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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_traces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_traces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Archaeological traces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_traces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legendary_Great_Fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_Great_Fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legendary Great Fires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_Great_Fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranshah_Atash_Behram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranshah_Atash_Behram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Iranshah Atash Behram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranshah_Atash_Behram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atash_Dadgah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atash_Dadgah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Atash Dadgah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atash_Dadgah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atash_Adaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atash_Adaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Atash Adaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atash_Adaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atash_Behram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atash_Behram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Atash Behram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atash_Behram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Physical attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire temple</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="معبد نار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معبد نار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0" title="অগ্নি মন্দিৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অগ্নি মন্দিৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od_m%C9%99b%C9%99di" title="Od məbədi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Od məbədi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="اودار (اتشکده) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اودار (اتشکده)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Храм на огъня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Храм на огъня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_foc" title="Temple de foc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temple de foc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuertempel" title="Feuertempel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feuertempel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_fuego" title="Templo de fuego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo de fuego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajrtemplo" title="Fajrtemplo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fajrtemplo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="آتشکده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتشکده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_du_feu" title="Temple du feu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple du feu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%ED%99%94%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%84" title="배화신전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배화신전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ատրուշան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատրուշան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="आतिश बेहराम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आतिश बेहराम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_api" title="Kuil api – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuil api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_del_Fuoco" title="Tempio del Fuoco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio del Fuoco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A9" title="מקדש אש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדש אש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agirgeh" title="Agirgeh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Agirgeh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B1ztemplom" title="Tűztemplom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tűztemplom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അഗ്നിക്ഷേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗ്നിക്ഷേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="अग्यारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अग्यारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="معبد النار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معبد النار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuurtempel" title="Vuurtempel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vuurtempel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9D%E7%81%AB%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="拝火神殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="拝火神殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Temple de fuòc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temple de fuòc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otashkada" title="Otashkada – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Otashkada" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਆਤਿਸ਼ ਬਹਿਰਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਤਿਸ਼ ਬਹਿਰਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_ognia" title="Świątynia ognia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świątynia ognia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Храм огня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Храм огня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempulli_i_zjarrit" title="Tempulli i zjarrit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tempulli i zjarrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fire temple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%BE_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="باھ مندر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باھ مندر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg/220px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg/330px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg/440px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Atash Behram at the <a href="/wiki/Fire_Temple_of_Yazd" title="Fire Temple of Yazd">Fire Temple of Yazd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fire temple</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آتشکده</span> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">ātashkadeh</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu">અગિયારી</span> <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">agiyārī</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a place of worship for <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Zoroastrian doctrine, <i><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">atar</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">aban</a></i> (fire and water) are agents of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual purity">ritual purity</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Clean, white "ash for the purification ceremonies [is] regarded as the basis of ritual life", which "are essentially the rites proper to the tending of a domestic fire, for the temple [fire] is that of the hearth fire raised to a new solemnity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975455_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975455-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For, one "who sacrifices unto fire with fuel in his hand ..., is given happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 167 fire temples in the world, of which 45 were in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, 105 in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a>, and 17 in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOI_ParsisToCelebrateMilestone_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI_ParsisToCelebrateMilestone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, only nine (one in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a> and eight in India) are the main temples known as <a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Atash Behrams</a>; the remainder are the smaller temples known as agiaries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept">Concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parsi-jashan-ceremony-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Parsi-jashan-ceremony-1.jpg/250px-Parsi-jashan-ceremony-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Parsi-jashan-ceremony-1.jpg/375px-Parsi-jashan-ceremony-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Parsi-jashan-ceremony-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsi</a>-Zoroastrian <i>Jashan</i> ceremony (the blessing of a home).</figcaption></figure> <p>First evident in the <a href="/wiki/9th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="9th century BCE">9th century BCE</a>, the rituals of fire are contemporary with that of Zoroastrianism itself. It appears at approximately the same time as the shrine cult and is roughly contemporaneous with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a> as a divinity. There is no allusion to a temple of fire in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> proper, nor is there any <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> word for one. </p><p>That the rituals of fire was a doctrinal modification and absent from early Zoroastrianism is also evident in the later <i>Atash Nyash</i>. In the oldest passages of that liturgy, it is the hearth fire that speaks to "all those for whom it cooks the evening and morning meal", which Boyce observes is not consistent with sanctified fire. The temple is an even later development: from <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> it is known that in the mid-5th century BCE the Zoroastrians worshipped to the open sky, ascending mounds to light their fires.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> confirms this, noting that in the 6th century, the sanctuary at Zela in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> was an artificial mound, walled in, but open to the sky, although there is no evidence whatsoever that the Zela-sanctuary was Zoroastrian.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the "burning of fire" was a key element in Zoroastrian worship, the burning of "eternal" fire, as well as the presence of "light" in worship, was also a key element in many other religions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PERSIS._Vahbarz_(Oborzos),_governor,_c._mid_3rd_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PERSIS._Vahbarz_%28Oborzos%29%2C_governor%2C_c._mid_3rd_century_BC.jpg/220px-PERSIS._Vahbarz_%28Oborzos%29%2C_governor%2C_c._mid_3rd_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PERSIS._Vahbarz_%28Oborzos%29%2C_governor%2C_c._mid_3rd_century_BC.jpg/330px-PERSIS._Vahbarz_%28Oborzos%29%2C_governor%2C_c._mid_3rd_century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PERSIS._Vahbarz_%28Oborzos%29%2C_governor%2C_c._mid_3rd_century_BC.jpg/440px-PERSIS._Vahbarz_%28Oborzos%29%2C_governor%2C_c._mid_3rd_century_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Wahbarz" title="Wahbarz">Wahbarz</a>, Persian dynast (<i><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">frataraka</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> in the 1st half of 2nd century BC, ruling from possibly <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 205</span> to 164 BC. The reverse shows him praying in front of a fire temple</figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (250 BCE–226 CE), there were two places of worship in Zoroastrianism: one, called <i>bagin</i> or <i>ayazan</i>, was a sanctuary dedicated to a specific divinity; it was constructed in honor of the patron saint (or angel) of an individual or family and included an icon or effigy of the honored. The second, the <i>atroshan</i>, were the "places of burning fire" which became more and more prevalent as the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> movement gained support. Following the rise of the Sassanid dynasty, the shrines to the <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a> continued to exist, but with the statues – by law – either abandoned or replaced by fire altars. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ispahbod_FarXan%27s_coin-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ispahbod_FarXan%27s_coin-3.jpg/220px-Ispahbod_FarXan%27s_coin-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ispahbod_FarXan%27s_coin-3.jpg/330px-Ispahbod_FarXan%27s_coin-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ispahbod_FarXan%27s_coin-3.jpg/440px-Ispahbod_FarXan%27s_coin-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Farrukhan_the_Great" title="Farrukhan the Great">Farrukhan the Great</a> shows praying of fire temple</figcaption></figure> <p>Also, as Schippman observed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975462_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975462-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no evidence even during the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid era</a> (226–650 CE) that the fires were categorized according to their sanctity. "It seems probable that there were virtually only two, namely the <i>Atash-i Vahram</i> [literally: "victorious fire", later misunderstood to be the Fire of Bahram],<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli1993512_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli1993512-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lesser <i>Atash-i Adaran</i>, or 'Fire of Fires', a parish fire, as it were, serving a village or town quarter".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975462_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975462-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently, it was only in the <i>Atash-i Vahram</i> that fire was kept continuously burning, with the <i>Adaran</i> fires being annually relit. While the fires themselves had special names, the structures did not, and it has been suggested that "the prosaic nature of the middle Persian names (<i>kadag</i>, <i>man</i>, and <i>xanag</i> are all words for an ordinary house) perhaps reflect a desire on the part of those who fostered the temple-cult ... to keep it as close as possible in character to the age-old cult of the hearth-fire, and to discourage elaboration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Q%C4%81disiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qādisiyyah">Battle of al-Qādisiyyah</a> (636 CE) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nihaw%C4%81nd" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nihawānd">Battle of Nihavānd</a> (642 CE) were instrumental to the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and state-sponsored Zoroastrianism; destruction or conversion (mosques) of some fire temples in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> followed. The faith was practiced largely by the aristocracy but large numbers of fire temples did not exist. Some fire temples continued with their original purpose although many Zoroastrians fled. Legend says that some took fire with them and it most probably served as a reminder of their faith in an increasingly persecuted community since fire originating from a temple was not a tenet of the religious practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_traces">Archaeological traces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeological traces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinastia_tang,_shanxi,_straniero_dal_volto_velato,_600-750_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/250px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/375px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/500px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>An 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese clay figurine</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> man (an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian person</a>) wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, possibly a camel rider or even a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> priest engaging in a ritual at a fire temple, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Oriental_Art_(Turin)" title="Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)">Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest remains of what has been identified as a fire temple are those on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hamun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Hamun">Lake Hamun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a>. Only traces of the foundation and ground-plan survive and have been tentatively dated to the 3rd or 4th century BCE. The temple was rebuilt during the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian era</a> (250 BCE-226 CE), and enlarged during <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> times (226–650 CE). </p><p>The characteristic feature of the Sassanid fire temple was its domed sanctuary where the fire-altar stood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879–10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879–10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sanctuary always had a square ground plan with a pillar in each corner that then supported the dome (the <i>gombad</i>). Archaeological remains and literary evidence from <i>Zend</i> commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> suggest that the sanctuary was surrounded by a passageway on all four sides. "On a number of sites the <i>gombad</i>, made usually of rubble masonry with courses of stone, is all that survives, and so such ruins are popularly called in Fars <i>čahār-tāq</i> or 'four arches'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce198710_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce198710-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruins of temples of the Sassanid era have been found in various parts of the former empire, mostly in the southwest (<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>), but the biggest are those of Adur Gushnasp in Media Minor (see also <a href="#Legendary_Great_Fires">The Great Fires</a>, below). Many more ruins are popularly identified as the remains of Zoroastrian fire temples even when their purpose is of evidently secular nature, or are the remains of a temple of the shrine cults, or as is the case of a fort-like fire temple and monastery at <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Surkhany</a>, Azerbaijan, that unambiguously belongs to another religion. The remains of a fire-altar, most likely constructed during the proselytizing campaign of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> (<i>r.</i> 438–457) against the Christian <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, have been found directly beneath the main altar of the <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin Cathedral</a>, the Mother See of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_Great_Fires">Legendary Great Fires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legendary Great Fires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from relatively minor fire temples, three were said to derive directly from <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, thus making them the most important in Zoroastrian tradition. These were the "Great Fires" or "Royal Fires" of <a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a>. The legends of the Great Fires are probably of antiquity (see also <i>Denkard</i> citation, below), for by the 3rd century CE, miracles were said to happen at the sites, and the fires were popularly associated with other legends such as those of the folktale heroes <a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustam">Rustam</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">encyclopaedic</a> collection of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was finished in the 11th or 12th century CE, states that the Great Fires had existed since creation and had been brought forth on the back of the ox <i>Srishok</i> to propagate the faith, dispel doubt, and protect all humankind. Other texts observe that the Great Fires were also vehicles of propaganda and symbols of imperial sovereignty. </p><p>The priests of these respective "Royal Fires" are said to have competed with each other to draw pilgrims by promoting the legends and miracles that were purported to have occurred at their respective sites. Each of the three is also said to have mirrored social and feudal divisions: "The fire which is Farnbag has made its place among the priests; ... the fire which is Gūshnasp has made its place among the warriors; ... the fire which is Būrzīn-Mitrō has made its place among agriculturists" (<i>Denkard</i>, 6.293). These divisions are archaeologically and sociologically revealing, because they make clear that, since from at least the 1st century BCE onwards, society was divided into four, not three, feudal estates. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_fuego,_Baku,_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n,_2016-09-27,_DD_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg/220px-Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg/330px-Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg/440px-Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8383" data-file-height="4861" /></a><figcaption>Eternal flame at <a href="/wiki/Fire_Temple_of_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Temple of Baku">Fire Temple of Baku</a> also known as Ateshgah of Baku.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Farnbag fire (translated as 'the fire Glory-Given' by <a href="/wiki/James_Darmesteter" title="James Darmesteter">Darmesteter</a>) was considered the most venerated of the three because it was seen as the earthly representative of the <i><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a> Spenishta</i>, 'Holiest Fire' of <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a> 17.11, and it is described in a <i><a href="/wiki/Zend" title="Zend">Zend</a></i> commentary on that verse as "the one burning in Paradise in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ohrmazd</a>." </p><p>Although "in the eyes of [contemporary] Iranian Zoroastrian priests, the three fires were not 'really existing' temple fires and rather belonged to the mythological realm",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004134_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004134-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several attempts have been made to identify the locations of the Great Fires. In the early 20th century, A. V. Jackson identified the remains at <a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-i-Suleiman</a>, midway between <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urumieh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, as the temple of Adur Gushnasp. The location of the Mithra fire, i.e. that of Burzen-Mihr, Jackson "identified with reasonable certainty" as being near the village of <a href="/wiki/Mehr,_Razavi_Khorasan" title="Mehr, Razavi Khorasan">Mihr</a> half-way between <a href="/wiki/Robat-e_Mian_Dasht" title="Robat-e Mian Dasht">Miandasht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabzevar" title="Sabzevar">Sabzevar</a> on the Khorasan road to <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson192182_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson192182-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian (lesser) <i>Bundahishn</i> records the Farnbag fire having been "on the glory-having mountain which is in <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>" but later moved "upon the shining mountain in the district of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kavul</a> just as it there even now remains" (<i>IBd</i> 17.6). That the temple once stood in Khwarezm is also supported by the Greater (Iranian) <i>Bundahishn</i> and by the texts of <i>Zadsparam</i> (11.9). However, according to the Greater <i>Bundahishn</i>, it was moved "upon the shining mountain of Kavarvand in the Kar district" (the rest of the passage is identical to the Indian edition). Darmesteter identified this "celebrated for its sacred fire which has been transported there from Khvarazm as reported by <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Masudi</a>" .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson192182_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson192182-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this identification is correct, the temple of the Farnbag fire then lay 10 miles southwest of Juwun, midway between <a href="/wiki/Jahrom" title="Jahrom">Jahrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lar,_Iran" title="Lar, Iran">Lar</a>. (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fire_temple&params=28_1_N_53_1_E_type:landmark&title=Darmesteter%27s+projection+of+the+location+of+the+Temple+of+the+Farnbag+fire"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°1′N</span> <span class="longitude">53°1′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.017°N 53.017°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.017; 53.017</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Darmesteter's projection of the location of the Temple of the Farnbag fire</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranshah_Atash_Behram">Iranshah Atash Behram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iranshah Atash Behram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranshah_Atash_Behram" title="Iranshah Atash Behram">Iranshah Atash Behram</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udwada_atash_behram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Udwada_atash_behram.jpg/220px-Udwada_atash_behram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Udwada_atash_behram.jpg/330px-Udwada_atash_behram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Udwada_atash_behram.jpg/440px-Udwada_atash_behram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Udvada_Atash_Behram" class="mw-redirect" title="Udvada Atash Behram">Udvada Atash Behram</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat, India">Gujarat, India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> legend, when (over a thousand years ago) one group of refugees from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">(greater) Khorasan</a> landed in Western <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, they had the ash of such a fire with them. This ash, it is said, served as the bed for the fire today at <a href="/wiki/Udvada" title="Udvada">Udvada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This fire temple was not always at Udvada. According to the <a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Qissa-i Sanjan</a>, 'Story of Sanjan', the only existing account of the early years of Zoroastrian refugees in India and composed at least six centuries after their arrival, the immigrants established a <i>Atash-Warharan</i>, 'victorious fire' (see <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Warharan</a> for etymology) at <a href="/wiki/Sanjan_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjan (Gujarat)">Sanjan</a>. Under threat of war (probably in 1465), the fire was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Bahrot_Caves" title="Bahrot Caves">Bahrot Caves</a> 20 km south of Sanjan, where it stayed for 12 years. From there, it was moved to Bansdah, where it stayed for another 14 years before being moved yet again to <a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a>, where it would remain until the 18th century. It was then moved to Udvada where it burns today. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YazdII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/YazdII.jpg/300px-YazdII.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/YazdII.jpg/450px-YazdII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/YazdII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> with a fire altar and two attendants.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there are numerous eternally burning Zoroastrian fires today, with the exception of the 'Fire of Warharan', none of them are more than 250 years old. The legend that the Indian Zoroastrians invented the <i>afrinagan</i> (the metal urn in which a sacred fire today resides) when they moved the fire from Sanjan to the Bahrot Caves is unsustainable. Greek historians of the Parthian period reported the use of a metal vase-like urn to transport fire. Sassanid coins of the 3rd-4th century CE likewise reveal a fire in a vase-like container identical in design to the present-day <i>afrinagan</i>s. The Indian Zoroastrians do however export these and other utensils to their co-religionists the world over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the more common technical terms – in use – for a Zoroastrian fire temple is <i>dar be-mehr</i>, romanized as <i>darb-e mehr</i> or dialectally slurred as <i>dar-e mehr</i>. The etymology of this term, meaning 'Mithra's Gate' or 'Mithra's Court' is problematic. It has been proposed that the term is a throwback to the age of the shrine cults, the name being retained because all major Zoroastrian rituals were solemnized between sunrise and noon, the time of day especially under Mithra's protection. Etymological theories see a derivation from <i>mithryana</i> (so Meillet) or <i>*mithradana</i> (Gershevitch) or <i>mithraion</i> (Wilcken). It is moreover not clear whether the term referred to a consecrated inner sanctum or to the ritual precinct.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among present-day Iranian Zoroastrians, the term <i>darb-e mehr</i> includes the entire ritual precinct. It is significantly more common than the older <i>atashkada</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Classical Persian</a> language term that together with its <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">middle Persian</a> predecessors (𐭪𐭲𐭪 𐭠𐭲𐭧𐭱 <i>ātaxš-kadag</i>, <i>-man</i> and <i>-xanag</i>) literally means 'house of fire'. The older terms have the advantage that they are readily understood even by non-Zoroastrian Iranians. In the early 20th century, the Bombay <i>Fasilis</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a>) revived the term as the name of their first fire temple, and later in that century the Zoroastrians of Tehran revived it for the name of their principal fire temple. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg/200px-Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg/300px-Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg/400px-Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>A modern Agiary in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>darb-e mehr</i> is also common in India, albeit with a slightly different meaning. Until the 17th century the fire (now) at Udvada was the only continuously burning one on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Each of the other settlements had a small building in which rituals were performed, and the fire of which the priests would relight whenever necessary from the embers carried from their own hearth fires.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parsis called such an unconsecrated building either <i>dar-be mehr</i> or <i>agiary</i>. The latter is the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati language</a> word for 'house of fire'<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus a literal translation of <i>atashkada</i>. In recent years, the term <i>dar-be mehr</i> has come to refer to a secondary sacred fire (the <i>dadgah</i>) for daily ritual use that is present at the more prestigious fire temples. Overseas, in particular in North America, Zoroastrians use the term <i>dar-be mehr</i> for both temples that have an eternally burning fire as well as for sites where the fire is only kindled occasionally. This is largely due to the financial support of such places by one Arbab Rustam Guiv, who preferred the dialectal Iranian form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Functionally, the fire temples are built to serve the fire within them, and the fire temples are classified (and named) according to the grade of fire housed within them. There are three grades of fires, the Atash Dadgah, Atash Adaran, and Atash Behram. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atash_Dadgah">Atash Dadgah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atash Dadgah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Atash Dadgah</i> is the lowest grade of sacred fire, and can be consecrated within the course of a few hours by two priests, who alternatingly recite the 72 verses of the <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a> liturgy. Consecration may occasionally include the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a>, but this is optional. A lay person may tend the fire when no services are in progress. The term is not necessarily a consecrated fire, and the term is also applied to the hearth fire, or to the oil lamp found in many Zoroastrian homes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atash_Adaran">Atash Adaran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Atash Adaran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next highest grade of fire is the <i>Atash Adaran</i>, the "Fire of fires". It requires a gathering of hearth fire from representatives of the four professional groups (that reflect feudal estates): from a hearth fire of the <i>asronih</i> (the priesthood), the <i>(r)atheshtarih</i> (soldiers and civil servants), the <i>vastaryoshih</i> (farmers and herdsmen) and the <i>hutokshih</i> (artisans and laborers). Eight priests are required to consecrate an <i>Adaran</i> fire and the procedure takes between two and three weeks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atash_Behram">Atash Behram</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Atash Behram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Atash Behram</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple_in_Yazd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple_in_Yazd.JPG/300px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple_in_Yazd.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple_in_Yazd.JPG/450px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple_in_Yazd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple_in_Yazd.JPG/600px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple_in_Yazd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fire_Temple_of_Yazd" title="Fire Temple of Yazd">Fire Temple of Yazd</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest grade of fire is the <i>Atash Behram</i> "Fire of victory", and its establishment and consecration is the most elaborate of the three. It involves the gathering of sixteen different "kinds of fire", that is, fires gathered from 16 different sources, including <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, fire from a <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a>, fire from trades where a furnace is operated, and fires from the hearths as is also the case for the <i>Atash Adaran</i>. Each of the fires is then subject to a purification ritual before it joins the others. Thirty-two priests are required for the consecration ceremony, which can take up to a year to complete. </p><p>A temple that maintains an Adaran or Behram fire also maintains at least one Dadgah fire. In contrast to the Adaran and Behram fires, the Dadgah fire is the one at which priests then celebrate the rituals of the faith, and which the public addresses to invoke blessings for a specific individual, a family or an event. Veneration of the greater fires is addressed only to the fire itself – that is, following the consecration of such a fire, only the <i>Atash Nyash</i>es, the litany to the fire in <a href="/wiki/Younger_Avestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Younger Avestan">Younger Avestan</a>, is ever recited before it. </p><p>A list of the nine Atash Behrams: </p> <ul><li>Iranshah Atash Behram in <a href="/wiki/Udvada" title="Udvada">Udvada</a>, India. Established 1742.</li> <li>Desai Atash Behram in <a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a>, India. Established 1765.</li> <li>Dadiseth Atash Behram in Mumbai, India. Established 1783.</li> <li>Vakil Atash Behram in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, India. Established 1823.</li> <li>Modi Atash Behram in Surat, India. Established 1823.</li> <li>Wadia Atash Behram in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India. Established 1830.</li> <li>Banaji Atash Behram in Mumbai, India. Established 1845.</li> <li>Anjuman Atash Behram in Mumbai, India. Established 1897.</li> <li>Yezd Atash Behram in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, Iran. Established 1934.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_attributes">Physical attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Physical attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parsi_Fire_Temple_Entrance_FORT_MUMBAI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parsi_Fire_Temple_Entrance_FORT_MUMBAI.jpg/220px-Parsi_Fire_Temple_Entrance_FORT_MUMBAI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parsi_Fire_Temple_Entrance_FORT_MUMBAI.jpg/330px-Parsi_Fire_Temple_Entrance_FORT_MUMBAI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parsi_Fire_Temple_Entrance_FORT_MUMBAI.jpg/440px-Parsi_Fire_Temple_Entrance_FORT_MUMBAI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The entrance of an agyari in Fort, Mumbai, displaying a <a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PARSI_TEMPLE_@_FIRE_TEMPLE,_Dar-e-Meher_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PARSI_TEMPLE_%40_FIRE_TEMPLE%2C_Dar-e-Meher_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-PARSI_TEMPLE_%40_FIRE_TEMPLE%2C_Dar-e-Meher_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PARSI_TEMPLE_%40_FIRE_TEMPLE%2C_Dar-e-Meher_-_panoramio.jpg/375px-PARSI_TEMPLE_%40_FIRE_TEMPLE%2C_Dar-e-Meher_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PARSI_TEMPLE_%40_FIRE_TEMPLE%2C_Dar-e-Meher_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-PARSI_TEMPLE_%40_FIRE_TEMPLE%2C_Dar-e-Meher_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royapuram_fire_temple,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Royapuram fire temple, Chennai">Jal Phiroj Clubwala Dar E Meher</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outer façade of a Zoroastrian fire temple is almost always intentionally nondescript and free of embellishment. This may reflect ancient tradition (supported by the prosaic nature of the technical terms for a fire temple) that the principal purpose of a fire temple is to house a sacred fire, and not to glorify what is otherwise simply a building. </p><p>The basic structure of present-day fire temples is always the same. There are no indigenous sources older than the 19th century that describe an Iranian fire temple (the 9th century theologian Manushchir observed that they had a standard floor plan, but what this might have been is unknown), and it is possible that the temples there today have features that are originally of Indian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004175,_405_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004175,_405-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On entry one comes into a large space or hall where congregation (also non-religious) or special ceremonies may take place. Off to the side of this (or sometimes a floor level up or down) the devotee enters an anteroom smaller than the hall he/she has just passed through. Connected to this anteroom, or enclosed within it, but not visible from the hall, is the innermost sanctum (in Zoroastrian terminology, the <i>atashgah</i>, literally 'place of the fire'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the actual fire-altar stands). </p><p>A temple at which a <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a> service (the principal Zoroastrian act of worship that accompanies the recitation of the Yasna liturgy) may be celebrated will always have, attached to it or on the grounds, at least a well or a stream or other source of 'natural' water. This is a critical requirement for the <a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a>, the culminating rite of the Yasna service. </p><p>Only priests attached to a fire temple may enter the innermost sanctum itself, which is closed on at least one side and has a double domed roof. The double dome has vents to allow the smoke to escape, but the vents of the outer dome are offset from those of the inner, so preventing debris or rain from entering the inner sanctum. The sanctum is separated from the anteroom by dividers (or walls with very large openings) and is slightly raised with respect to the space around it. The wall(s) of the inner sanctum are almost always tiled or of marble, but are otherwise undecorated. There are no lights – other than that of the fire itself – in the inner sanctum. In Indian-Zoroastrian (not evident in the modern buildings in Iran) tradition the temples are often designed such that direct sunlight does not enter the sanctuary. </p><p>In one corner hangs a bell, which is rung five times a day at the <i>boi</i> – literally, '[good] scent'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004115_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – ceremony, which marks the beginning of each <i>gah</i>, or 'watch'. Tools for maintaining the fire – which is always fed by wood – are simply hung on the wall, or as is sometimes the case, stored in a small room (or rooms) often reachable only through the sanctum. </p><p>In India and in Indian-Zoroastrian communities overseas, non-Zoroastrians are strictly prohibited from entering any space from which one could see the fire(s). While this is not a doctrinal requirement (that is, it is not an injunction specified in the Avesta or in the so-called Pahlavi texts), it has nonetheless developed as a tradition. It is, however, mentioned in a 16th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Revayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Revayats">Rivayat</a></i> epistle (<i>R.</i> 65). In addition, entry into <i>any</i> part of the facility is sometimes reserved for Zoroastrians only. This then precludes the use of temple hall for public (also secular) functions. Zoroastrians insist, though, that these restrictions are not meant to offend non-Zoroastrians, and point to similar practices in other religions. There was a custom in India that Zoroastrian women were not allowed to enter the Fire Temple and the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Tower of Silence</a> if they married a non-Zoroastrian person. This custom has been challenged before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship">Worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg/260px-Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg/390px-Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg/520px-Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5328" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption>Adorian (Adrian) Fire Temple in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the adherent enters the sanctum he or she will offer <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood#Zoroastrianism" title="Sandalwood">bone-dry sandalwood</a> (or other sweet-smelling wood) to the fire. This is in accordance with doctrinal statutes expressed in <i><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></i> 18.26-27, which in addition to enumerating which fuels are appropriate, also reiterates the injunctions of <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 3.1 and <i>Yashts</i> 14.55 that describe which fuels are not (in particular, any not of wood). </p><p>In present-day Zoroastrian tradition, the offering is never made directly, but placed in the care of the celebrant priest who, wearing a cloth mask over the nostrils and mouth to prevent pollution from the breath, will then – using a pair of silver tongs – place the offering in the fire. The priest will use a special ladle to proffer the holy ash to the layperson, who in turn daubs it on his or her forehead and eyelids, and may take some home for use after a <a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a> ceremony. </p><p>A Zoroastrian priest does not preach or hold sermons, but rather just tends to the <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">fire</a>. Fire Temple attendance is particularly high during seasonal celebrations (<i>Gahambar</i>s), and especially for the New Year (<a href="/wiki/Noruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Noruz">Noruz</a>). </p><p>The priesthood is trigradal. The chief priest of each temple has the title of <a href="/wiki/Dastur" title="Dastur">dastur</a>. Consecration to this rank relieves him of the necessity of purification after the various incidents of life that a lesser priest must expiate. Ordinary priests have the title of <a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">mobad</a>, and are able to conduct the congregational worship and such occasional functions as marriages. A mobad must be the son, grandson, or great-grandson of a mobad. The lowest rank is that of <a href="/wiki/Herbad" title="Herbad">herbad</a>, or ervad; these assist at the principal ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moneda_sapor_II_reverso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shapur II"><img alt="Shapur II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moneda_sapor_II_reverso.jpg/120px-Moneda_sapor_II_reverso.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moneda_sapor_II_reverso.jpg/180px-Moneda_sapor_II_reverso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Moneda_sapor_II_reverso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hormizdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hormizd I"><img alt="Hormizd I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hormizdi.jpg/120px-Hormizdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hormizdi.jpg/180px-Hormizdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hormizdi.jpg/240px-Hormizdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_I,_struck_at_the_Ctesiphon_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ardashir I"><img alt="Ardashir I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_struck_at_the_Ctesiphon_mint.jpg/120px-Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_struck_at_the_Ctesiphon_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_struck_at_the_Ctesiphon_mint.jpg/180px-Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_struck_at_the_Ctesiphon_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_struck_at_the_Ctesiphon_mint.jpg/240px-Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_struck_at_the_Ctesiphon_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Picture of the Bahram fire temple."><img alt="Picture of the Bahram fire temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg/120px-Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg/180px-Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg/240px-Bahramfiretempleyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Picture of the <a href="/wiki/Bahram_fire_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram fire temple">Bahram fire temple</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoroastrian_fire_temple_of_Isfahan_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Fire temple of Isfahan."><img alt="The Great Fire temple of Isfahan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Zoroastrian_fire_temple_of_Isfahan_01.jpg/120px-Zoroastrian_fire_temple_of_Isfahan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Zoroastrian_fire_temple_of_Isfahan_01.jpg/180px-Zoroastrian_fire_temple_of_Isfahan_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Zoroastrian_fire_temple_of_Isfahan_01.jpg/240px-Zoroastrian_fire_temple_of_Isfahan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple_of_Isfahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire temple of Isfahan">Great Fire temple of Isfahan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iranian Zoroastrians pray at Fire Temple of Baku."><img alt="Iranian Zoroastrians pray at Fire Temple of Baku." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/120px-%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/180px-%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/240px-%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iranian Zoroastrians pray at <a href="/wiki/Fire_Temple_of_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Temple of Baku">Fire Temple of Baku</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoroastrian_temple_in_Mazra_Kalantar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fire temple of Mazraeh-ye Kalantar."><img alt="Fire temple of Mazraeh-ye Kalantar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zoroastrian_temple_in_Mazra_Kalantar.JPG/120px-Zoroastrian_temple_in_Mazra_Kalantar.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zoroastrian_temple_in_Mazra_Kalantar.JPG/180px-Zoroastrian_temple_in_Mazra_Kalantar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zoroastrian_temple_in_Mazra_Kalantar.JPG/240px-Zoroastrian_temple_in_Mazra_Kalantar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fire temple of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazraeh-ye_Kalantar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazraeh-ye Kalantar (page does not exist)">Mazraeh-ye Kalantar</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Zoroastrian priest reads from a book while performing a sacrifice, Bernard Picart (1673–1733)."><img alt="A Zoroastrian priest reads from a book while performing a sacrifice, Bernard Picart (1673–1733)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741a.png/120px-ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741a.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741a.png/180px-ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741a.png/240px-ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741a.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Zoroastrian priest reads from a book while performing a sacrifice, Bernard Picart (1673–1733).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741b.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Three styles of a priest's hat with the mouth covered. Bernard Picart (1673–1733)."><img alt="Three styles of a priest's hat with the mouth covered. Bernard Picart (1673–1733)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741b.png/120px-ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741b.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741b.png/180px-ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741b.png/240px-ZoroastrianPriest_Banier1741b.png 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="793" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three styles of a priest's hat with the mouth covered. Bernard Picart (1673–1733).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azargoshnasp_fire_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Azargoshnasp fire temple">Azargoshnasp fire temple</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternatively <b>ātashgāh</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آتشگاه</span></span>). Other names include <b>Darb-e Mehr</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">درب مهر</span>) or <b>Dar-e Mehr</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">در مهر</span></span>), meaning Door/Gate of Light/Kindness.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1993" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dar-e-mehr-a-zoroastrian-term-first-recorded-in-the-persian-rivayats-and-parsi-gujarati-writings">"Dar-e Mehr"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 6, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub, pp. 669–670</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dar-e+Mehr&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pages=669-670&rft.pub=Mazda+Pub&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdar-e-mehr-a-zoroastrian-term-first-recorded-in-the-persian-rivayats-and-parsi-gujarati-writings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotwal1974" class="citation cs2">Kotwal, Firoz M. (1974), "Some Observations on the History of the Parsi Dar-i Mihrs", <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, <b>37</b> (3): 665, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00127557">10.1017/S0041977X00127557</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162207182">162207182</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+History+of+the+Parsi+Dar-i+Mihrs&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=665&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00127557&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162207182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kotwal&rft.aufirst=Firoz+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975455-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975455_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 62.1; <i>Nyashes</i> 5.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theparsidirectory.com/download/list_fire_temples.xls">"List of Fire Temples"</a>. <i>The Parsi Directory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Parsi+Directory&rft.atitle=List+of+Fire+Temples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheparsidirectory.com%2Fdownload%2Flist_fire_temples.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOI_ParsisToCelebrateMilestone-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOI_ParsisToCelebrateMilestone_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathai2010" class="citation news cs1">Mathai, Kamini (12 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Parsis-go-all-out-to-celebrate-milestone-in-Chennai/articleshow/6156672.cms">"Parsis go all out to celebrate milestone in Chennai"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. Chennai: The Times Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 Apr</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Parsis+go+all+out+to+celebrate+milestone+in+Chennai&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.aulast=Mathai&rft.aufirst=Kamini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2FParsis-go-all-out-to-celebrate-milestone-in-Chennai%2Farticleshow%2F6156672.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D131">"131"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories (Herodotus)</a>, Vol. I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=131&rft.btitle=Histories+%28Herodotus%29%2C+Vol.+I&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126%253Abook%253D1%253Achapter%253D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabos" class="citation book cs1">Strabos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/11H*.html#8.4">"8: East of the Caspian Sea: the Sacae and the Massagetae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a>, Vol. XI</i>. Section 4, page 512.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+East+of+the+Caspian+Sea%3A+the+Sacae+and+the+Massagetae&rft.btitle=Geographica%2C+Vol.+XI&rft.pages=Section+4%2C+page+512&rft.au=Strabos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F11H%2A.html%238.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975462-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975462_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975462_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli1993512-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli1993512_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGnoli1993">Gnoli 1993</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyce 1966, p.63<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1987">Boyce 1987</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2011" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence, Lee (3 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904332804576540533071105892">"A Mysterious Stranger in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Mysterious+Stranger+in+China&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424053111904332804576540533071105892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879–10-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce19879–10_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1987">Boyce 1987</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce198710-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce198710_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1987">Boyce 1987</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Russell" title="James R. Russell">Russell, James R.</a> (1989), "Atrušan", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 3, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atru%C5%A1an&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda+Pub&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hale, <i>Pahlavi</i>, in "The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas", published by Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-68494-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-68494-3">0-521-68494-3</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004134-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004134_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStausberg2004">Stausberg 2004</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson192182-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson192182_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson192182_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1921">Jackson 1921</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceKotwal2006" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary; Kotwal, Firoze (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208132138/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/supp4/Iranshah.html">"Irānshāh"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 13, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/supp4/Iranshah.html">the original</a> on 2008-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ir%C4%81nsh%C4%81h&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda+Pub&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Kotwal%2C+Firoze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticles%2Fsupp4%2FIranshah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1996" class="citation journal cs1">Boyce, Mary (1996). "On the Orthodoxy of Sasanian Zoroastrianism". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 21–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00028536">10.1017/s0041977x00028536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/619388">619388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162913368">162913368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Orthodoxy+of+Sasanian+Zoroastrianism&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162913368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F619388%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00028536&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004175,_405-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004175,_405_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStausberg2004">Stausberg 2004</a>, pp. 175, 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004115-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStausberg2004115_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStausberg2004">Stausberg 2004</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063535/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/parsi-woman-excommunication-case/">"Parsi Woman Excommunication Case"</a>. <i>Supreme Court Observer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/parsi-woman-excommunication-case/">the original</a> on 2018-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Observer&rft.atitle=Parsi+Woman+Excommunication+Case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscobserver.clpr.org.in%2Fcases%2Fparsi-woman-excommunication-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings" class="citation cs2">Hastings, James, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics">Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics</a></i>, vol. 10, New York, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 322]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1975), "On the Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <b>95</b> (3), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 95, No. 3: 454–465, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599356">10.2307/599356</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599356">599356</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Zoroastrian+Temple+Cult+of+Fire&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=454-465&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1987" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1987), "Ātaškada", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>, vol. 2, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub, pp. 9–10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80ta%C5%A1kada&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Mazda+Pub&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1944" class="citation cs2">Drower, Elizabeth Stephens (1944), "The Role of Fire in Parsi Ritual", <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>, <b>74</b> (1/2), Royal Anthropological Institute: 75–89, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2844296">10.2307/2844296</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844296">2844296</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Fire+in+Parsi+Ritual&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=75-89&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2844296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2844296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Stephens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli1993" class="citation cs2">Gnoli, Gherardo (1993), "Bahram in old and middle Iranian texts", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 3, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub, pp. 510–513</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bahram+in+old+and+middle+Iranian+texts&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pages=510-513&rft.pub=Mazda+Pub&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Gherardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1921" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, A. V. Williams (1921). "The Location of the Farnbāg Fire, the Most Ancient of the Zoroastrian Fires". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>41</b>: 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F593711">10.2307/593711</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/593711">593711</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Location+of+the+Farnb%C4%81g+Fire%2C+the+Most+Ancient+of+the+Zoroastrian+Fires&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=81-106&rft.date=1921&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F593711%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F593711&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=A.+V.+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schippmann, Klaus (1971). <i>Die Iranischen Feuerheiligtümer</i>. Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten (in German). Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-001879-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-001879-0"><bdi>978-3-11-001879-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/833142282">833142282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Iranischen+Feuerheiligt%C3%BCmer&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Religionsgeschichtliche+Versuche+und+Vorarbeiten&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833142282&rft.isbn=978-3-11-001879-0&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenkar2007" class="citation cs2">Shenkar, Michael (2007), "Temple Architecture in the Iranian World before the Macedonian Conquest", <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>, <b>11</b> (2): 169–194, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338407X265423">10.1163/157338407X265423</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Temple+Architecture+in+the+Iranian+World+before+the+Macedonian+Conquest&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-194&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338407X265423&rft.aulast=Shenkar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenkar2011" class="citation cs2">Shenkar, Michael (2011), "Temple Architecture in the Iranian World in the Hellenistic Period", <i>In Kouremenos, A., Rossi, R., Chandrasekaran, S. (Eds.), from Pella to Gandhara: Hybridisation and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East</i>: 117–140</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Kouremenos%2C+A.%2C+Rossi%2C+R.%2C+Chandrasekaran%2C+S.+%28Eds.%29%2C+from+Pella+to+Gandhara%3A+Hybridisation+and+Identity+in+the+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Hellenistic+East&rft.atitle=Temple+Architecture+in+the+Iranian+World+in+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.pages=117-140&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Shenkar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStausberg2004" class="citation cs2">Stausberg, Michael (2004), <i>Die Religion Zarathushtras, vol. III</i>, Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-017120-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-017120-8"><bdi>3-17-017120-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Religion+Zarathushtras%2C+vol.+III&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-17-017120-8&rft.aulast=Stausberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+temple" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_temple&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire_temples" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire temples">Fire temples</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/temples/agiary.htm">Zoroastrian Places of Worship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualani.org/firetemple/index.htm">Photos of the remains of a fire temple</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_of_worship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Place_of_worship" title="Template:Place of worship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Place_of_worship" title="Template talk:Place of worship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Place_of_worship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Place of worship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_of_worship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Places of worship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahai_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/15px-Bahai_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/23px-Bahai_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/30px-Bahai_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí House of Worship</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist Monastery or Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/12px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/18px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/24px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/15px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/23px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/30px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple or Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese temple or Pura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jainism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/12px-Jainism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/18px-Jainism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/24px-Jainism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1559" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temple or Derasar or Basadi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/15px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/23px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/30px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue"> Synagogue or Shul</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_of_Islam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/15px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/23px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/30px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/15px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/23px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/30px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Mandi or Mashkhanna or Beth Manda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> & <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/20px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/30px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/40px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/15px-Torii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/23px-Torii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/30px-Torii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto Shrine or Jinja</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/15px-Pakua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/23px-Pakua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/30px-Pakua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple or Dàoguàn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/25px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/38px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/50px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Fire temple or Agiary or Atashkadeh or Atashgah or Dar-e Mehr</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varying religions and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_architecture" title="Sacral architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_(antiquity)" title="Asylum (antiquity)">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Cult image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_temple" title="Sun temple">Sun temple</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Sorted alphabetically except the last one</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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