2018; an increase of $42,182,071, or 33 percent.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study found that 19% of US gun owners consider themselves NRA members.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Journalist Megan Wilson stated that the Pew study places membership at 14 million, far higher than the NRA's own report of 5 million. According to the NRA, some non-members typically claim to be members when surveyed, as a show of support.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-171008-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable members">edit</a>]</div> Nine US presidents have been NRA members. In addition to Grant, they are: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (who resigned in 1995), and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Three US vice presidents, two chief justices of the US Supreme Court, and several US congressmen, as well as legislators and officials of state governments are or have been members.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-VP_Mike_Pence-238">[236]</a> Current or past members also include journalist <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Oklahoma City bomber <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> documentarian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a> (who joined with the intent of dismantling the organization),<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Rick_Schroder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Schroder">Rick Schroder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> and singer <a href="/wiki/James_Hetfield" title="James Hetfield">James Hetfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interconnected_organizations">Interconnected organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Interconnected organizations">edit</a>]</div> The National Rifle Association is composed of several financially interconnected organizations under common leadership,<a href="#cite_note-Hickey121218-244">[242]</a> including the NRA Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA) which manages the NRA's <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a> and the NRA Civil Defense Fund which does <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> legal work for people with cases involving Second Amendment rights.<a href="#cite_note-Hickey121218-244">[242]</a> The NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund was established in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-CDF-About2015-245">[243]</a> Harlon Carter and Neal Knox were responsible for its founding.<a href="#cite_note-Inside_RS-246">[244]</a> In 1994, the Fund spent over $500,000 on legal fees to support legal cases involving guns and gun control measures. It donated $20,000 in 1996 for the defense of New York City resident <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Goetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Goetz">Bernhard Goetz</a> when he was sued by a man he shot and left paralyzed.<a href="#cite_note-goetz_fund-247">[245]</a> It paid the legal bills in the case of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aitken" title="Brian Aitken">Brian Aitken</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> resident sentenced to seven years in state prison for transporting guns without a carry permit.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> On December 20, 2010, Governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> granted Aitken <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> and ordered Aitken's immediate release from prison.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NRA_Foundation">NRA Foundation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: NRA Foundation">edit</a>]</div> The NRA Foundation is a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> non-profit organization that raises and donates money to outdoors groups and others such as <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a> programs, <a href="/wiki/4-H" title="4-H">4-H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts</a>. In 2010, the NRA Foundation distributed $21.2 million in grants for gun-related training and education programs: $12.6 million to the NRA itself, and the rest to community programs for hunters, competitive shooters, gun collectors, and law enforcement, and to women and youth groups.<a href="#cite_note-FactCheck130115-249">[247]</a> The foundation has no staff and pays no salaries.<a href="#cite_note-FactCheck130115-249">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_NRA" title="Friends of NRA">Friends of NRA</a> is a program that raises money for the NRA Foundation. Since its inception in 1992, Friends of NRA has held over 17,600 events, reached over 3.2 million attendees and raised over $600 million for The NRA Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Melzer2012-250">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_Victory_Fund_(NRA-PVF)">Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_Victory_Fund" title="Political Victory Fund">Political Victory Fund</a></div> By 1976, as the NRA became more politically oriented, the Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF), a PAC, was established as a subsidiary to the NRA, to support NRA-friendly politicians.<a href="#cite_note-BruceWilcox1998p186-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_W._Cox" title="Chris W. Cox">Chris W. Cox</a>, who is the NRA's chief lobbyist and principal political strategist, is also the NRA-PVF chairman. Through the NRA-PVF, the NRA began to rate political candidates on their positions on gun rights. An NRA "A+" candidate is one who has "not only an excellent voting record on all critical NRA issues, but who has also made a vigorous effort to promote and defend the Second Amendment", whereas an NRA "F" candidate is deemed a "true enemy of gun owners' rights".<a href="#cite_note-Lowes140311-104">[102]</a> In the 2008 elections, the PVF spent millions on "direct campaign donations" and "grassroots operation".<a href="#cite_note-NRAPVF2015-251">[249]</a> In 2012, NRA-PVF income was $14.4 million and expenses were $16.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-CRP-PVF2012-252">[250]</a> By 2014, the NRA-PVF income rose to 21.9 million with expenses of 20.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-CRP-PVF2014-253">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Income in Millions</th> <th>Expenses in Millions </th></tr> <tr> <td>National Rifle Association (NRA)</td> <td>2011<a href="#cite_note-NRA990-2011-254">[252]</a></td> <td>218.9</td> <td>231.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Institute for Legislative Action</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Civil Defense Fund</td> <td>2012<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-CDF2012-255">[253]</a></td> <td>1.6</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Civil Defense Fund</td> <td>2013<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-CDF2013-256">[254]</a></td> <td>1.3</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Foundation</td> <td>2012<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-FDN2012-257">[255]</a></td> <td>43.0</td> <td>29.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Foundation</td> <td>2013<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-FDN2013-258">[256]</a></td> <td>41.3</td> <td>31.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Freedom Action Foundation</td> <td>2012<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-FAF2012-259">[257]</a></td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Freedom Action Foundation</td> <td>2013<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-FAF2013-260">[258]</a></td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Political Victory Fund</td> <td>2012<a href="#cite_note-CRP-PVF2012-252">[250]</a></td> <td>14.4</td> <td>16.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Political Victory Fund</td> <td>2014<a href="#cite_note-CRP-PVF2014-253">[251]</a></td> <td>21.9</td> <td>20.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Special Contribution Fund</td> <td>2012<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-SCF2012-261">[259]</a></td> <td>3.3</td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRA Special Contribution Fund</td> <td>2013<a href="#cite_note-Guidestar-SCF2013-262">[260]</a></td> <td>4.3</td> <td>3.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2010, the NRA reported revenue of $227.8 million and expenses of $243.5 million,<a href="#cite_note-NRA990-2010-263">[261]</a> with revenue including roughly $115 million generated from fundraising, sales, advertising and royalties, and most of the rest from membership dues.<a href="#cite_note-Robison-Crewdson2011-264">[262]</a> Less than half of the NRA's income comes from membership dues and program fees; the majority is from contributions, grants, royalties, and advertising.<a href="#cite_note-FactCheck130115-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robison-Crewdson2011-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hickey130116-265">[263]</a> Corporate donors include a variety of companies such as outdoors-supply and sporting-goods companies, and firearm manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-FactCheck130115-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robison-Crewdson2011-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hickey130116-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-VPC110413-266">[264]</a> From 2005 through 2011, the NRA received at least $14.8 million from more than 50 firearms-related firms.<a href="#cite_note-Robison-Crewdson2011-264">[262]</a> An April 2011 <a href="/wiki/Violence_Policy_Center" title="Violence Policy Center">Violence Policy Center</a> presentation stated that the NRA had received between $14.7 million and $38.9 million from the firearms industry since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-VPC110413-266">[264]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Beretta" title="Beretta">Beretta</a> exceeded $2 million in donations to the NRA, and in 2012 <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson" title="Smith & Wesson">Smith & Wesson</a> gave more than $1 million. <a href="/wiki/Sturm,_Ruger_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturm, Ruger & Company">Sturm, Ruger & Company</a> raised $1.25 million through a program in which it donated $1 to the NRA-ILA for each gun it sold from May 2011 to May 2012. In a similar program, gun buyers and participating stores are invited to "round up" the purchase price to the nearest dollar as a voluntary contribution. According to the NRA's 2010 tax forms, the "round-up" funds have been allocated both to public-interest programs and to lobbying.<a href="#cite_note-FactCheck130115-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018_New_York_lawsuit">2018 New York lawsuit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2018 New York lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, the NRA alleged in an official Court document that it suffered tens of millions of dollars in damage from actions of Governor Andrew Cuomo and the State's financial regulator. The state's Department of Financial Services (DFS) was directed by the Cuomo administration to encourage institutions it oversees, insurance companies, banks and other financial services companies licensed in New York state, to review their business interactions with the NRA and "other similar organizations" and assess if they would pose "reputational risk". The NRA's suit states that Cuomo's actions violate the organization's first-amendment rights and the NRA had suffered tens of millions of dollars in financial losses.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> The ACLU has filed a brief with the Northern District of New York court supporting the NRA's case. The brief noted that if proven true, the allegations disclose an abuse of government regulatory authority to retaliate against a disfavored advocacy organization by imposing a burden on the NRA's ability to conduct lawful business.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> On November 3, 2023, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> agreed to hear the case <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America_v._Vullo" title="National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo">National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo</a> about whether the director of the New York DFS violated the First Amendment by instructing financial institutions not to do business with the NRA.<a href="#cite_note-NYTVullo-271">[269]</a> The Court released its opinion on May 30, 2024, vacating the Second Circuit's decision and remanding the case to the lower court.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_New_York_lawsuit">2020 New York lawsuit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2020 New York lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> In August 2020, on behalf of the State of New York, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Letitia_James" title="Letitia James">Letitia James</a> sued the NRA and four individuals involved with the organization: CEO <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a>; former chief of staff and the executive director of general operations Joshua Powell; former treasurer and <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a> Wilson "Woody" Phillips; and corporate secretary and <a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">general counsel</a> John Frazer. James charged the organization with illegal conduct, stating that the NRA mismanaged funds and assets and failed to follow state and federal laws. The suit claims that money was diverted away from its charitable mission, and instead used to fund personal expenses for senior leadership, resulting in a loss to the <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">NPO</a> of $64 million over three years.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> While the NRA sought to dismiss the lawsuit, in June 2022, Manhattan Judge Joel M. Cohen ruled that the lawsuit could move forward.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> NRA leadership was found guilty of corruption by a Manhattan jury in February 2024,<a href="#cite_note-Politico-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-TNYT-86">[84]</a> with former vice-president and CEO LaPierre found to have cost the NRA $5.4 million in damages and ordered to pay restitution of $4.35 million.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion_and_image">Public opinion and image</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Public opinion and image">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> poll in April 2012 found that 82% of Republicans and 55% of Democrats saw the NRA "in a positive light".<a href="#cite_note-NBCNews120413-277">[275]</a> In seven of eight <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> polls between 1993 and 2015, a majority of Americans reported holding a favorable opinion of the NRA. Its highest rating was at 60% favorability in 2005 (with 34% unfavorable), while its lowest rating was at 42% favorability in 1995 (with 51% unfavorable). In October 2015, 58% of Americans held a favorable opinion of the NRA, though there was a wide spread among political affiliations: 77% of conservatives, 56% of moderates and 30% of liberals held this view.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup15-278">[276]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_March_on_the_NRA_8040026.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/National_March_on_the_NRA_8040026.jpg/220px-National_March_on_the_NRA_8040026.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/National_March_on_the_NRA_8040026.jpg/330px-National_March_on_the_NRA_8040026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/National_March_on_the_NRA_8040026.jpg/440px-National_March_on_the_NRA_8040026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The "National March on the NRA" in August 2018</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a>/<a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> poll in January 2013 showed that only 36% of Americans had a favorable opinion of the NRA leadership.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo20130122-279">[277]</a> A 2017 poll conducted by the political action committee <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Responsible_Solutions" title="Americans for Responsible Solutions">Americans for Responsible Solutions</a>, which supports <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a>, exclusively questioned 661 gun owners. 26% of the respondents stated they were a member of the NRA. The ARS reported that less than 50% of gun owners polled believed the NRA represented their interests, while 67% of them somewhat or strongly agreed with the statement that it had been "overtaken by lobbyists and the interests of gun manufacturers and lost its original purpose and mission." The NRA disputed the poll's veracity in an e-mail sent to <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>, which had published the story.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> Polling trends since 2018 show a significant decline in NRA favorability.<a href="#cite_note-Quinnipiac-2023-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2018-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frankovic-2018-283">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-pppadmin-2018-284">[282]</a> A 2018 NBC News/ Wall Street Journal poll found that "for the first time since at least 2000, Americans hold a net unfavorable view of the NRA"—the poll showed respondents view of the NRA was 40% negative and 37% positive.<a href="#cite_note-Bryan-2018-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todd-2018-286">[284]</a> The poll showed that compared to the same question in 2017, the favorability rating of the NRA overall dropped 5%, noting that the shift was largely due to favorability declines among certain demographics: married white women, urban residents, white women (overall), and moderate Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Bryan-2018-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todd-2018-286">[284]</a> A February 2018 Quinnipiac poll found that 51% of Americans believe that the policies supported by the NRA are bad for the U.S., a 4% increase since October 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Quinnipiac-2023-281">[279]</a> The NRA calls itself "the oldest continuously operating civil liberties organization" and is "one of the largest and best-funded lobbying organizations" in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Shally-Jensen_2010_p._506-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_2016_pp._24-25-288">[286]</a> Its claim that it is one of the oldest civil rights organizations is disputed. While the NRA was founded in 1871, it did not pursue a gun rights agenda until 1934. The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Deaf_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Deaf (US)">National Association for the Deaf</a> (NAD, founded in 1880) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP, founded in 1909) both originated as civil rights organizations according to other sources.<a href="#cite_note-Burbick-289">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a>. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:National_Rifle_Association" title="Talk:National Rifle Association">talk page</a>. (June 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_Conference.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Press_Conference.png/220px-Press_Conference.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Press_Conference.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jim_Moran" title="Jim Moran">Jim Moran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a>) speaking at an event for <a href="/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors Against Illegal Guns">Mayors Against Illegal Guns</a> </figcaption></figure> The National Rifle Association has been criticized by newspaper <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">editorial boards</a>, gun control and gun rights advocacy groups, political commentators, and politicians. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> frequently criticize the organization.<a href="#cite_note-Nightline121221-290">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robillard121226-291">[289]</a> The NRA's oldest organized critics include the gun control advocacy groups the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Campaign" title="Brady Campaign">Brady Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_to_Stop_Gun_Violence" title="Coalition to Stop Gun Violence">Coalition to Stop Gun Violence</a> (CSGV), and the <a href="/wiki/Violence_Policy_Center" title="Violence Policy Center">Violence Policy Center</a> (VPC). Twenty-first century groups include <a href="/wiki/Everytown_for_Gun_Safety" title="Everytown for Gun Safety">Everytown for Gun Safety</a> (formerly Mayors Against Illegal Guns), <a href="/wiki/Everytown_for_Gun_Safety" title="Everytown for Gun Safety">Moms Demand Action</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giffords" title="Giffords">Giffords</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Political involvement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_NRA_Annual_Meeting_(40741376913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_NRA_Annual_Meeting_%2840741376913%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_NRA_Annual_Meeting_%2840741376913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_NRA_Annual_Meeting_%2840741376913%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_NRA_Annual_Meeting_%2840741376913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_NRA_Annual_Meeting_%2840741376913%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_NRA_Annual_Meeting_%2840741376913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President Trump speaks at the 2019 NRA Institute for Legislative Action annual convention.</figcaption></figure> In 1995, former US President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> resigned his life membership to the organization after receiving a National Rifle Association Institute of Legislative Action (NRA-ILA) fund-raising letter, signed by executive vice president Wayne LaPierre, that referred to <a href="/wiki/BATF" class="mw-redirect" title="BATF">ATF</a> agents as "jack-booted government thugs".<a href="#cite_note-Butterfield950508-292">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-BushGHWLetter-293">[291]</a> The NRA later apologized for the letter's language.<a href="#cite_note-Keil950518-294">[292]</a> In December 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> editorial board criticized the NRA's attacks, which it called false and misleading, on <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-NYTEd081201-295">[293]</a> After US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s election, the NRA closely aligned with him.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-2018-296">[294]</a> At an event in February 2018, Trump said that he was a "big fan of the NRA" but said that "doesn't mean we have to agree on everything."<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> Although the NRA has previously donated to and endorsed Democratic candidates, it has become more closely affiliated with the Republican Party since the 1990s. In 2016, only two Democratic House candidates received donations from the NRA, compared to 115 in the 1992 elections, in a reflection of decreasing Democratic support for the NRA and its mission.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> Self-identified Republicans are far more likely to hold a positive view of the NRA than are Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enten-2018-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_control">Gun control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gun control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Gun law in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">Gun laws in the United States by state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics in the United States</a></div> In February 2013, <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> editors criticized the NRA for <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(politics)" title="Flip-flop (politics)">flip-flopping</a> on expansion of universal background checks to private and <a href="/wiki/Gun_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun show">gun show</a> sales, which the NRA now opposes.<a href="#cite_note-USATodayEd130210-300">[298]</a> "As early as March 23 (2013), POLITICO had reported on rumors that the NRA and (WV Sen. Joe) Manchin were engaged in secret talks over background checks. Two days later, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">National Association for Gun Rights</a> (NAGR) sent out a bulletin to its members: "I've warned you from the beginning that our gravest danger was an inside-Washington driven deal," wrote NAGR executive <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Brown" title="Dudley Brown">Dudley Brown</a>. He added that the deal was a "Manchin-NRA compromise bill". The <a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">Gun Owners of America</a> followed suit a week later, urging its members to contact the NRA to voice their opinion. Neither of these groups had even a tenth of the NRA's membership, or its political power, but they threatened to chip away at the group's reputation. Whatever NRA HQ's position on the bill may have been, it was fast getting outflanked by ideologues on the right."<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> In March 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> criticized the NRA's interference in government research on gun violence,<a href="#cite_note-WaPOEd140322-302">[300]</a> and both Post and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> editors criticized its opposition of Vivek Murthy for <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">US Surgeon General</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LATimesEd140323-303">[301]</a> In November 2018, a social media dispute was seen, after a paper was published by the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a> that stated that medical professionals had a special responsibility to speak out on prevention of gun-related injuries and that they should support appropriate regulation of the purchase of legal weapons.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> In response to the paper the NRA tweeted against the paper and "anti-gun doctors" and claimed that "half of the articles in Annals of Internal Medicine are pushing for gun control", and medical professional began posting their experiences of caring for gun violence victims.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> Economists <a href="/wiki/Anne_Case" title="Anne Case">Anne Case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> have also noted that the NRA has been effective in pressuring Congress to not fund high-quality research on gun accessibility and suicide rates.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> A survey of NRA members found that the majority support certain gun control policies, such as a <a href="/wiki/Universal_background_check" title="Universal background check">universal background check</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For instance, 84% of gun owners and 74% of NRA members (vs. 90% of non-gun owners) supported requiring a universal background-check system for all gun sales; 76% of gun owners and 62% of NRA members (vs. 83% of non-gun owners) supported prohibiting gun ownership for 10 years after a person has been convicted of violating a domestic-violence restraining order; and 71% of gun owners and 70% of NRA members (vs. 78% of non-gun owners) supported requiring a mandatory minimum sentence of 2 years in prison for a person convicted of selling a gun to someone who cannot legally have a gun.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_manufacturing_industry">Gun manufacturing industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gun manufacturing industry">edit</a>]</div> Critics have charged that the NRA represents the interests of gun manufacturers rather than gun owners. The NRA receives donations from gun manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_shootings">Mass shootings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mass shootings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018.03.24_March_for_Our_Lives,_Washington,_DC_USA_4616_(39185981580).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2018.03.24_March_for_Our_Lives%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_4616_%2839185981580%29.jpg/220px-2018.03.24_March_for_Our_Lives%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_4616_%2839185981580%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2018.03.24_March_for_Our_Lives%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_4616_%2839185981580%29.jpg/330px-2018.03.24_March_for_Our_Lives%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_4616_%2839185981580%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2018.03.24_March_for_Our_Lives%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_4616_%2839185981580%29.jpg/440px-2018.03.24_March_for_Our_Lives%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_4616_%2839185981580%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives" title="March for Our Lives">March for Our Lives</a> in Washington, D.C., on March 24, 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">edit</a>]</div> Following the high-profile 2012 shooting at the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School</a>, the organization began to become the focus of intense criticism, due to its continued refusal to endorse any new restrictions on assault-style gun ownership, or to endorse any other types of new restrictions on gun ownership.<a href="#cite_note-Hickey130116-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> While supporters say the organization advances their rights to buy and own guns according to the constitution's Second Amendment, some critics have described it as a "terrorist organization" for advocating policies that enable and permit the widespread distribution and sale of assault-style weapons, and for its opposition to any other types of restrictions on gun sales or use.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsPPG1-313">[311]</a> In December 2012, following the shooting, NRA broke its social media silence and media blackout to announce a press conference.<a href="#cite_note-LaPierre12-2012-314">[312]</a> At the event, LaPierre announced an NRA-backed effort to assess the feasibility of placing armed security officers in the nation's 135,000 public and private schools under a "National School Shield Program". He called on Congress "to act immediately to appropriate whatever is necessary". The announcement came in the same week after President Obama had stated his support for a ban on military-style <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">assault weapons</a> and high-capacity magazines.<a href="#cite_note-Armed_Guards_WP-315">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-armedNYT-316">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> The NRA has been criticized for their media strategy following <a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">mass shootings in the United States</a>. Following the Sandy Hook shooting, the NRA released an online video which attacked Obama and mentioned Obama's daughters; New Jersey Governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> called it "reprehensible" and said that it demeaned the organization.<a href="#cite_note-Knox130117-318">[316]</a> A senior lobbyist for the organization later characterized the video as "ill-advised".<a href="#cite_note-Cornwell130125-319">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_Las_Vegas_shooting">2017 Las Vegas shooting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2017 Las Vegas shooting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">2017 Las Vegas shooting</a></div> After the October 2017 shooting at a concert in Las Vegas, which left 58 people dead and 851 injured, the NRA was initially criticized for their silence.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> After four days they issued a statement opposing additional gun control laws, which they said would not stop further attacks, and called for a federal law allowing people who have a <a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">concealed carry</a> permit in one state to carry concealed weapons in all other states. The organization also suggested additional regulations on so-called <a href="/wiki/Bump_fire_stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Bump fire stock">bump fire stocks</a>, which allow a semi-automatic weapon to function like a machine gun; the Las Vegas shooter had used such a device.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting">Stoneman Douglas High School shooting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Stoneman Douglas High School shooting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoneman Douglas High School shooting">Stoneman Douglas High School shooting</a></div> In February 2018 a school shooting at a high school in Florida left 17 dead and another 17 injured, and student survivors organized a movement called <a href="/wiki/Never_Again_MSD" title="Never Again MSD">Never Again MSD</a> to demand passage of certain gun control measures. Many of the students blamed the NRA, and the politicians who accept money from the organization, for preventing enactment of any gun control proposals after previous high-profile shootings.<a href="#cite_note-twsAxios423-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> An NRA spokesman responded by blaming the shooting on the FBI and the media.<a href="#cite_note-Zurawik-324">[322]</a> The NRA also issued a statement that the incident was proof that more guns were immediately required in schools in the hands of a bolstered force of armed security personnel in order to "harden" them against any further similar assaults.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> A Florida law passed in the wake of the shooting, which includes a provision to ban the sale of firearms to people under 21, was immediately challenged in federal court by the NRA on the grounds that it is "violating the constitutional rights of 18- to 21-year-olds."<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-326">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweers-327">[325]</a> In May 2018, <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Kasky" title="Cameron Kasky">Cameron Kasky</a>'s father and other Parkland parents formed a <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee#Super_PACs" title="Political action committee">super PAC</a>, Families vs Assault Rifles PAC (FAMSVARPAC), with a stated goal of going "up against NRA candidates in every meaningful race in the country". The organization seeks federal legislation to ban "the most dangerous firearms", while not affecting the Second Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-Smiley-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huriash-329">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schallhorn-330">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boycott">Boycott</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Boycott">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_NRA_boycott" title="2018 NRA boycott">2018 NRA boycott</a></div> The NRA offers corporate discounts to its members at various businesses through its <a href="/wiki/Affiliate_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Affiliate program">corporate affiliate programs</a>. For several years, and increasingly in the aftermath of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, "affiliate companies" have been targeted in social media as part of a boycott effort<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> to terminate their business relationships with the NRA.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> As a result of this boycott movement, several major corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hertz Corporation">Hertz</a>, <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MetLife" title="MetLife">MetLife</a> have disaffiliated from the NRA, while others, such as <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a> have refused to disaffiliate.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_campaigns">Media campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media campaigns">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, Zack Beauchamp of <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox</a> and Mark Sumner of <a href="/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a> criticized a video advertisement from the NRA. In the video, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Loesch" title="Dana Loesch">Dana Loesch</a> runs through a list of wrongs committed by an unspecified "they": <blockquote>They use their media to assassinate real news. They use their schools to teach children that the president is another Hitler. They use their movie stars, and singers, and comedy shows, and award shows to repeat their narrative over and over again. And then they use their ex-president to endorse the resistance. All to make them march. Make them protest. Make them scream racism and sexism and xenophobia and homophobia. To smash windows, burn cars, shut down interstates and airports, bully and terrorize the law abiding. Until the only option left is for the police to do their jobs and stop the madness. And when that happens, they'll use it as an excuse for their outrage. The only way we stop this. The only way we save our country and our freedom, is to fight this violence of lies with the clenched fist of truth.</blockquote> Sumner alleged the NRA was trying to boost gun sales by "convincing half of America to declare war on the other half." Beauchamp wrote, "It's a paranoid vision of American life that encourages the NRA's fans to see liberals not as political opponents, but as monsters."<a href="#cite_note-cummings-336">[334]</a> In May 2018, the NRA ran an advertisement which criticized the media for giving too much coverage to school shooters by showing their faces and revealing their names, in effect causing a "glorification of carnage in pursuit of ratings", and satirically suggested that Congress pass legislation to limit such coverage in order to make provocative point about gun control. In response, critics suggested that this would violate the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> right of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsWPost489-337">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-gun_rights_criticism">Pro-gun rights criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pro-gun rights criticism">edit</a>]</div> Pro-gun rights critics include <a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">Gun Owners of America</a> (GOA), founded in the 1970s because some gun rights advocates believed the NRA was too flexible on gun issues.<a href="#cite_note-PGC2012-339">[337]</a>: 110–11  <a href="/wiki/Jews_for_the_Preservation_of_Firearms_Ownership" title="Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership">Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership</a> (JPFO) has also disagreed with NRA for what it perceives as a willingness to compromise on gun control.<a href="#cite_note-Zelman940523-340">[338]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">National Association for Gun Rights</a> (NAGR) has been an outspoken critic of the NRA for a number of years. According to the Huffington Post, "NAGR is the much leaner, more pugnacious version of the NRA. Where the NRA has looked to find some common ground with gun reform advocates and at least appear to be reasonable, NAGR has been the unapologetic champion of opening up gun laws even more."<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> In June 2014, an <a href="/wiki/Open_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Open carry in the United States">open carry</a> group in Texas threatened to withdraw its support of the NRA if it did not retract its statements critical of the practice. The NRA–ILA's Chris Cox said the statements were a staffer's personal opinion and a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-AP140604-342">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_advocacy_for_black_gun_owners">Lack of advocacy for black gun owners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Lack of advocacy for black gun owners">edit</a>]</div> The NRA has been accused of insufficiently defending African-American gun rights and of providing muted and delayed responses in gun rights cases involving black gun owners.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> Others argue that the NRA's inaction in prominent gun rights cases involving black gun owners is a consequence of their reluctance to criticize law enforcement, noting NRA support for <a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._City_of_Chicago" title="McDonald v. City of Chicago">Otis McDonald</a> and Shaneen Allen.<a href="#cite_note-Beckett-2016-344">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> In a well-publicized 2016 case, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Philando_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Philando Castile">Philando Castile</a>, an African-American and legal gun owner, was fatally shot by a police officer during a traffic stop while reaching for his wallet.<a href="#cite_note-Selk-2017-346">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> Castile had a valid firearm permit and informed the police officer of his gun prior to the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-Selk-2017-346">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> According to The Washington Post, the NRA had typically "been quick to defend other gun owners who made national news", but stayed silent on the Castile shooting.<a href="#cite_note-Selk-2017-346">[344]</a> Other gun rights advocates as well as some NRA members voiced similar criticisms.<a href="#cite_note-Selk-2017-346">[344]</a> In a delayed response to the shooting the NRA stated the death was "a terrible tragedy that could have been avoided."<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Winkler" title="Adam Winkler">Adam Winkler</a>, professor of constitutional law at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law" title="UCLA School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a>, has argued that there are historical precedents to the NRA's lack of advocacy for black gun owners, stating that the NRA promoted gun control legislation in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1960s with the intent to reduce gun ownership by immigrants and racial minorities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Winkler-2013-350">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winkler-2016-352">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_past_and_present_leaders">Lists of past and present leaders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Lists of past and present leaders">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Presidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Rifle_Association" title="List of presidents of the National Rifle Association">List of presidents of the National Rifle Association</a></div> Presidents of the NRA are elected by the board of directors. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> (1871–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Conant_Church" title="William Conant Church">William Conant Church</a> (1872–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shaler" title="Alexander Shaler">Alexander Shaler</a> (1876)<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a> (1881)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (1883–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip H. Sheridan</a> (1885)<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wood_Wingate" title="George Wood Wingate">George W. Wingate</a> (1886–1900)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">John C. Bates</a> (1910–12)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Libbey" title="William Libbey">William Libbey</a> (1915–20)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_W._Brookhart" title="Smith W. Brookhart">Smith W. Brookhart</a> (1921–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Francis E. Warren</a> (1925–26)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Benedict Crowell</a> (1930–31)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frederick" title="Karl Frederick">Karl T. Frederick</a> (1934–35)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_W._T._Waller_Jr." title="Littleton W. T. Waller Jr.">Littleton W. T. Waller Jr.</a> (1939–40)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Swanson" title="Emmett Swanson">Emmet O. Swanson</a> (1948)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> (1949–50)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_C._Mumma" title="Morton C. Mumma">Morton C. Mumma</a> (1955–56)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlon_Carter" title="Harlon Carter">Harlon B. Carter</a> (1965–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_M._Mustin" title="Lloyd M. Mustin">Lloyd M. Mustin</a> (1977–78)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wallace_Pollock" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Wallace Pollock">Howard W. Pollock</a> (1983–84)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li>Alonzo H. Garcelon (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Foss" title="Joe Foss">Joe Foss</a> (1988–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Corbin" title="Robert K. Corbin">Robert K. Corbin</a> (1992–93)<a href="#cite_note-Rdngn2002-354">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Hammer" title="Marion Hammer">Marion P. Hammer</a> (1995–98)<a href="#cite_note-1996Hammer1stPres-356">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bragg960414-357">[355]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li>Kayne Robinson (2003–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Froman" title="Sandra Froman">Sandra Froman</a> (2005–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Sigler" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Sigler">John C. Sigler</a> (2007–09)</li> <li>Ron Schmeits (2009–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Keene" title="David Keene">David Keene</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Porter_II" title="James W. Porter II">James W. "Jim" Porter</a> (2013–15)<a href="#cite_note-Vertuno130504-358">[356]</a></li> <li>Allan D. Cors (2015–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Brownell" title="Pete Brownell">Pete Brownell</a> (2017–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a> (2018–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a> (2019–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Cotton" title="Charles L. Cotton">Charles L. Cotton</a> (2021-24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> (2024-present)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directors">Directors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Directors">edit</a>]</div> Notable directors, past and present, include:<a href="#cite_note-MJones_these-229">[227]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_M._Allbaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe M. Allbaugh">Joe M. Allbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook" title="John M. Ashbrook">John M. Ashbrook</a><a href="#cite_note-Inside_RS-246">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Barrett" title="Ronnie Barrett">Ronnie Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clel_Baudler" title="Clel Baudler">Clel Baudler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Kenneth Blackwell">Ken Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Blunt" title="Matt Blunt">Matt Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-359">[357]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Boren" title="Dan Boren">Dan Boren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Brown" title="Robert K. Brown">Robert K. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Butz" title="Dave Butz">Dave Butz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Childress" title="Richard Childress">Richard Childress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cubin" title="Barbara Cubin">Barbara Cubin</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">John Dingell</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-361">[359]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Lee_Ermey" title="R. Lee Ermey">R. Lee Ermey</a><a href="#cite_note-Ermey-362">[360]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Froman" title="Sandra Froman">Sandra Froman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_P._Hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion P. Hammer">Marion P. Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howard" title="Susan Howard">Susan Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Innis" title="Roy Innis">Roy Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Keene" title="David Keene">David Keene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Malone" title="Karl Malone">Karl Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milius" title="John Milius">John Milius</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zell_Miller" title="Zell Miller">Zell Miller</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleta_Mitchell" title="Cleta Mitchell">Cleta Mitchell</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_L._North" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver L. North">Oliver L. North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Nugent" title="Johnny Nugent">Johnny Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent" title="Ted Nugent">Ted Nugent</a><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-366">[364]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Purcell" title="Lee Purcell">Lee Purcell</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_J._Rathner" title="Todd J. Rathner">Todd J. Rathner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Anthony_Ross" title="Wayne Anthony Ross">Wayne Anthony Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Selleck" title="Tom Selleck">Tom Selleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Sigler" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Sigler">John C. Sigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Stern" title="Bruce Stern">Bruce Stern</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Volkmer" title="Harold Volkmer">Harold Volkmer</a><a href="#cite_note-Kopel-370">[368]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Don Young</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_headquartered_in_Northern_Virginia#Non-profit" title="List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia">Non-profit organizations in Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/530116130">"National Rifle Association"</a>. ProPublica. May 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica&rft.atitle=National+Rifle+Association&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.propublica.org%2Fnonprofits%2Forganizations%2F530116130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nra-new-leaders-wayne-lapierre-spending-scandal-bob-barr-doug-hamlin/">"NRA gets new bosses after ex-leader Wayne LaPierre's spending scandal - CBS News"</a>. www.cbsnews.com. May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=NRA+gets+new+bosses+after+ex-leader+Wayne+LaPierre%27s+spending+scandal+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnra-new-leaders-wayne-lapierre-spending-scandal-bob-barr-doug-hamlin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacombe-2019-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lacombe-2019_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacombe-2019_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacombe-2019_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacombe2019" class="citation news cs1">Lacombe, Matthew (April 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/26/how-nra-became-core-member-republican-coalition/">"Trump is at the NRA today. It didn't used to be a Republican ally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Retrieved December 25, 2019. <q>This is Trump's fifth consecutive appearance at the event, which regularly hosts a parade of prominent Republicans—especially as the organization has increasingly pushed conservative viewpoints that go far beyond gun rights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+is+at+the+NRA+today.+It+didn%27t+used+to+be+a+Republican+ally.&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.aulast=Lacombe&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F04%2F26%2Fhow-nra-became-core-member-republican-coalition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enten-2018-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enten-2018_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enten-2018_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnten2018" class="citation news cs1">Enten, Harry (February 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/24/politics/nra-partisan-bipartisan-republican/index.html">"The NRA used to be much more bipartisan. Now it's mostly just a wing of the GOP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved December 25, 2019. <q>During his speech Thursday at the Conservative Political Action Conference, National Rifle Association CEO Wayne LaPierre launched an attack on the Democratic Party and its "socialist agenda." The speech marked just how partisan gun policy, and thus the NRA, has become. ...Clearly, the NRA has no place in the Democratic Party anymore. The party is far more liberal overall and more liberal on guns in particular.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+NRA+used+to+be+much+more+bipartisan.+Now+it%27s+mostly+just+a+wing+of+the+GOP&rft.date=2018-02-24&rft.aulast=Enten&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F02%2F24%2Fpolitics%2Fnra-partisan-bipartisan-republican%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013Membership-6"><a href="#cite_ref-2013Membership_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorte2013" class="citation news cs1">Korte, Gregory (May 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/05/04/nra-meeting-lapierre-membership/2135063/">"Post-Newtown, NRA membership surges to 5 million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Post-Newtown%2C+NRA+membership+surges+to+5+million&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F05%2F04%2Fnra-meeting-lapierre-membership%2F2135063%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAS2012p616-7"><a href="#cite_ref-GAS2012p616_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2012" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Gregg Lee, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA616">"National Rifle Association (NRA)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeGJH48PT0kC">Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 616–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313386701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313386701"><bdi>978-0313386701</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 6, 2014. <q>The National Rifle Association (NRA) is the nation's largest, oldest, and most politically powerful interest group that opposes gun laws and favors gun rights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Rifle+Association+%28NRA%29&rft.btitle=Guns+in+American+Society%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Law&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=616-20&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0313386701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoD46JBOhMU0C%26pg%3DPA616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRABriefHist-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRABriefHist_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRABriefHist_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703020459/http://www.nrahq.org/history.asp">"A Brief History of NRA"</a>. National Rifle Association of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrahq.org/history.asp">the original</a> on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+NRA&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrahq.org%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/02/26/nobody-knows-how-many-members-the-nra-has-but-its-tax-returns-offer-some-clues/">"Analysis | Nobody knows how many members the NRA has, but its tax returns offer some clues"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%26%23124%3B+Nobody+knows+how+many+members+the+NRA+has%2C+but+its+tax+returns+offer+some+clues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F26%2Fnobody-knows-how-many-members-the-nra-has-but-its-tax-returns-offer-some-clues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSit2018" class="citation web cs1">Sit, Ryan (March 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/nra-membership-5-million-members-analysis-842040">"How big is the NRA? Gun group's membership might not be as powerful as it says"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved December 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=How+big+is+the+NRA%3F+Gun+group%27s+membership+might+not+be+as+powerful+as+it+says&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.aulast=Sit&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fnra-membership-5-million-members-analysis-842040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.nra.org/about-the-nra/">"About the NRA"</a>. home.nra.org. 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Regiments and companies in the National Guard are entitled by the by-laws to constitute all their regular members in good standing members of the Association on the payment of one-half of the entrance fees and annual dues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+National+Rifle+Association&rft.date=1871-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1871%2F09%2F17%2Farchives%2Fthe-national-rifle-association.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstelection-24"><a href="#cite_ref-firstelection_24-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/93095681/">Meeting of the National Rifle Association Election of Officers</a>". The New York Times. 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Retrieved May 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shooting+Sports+USA&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Palma+Trophy+and+Matches&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.au=Paul+Nordquist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssusa.org%2Farticles%2F2016%2F11%2F7%2Forigin-of-the-palma-trophy-and-matches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Minshall" class="citation web cs1">David Minshall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchpress.co.uk/index.php/marksmanship/creedmoor/creedmoor-and-the-international-rifle-matches?start=1">"Creedmoor and the International Rifle Matches - Events"</a>. 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Retrieved May 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Press&rft.atitle=Creedmoor+and+the+International+Rifle+Matches+-+Events&rft.au=David+Minshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchpress.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Fmarksmanship%2Fcreedmoor%2Fcreedmoor-and-the-international-rifle-matches%3Fstart%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icfra.com/history/">"History"</a>. International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations. September 8, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224160503/https://icfra.com/history/">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023. <q>ICFRA is a confederation of independent autonomous national fullbore rifle associations and is the only World-wide body for the promotion of fullbore rifle shooting. It is the successor to the Palma Match Council. Its aims are set out in the Constitution and include the standardisation of fullbore rifle shooting rules and the promotion and control of international matches at World level, including World Championships for Target rifle and F-Class (Individual and Team).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Confederation+of+Fullbore+Rifle+Associations&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficfra.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icfra.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Palma_Match_summary_results.pdf">"Historic Palma Match Results 1876-2015"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved July 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Firearms+Act&rft.pub=Second+Amendment+Foundation&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Ascione&rft.aufirst=Alfred+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saf.org%2FLawReviews%2FAscione1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox1966-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Knox1966_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2019" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Neal (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LSE2QfOCSoC&pg=PA50">"The Dodd Bill Both Fact ... and Fantasy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LSE2QfOCSoC">The Gun Rights War</a>. MacFarlane. pp. 50–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565921979" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565921979"><bdi>978-1565921979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dodd+Bill+Both+Fact+...+and+Fantasy&rft.btitle=The+Gun+Rights+War&rft.pages=50-65&rft.pub=MacFarlane&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1565921979&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LSE2QfOCSoC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> Originally in <a href="/wiki/Guns_%26_Ammo" title="Guns & Ammo">Guns & Ammo</a> Magazine, June 1966. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenfeld130114-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfeld130114_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2013" class="citation news cs1">Rosenfeld, Steven (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2013/01/14/the_nra_once_supported_gun_control/">"The NRA once supported gun control"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. 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CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/02/25/rel3a.-.trump,.guns.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+and+SRSS+February+2018&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.cnn.com%2Fcnn%2F2018%2Fimages%2F02%2F25%2Frel3a.-.trump%2C.guns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankovic-2018-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Frankovic-2018_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Frankovic2018" class="citation web cs1">Kathy Frankovic (February 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/02/28/public-turns-negative-towards-nra">"Public sentiment turns against the NRA"</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313392054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313392054"><bdi>978-0313392054</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/815979019">815979019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+American+Social+Issues+%26%2391%3B4+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.series=Gale+virtual+reference+library&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815979019&rft.isbn=978-0313392054&rft.aulast=Shally-Jensen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjKWfAz0tx4C%26pg%3DPA506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma_2016_pp._24-25-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_2016_pp._24-25_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2016" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, A. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meetthenra.org/board-list">the original</a> on January 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft.pub=Meet+the+National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeetthenra.org%2Fboard-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nugent-366"><a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_366-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612140452/http://www.meetthenra.org/nra-member/ted-nugent">"Ted Nugent (Board Member)"</a>. Meet the National Rifle Association of America. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meetthenra.org/nra-member/ted-nugent">the original</a> on June 12, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ted+Nugent+%28Board+Member%29&rft.pub=Meet+the+National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meetthenra.org%2Fnra-member%2Fted-nugent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1994" class="citation web cs1">Smyth, Frank (June 3, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franksmyth.com/the-village-voice/crossfire-the-war-behind-the-closed-doors-of-the-nra/">"Crossfire: The War Behind the Closed Doors of the NRA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>. republished online at FrankSmyth.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Crossfire%3A+The+War+Behind+the+Closed+Doors+of+the+NRA&rft.date=1994-06-03&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franksmyth.com%2Fthe-village-voice%2Fcrossfire-the-war-behind-the-closed-doors-of-the-nra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210160640/http://thegunzone.com/shot/bimbos.html">"The Exhibimbos of SHOT Show"</a>. The Gun Zone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegunzone.com/shot/bimbos.html">the original</a> on February 10, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gun+Zone&rft.atitle=The+Exhibimbos+of+SHOT+Show&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegunzone.com%2Fshot%2Fbimbos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2007" class="citation web cs1">Hardy, David (July 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armsandthelaw.com/archives/2007/07/nra_director_br_1.php">"NRA director Bruce Stern, and former director Jim Nicholson, pass on"</a>. Of Arms & the Law (Blog). David T. Hardy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Of+Arms+%26+the+Law&rft.atitle=NRA+director+Bruce+Stern%2C+and+former+director+Jim+Nicholson%2C+pass+on&rft.date=2007-07-19&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmsandthelaw.com%2Farchives%2F2007%2F07%2Fnra_director_br_1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopel-370"><a href="#cite_ref-Kopel_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopel2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Kopel" title="Dave Kopel">Kopel, David</a> (April 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volokh.com/2011/04/18/rep-harold-volkmer-r-i-p/">"Rep. Harold Volkmer, R.I.P."</a> <a href="/wiki/Volokh_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Volokh Conspiracy">Volokh Conspiracy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volokh+Conspiracy&rft.atitle=Rep.+Harold+Volkmer%2C+R.I.P.&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft.aulast=Kopel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolokh.com%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2Frep-harold-volkmer-r-i-p%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Estimates range from 3.4 to 6 million see <a href="#Membership">membership</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-more_gun_rights-8"><a href="#cite_ref-more_gun_rights_8-0">^</a> More gun rights sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Greg Lee (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guncontrolinunit0000cart">Gun Control in the United States: A Reference Handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guncontrolinunit0000cart/page/285">285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851097609" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851097609"><bdi>978-1851097609</bdi></a>. <q>Almost all of [the groups listed] are readily classifiable as either advocating a 'gun control' or a 'gun rights' position.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+Control+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1851097609&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Greg+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguncontrolinunit0000cart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2009" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Neal (2009). Knox, Christopher (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA159">Neal Knox: The Gun Rights War</a>. MacFarlane Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976863304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0976863304"><bdi>978-0976863304</bdi></a>. <q>One of the few advantages—possibly the only advantage—that supporters of gun rights hold is the fact that there are more one-issue voters on the pro-gun side than on the anti-gun side.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neal+Knox%3A+The+Gun+Rights+War&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=MacFarlane+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0976863304&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdA3pGSYG2yIC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonEakins1998" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Samuel C.; Eakins, Keith R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvNb5s8Z3b0C&pg=PA61">"Congress and Gun Control"</a>. In Bruce, John M.; Wilcox, Clyde (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvNb5s8Z3b0C">The Changing Politics of Gun Control</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847686155" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847686155"><bdi>978-0847686155</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/833118449">833118449</a>. Retrieved April 8, 2014. <q>During the gun control legislation battles of the 1960s, the NRA, although it had no registered lobbyists, was the most powerful gun rights organization. It still enjoys this distinction, although it has undergone significant change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Congress+and+Gun+Control&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Politics+of+Gun+Control&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833118449&rft.isbn=978-0847686155&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft.au=Eakins%2C+Keith+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvNb5s8Z3b0C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtter2011" class="citation book cs1">Utter, Glenn H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgu02edutte">Encyclopedia of Gun Control and Gun Rights</a>. Grey House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592376728" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592376728"><bdi>978-1592376728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Gun+Control+and+Gun+Rights&rft.pub=Grey+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1592376728&rft.aulast=Utter&rft.aufirst=Glenn+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofgu02edutte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellfordPepperPetrie2004" class="citation book cs1">Wellford, Charles F; Pepper, John V; Petrie, Carol V, eds. (2004) [Print ed. 2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10881&page=283">Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review</a> (Electronic ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10881">10.17226/10881</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0309546409" title="Special:BookSources/978-0309546409"><bdi>978-0309546409</bdi></a>. <q>Another commentator pointed out, however, that a significant number of the articles supporting the individual right model published between 1970 and 1989 were written by lawyers who had either been employed by or who represented gun rights organizations, including the NRA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms+and+Violence%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=283&rft.edition=Electronic&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10881&rft.isbn=978-0309546409&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D10881%26page%3D283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"> Founded in 1871, the group has informed its members about firearm-related legislation since 1934, and it has directly <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">lobbied</a> for and against firearms legislation since 1975.</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Anderson_(columnist)" title="Jack Anderson (columnist)">Anderson, Jack</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IbaAAAAMAAJ">Inside the NRA: Armed and Dangerous: An Exposé</a>. Beverly Hills, CA: Dove. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0787106775" title="Special:BookSources/978-0787106775"><bdi>978-0787106775</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34235436">34235436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+NRA%3A+Armed+and+Dangerous%3A+An+Expos%C3%A9&rft.place=Beverly+Hills%2C+CA&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Dove&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34235436&rft.isbn=978-0787106775&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IbaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Charles, Patrick J. (2023) Vote Gun How Gun Rights Became Politicized in the United States (Columbia U.P.), a major scholarly history of NRA</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Osha_Gray_Davidson" title="Osha Gray Davidson">Davidson, Osha Gray</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1LEQd2r1sYC">Under Fire: The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control</a>. University of Iowa Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877456469" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877456469"><bdi>978-0877456469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Fire%3A+The+NRA+and+the+Battle+for+Gun+Control&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0877456469&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Osha+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1LEQd2r1sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2011" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jJw5_5jf_IC">Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118130995" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118130995"><bdi>978-1118130995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ricochet%3A+Confessions+of+a+Gun+Lobbyist&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1118130995&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jJw5_5jf_IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaPierre1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">LaPierre, Wayne R.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0">Guns, Crime, and Freedom</a>. Regnery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895264770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895264770"><bdi>978-0895264770</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246629786">246629786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Crime%2C+and+Freedom&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246629786&rft.isbn=978-0895264770&rft.aulast=LaPierre&rft.aufirst=Wayne+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunscrimefreedom00lapi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Melzer, Scott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ry4pQlDAX2IC">Gun Crusaders: The NRA's Culture War</a>. New York University Press. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814795972" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814795972"><bdi>978-0814795972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+Crusaders%3A+The+NRA%27s+Culture+War&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0814795972&rft.aulast=Melzer&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRy4pQlDAX2IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2002" class="citation book cs1">Patrick, Brian Anse (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KrgEAQAAIAAJ">The National Rifle Association and the Media: The Motivating Force of Negative Coverage</a>. New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820451220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0820451220"><bdi>978-0820451220</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316870710">316870710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Rifle+Association+and+the+Media%3A+The+Motivating+Force+of+Negative+Coverage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316870710&rft.isbn=978-0820451220&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Brian+Anse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKrgEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2006" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, Emilie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommycolddeadha00emil">From My Cold, Dead Hands: Charlton Heston and American Politics</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813124087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813124087"><bdi>978-0813124087</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77125677">77125677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+My+Cold%2C+Dead+Hands%3A+Charlton+Heston+and+American+Politics&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77125677&rft.isbn=978-0813124087&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommycolddeadha00emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2020" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Frank (March 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6elDwAAQBAJ">The NRA: the Unauthorized History</a> (First ed.). New York: Flatiron Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250210296" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250210296"><bdi>978-1250210296</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108234938/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_NRA.html?id=-6elDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NRA%3A+the+Unauthorized+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Flatiron+Books&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1250210296&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6elDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarmann1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josh_Sugarmann" title="Josh Sugarmann">Sugarmann, Josh</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_TQSAAACAAJ">National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower, and Fear</a>. Washington, D.C.: Violence Policy Center. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451500226" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451500226"><bdi>978-1451500226</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773292764">773292764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Rifle+Association%3A+Money%2C+Firepower%2C+and+Fear&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Violence+Policy+Center&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773292764&rft.isbn=978-1451500226&rft.aulast=Sugarmann&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_TQSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefethenServen1967" class="citation book cs1">Trefethen, James B.; Serven, James E. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cq4pGQAACAAJ">Americans and Their Guns: The National Rifle Association Story Through Nearly a Century of Service to the Nation</a>. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1361329">1361329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americans+and+Their+Guns%3A+The+National+Rifle+Association+Story+Through+Nearly+a+Century+of+Service+to+the+Nation&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1361329&rft.aulast=Trefethen&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft.au=Serven%2C+James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcq4pGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Winkler" title="Adam Winkler">Winkler, Adam</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oq39ykAGVYQC">Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393082296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393082296"><bdi>978-0393082296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunfight%3A+The+Battle+over+the+Right+to+Bear+Arms+in+America&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0393082296&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doq39ykAGVYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Journal articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacombe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lacombe, Matthew J. (2019). "The Political Weaponization of Gun Owners: The National Rifle Association's Cultivation, Dissemination, and Use of a Group Social Identity". The Journal of Politics. 81 (4): 1342–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F704329">10.1086/704329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199301719">199301719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Weaponization+of+Gun+Owners%3A+The+National+Rifle+Association%27s+Cultivation%2C+Dissemination%2C+and+Use+of+a+Group+Social+Identity&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1342-56&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F704329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199301719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lacombe&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News">News</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: News">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCizzilla2012" class="citation news cs1">Cizzilla, Chris (December 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/18/the-nras-big-spending-edge-in-1-chart/">"The NRA's big spending edge – in 1 chart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> (blog). Retrieved June 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+NRA%27s+big+spending+edge+%E2%80%93+in+1+chart&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.aulast=Cizzilla&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fthe-nras-big-spending-edge-in-1-chart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2014" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Lauren (May 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/05/07/locked-and-loaded-how-the-nra-aims-to-endure">"Locked and Loaded: How the NRA Aims to Endure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Retrieved May 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Locked+and+Loaded%3A+How+the+NRA+Aims+to+Endure&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014%2F05%2F07%2Flocked-and-loaded-how-the-nra-aims-to-endure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Rich (February 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/02/17/the-nra-reveals-whos-to-blame-for-ammo-shortage-yo.aspx">"The NRA Reveals Who's to Blame for Ammo Shortage: You"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Motley_Fool" title="The Motley Fool">The Motley Fool</a>. Retrieved June 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.atitle=The+NRA+Reveals+Who%27s+to+Blame+for+Ammo+Shortage%3A+You&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2Fgeneral%2F2014%2F02%2F17%2Fthe-nra-reveals-whos-to-blame-for-ammo-shortage-yo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Rifle+Association" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Rifle_Association" title="Template:National Rifle Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Rifle_Association" title="Template talk:National Rifle Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Rifle_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Rifle Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Rifle_Association_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Rifle_Association" title="List of presidents of the National Rifle Association">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> (1871–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Conant_Church" title="William Conant Church">William Conant Church</a> (1872–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shaler" title="Alexander Shaler">Alexander Shaler</a> (1875–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (1883–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wood_Wingate" title="George Wood Wingate">George Wood Wingate</a> (1886–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Libbey" title="William Libbey">William Libbey</a> (1916–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_W._Brookhart" title="Smith W. Brookhart">Smith W. Brookhart</a> (1921–25; 1925–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Francis E. Warren</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Patrick J. Hurley</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Benedict Crowell</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frederick" title="Karl Frederick">Karl Frederick</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_W._T._Waller_Jr." title="Littleton W. T. Waller Jr.">Littleton W. T. Waller Jr.</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Swanson" title="Emmett Swanson">Emmett Swanson</a> (1948–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> (1949–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_C._Mumma" title="Morton C. Mumma">Morton C. Mumma</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlon_Carter" title="Harlon Carter">Harlon Carter</a> (1965–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_M._Mustin" title="Lloyd M. Mustin">Lloyd M. Mustin</a> (1977–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wallace_Pollock" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Wallace Pollock">Howard Wallace Pollock</a> (1983–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Foss" title="Joe Foss">Joe Foss</a> (1988–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Corbin" title="Robert K. Corbin">Robert K. Corbin</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Hammer" title="Marion Hammer">Marion Hammer</a> (1995–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Froman" title="Sandra Froman">Sandra Froman</a> (2005–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Keene" title="David Keene">David Keene</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Porter_II" title="James W. Porter II">James W. Porter II</a> (2013–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Brownell" title="Pete Brownell">Pete Brownell</a> (2017–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a> (2018–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a> (2018; 2019–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Cotton" title="Charles L. Cotton">Charles L. Cotton</a> (since 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CEOs and Executive Vice Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Reckord" title="Milton Reckord">Milton Reckord</a> (1926–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._B._Lister" title="C. B. Lister">C. B. Lister</a> (1949–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> (1951–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Lavinius_Parks" title="Floyd Lavinius Parks">Floyd Lavinius Parks</a> (1956–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Orth" title="Franklin Orth">Franklin Orth</a> (1959–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Rich" title="Maxwell Rich">Maxwell Rich</a> (1970–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlon_Carter" title="Harlon Carter">Harlon Carter</a> (1977–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Ray_Arnett" title="G. Ray Arnett">G. Ray Arnett</a> (1985–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Cassidy" title="J. Warren Cassidy">J. Warren Cassidy</a> (1986–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a> (1991–2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRA_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="NRA Foundation">NRA Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Perry" title="Camp Perry">Camp Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Eagle" title="Eddie Eagle">Eddie Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Legislative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Legislative Action">Institute for Legislative Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Victory_Fund" title="Political Victory Fund">Political Victory Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Museum" title="National Firearms Museum">National Firearms Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Outdoor_Show" title="Great American Outdoor Show">Great American Outdoor Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRATV" title="NRATV">NRATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Price_of_Freedom_(2021_film)" title="The Price of Freedom (2021 film)">The Price of Freedom</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gun_politics_interest_groups_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gun_politics_interest_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Gun politics interest groups in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gun_politics_interest_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Gun politics interest groups in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gun_politics_interest_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gun politics interest groups in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gun_politics_interest_groups_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gun politics interest groups in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-<a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">gun rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Girl_%26_A_Gun" title="A Girl & A Gun">A Girl & A Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guns_Matter" title="Black Guns Matter">Black Guns Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeorgiaCarry.org" title="GeorgiaCarry.org">GeorgiaCarry.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton_Gun_Club" title="Huey P. Newton Gun Club">Huey P. Newton Gun Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Gun_Club" title="Liberal Gun Club">Liberal Gun Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">Gun Owners of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Protection_of_Civilian_Arms_Rights" title="International Association for the Protection of Civilian Arms Rights">International Association for the Protection of Civilian Arms Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_for_the_Preservation_of_Firearms_Ownership" title="Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership">Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Alliance_of_America" title="Law Enforcement Alliance of America">Law Enforcement Alliance of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_African_American_Gun_Association" title="National African American Gun Association">National African American Gun Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">National Association for Gun Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Shooting_Sports_Foundation" title="National Shooting Sports Foundation">National Shooting Sports Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Rifle_and_Pistol_Association" title="New York State Rifle and Pistol Association">New York State Rifle and Pistol Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Pistols" title="Pink Pistols">Pink Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Gun_Owners" title="Rocky Mountain Gun Owners">Rocky Mountain Gun Owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Foundation" title="Second Amendment Foundation">Second Amendment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Sisters" title="Second Amendment Sisters">Second Amendment Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Concealed_Carry" title="Students for Concealed Carry">Students for Concealed Carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Citizens_Defense_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Citizens Defense League">Virginia Citizens Defense League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-<a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Miles_More" title="50 Miles More">50 Miles More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Responsible_Solutions" title="Americans for Responsible Solutions">Americans for Responsible Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_State_Legislators_for_Gun_Violence_Prevention" title="American State Legislators for Gun Violence Prevention">American State Legislators for Gun Violence Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brady_Campaign" title="Brady Campaign">Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_to_Stop_Gun_Violence" title="Coalition to Stop Gun Violence">Coalition to Stop Gun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everytown_for_Gun_Safety" title="Everytown for Gun Safety">Everytown for Gun Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiths_United_to_Prevent_Gun_Violence" title="Faiths United to Prevent Gun Violence">Faiths United to Prevent Gun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giffords_Law_Center_to_Prevent_Gun_Violence" title="Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence">Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives_Action_Fund" title="March for Our Lives Action Fund">March for Our Lives Action Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Mom_March" title="Million Mom March">Million Mom March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gun_Victims_Action_Council" title="National Gun Victims Action Council">National Gun Victims Action Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Handgun_Violence" title="Stop Handgun Violence">Stop Handgun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_Policy_Center" title="Violence Policy Center">Violence Policy Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolve_USA" title="Evolve USA">Evolve USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863259#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405115755">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153042385">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QH7JmqGBQR4CjQRWD7CJM7R">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/210123-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79061011">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17147787n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17147787n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01139270">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36590808">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90725447">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812740686505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265828405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/145542408">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&oldid=1258931020">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Rifle_Association&oldid=1258931020</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Rifle_Association" title="Category:National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1871_establishments_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:1871 establishments in New York (state)">1871 establishments in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:501(c)(4)_nonprofit_organizations" 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