CINXE.COM
Digital Commons Help Center
<!-- ## ## ######## ## ######## ## ## ## #### ###### ######## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ######### ###### ## ######## ## ## ## ## ## ###### ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ######## ######## ## ###### ####### #### ###### ######## Powered by Helpjuice (https://www.helpjuice.com): The Ultimate Knowledge Base Solution --> <!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en_US"> <head> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for digitalcommons.elsevier.com --> <script type="text/javascript" src=https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/3e3849ff-03c5-4738-a9e1-26d23e4f1f5d/OtAutoBlock.js ></script> <script src=https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="3e3849ff-03c5-4738-a9e1-26d23e4f1f5d" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for digitalcommons.elsevier.com --> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"56aae830c8","applicationID":"15354177","transactionName":"JllXTUtXClVdF00NCwpBVVxdXwNmWgQRA0oOWFZOVV0CXl1KCwgBAE4=","queueTime":3,"applicationTime":59,"agent":""}</script> <script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"56aae830c8",applicationID:"15354177"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/*" href="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/customization_request/file/15882/14612/elsevier-favicon.png" /> <title>Digital Commons Help Center</title> <meta name="description" content="Digital Commons Support Center helps you to find FAQ, how-to guides and step-by-step tutorials." /> <meta property="og:description" content="Digital Commons Support Center helps you to find FAQ, how-to guides and step-by-step tutorials." /> <script> window.disableAutoAccordionToggle = true; </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.helpjuice.com/fontawesome/css/all.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://helpjuice-static.s3.amazonaws.com/assets.helpjuice.com/country-flags/flags.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/9.18.3/styles/foundation.min.css" integrity="sha512-6wXxZrYQz15y9/7Een4KL2jaVIgDue52ESMiNNa5nk2OGBp0e4JhsFiyNXdMI4Oe269AaoqkA3wGI9kL4gBRKQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/feedbacks.css"> <script src="/feedbacks.js" defer></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/knowledgebase.css"> <script src="/knowledgebase.js" defer></script> <link href="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/account/15882/main_css_15882-3785e6b5bc5a8adec84d4385564d53a8cca88d87915a8641272c3f0202264ea2.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" /> <script> if(window.location.origin.includes('helpjuice.com')) window.location.href ="https://digitalcommons.elsevier.com"+ window.location.pathname </script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ATOM" href="https://digitalcommons.elsevier.com/questions.atom" /><meta name="question-id" content=""><meta name="category-id" content=""><meta name="flow-id" content=""><meta name="current-language" content="en_US"><meta name="knowledge-base-url" content="https://digitalcommons.elsevier.com/"><meta name="current-user-id" content=""><meta name="ignore-users-analytics" content="false"><meta name="reading-timeout" content="10000"><meta name="account-subdirectory-prefix" content=""><meta name="current-account-id" content="15882"><meta name="account-subdomain" content="digitalcommons"><meta name="helpjuice-knowledge-base-url" content="https://digitalcommons.helpjuice.com/"></head> <body class="scientia-theme landing_page"> <!--START_COMPONENT_MAIN_HEADER_NAVIGATION--> <header id="main-header" class="header" data-helpjuice-component="Main Header Navigation" data-helpjuice-element="Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="container" data-helpjuice-element="Main Header Navigation Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="two-col-layout" data-helpjuice-element="Main Header Support Navigation" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="column-left" data-helpjuice-element="Main Header Left Column Help Center" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <a href="/" class="logo" data-helpjuice-element="Main Header Logo Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/upload/image/15882/3631841/1699915754924-Mode_Light__Format_Vertical__Size_L%2B1.png" alt="Digital Commons's logos" width="60px" data-helpjuice-element="Main Header Left Column Logo Image" data-helpjuice-attributes="image,visibility"> Digital Commons Help Center</a> </div> <div class="column-right" data-helpjuice-element="Header Right Column Menu" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <a href="#" class="open-user-nav" data-helpjuice-element="Open User Navigation Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><i class="far fa-bars" data-helpjuice-element="User Navigation Icon" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></a> <nav class="user-nav" data-helpjuice-element="User Navigation Menu" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <header data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Right Column Header" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <a href="/" class="nav-logo" data-helpjuice-element="Main Header User Nav Logo Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><span class="altLogo" data-helpjuice-element="Alt Logo Span In User Nav Header" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"></span></a> <a href="#" class="close-user-nav" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Close Button" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><i class="far fa-times" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Close Icon" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></a> </header> <ul class="nav-list" data-helpjuice-element="User Navigation Menu 1" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility"> <li class="nav-list-item has-children"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="nav-list-link" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Product Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Products</a> <ul class="sub-menu-list" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Sub Menu List" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility"> <li class="sub-menu-item"> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-ir" class="sub-menu-link" title="Digital Commons IR" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Sub Menu Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons IR</a> </li> <li class="sub-menu-item"> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-exhibits" class="sub-menu-link" title="Digital Commons Exhibits" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Sub Menu Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons Exhibits</a> </li> <li class="sub-menu-item"> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-journals" class="sub-menu-link" title="Digital Commons Journals" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Sub Menu Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons Journals</a> </li> <li class="sub-menu-item"> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-data" class="sub-menu-link" title="Digital Commons Data" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Sub Menu Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons Data</a> </li> <li class="sub-menu-item"> <a href="/en_US/expert-gallery-suite" class="sub-menu-link" title="Expert Gallery Suite" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Sub Menu Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Expert Gallery Suite</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-list-item has-children"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="nav-list-link" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Resources Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu-list" data-helpjuice-element="User Navigation Sub Menu" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility"> <li class="sub-menu-item"> <a href="/en_US/announcements" class="sub-menu-link" title="Announcements" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Right Column Sub Menu Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Announcements</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.brighttalk.com/channel/17728/" class="sub-menu-link" title="Webinars" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Webinars Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Webinars</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://psp.elsevier.com/productsupportportal/s/" class="sub-menu-link" title="Client Community" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Client Community Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Client Community Portal</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://psp.elsevier.com/productsupportportal/s/" class="sub-menu-link" title="Submit a Support Case" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-helpjuice-element="Submit Support Case Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Submit a Support Case</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://psp.elsevier.com/productsupportportal/s/" class="sub-menu-link" title="My Cases" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav My Cases Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">My Cases</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/digital-commons/" class="sub-menu-link" title="DC Products Overview" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-helpjuice-element="User Nav Products Overview Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Products Overview</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/en_US/status" class="nav-list-link" title="Status" data-helpjuice-element="User Status Nav Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Status</a></li> <li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/en_US/contact-us" class="nav-list-link" title="Contact Us" data-helpjuice-element="Main Header User Nav Contact Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <!--END_COMPONENT_MAIN_HEADER_NAVIGATION--> <main id="main-content" class="main-layout"> <!--START_COMPONENT_HELP_AND_CONTACT_SECTION--> <section class="search-section" data-helpjuice-component="Help And Contact Section" data-helpjuice-element="Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="container" data-helpjuice-element="Search Section Help Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <h1 data-helpjuice-element="Search Section Header" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">How Can We Help?</h1> <div class="search-form" autocomplete="off"> <div class="search-block"> <select id="category-select"> <option value="0" title="All Documentation">All Documentation</option> <option value="488431" title="Digital Commons IR">Digital Commons IR</option> <option value="488432" title="Digital Commons Exhibits">Digital Commons Exhibits</option> <option value="488440" title="Digital Commons Journals">Digital Commons Journals</option> <option value="488441" title="Digital Commons Data">Digital Commons Data</option> <option value="488443" title="Expert Gallery Suite">Expert Gallery Suite</option> <option value="493222" title="Announcements">Announcements</option> </select> <input id="search" type="search" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off"> <i class="far fa-search"></i> <span class="close-search"><i class="far fa-times"></i></span> </div> <article id="search_results" style="display: none;"> <div id="results"> <div class="page_title"> <h4 class="intro center">Search Results</h4> <p class="result-nr"></p> </div> <ul class="list search-results"> <!-- load search results here --> </ul> </div> <div id="no-results" class="hidden"> <div class="no-results-wrap js_equalise_is_landing"> <!-- if no results found => show contact form --> <div class="contact"> <h4 class="intro">Contact Us</h4> <p>If you still have questions or prefer to get help directly from an agent, please submit a request. <br>We鈥檒l get back to you as soon as possible.</p> <a href="/contact-us" class="btn btn-primary">Contact us</a> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <!--END_COMPONENT_HELP_AND_CONTACT_SECTION--> <div id="page_content"> <!--START_COMPONENT_HOMEPAGE_SERVICES_SECTION--> <section class="homepage-categories" data-helpjuice-component="Homepage Services Section" data-helpjuice-element="Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="container" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Browse Services<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Services Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Browse Services</span></h5> <div class="card-container" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Explore Card" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-ir" class="card-item" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/category/image/15882/488431/Vector__3_.svg"></img> Digital Commons IR<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Hidden Text" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons IR</span></h5> <p class="small" data-helpjuice-element="Card Item Description" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Guides and documentation for DC Institutional Repository administrators.</p> <span data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Explore Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Explore <i class="far fa-chevron-right" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Item Right Arrow" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></span> </a> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-exhibits" class="card-item" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/category/image/15882/488432/Vector__2_.svg"></img> Digital Commons Exhibits<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Hidden Text" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons Exhibits</span></h5> <p class="small" data-helpjuice-element="Card Item Description" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">How-to articles for DCX administrators.</p> <span data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Explore Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Explore <i class="far fa-chevron-right" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Item Right Arrow" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></span> </a> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-journals" class="card-item" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/category/image/15882/488440/Vector__4_.svg"></img> Digital Commons Journals<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Hidden Text" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons Journals</span></h5> <p class="small" data-helpjuice-element="Card Item Description" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Guides and video tutorials for DC Journals editors.</p> <span data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Explore Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Explore <i class="far fa-chevron-right" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Item Right Arrow" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></span> </a> <a href="/en_US/digital-commons-data" class="card-item" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/category/image/15882/488441/Vector__1_.svg"></img> Digital Commons Data<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Hidden Text" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons Data</span></h5> <p class="small" data-helpjuice-element="Card Item Description" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Help and training resources for DC Data repositories.</p> <span data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Explore Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Explore <i class="far fa-chevron-right" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Item Right Arrow" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></span> </a> <a href="/en_US/expert-gallery-suite" class="card-item" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/category/image/15882/488443/Vector__5_.svg"></img> Expert Gallery Suite<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Hidden Text" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Expert Gallery Suite</span></h5> <p class="small" data-helpjuice-element="Card Item Description" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Guides for EGS administrators and authors.</p> <span data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Explore Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Explore <i class="far fa-chevron-right" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Item Right Arrow" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></span> </a> <a href="/en_US/announcements" class="card-item" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/category/image/15882/493222/Vector.svg"></img> Announcements<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Hidden Text" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Announcements</span></h5> <p class="small" data-helpjuice-element="Card Item Description" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Product updates, news, and best practices for the DC community.</p> <span data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Category Card Explore Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Explore <i class="far fa-chevron-right" data-helpjuice-element="Homepage Categories Card Item Right Arrow" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></span> </a> </div> </div> </section> <!--END_COMPONENT_HOMEPAGE_SERVICES_SECTION--> <!--START_COMPONENT_TOP_HELP_ARTICLES_SECTION--> <section class="popular-articles" data-helpjuice-component="Top Help Articles Section" data-helpjuice-element="Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="container" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Top Ten Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <h5 data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Header" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Top 10 Help Articles<span class="visually-hidden" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Hidden Label" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Top 10 Help Articles</span></h5> <ul data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles List" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility"> <li> <a href="/en_US/status" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Current Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/reporting/author-dashboard" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Author Dashboard: Real-Time Usage Statistics for Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/about-dc/dc-courses-and-additional-services" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Courses and Additional Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/managing-submissions-publishing/managing-and-publishing-journals" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Managing and Publishing Journals</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/organization-content-planning/dc-disciplines-taxonomy" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Disciplines: Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy of Academic Disciplines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/reporting/digital-commons-dashboard" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Digital Commons Dashboard</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/managing-submissions-publishing/batch-upload-export-and-revise" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Batch Upload, Export, and Revise</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/setup-and-design/dc-design-customization-guide" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Design Customization Guide for Sites, Journals, and Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/reporting/overview-of-digital-commons-reports" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Overview of Digital Commons Reports</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en_US/managing-submissions-publishing/author-submission-steps-in-digital-commons" class="article-link" data-helpjuice-element="Popular Articles Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Author Submission Steps in Digital Commons</a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <!--END_COMPONENT_TOP_HELP_ARTICLES_SECTION--> </div> </main> <!--START_COMPONENT_SITE_FOOTER_SECTION--> <footer id="footer" class="footer" data-helpjuice-component="Site Footer Section" data-helpjuice-element="Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="top-row" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Top Row Navigation" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="container" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Top Row Navigation Container" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="top-row-links" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Top Row Navigation Links" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <ul class="footer-list" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Top Row Links List" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility"> <p class="footer-list-title" data-helpjuice-element="Footer About Title" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">About Digital Commons</p> <li><a href="/en_US/announcements" class="footer-link" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Announcements Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Announcements</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/digital-commons/" target="_blank" class="footer-link" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Products Overview Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Products Overview <i class="far fa-arrow-right" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Navigation Arrow Icon" data-helpjuice-attributes="color,font_size"></i></a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-list" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Support Links List" data-helpjuice-attributes="link_list"> <p class="footer-list-title">Additional Support</p> <li><a href="https://www.brighttalk.com/channel/17728/" target="_blank" class="footer-link">Webinars <i class="far fa-arrow-right"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://psp.elsevier.com/productsupportportal/s/" target="_blank" class="footer-link">Client Community <i class="far fa-arrow-right"></i></a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-list" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Top Row Help Links" data-helpjuice-attributes="link_list"> <p class="footer-list-title">Need Help?</p> <li><a href="/contact-us" class="footer-link">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://psp.elsevier.com/productsupportportal/s/" target="_blank" class="footer-link">Submit a Support Case <i class="far fa-arrow-right"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://psp.elsevier.com/productsupportportal/s/" target="_blank" class="footer-link">My Cases <i class="far fa-arrow-right"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bottom-row" data-helpjuice-element="Social Media Copyright Footer Section" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="container" data-helpjuice-element="Social Media Copyright Footer Section 1" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <div class="social-links" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Social Media Links" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <ul data-helpjuice-element="Social Media Links List" data-helpjuice-attributes="link_list"> <li><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/elsevier" target="_blank" class="social-link"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/elsevierpure" target="_blank" class="social-link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden">Twitter</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ElsevierConnect" target="_blank" class="social-link"><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Facebook</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@ResearchIntelligence" target="_blank" class="social-link"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Youtube</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="image-wrapper" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Bottom Row Image Wrapper" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/" title="Elsevier logo" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Elsevier Logo Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/upload/image/15882/3603321/1698889997736-elsevier-logo-white%2B1.png" width="130px" alt="Elsevier logo" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Elsevier Logo Image" data-helpjuice-attributes="image,visibility"></a> <a href="https://www.relx.com/" title="Relx logo" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Relx Logo Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><img src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/upload/image/15881/3558398/1697460747718-footer%2Bbottom%2Bright.png" width="74px" alt="Relx logo" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Relx Logo Image" data-helpjuice-attributes="image,visibility"></a> </div> <div class="copyright-row" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Copyright Section" data-helpjuice-attributes="visibility,background"> <p data-helpjuice-element="Footer Copyright Notice" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Copyright 漏 2024 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.</p> <ul class="copyrights-link" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Copyright Links List" data-helpjuice-attributes="link_list"> <li><a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions" target="_blank" class="copyright-link">Terms & Conditions <span class="visually-hidden">Terms & Conditions</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy" target="_blank" class="copyright-link">Privacy policy<span class="visually-hidden">Privacy policy</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.elsevier.com/about/accessibility" target="_blank" class="copyright-link">Accessibility<span class="visually-hidden">Accessibility</span></a></li> <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="window.OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()" class="copyright-link">Cookie settings<span class="visually-hidden">Cookie settings</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <p style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: inherit;opacity: 0.7;margin: 30px 0;display: inline-block;width: 100%;" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Knowledge Base Credit" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color"><a style="font-weight: 700;text-decoration: none;color:white" href="https://helpjuice.com/?utm_campaign=customer_kb" data-helpjuice-element="Footer Knowledge Base Link" data-helpjuice-attributes="font_size,color">Knowledge Base Software powered by Helpjuice</a></p> </footer> <!--END_COMPONENT_SITE_FOOTER_SECTION--> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.2.4.min.js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery.selection/1.0.1/jquery.selection.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/9.13.1/highlight.min.js"></script> <!-- To show URLs in iframe --> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/template-ac5762484172e351a5f18410317060e84937bca7ebf92c7f499fc688f7706db6.js"></script> <!-- Helpjuice JavaScript files --> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/knowledge/responsivemenu-86a17116950142b41426c04b0f042c7bcdf0519b7f4e7a9fe1e9d67b48f9b46b.js"></script> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/jquery.typewatch-14c782b50fde070c995ed3582b19df3e16cd2bf989f259f7b82121913d6b7210.js"></script> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/knowledge/questions-5f7c86b585e58e01f6b6cb825fcb20b7c719be6b7aaa7b9f1f27cc29c5ae68c2.js"></script> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/knowledge/contactform-393ba587d203d199f34f03466f29c99af7d0cc9eb653a05c60d4977502eb9e89.js"></script> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/knowledge/follow_unfollow-0de54e775b4e5390a7dc74bfe49c89805ed38cd21e1907e00ac897803e04e987.js"></script> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/knowledge/decision_trees-ab5fc72b8dc6f02b58a0ab4bd3cd074a7d879215719c6505d1dd45df0bc112e6.js"></script> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/account/15882/main_js_15882-8eae33d1a5b158a8043bd0ed379338f0856e8e3b2401416ac66508bba9533da8.js"></script> <div class="article-modal"> <div class="content"> <div class="sidebar"> <button class="close button">Close <i class="far fa-times"></i></button> <a href="" class="expand button">Expand <i class="fas fa-expand"></i></a> </div> <div class="main-content"> <header> <h2 class="article-name"></h2> </header> <div class="body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/helpjuice-251a8e6285deaaa907a544c1c733033a8b824623c59dadcdb8bc6f725e0bfee9.js"></script><script src="https://static.helpjuice.com/assets/knowledge/glossary-46fe931d51673faa23464c4f518fc7632816d8c5cb231f1a738a566c231cc8c4.js"></script></body> </html>