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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_culture_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_culture_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The culture industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_culture_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Feminist critique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Consumerism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Print culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Radio culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Television programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Corporate branding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Personal branding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pop_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pop art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pop music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_culture_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_culture_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pop culture fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_culture_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_culture_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_culture_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pop culture studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_culture_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Popular culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثقافة شعبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة شعبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_popular" title="Cultura popular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cultura popular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populyar_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99t" title="Populyar mədəniyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Populyar mədəniyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="জনপ্রিয় সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জনপ্রিয় সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-chi%C3%B2ng_b%C3%BBn-h%C3%B2a" title="Tāi-chiòng bûn-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-chiòng bûn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Масавая культура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Масавая культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पापुलर संस्कृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पापुलर संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturang_popular" title="Kulturang popular – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kulturang popular" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Популярна култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Популярна култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularna_kultura" title="Popularna kultura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Popularna kultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenadur_ar_bobl" title="Sevenadur ar bobl – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sevenadur ar bobl" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_popular" title="Cultura popular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura popular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantogang_kultura" title="Bantogang kultura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bantogang kultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_kultura" title="Populární kultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Populární kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant_poblogaidd" title="Diwylliant poblogaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant poblogaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul%C3%A6rkultur" title="Populærkultur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Populærkultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popkultur" title="Popkultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Popkultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popkultuur" title="Popkultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Popkultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%80_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ποπ κουλτούρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποπ κουλτούρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_popular" title="Cultura popular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura popular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popola_kulturo" title="Popola kulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Popola kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri-kultura" title="Herri-kultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herri-kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ مردمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ مردمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_populaire" title="Culture populaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture populaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popkultuer" title="Popkultuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Popkultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultar_m%C3%B2r-thaitneach" title="Cultar mòr-thaitneach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cultar mòr-thaitneach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_popular" title="Cultura popular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura popular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="流行文化 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="流行文化" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%A4%91%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="대중문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대중문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahararrun_al%27adu" title="Shahararrun al'adu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shahararrun al'adu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Զանգվածային մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգվածային մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="चलित संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चलित संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularna_kultura" title="Popularna kultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Popularna kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-kulturo" title="Pop-kulturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pop-kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_populer" title="Budaya populer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya populer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6gurmenning" title="Dægurmenning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dægurmenning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_popolare" title="Cultura popolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura popolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תרבות פופולרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות פופולרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರಚಲಿತ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಚಲಿತ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მასობრივი კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასობრივი კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бұқаралық мәдениет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұқаралық мәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiltir_popil%C3%A8r" title="Kiltir popilèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kiltir popilèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Массалык маданият – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Массалык маданият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_popularis" title="Cultura popularis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura popularis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu_kult%C5%ABra" title="Masu kultūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Masu kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popkult%C5%ABra" title="Popkultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popkultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkscultuur" title="Volkscultuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Volkscultuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popkult%C3%BAra" title="Popkultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Popkultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Популарна култура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Популарна култура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_popular" title="Budaya popular – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Budaya popular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_populer" title="Budaya populer – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Budaya populer" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcultuur" title="Popcultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Popcultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%86%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="大衆文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大衆文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul%C3%A6rkultur" title="Populærkultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Populærkultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_populara" title="Cultura populara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura populara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommaviy_madaniyat" title="Ommaviy madaniyat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ommaviy madaniyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papila_kolcha" title="Papila kolcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Papila kolcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_popularna" title="Kultura popularna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura popularna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_popular" title="Cultura popular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura popular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur%C4%83_popular%C4%83" title="Cultură populară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultură populară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Поп-култура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Поп-култура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Массовая культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Массовая культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_pobulare" title="Cultura pobulare – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cultura pobulare" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Popular culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul%C3%A1rna_kult%C3%BAra" title="Populárna kultúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Populárna kultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88" title="چاندی باو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاندی باو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Популарна култура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Популарна култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularna_kultura" title="Popularna kultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Popularna kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populaarikulttuuri" title="Populaarikulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Populaarikulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul%C3%A4rkultur" title="Populärkultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Populärkultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinangang_tanyag" title="Kalinangang tanyag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalinangang tanyag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பரவலர் பண்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரவலர் பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="วัฒนธรรมประชานิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฒนธรรมประชานิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фарҳанги омма – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳанги омма" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%C3%BCler_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Popüler kültür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Popüler kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Масова культура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Масова культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131265" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Mainstream_culture&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream culture">Mainstream culture</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of norms or trends dominant in a society at a given time</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pop_Culture_(song)" title="Pop Culture (song)">Pop Culture (song)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mass Art" redirects here. For the college, see <a href="/wiki/MassArt" class="mw-redirect" title="MassArt">MassArt</a>.</div><p><b>Popular culture</b> (also called <b>pop culture</b> or <b>mass culture</b>) is generally recognized by members of a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> as a set of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">artistic</a> output (also known as <b>popular art</b> [cf. <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>] or <b>mass art</b>, sometimes contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural objects">objects</a> that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction with these dominant objects. The primary driving forces behind popular culture, especially when speaking of Western popular cultures, are the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, mass appeal, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>; and it is produced by what philosopher <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> refers to as the "<a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">culture industry</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavily influenced in <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern times</a> by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the <a href="/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday lives</a> of people in a given society. Therefore, popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a> towards certain topics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are various ways to define pop culture.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, popular culture is something that can be defined in a variety of conflicting ways by different people across different contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally viewed in contrast to other forms of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working-class_culture" title="Working-class culture">working-class culture</a>, or <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, and also from different academic perspectives such as <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">postmodernism</a>, and more. The common pop-culture categories are <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">people</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural heritage tourism">places</a> in the news), <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the Anglosphere and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Popular_culture" title="Talk:Popular culture">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the past, <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a> functioned analogously to the popular culture of the masses and of the nations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> popular culture was associated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> with poor <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Lower_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower classes">lower classes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to the "official culture" and higher education of the upper classes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rates, and with the rise of capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, people began to spend more money on entertainment, such as (commercialised) public houses and sports. Reading also gained traction. Labeling <a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">penny dreadfuls</a> the Victorian equivalent of video games, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 2016 described penny fiction as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A growing consumer culture and an increased capacity for travel via the newly invented <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> (the first public railway, <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a>, opened in north-east England in 1825) created both a market for cheap popular literature and the ability for its distribution on a large scale. The first penny serials were published in the 1830s to meet the growing demand.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stress on the distinction from "official culture" became more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a usage that became established by the <a href="/wiki/Interbellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbellum">interbellum</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, following major cultural and social changes brought by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> innovations, the meaning of "popular culture" began to overlap with the connotations of "mass culture", "<a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">media culture</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Image_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image culture">image culture</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">consumer culture</a>", and "culture for <a href="/wiki/Mass_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass consumption">mass consumption</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbreviated form "pop" for "popular", as in "<a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>", dates from the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrovev15p85_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrovev15p85-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the terms "pop" and "popular" are in some cases used interchangeably, and their meaning partially overlap, the term "pop" is narrower. Pop is specific to something containing qualities of mass appeal, while "popular" refers to what has gained popularity, regardless of its style.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinem1965p73_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinem1965p73-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-top40.about.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top40.about.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to author John Storey, there are various definitions of popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative property">quantitative</a> definition of culture has the problem that too much "<a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> dramatizations of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>) is also "popular". "Pop culture" is also defined as the culture that is "leftover" when we have decided what high culture is.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, many works straddle the boundaries, e.g., <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>. </p><p>A third definition equates pop culture with "mass culture" and ideas. This is seen as a commercial culture, <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> for mass consumption by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a Western European perspective, this may be compared to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alternatively, "pop culture" can be defined as an "authentic" culture of the people, but this can be problematic as there are many ways of defining the "people".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Storey argued that there is a political dimension to popular culture; <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gramscian">neo-Gramscian</a> hegemony theory "sees popular culture as a site of struggle between the 'resistance' of subordinate groups in society and the forces of 'incorporation' operating in the interests of dominant groups in society". A <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodernist</a> approach to popular culture would "no longer recognize the distinction between high and popular culture". </p><p>Storey claims that popular culture emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Studies of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> (by Weimann, Barber, or Bristol, for example) locate much of the characteristic vitality of his drama in its participation in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> popular culture, while contemporary practitioners like <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McGrath_(playwright)" title="John McGrath (playwright)">John McGrath</a> use popular culture in its <a href="/wiki/Gramscian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramscian">Gramscian</a> sense that includes ancient folk traditions (the <i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a></i> for example).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2012)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Popular culture is constantly evolving and occurs uniquely in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural heritage tourism">place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">time</a>. It forms currents and eddies, and represents a complex of mutually interdependent perspectives and values that influence society and its institutions in various ways. For example, certain currents of pop culture may originate from, (or diverge into) a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>, representing perspectives with which the mainstream popular culture has only limited familiarity. Items of popular culture most typically appeal to a broad spectrum of the public. Important contemporary contributions to understanding what popular culture means have been given by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> researcher <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Daus" title="Ronald Daus">Ronald Daus</a>, who studies the impact of extra-European cultures in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and especially in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levels">Levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the realm of popular culture, there exists an organizational culture. From its beginning, popular culture has revolved around classes in society and the push-back between them. Within popular culture, there are two levels that have emerged, high and low. <i>High</i> culture can be described as art and works considered of superior value, historically, aesthetically and socially. <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture"><i>Low</i> culture</a> is regarded by some as that of the lower classes, historically.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></div> <p>Adaptations based on traditional folklore provide a source of popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early layer of cultural mainstream still persists today, in a form separate from mass-produced popular culture, propagating by word of mouth rather than via mass media, e.g. in the form of <a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">jokes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a>. With the widespread use of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> from the 1990s, the distinction between mass media and <a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-of-mouth">word-of-mouth</a> has become blurred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the folkloric element of popular culture engages heavily with the <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> element, communities amongst the public have their own tastes and they may not always embrace every cultural or subcultural item sold. Moreover, certain beliefs and opinions about the products of commercial culture may spread by word-of-mouth, and become modified in the process and in the same manner that folklore evolves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular culture in the West has been critiqued for being a system of commercialism that privileges products selected and mass-marketed by the upper-class capitalist elite; such criticisms are most notable in many Marxist theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a>, as well as certain postmodern philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a>, who has written about the commercialisation of information under capitalism,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>, as well as others.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_culture_industry">The culture industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The culture industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></div> <p>The most influential critiques of popular culture came from Marxist theorists of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> during the twentieth century. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> analyzed the dangers of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">culture industry</a> in their influential work the <i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i> by drawing upon the works of <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> and others. Capitalist popular culture, as Adorno argued, was not an authentic culture of the people but a system of homogenous and standardized products manufactured in the service of capitalist domination by the elite. The consumer demand for <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood films">Hollywood films</a>, pop tunes, and consumable books is influenced by capitalist industries like Hollywood and the elite who decide which commodities are to be promoted in the media, including television and print journalism. Adorno wrote, "The industry bows to the vote it has itself rigged".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the elite who commodify products in accordance with their narrow ideological values and criteria, and Adorno argues that the audience becomes accustomed to these formulaic conventions, making intellectual contemplation impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adorno's work has had a considerable influence on culture studies, philosophy, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a></i> in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Music_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music critic">music critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a>, argued that Adorno's work has a renewed importance in the digital age: "The pop hegemony is all but complete, its superstars dominating the media and wielding the economic might of tycoons...Culture appears more monolithic than ever, with a few gigantic corporations—Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon—presiding over unprecedented monopolies".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much scholarship on how Western entertainment industries strengthen transnational capitalism and reinforce Western cultural dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, rather than being a local culture, commercial entertainment is artificially reinforced by transnational media corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globalized pop culture can contribute to the homogenization of cultural identities, erasing or diluting diverse local traditions and practices in favor of standardized, marketable forms of entertainment and consumption. <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Zipes" title="Jack Zipes">Jack Zipes</a>, a professor of German and literature, critiqued the mass commercialization and corporate hegemony behind the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Potter franchise">Harry Potter franchise</a>. He argued that the commodities of the culture industry are "popular" because they are homogenous and obey standard conventions; the media then influences the tastes of children. In his analysis of Harry Potter's global brand, Zipes wrote, "It must conform to the standards of exception set by the mass media and promoted by the culture industry in general. To be a phenomenon means that a person or commodity must conform to the hegemonic groups that determine what makes up a phenomenon."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialism">Imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_M._MacKenzie" title="John M. MacKenzie">John M. MacKenzie</a>, many products of popular culture have been designed to promote <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> ideologies and to glorify the British upper classes rather than present a democratic view of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-John_M_1986_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_M_1986-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are many films which do not contain such propaganda, there have been many films that promote <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarist">militarist</a> imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-John_M_1986_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_M_1986-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_critique">Feminist critique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feminist critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a>, an influential feminist, argues that commercial commodities and celebrities cannot be symbols of progressiveness when they collaborate with imperialist capitalism and promote ideals of beauty; hooks uses <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> as an example of a commodity reinforced by capitalist corporations complicit in imperialism and patriarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> critiqued the mass media in their 1988 work <i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent:_The_Political_Economy_of_the_Mass_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media">Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</a></i>. They argue that mass media is controlled by a powerful hegemonic elite who are motivated by their own interests that determine and manipulate what information is present in the mainstream. The mass media is therefore a system of propaganda. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In sum, a propaganda approach to media coverage suggests a systematic and highly political dichotomization in news coverage based on serviceability to important domestic power interests. This should be observable in dichotomized choices of story and in the volume and quality of coverage... such dichotomization in the mass media is massive and systematic: not only are choices for publicity and suppression comprehensible in terms of system advantage, but the modes of handling favored and inconvenient materials (placement, tone, context, fullness of treatment) differ in ways that serve political ends.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumerism">Consumerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consumerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></div> <p>According to the postmodern sociologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>, the individual is trained into the duty of seeking the relentless maximization of pleasure lest he or she become asocial.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, "enjoyment" and "fun" become indistinguishable from the need to consume. Whereas the Frankfurt School believed consumers were passive, Baudrillard argued that consumers were trained to consume products in the form of active labor in order to achieve upward social mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, consumers under capitalism are trained to purchase products such as pop albums and consumable fiction in order to signal their devotion to social trends, fashions, and subcultures. Although the consumption may arise from an active choice, the choice is still the consequence of a social conditioning that the individual is unconscious of. Baudrillard says, "One is permanently governed by a code whose rules and meaning—constraints—like those of language—are, for the most part, beyond the grasp of individuals".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> argued that the vague conception "Public Opinion" is a subjective and inaccurate illusion, for it attributes a sovereignty to consumers that they do not really have.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Baudrillard's understanding, the products of capitalist popular culture can only give the illusion of rebellion, since they are still produced by a system controlled by the powerful. Baudrillard stated in an interview, critiquing the content and production of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The Matrix</i> paints the picture of a monopolistic superpower, like we see today, and then collaborates in its refraction. Basically, its dissemination on a world scale is complicit with the film itself. On this point it is worth recalling Marshall McLuhan: the medium is the message. The message of <i>The Matrix</i> is its own diffusion by an uncontrollable and proliferating contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_culture">Print culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Print culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></div> <p>With the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the sixteenth century, mass-produced, cheap books, <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet_wars" title="Pamphlet wars">pamphlets</a> and periodicals became widely available to the public. With this, the transmission of common knowledge and ideas was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_culture">Radio culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radio culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></div> <p>In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Radiotelegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraph">radiotelegraph</a>, allowing for the modern radio to be born. This led to the radio being able to influence a more "listened-to" culture, with individuals being able to feel like they have a more direct impact.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This radio culture is vital, because it was imperative to advertising, and it introduced the <a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">commercial</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></div> <p>Films and cinema are highly influential to popular culture, as films as an art form are what people seem to respond to the most.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With moving pictures being first captured by Eadweard Muybridge in 1877, films have evolved into elements that can be cast into different digital formats, spreading to different cultures. </p><p>The impact of films and cinema are most evident when analyzing in the search of what the films aim to portray.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films are used to seek acceptance and understanding of many subjects because of the influence the films carry—an example of an early representation of this can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)"><i>Casablanca</i></a> (1942): the film introduced war subjects to the public after the United States entered World War II, and it meant to increase pro-war sentiment for the allies.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films are a known massive influencer to popular culture yet not all films create a movement that contributes enough to be part of the popular culture that starts movements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The content must resonate to most of the public so the knowledge in the material connects with the majority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Popular culture is a set of beliefs in trends and entail to change a person's set of ideologies and create social transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beliefs are still a trend that change more rapidly in the modern age that carries a continuation of outpouring media and more specifically films. The trend does not last but it also carries a different effect based on individuals that can be grouped to generalized groups based on age and education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The creation of culture by films is seen in fandoms, religions, ideologies, and movements. The culture of film is more evident through social media. Social media is an instant source of feedback and creates discussion on films. A repeating event that has been set in modern culture within the trend setting phase is the creation of movements in social media platforms to defend a featured subject on a film.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular culture or mass culture, is reached easily with films which are easily shared and reached worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_programs">Television programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Television programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">Television program</a></div> <p>A television program is a segment of audiovisual content intended for broadcast (other than a commercial, trailer, or other content not serving as attraction for viewership). </p><p>Television programs may be <a href="/wiki/Fictional" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional">fictional</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">comedies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic programming">dramas</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Non-fictional" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-fictional">non-fictional</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Documentary_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary television">documentary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_entertainment" title="Light entertainment">light entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">news</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a>). They may be topical (as in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">local</a> <a href="/wiki/Newscast" class="mw-redirect" title="Newscast">newscast</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Made-for-television" class="mw-redirect" title="Made-for-television">made-for-television</a> movies), or historical (as in the case of many documentaries and fictional series). They can be primarily <a href="/wiki/Instructional_television" title="Instructional television">instructional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Educational_television" title="Educational television">educational</a>, or entertaining as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Situation_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Situation comedy">situation comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Game shows">game shows</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Popular music</a></div> <p>Popular music is music with wide appeal<sup id="cite_ref-PopMusic1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopMusic1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is typically distributed to large audiences through the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no <a href="/wiki/Musical_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical training">musical training</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PopMusic1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopMusic1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stands in contrast to both <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a><sup id="cite_ref-PopMusic2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopMusic2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopMusic4_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopMusic4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">traditional or "folk" music</a>. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of <a href="/wiki/Written_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Written music">written music</a>, although since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Recording_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording industry">recording industry</a>, it is also disseminated through <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recordings</a>. Traditional music forms such as early <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> songs or <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> were passed along orally, or to smaller, local audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-PopMusic2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopMusic2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div> <p>Sports include all forms of <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">games</a> which,<sup id="cite_ref-sportaccord_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportaccord-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through casual or organized participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> for spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-council_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection between sports and popular culture is significant in recent times because there is an influx of sport history to keep track of, as sports journalists produce quality pieces, more sports museums are developed, and there are various radio, film, and television documentaries. Sport history has embraced popular culture as it has expanded its horizons on elite athletes and governing bodies, to the study of every day activities. It has broadened its perspective by connecting sports and athletes with class, gender, ethnicity, and disability. Sports are becoming more popular in the eyes of society, and impacting human culture as they get more invested in the game, and perhaps even play the sports themselves in their neighborhoods. Museums also show sports as popular culture, such as Stuart Clarke’s “The Homes of Football” photographic collection in the National Football Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_branding">Corporate branding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Corporate branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_branding" title="Corporate branding">Corporate branding</a></div> <p>Corporate branding refers to the practice of promoting the <a href="/wiki/Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a> of a corporate entity, as opposed to specific products or services.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_branding">Personal branding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_branding" title="Personal branding">Personal branding</a></div> <p>Personal branding includes the use of social media to promotion to brands and topics to further good repute among professionals in a given field, produce an iconic relationship between a professional, a brand and its audience that extends networks past the conventional lines established by the mainstream and to enhance personal visibility. Popular culture: is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">beliefs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural objects">objects</a> that are dominant or prevalent in a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> at a given point in time. As celebrities <a href="/wiki/Online_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Online identities">online identities</a> are extremely important in order to create a brand to line-up sponsorships, jobs, and opportunities. As <a href="/wiki/Influencers" class="mw-redirect" title="Influencers">influencers</a>, micro-celebrities, and users constantly need to find new ways to be unique or stay updated with trends, in order to maintain followers, views, and likes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres" title="Ellen DeGeneres">Ellen DeGeneres</a> has created her own personal branding through her talk show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show" title="The Ellen DeGeneres Show">The Ellen DeGeneres Show</a></i>. As she developed her brand we can see the branches she created to extend her fan base such as Ellen clothing, socks, pet beds, and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> is interactive <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation or sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a> and networks. <a href="/wiki/Social_media_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media platform">Social media platforms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> are the most popular applications used on a daily basis by younger generations. Social media tends to be implemented into the daily routine of individuals in our current society. Social media is a vital part of our culture as it continues to impact the forms of communication used to connect with those in our communities, families, or friend groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We often see that terms or slang are used online that is not used in face-to-face conversations, thus, adding to a persona users create through the screens of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some individuals respond to situations with a hashtag or emojis.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">Social media influencers</a> have become <a href="/wiki/Trendsetting" class="mw-redirect" title="Trendsetting">trendsetters</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through their direct engagement with large audiences, upending conventional marketing and advertising techniques. Consumer purchase choices have been impacted by fashion partnerships, sponsored material and outfit ideas offered by influencers. Social media has also made fashion more accessible by fostering uniqueness, expanding the depiction of trends, and facilitating the rise of niche influencers. The influencer-driven fashion industry, nevertheless, has also come under fire for encouraging excessive consumerism, inflated beauty ideals, and labour exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History of Western fashion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Popular_culture" title="Talk:Popular culture">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The fashion industry has witnessed tremendous, rapid, and applaudable changes over the years, culminating in the production of masterpieces unimaginable in the past decades. This dynamic trend has compelled renowned clothing lines such as Christian Dior, Louis Vuitton, and Balenciaga to intensify research and creative imagination to develop appealing designs that are outstanding and fascinating.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fashion has changed from the classical baggy and oversized pieces to trendy and slim-fit clothes for both males and females. Fashion trends and what has been considered popular have been directly influenced and affected by the environment and the state of the world. Dating back to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second</a> World Wars, clothing was designed for functionality as well as to be made in the cheapest way possible. This was due to collective preparation efforts through the conservation of materials. This trend can also be seen throughout the 1930s, or the Great Depression era of history. Due to the state of the economy, clothing yet again faced fundamental changes in shape and function. The term utility clothing was coined, meaning that fashion had taken a turn to more reserved silhouettes. For efficiency, handmade clothing became encouraged through government-backed campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-war and continuing throughout the 1900s fashion began to take a more individualistic tone. Primarily marked by the turbulence of the 1960s and momentous social change, younger generations started to develop their own sense of style. Catapulting influences of things like different prints or patterns that can still be seen in the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The future of fashion is promising and is significantly inspired by past trends. Despite that influence, the fashion industry is moving towards a goal of sustainability. This is due to past actions of intense consumerism and fast fashion usage, as well as increasing environmental threats. The state of the economy continues to have a great effect on fashion, as consumers will be looking to make more of an investment in the items that they purchase, rather than participating in a constant cycle of buying. Sustainability is something that designers are actively pursuing as well. Connolly, a British menswear brand, is just one example of the many who are challenging designers and stylists to revamp and upcycle pieces of clothing from past collections.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Further, the past few decades have seen the reintroduction of old designs, which have been revitalized and improvised to fit the current market needs. Additionally, celebrities and influencers are at the forefront of setting fashion trends through various platforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Clothing will continue to act as an area for personal expression no matter the trends, constantly shaped by the world around us. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pop culture has had a lasting influence to the products being released in their time. Many examples of art, books, films and others, have been inspired by pop culture. These include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_art">Pop art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pop art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a> is an art movement that first emerged in the 1950s as a reaction and a counter to traditional and <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high-class art</a> by including common and well-known images and references.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists known during this movement include <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi" title="Eduardo Paolozzi">Eduardo Paolozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Richard Hamilton (artist)">Richard Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Rivers" title="Larry Rivers">Larry Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_music">Pop music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></div> <p>Pop music is a wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genre of music</a> whose characteristics include styles and tones that have a wider and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">more massive appeal</a> to all kinds of consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Firth2001_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firth2001-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oftentimes, many examples of these music contain influences from other pre-existing works.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of popular music began in the late 1800s with the inventions of Edison’s phonograph and Berliner’s gramophone, both of which allowed for music to be available for purchase to the public rather than access to just the elites. Due to the almost nonexistent copyright laws, the early 1900s flourished with composers and publishers aiming to make and sell as much music as they could. The hub for this activity was a small area of New York known as Tin Pan Alley, which quickly became one of the major spots for popular music as the demand grew intensely.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological advances in the 1940s only furthered the success and popularity of the genre. The reel-to-tape recorder was groundbreaking in terms of innovation and served as the baseline for many more transformations this genre and the music industry as a whole will endure. Along with the continued innovation of popular music, multiple subset genres emerged as the new faces of popular music, all with the foundation of jazz and blues. Some of those genres include Rock and Roll, Punk, and Hip Hop.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the increasing mainstream success of popular music, artists of the genre grew in fame and popularity. A few of the major singers and musicians of this genre include <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beyonce" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyonce">Beyonce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>. Popular music will continue to be shaped by, and evolve to fit the tastes and preferences of the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_culture_fiction">Pop culture fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pop culture fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture fiction</a></div> <p>Pop culture fiction is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">shows</a>, and many other story-telling media that depicts stories that are purposely filled with <a href="/wiki/Easter_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter eggs">easter eggs</a> and references to pop culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiction1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiction1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kid_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kid-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre often overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>, but the most-well known are considered to be more serious works of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>. Writers of this genre include <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cline" title="Ernest Cline">Ernest Cline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bret_Easton_Ellis" title="Bret Easton Ellis">Bret Easton Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Lee_O%27Malley" title="Bryan Lee O'Malley">Bryan Lee O'Malley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bulaong" title="Louis Bulaong">Louis Bulaong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kid_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kid-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_culture_studies">Pop culture studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pop culture studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture studies">Pop culture studies</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture studies">Pop culture studies</a> are <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">researches</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>, and other academic works that analyzes various trends of pop and mass culture, <a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">pop icons</a>, or the effects and influences of pop culture in society and history. <a href="/wiki/Ray_B._Browne" title="Ray B. Browne">Ray B. Browne</a> is one of the first <a href="/wiki/Academic_staff" title="Academic staff">academicians</a> to conduct courses on the studies about pop culture.<sup id="cite_ref-raybrowne_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raybrowne-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture_(popular_culture)" title="Monoculture (popular culture)">Monoculture (popular culture)</a> – Concept of popular culture being experienced globally</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a> – Expression suggesting that popular culture is used to manipulate mass society into passivity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad" title="Fad">Fads</a> – Collective behavior that achieves intense short-lived popularity and then fades away</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a> – Art developed primarily for aesthetics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a> – Global rise in popularity of Korean culture</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Popular_Culture" title="The Journal of Popular Culture">The Journal of Popular Culture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">Underground culture</a> – Alternative cultures that differ from the mainstream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow</a> – Underground visual art movement</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a> – Adolescents during the 1980s through 1990s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">Pop icon</a> – Iconic person or object in popular culture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/popular-art">"popular art"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210093513/https://www.britannica.com/art/popular-art">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=popular+art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fpopular-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavinor2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tavinor, Grant (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.7523862.0009.009">"Video Games as Mass Art"</a>. <i>Contemporary Aesthetics</i>. <b>9</b>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.7523862.0009.009">2027/spo.7523862.0009.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8478">1932-8478</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063233/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/ca/7523862.0009.009?view=text;rgn=main">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Aesthetics&rft.atitle=Video+Games+as+Mass+Art&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.7523862.0009.009&rft.issn=1932-8478&rft.aulast=Tavinor&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fspo.7523862.0009.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane_Crothers2021" class="citation book cs1">Lane Crothers (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gUPEAAAQBAJ&q=%22popular+culture%22+%22culture+industry%22&pg=PA48"><i>Globalization and American Popular Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538142691" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538142691"><bdi>978-1538142691</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063235/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gUPEAAAQBAJ&q=%22popular+culture%22+%22culture+industry%22&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1538142691&rft.au=Lane+Crothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gUPEAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522popular%2Bculture%2522%2B%2522culture%2Bindustry%2522%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGaha, Julie. "Popular Culture & Globalization". <i>Multicultural Education</i> 23.1 (2015): 32–37. <i>SocINDEX with Full Text</i>. Web. 5 Aug. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strinati, D. (2004). <i>An introduction to theories of popular culture</i>. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storey, J. (2018). <i>Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction</i>. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest" class="citation web cs1">West, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829224233/http://www.mrpopculture.com/what-is-pop-culture">"What Is Pop Culture?"</a>. <i>Mr. Pop Culture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrpopculture.com/what-is-pop-culture">the original</a> on 2016-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mr.+Pop+Culture&rft.atitle=What+Is+Pop+Culture%3F&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrpopculture.com%2Fwhat-is-pop-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey2009" class="citation book cs1">Storey, John (2009). "Popular Culture as Folk Culture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvwyS1VJukQC"><i>Inventing Popular Culture: From Folklore to Globalization</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405172653" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405172653"><bdi>978-1405172653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Popular+Culture+as+Folk+Culture&rft.btitle=Inventing+Popular+Culture%3A+From+Folklore+to+Globalization&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405172653&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvwyS1VJukQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> lists the first use as 1854, it appears in an address by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a> in 1818: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPestalozzi1818" class="citation book cs1">Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6BDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT10"><i>The Address of Pestalozzi to the British Public</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063235/https://books.google.com/books?id=i6BDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT10">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>. <q>I see that it is impossible to attain this end without founding the means of popular culture and instruction upon a basis which cannot be got at otherwise than in a profound examination of Man himself; without such an investigation and such a basis all is darkness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Address+of+Pestalozzi+to+the+British+Public&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Pestalozzi&rft.aufirst=Johann+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6BDAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_Adam_Siljestr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Per Adam Siljeström (page does not exist)">Per Adam Siljeström</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Adam_Siljestr%C3%B6m" class="extiw" title="sv:Per Adam Siljeström">sv</a>]</span>, <i>The educational institutions of the United States, their character and organization</i>, J. Chapman, 1853, p. 243: "Influence of European emigration on the state of civilization in the United States: Statistics of popular culture in America". <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a> presented an address <i>On Popular Culture</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Birmingham Town Hall</a> in 1876, dealing with the education of the lower classes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrong2006" class="citation book cs1">Berrong, Richard M. (2006-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOoe_MqMQe4C&pg=PA13"><i>Rabelais and Bakhtin: Popular Culture in Gargantua and Pantagruel</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6261-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-6261-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais+and+Bakhtin%3A+Popular+Culture+in+Gargantua+and+Pantagruel&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6261-4&rft.aulast=Berrong&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOoe_MqMQe4C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2010" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, E. Bruce (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jtq0LglIAC&pg=PA9"><i>Rabelais's Radical Farce: Late Medieval Comic Theater and Its Function in Rabelais</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6518-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-6518-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais%27s+Radical+Farce%3A+Late+Medieval+Comic+Theater+and+Its+Function+in+Rabelais&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6518-2&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=E.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6jtq0LglIAC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerscale2016" class="citation news cs1">Summerscale, Kate (April 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/penny-dreadfuls-victorian-equivalent-video-games-kate-summerscale-wicked-boy">"Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215447/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/penny-dreadfuls-victorian-equivalent-video-games-kate-summerscale-wicked-boy">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Penny+dreadfuls%3A+the+Victorian+equivalent+of+video+games&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.aulast=Summerscale&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fapr%2F30%2Fpenny-dreadfuls-victorian-equivalent-video-games-kate-summerscale-wicked-boy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/penny-dreadfuls">"Penny dreadfuls"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618162441/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/penny-dreadfuls">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Penny+dreadfuls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fpenny-dreadfuls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1836" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Charles (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NnPSAAACAAJ"><i>Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads and Murderers</i></a>. Lloyd, Purkess & Strange. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063232/https://books.google.com/books?id=7NnPSAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Most+Notorious+Highwaymen%2C+Footpads+and+Murderers&rft.pub=Lloyd%2C+Purkess+%26+Strange&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NnPSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Learning is dishonored when she stoops to attract," cited in a section "Popular Culture and True Education" in <i>University extension</i>, Issue 4, The American society for the extension of university teaching, 1894.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> e.g. "the making of popular culture plays [in post-revolutionary Russian theater]", Huntly Carter, <i>The new spirit in the Russian theatre, 1917–28: And a sketch of the Russian kinema and radio, 1919–28, showing the new communal relationship between the three</i>, Ayer Publishing, 1929, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"one look at the sheer mass and volume of what we euphemistically call our popular culture suffices", from <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Sargeant" title="Winthrop Sargeant">Winthrop Sargeant</a>, 'In Defense of the High-Brow', an article from <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>LIFE</i></a> magazine, 11 April 1949, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewGrovev15p85-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewGrovev15p85_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, volume 15, p. 85 entry <i>Pop music</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinem1965p73-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinem1965p73_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steinem,_Gloria" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinem, Gloria">Steinem, Gloria</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>Outs of pop culture</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063238/https://books.google.com/books?id=XFMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA73">Archived</a> 2023-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>LIFE</i> magazine, 20 August 1965, p. 73 quotations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pop Culture–although big, mercurial, and slippery to define—is really an umbrella term that covers anything currently in fashion, all or most of whose ingredients are familiar to the public-at-large. The new dances are a perfect example... Pop Art itself may mean little to the average man, but its vocabulary...is always familiar.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-top40.about.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-top40.about.com_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Lamb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/a/popmusic.htm">"What Is Pop Music? A Definition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051020042544/http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/a/popmusic.htm">Archived</a> 2005-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></i>, retrieved 8 March 2012 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is tempting to confuse <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> with <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a>'s ultimate reference resource, identifies popular music as the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class. This would include an extremely wide range of music from vaudeville and minstrel shows to <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>. Pop music, on the other hand, has primarily come into usage to describe music that evolved out of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock 'n roll">rock 'n roll</a> revolution of the mid-1950s and continues in a definable path to today.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Storey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRN59zg9t9AC"><i>Cultural Theory and Popular Culture</i></a>, pp. 4–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sérgio Campos Gonçalves, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127163020/https://livros01.livrosgratis.com.br/ea000713.pdf">Cultura e Sociedade de Consumo: um olhar em retrospecto</a>", InRevista – Núcleo de Produção Científica em Comunicação – UNAERP (Ribeirão Preto), vol. 3, pp. 18–28, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1980-6418">1980-6418</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Weimann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Weimann (page does not exist)">Robert Weimann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weimann" class="extiw" title="de:Robert Weimann">de</a>]</span>, <i>Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition</i> (1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Shaughnessy, <i>The Cambridge companion to Shakespeare and popular culture</i> (2007) p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2018" class="citation book cs1">Danesi, Marcel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5430391"><i>Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives</i></a>. TAMU Libraries: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 6, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538107447" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538107447"><bdi>978-1538107447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture%3A+Introductory+Perspectives&rft.place=TAMU+Libraries&rft.pages=6%2C+7&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1538107447&rft.aulast=Danesi&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.ebookcentral.proquest.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D5430391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Ambiguity of the Three Wise Monkeys A. W. Smith <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore (journal)">Folklore</a></i>, Vol. 104, No. 1/2 (1993), pp. 144–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyotard, Jean-François (1979). <i>La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir</i>. Paris: Minuit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederic Jameson: <i>Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdornoHorkheimer2002" class="citation book cs1">Adorno, Theordor; Horkheimer, Max (2002). "Enlightenment as Mass Decption". <i>Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3633-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3633-2"><bdi>0-8047-3633-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+as+Mass+Decption&rft.btitle=Dialectic+of+Enlightenment%3A+Philosophical+Fragments&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8047-3633-2&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theordor&rft.au=Horkheimer%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adorno & Horkheimer: Dialectic of Enlightenment. p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Held, D. (1980). <i>Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas.</i> Berkeley, University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Ross, Alex (8 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/15/naysayers">"The Naysayers"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802170013/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/15/naysayers">Archived</a> from the original on Aug 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Naysayers&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F09%2F15%2Fnaysayers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Artz (2015). <i>Global Entertainment Media: A Critical Introduction</i>. 167–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearts and Mines: <i>The US Empire’s Culture Industry</i> Tanner Mirrlees . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2016. 336 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayre, Shay; Cynthia King (2010). Entertainment and Society: Influences, Impacts, and Innovations (2nd ed.). Oxon, New York: Routledge. p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zipes, J. (2002). <i>Sticks and Stones: The Troublesome Success of Children's Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter.</i> p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_M_1986-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_M_1986_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_M_1986_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacKenzie" title="John M. MacKenzie">John M. MacKenzie</a>. <i>Imperialism and Popular Culture</i>. 1986, Manchester University Press 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">bell hooks: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://genius.com/Bell-hooks-beyonce-is-a-terrorist-annotated">https://genius.com/Bell-hooks-beyonce-is-a-terrorist-annotated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728034039/https://genius.com/Bell-hooks-beyonce-is-a-terrorist-annotated">Archived</a> 2021-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">bell hooks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/11/capitalism-of-beyonce-lemonade-album">Beyoncé's Lemonade is capitalist money-making at its best</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728034043/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/11/capitalism-of-beyonce-lemonade-album">Archived</a> 2021-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Guardian. 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</i>. 1988. pp. 19–20. Noam Chomsky & Edward S. Herman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baudrillard. J. (1998). <i>The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures.</i> p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baudrillard. J. (1998). <i>The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures.</i> p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baudrillard. J. (1998). <i>The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures.</i> p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baudrillard. J. (1998). <i>The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures.</i> Page 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenoskoBryx2004" class="citation journal cs1">Genosko, Gary; Bryx, Adam (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baudrillardstudies.ubishops.ca/the-matrix-decoded-le-nouvel-observateur-interview-with-jean-baudrillard/">"The Matrix Decoded: Le Nouvel Observateur Interview With Jean Baudrillard"</a>. <i>International Journal of Baudrillard Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1705-6411">1705-6411</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404090328/https://baudrillardstudies.ubishops.ca/the-matrix-decoded-le-nouvel-observateur-interview-with-jean-baudrillard/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Baudrillard+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Matrix+Decoded%3A+Le+Nouvel+Observateur+Interview+With+Jean+Baudrillard&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004-07&rft.issn=1705-6411&rft.aulast=Genosko&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Bryx%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaudrillardstudies.ubishops.ca%2Fthe-matrix-decoded-le-nouvel-observateur-interview-with-jean-baudrillard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2018" class="citation book cs1">Danesi, Marcel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5430391"><i>Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives</i></a>. TAMU Libraries: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538107447" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538107447"><bdi>978-1538107447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture%3A+Introductory+Perspectives&rft.place=TAMU+Libraries&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1538107447&rft.aulast=Danesi&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.ebookcentral.proquest.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D5430391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2018" class="citation book cs1">Danesi, Marcel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5430391"><i>Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives</i></a>. TAMU Libraries: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538107447" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538107447"><bdi>978-1538107447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture%3A+Introductory+Perspectives&rft.place=TAMU+Libraries&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1538107447&rft.aulast=Danesi&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.ebookcentral.proquest.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D5430391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2018" class="citation book cs1">Danesi, Marcel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5430391"><i>Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+News-Letter&rft.atitle=How+social+media+influences+culture+and+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhunewsletter.com%2Farticle%2F2017%2F12%2Fhow-social-media-influences-culture-and-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT2020" class="citation web cs1">T, Abdullah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myscholar.umk.edu.my/handle/123456789/1413">"mpact of Social Media Influencers on Instagram User Purchase Intention towards the Fashion Products: The Perspectives of UMK Pengkalan Chepa Campus Students. 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Street, eds, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00frit" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgecompani00frit">The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock</a></i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55660-0">0-521-55660-0</a>, pp. 95–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popular Music. (2015). <i>Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublisher2016" class="citation journal cs1">Publisher, Author removed at request of original (2016-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/6-2-the-evolution-of-popular-music/">"6.2 The Evolution of Popular Music"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=6.2+The+Evolution+of+Popular+Music&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.aulast=Publisher&rft.aufirst=Author+removed+at+request+of+original&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fmediaandculture%2Fchapter%2F6-2-the-evolution-of-popular-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiction1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fiction1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickard,_Kevin2016" class="citation web cs1">Pickard, Kevin (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electricliterature.com/should-fiction-be-timeless-pop-culture-references-in-contemporary-novels/">"Should Fiction Be Timeless? Pop Culture References in Contemporary Novels"</a>. <i>Electric Lit</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electric+Lit&rft.atitle=Should+Fiction+Be+Timeless%3F+Pop+Culture+References+in+Contemporary+Novels&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.au=Pickard%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectricliterature.com%2Fshould-fiction-be-timeless-pop-culture-references-in-contemporary-novels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span> January 19, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kid-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kid_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kid_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidd, Dustin. <i>Pop Culture Freaks: Identity, Mass Media, and Society</i>. Routledge; 2nd Edition (Updated: August 2020). pp. 143–145. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813350875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813350875">978-0813350875</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pop-culture-freaks_202009">Excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raybrowne-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raybrowne_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox,_Margalit2009" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Margalit (27 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/education/28browne.html?_r=0">"Ray Browne, 87, Founder of Pop-Culture Studies, Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ray+Browne%2C+87%2C+Founder+of+Pop-Culture+Studies%2C+Dies&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.au=Fox%2C+Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F28%2Feducation%2F28browne.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ashby, LeRoy. "The Rising of Popular Culture: A Historiographical Sketch," <i><a href="/wiki/OAH" class="mw-redirect" title="OAH">OAH</a> Magazine of History,</i> 24 (April 2010), 11–14.</li> <li>Ashby, LeRoy. <i>With Amusement for All: A History of American Popular Culture since 1830</i> (2006).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz_Ba%C3%9Fler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz Baßler (page does not exist)">Moritz Baßler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Ba%C3%9Fler" class="extiw" title="de:Moritz Baßler">de</a>]</span>: <i>Der deutsche Pop-Roman. Die neuen Archivisten</i> (<i>The German Pop-Novel. The new archivists</i>), C.H. Beck, München 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-47614-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-47614-7">3-406-47614-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtin" title="Bakhtin">Bakhtin, M. M.</a> and Michael Holquist, Vadim Liapunov, Kenneth Brostrom (1981). <i>The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays</i> (University of Texas Press Slavic Series). Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browne,_Ray_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Browne, Ray B.">Browne, Ray B.</a> and Pat Browne, eds. <i>The Guide to U.S. Popular Culture</i> (2001), 1010 pages; essays by experts on many topics.</li> <li>Burke, Peter. "Popular Culture Reconsidered," <i>Storia della Storiografia</i> 1990, Issue 17, pp. 40–49.</li> <li>Freitag, Sandria B. "Popular Culture in the Rewriting of History: An Essay in Comparative History and Historiography," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peasant_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Peasant Studies">Journal of Peasant Studies</a>,</i> 1989, Vol. 16 Issue 3, pp. 169–198.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gans,_Herbert_J." class="mw-redirect" title="Gans, Herbert J.">Gans, Herbert J.</a> <i>Popular Culture and High Culture: an Analysis and Evaluation of Taste</i>. New York: Basic Books, 1974. xii, 179 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06021-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06021-8">0-465-06021-8</a></li> <li>Gerson, Stéphane. "' A World of Their Own': Searching for Popular Culture in the French Countryside," <i><a href="/wiki/French_Politics,_Culture_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="French Politics, Culture and Society">French Politics, Culture and Society</a>,</i> Summer 2009, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp. 94–110</li> <li>Golby, J. M. and A.W. Purdue, <i>The civilisation of the crowd: popular culture in England, 1750–1900</i> (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilisationofc00golb">online</a></li> <li>Griffin, Emma. "Popular Culture in Industrializing England," <i>Historical Journal,</i> (2002) 45#3 pp. 619–635. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3133499">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119134018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3133499">Archived</a> 2018-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Historiography</li> <li>Hassabian, Anahid (1999). "Popular", <i>Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture</i>, eds.: Horner, Bruce and Swiss, Thomas. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21263-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21263-9">0-631-21263-9</a>.</li> <li>Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir, 2016: <i>Globalized Muslim Youth in the Asia Pacific: Popular Culture in Singapore and Sydney</i>, New York: Palgrave. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54264-9">978-1-137-54264-9</a>.</li> <li>Knight, Robert H. <i>The Age of Consent: the Rise of Relativism and the Corruption of Popular Culture</i>. Dallas, Tex.: Spence Publishing Co., 1998. xxiv, 253, [1] p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890626-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-890626-05-8">1-890626-05-8</a></li> <li>Ross, Andrew. <i>No Respect: Intellectuals & Popular Culture</i>. New York: Routledge, 1989. ix, 269 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90037-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90037-9">0-415-90037-9</a> (pbk.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seabrook" title="John Seabrook">Seabrook, John</a>. <i>NoBrow : the culture of marketing the marketing of culture</i>, New York: A.A. Knopf, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40504-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40504-6">0-375-40504-6</a>.</li> <li>Storey, John (2006). <i>Cultural theory and popular culture</i>. Pearson Education. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-197068-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-197068-7">978-0-13-197068-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoykov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stoykov, Lubomir (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.media-journal.info/?p=item&aid=355">"Politics and pop culture. Celebrity and communicative perspectives of the modern politician"</a>. <i>Media and Social Communications</i> (19). The University of National and World Economy/Alma communication. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210426/http://www.media-journal.info/?p=item&aid=355">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+and+Social+Communications&rft.atitle=Politics+and+pop+culture.+Celebrity+and+communicative+perspectives+of+the+modern+politician.&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Stoykov&rft.aufirst=Lubomir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.media-journal.info%2F%3Fp%3Ditem%26aid%3D355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Swirski" title="Peter Swirski">Swirski, Peter</a> (2010). <i>Ars Americana Ars Politica: Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture</i>. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3766-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3766-8">978-0-7735-3766-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Swirski" title="Peter Swirski">Swirski, Peter</a> (2005). <i>From Lowbrow to Nobrow</i>. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3019-5">978-0-7735-3019-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2046498">On Religion and Popular Culture</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Duncan, Barry (1988). <i>Mass Media and Popular Culture</i>. Toronto, Ont.: Harcourt, Brace & Co. Canada. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7747-1262-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7747-1262-7">0-7747-1262-7</a>.</li> <li>Rosenberg, Bernard, and David Manning White, joint. eds. <i>Mass Culture: the Popular Arts in America</i>. [New York]: Free Press of Glencoe, 1957.</li> <li>Cowen, Tyler, "For Some Developing Countries, America's Popular Culture Is Resistible". <i>The New York Times</i>, 22 February 2007, sec. C, p. 3.</li> <li>Furio, Joanne, "The Significance of MTV and Rap Music in Popular Culture". <i>The New York Times</i>, 29 December 1991, sec. VI, p. 2.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_culture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Popular_culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Popular culture">Popular culture</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Popular_culture" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Popular culture">Popular culture</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/popular_culture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/popular culture"><i>popular culture</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Culture" title="Wikipedia:Culture">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture">Changes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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