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href="#Committees_established_by_the_Long_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Committees established by the Long Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees_established_by_the_Long_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Grand_Remonstrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Grand_Remonstrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Grand Remonstrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Grand_Remonstrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_English_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_English_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First English Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_English_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_English_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_English_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second English Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_English_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rump_Parliament_(6_December_1648_–_20_April_1653)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rump_Parliament_(6_December_1648_–_20_April_1653)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rump Parliament (6 December 1648 – 20 April 1653)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rump_Parliament_(6_December_1648_–_20_April_1653)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recall_of_the_Rump_(7_May_1659_–_20_February_1660)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recall_of_the_Rump_(7_May_1659_–_20_February_1660)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recall of the Rump (7 May 1659 – 20 February 1660)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recall_of_the_Rump_(7_May_1659_–_20_February_1660)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_and_dissolution_of_the_Long_Parliament_(21_February_–_16_March_1660)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_and_dissolution_of_the_Long_Parliament_(21_February_–_16_March_1660)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Restoration and dissolution of the Long Parliament (21 February – 16 March 1660)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_and_dissolution_of_the_Long_Parliament_(21_February_–_16_March_1660)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftereffects:_royalist_and_republican_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftereffects:_royalist_and_republican_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aftereffects: royalist and republican theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftereffects:_royalist_and_republican_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members_of_the_Long_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members_of_the_Long_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable members of the Long Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members_of_the_Long_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="البرلمان الطويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البرلمان الطويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langes_Parlament_(England)" title="Langes Parlament (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Langes Parlament (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_largo" title="Parlamento largo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parlamento largo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Parlement" title="Long Parlement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Long Parlement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EA%B8%B0%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="장기의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장기의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%87_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Երկարատև պառլամենտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկարատև պառլամենտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langa_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Langa þingið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Langa þingið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ხანგრძლივი პარლამენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხანგრძლივი პარლამენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossz%C3%BA_parlament" title="Hosszú parlament – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hosszú parlament" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Long Parliament" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="長期議会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長期議会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_lange_parlamentet" title="Det lange parlamentet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det lange parlamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوږد پارلمان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوږد پارلمان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82ugi_Parlament" title="Długi Parlament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Długi Parlament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_Longo" title="Parlamento Longo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parlamento Longo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentul_cel_Lung" title="Parlamentul cel Lung – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parlamentul cel Lung" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Долгий парламент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Долгий парламент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дуги парламент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дуги парламент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nga_parlamentet" title="Långa parlamentet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Långa parlamentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="รัฐสภายาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐสภายาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Parlamento" title="Uzun Parlamento – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzun Parlamento" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Довгий парламент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довгий парламент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="長期議會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="長期議會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:110%; background:lavender"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliaments of England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(-1340).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Predecessors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Witenagemot" class="mw-redirect" title="Witenagemot">Witenagemot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 7th – 11th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1066 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_III" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry III</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1237</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1244</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1246</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1247</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1248</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unnumbered_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unnumbered Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">Unnumbered</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1251</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1252</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">6th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">7th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1254</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">8th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1255</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">9th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1258)" title="Oxford Parliament (1258)">10th "Oxford/Mad"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">11th "Simon de Montfort"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1265</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">"Model"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1295</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_1327" title="Parliament of 1327">"Westminster"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1327</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward III</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Good_Parliament" title="Good Parliament">"Good"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Bad_Parliament" title="Bad Parliament">"Bad"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1377</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Richard II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Parliament" title="Wonderful Parliament">"Wonderful"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1386</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Merciless_Parliament" title="Merciless Parliament">"Merciless"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1388</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry IV</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(England)#Convention_Parliament_of_1399" title="Convention Parliament (England)">"Convention"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1399</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Unlearned_Parliament" title="Unlearned Parliament">"Unlearned"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1404</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_V" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry V</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Faggot_Parliament" title="Fire and Faggot Parliament">"Fire and Faggot"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1414</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry VI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bats" title="Parliament of Bats">"Bats"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1426</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Devils" title="Parliament of Devils">"Devils"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1459</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward IV</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Richard III</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry VII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry VIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">"Reformation"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1529–1536</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward VI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Mary I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1554–1555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1558</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Elizabeth I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="1st Parliament of Elizabeth I">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1559</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="2nd Parliament of Elizabeth I">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1563–1567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="3rd Parliament of Elizabeth I">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1571</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="4th Parliament of Elizabeth I">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1572–1583</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/5th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="5th Parliament of Elizabeth I">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1584–1585</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="6th Parliament of Elizabeth I">6th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1587</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/7th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="7th Parliament of Elizabeth I">7th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/8th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="8th Parliament of Elizabeth I">8th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1593" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1593">1593</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/9th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="9th Parliament of Elizabeth I">9th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1597" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1597">1597–1598</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/10th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="10th Parliament of Elizabeth I">10th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1601" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1601">1601</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_James_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">James I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Parliament" title="Blessed Parliament">1st "Blessed"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1604" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1604">1604</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Addled_Parliament" title="Addled Parliament">2nd "Addled"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1614" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1614">1614</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_James_I" title="3rd Parliament of James I">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1621" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1621">1621</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_King_James_I" title="4th Parliament of King James I">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1624" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1624">1624</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Charles I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Useless_Parliament" title="Useless Parliament">1st "Useless"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1625" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1625">1625</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Charles_I" title="2nd Parliament of Charles I">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1626" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1626">1626</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_Charles_I" title="3rd Parliament of Charles I">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1628" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1628">1628</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">4th "Short"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_April_1640" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in April 1640">Apr 1640</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">5th "Long (1)</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_November_1640" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in November 1640">Nov 1640</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1644)" title="Oxford Parliament (1644)">Oxford/Mongrel</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1644</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_the_Revolution_and_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Revolution and Commonwealth</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st "Long (2)</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_in_the_English_parliament_in_1645_and_after" title="List of MPs in the English parliament in 1645 and after">1645</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">2nd "Rump (1)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_not_excluded_from_the_English_parliament_in_1648" title="List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648">1648</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Barebone%27s_Parliament" title="Barebone's Parliament">3rd "Barebone's/Little/Nominated Assembly/Saints"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Members_nominated_to_the_English_parliament_in_1653" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Members nominated to the English parliament in 1653">1653</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_the_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Protectorate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/First_Protectorate_Parliament" title="First Protectorate Parliament">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1654" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1654">1654</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Second_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Second Protectorate Parliament">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1656" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1656">1656</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Third Protectorate Parliament">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1659" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1659">1659</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">4th "Rump (2)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_not_excluded_from_the_English_parliament_in_1648" title="List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648">1659</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_the_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England"> Commonwealth</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">1st "Rump (3)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_not_excluded_from_the_English_parliament_in_1648" title="List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648">1659</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd "Long (3)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1660</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Charles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Charles II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">1st "Convention (1)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_Parliament_in_1660" title="List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1660">1660</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">2nd "Cavalier"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1661_English_general_election" title="1661 English general election">1661</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Parliament" title="Habeas Corpus Parliament">3rd "Habeas Corpus/First Exclusion"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/March_1679_English_general_election" title="March 1679 English general election">1679</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Bill_Parliament" title="Exclusion Bill Parliament">4th "Exclusion Bill/Second Exclusion"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/October_1679_English_general_election" title="October 1679 English general election">1680</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1681)" title="Oxford Parliament (1681)">5th "Oxford/Third Exclusion"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1681_English_general_election" title="1681 English general election">1681</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliament_of_James_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">James II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Parliament" title="Loyal Parliament">"Loyal"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1685_English_general_election" title="1685 English general election">1685</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliament_of_William_III_and_Mary_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">William III and Mary II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">1st "Convention (2)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1689_English_general_election" title="1689 English general election">1689</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_William_III_and_Mary_II" title="2nd Parliament of William III and Mary II">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1690_English_general_election" title="1690 English general election">1690</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_William_III" title="3rd Parliament of William III">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1695_English_general_election" title="1695 English general election">1695</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_William_III" title="4th Parliament of William III">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1698_English_general_election" title="1698 English general election">1698</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/5th_Parliament_of_William_III" title="5th Parliament of William III">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/January_1701_English_general_election" title="January 1701 English general election">Feb 1701</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_William_III" title="6th Parliament of William III">6th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/November_1701_English_general_election" title="November 1701 English general election">Dec 1701</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliament_of_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Anne</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Queen_Anne" title="1st Parliament of Queen Anne">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1702_English_general_election" title="1702 English general election">1702</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Queen_Anne" title="2nd Parliament of Queen Anne">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1705_English_general_election" title="1705 English general election">1705</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England">List of acts of the Parliament of England</a> </p> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliaments_of_England_sidebar" title="Template:Parliaments of England sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliaments_of_England_sidebar" title="Template talk:Parliaments of England sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments_of_England_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments of England sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Long Parliament</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English Parliament</a> which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">Short Parliament</a>, which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640 after an <a href="/wiki/Personal_Rule" title="Personal Rule">11-year parliamentary absence</a>. In September 1640,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> issued writs summoning a parliament to convene on 3 November 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-dates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He intended it to pass financial bills, a step made necessary by the costs of the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. The Long Parliament received its name from the fact that, by Act of Parliament, it stipulated it could be dissolved only with agreement of the members;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842180_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842180-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those members did not agree to its dissolution until 16 March 1660, after the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and near the close of the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dissolution_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissolution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parliament sat from 1640 until 1648, when <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge" title="Pride's Purge">it was purged</a> by the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>. After this point, the remaining members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> became known as the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> disbanded the Rump in April 1653, replacing it with a succession of nominated and elected parliaments. </p><p>In the chaos following the death of Cromwell in September 1658, the Rump was reinstalled in May 1659, and in February 1660 General <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">George Monck</a> allowed the members barred in 1648 to retake their seats, so that they could pass the necessary legislation to allow the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> and dissolve the Long Parliament. This cleared the way for a new parliament to be elected, which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">Convention Parliament</a>. Some key members of the Long Parliament, such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane the Younger</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond Ludlow">Edmond Ludlow</a>, were barred from the final acts of the Long Parliament. They claimed the parliament was not legally dissolved, its final votes a procedural irregularity (words used contemporaneously were "device" and "conspiracy") by <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">General George Monck</a> to ensure the restoration of <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles II of England">King Charles II of England</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">the restoration</a> the general was rewarded with a dukedom. </p><p>The Long Parliament later became a key moment in <a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig histories</a> of the seventeenth century. American Whig historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Charles Wentworth Upham</a> believed the Long Parliament comprised "a set of the greatest geniuses for government that the world ever saw embarked together in one common cause" and whose actions produced an effect which, at the time, made their country the wonder and admiration of the world, and is still felt and exhibited far beyond the borders of that country, in the progress of reform, and the advancement of popular liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842173_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842173-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed its republican principles made it a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution_of_Strafford">Execution of Strafford</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Execution of Strafford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_(of_England)_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg/220px-Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg/330px-Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg/440px-Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7519" data-file-height="4137" /></a><figcaption>Charles signed a bill agreeing that the present Parliament should not be dissolved without its own consent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles found himself unable to fund the Bishops' Wars without taxes; in April 1640, <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">Parliament</a> was recalled for the first time in eleven years, but when it refused to vote taxes without concessions, he dissolved it after only three weeks. The humiliating <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ripon" title="Treaty of Ripon">terms</a> imposed by the Scots <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> after a second defeat forced him to hold fresh elections in November, which produced a large majority for the opposition, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup201325_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup201325-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliament was almost immediately presented with a series of "<a href="/wiki/Root_and_Branch_petition" title="Root and Branch petition">Root and Branch petitions</a>". These demanded the expulsion of bishops from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, reflecting widespread concern at the growth of "<a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Catholic practices</a>" within the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20162_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles' willingness to make war on the Protestant Scots, but not to assist his exiled nephew <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_Louis,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine">Charles Louis</a>, led to fears he was about to sign an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>, a view shared by the experienced <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> and French ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955248_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This meant ending arbitrary rule was important not just for England, but the Protestant cause in general. Since direct attacks on the monarch were considered unacceptable, the usual route was to prosecute his "evil counsellors". Doing so showed even if the king was above the law, his subordinates were not, and he could not protect them; the intention was to make others think twice about their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955250–256_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955250–256-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, they started to create a series of committees and sub-committees starting with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Committee_for_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Committee for Religion (page does not exist)">Grand Committee for Religion</a> appointed on 6 November 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ix">: ix </span></sup> </p><p>Their main target was the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford" title="Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford">Earl of Strafford</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a>; aware of this, he urged Charles to use military force to seize the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, and arrest any MP or peer guilty of "treasonable correspondence with the Scots".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Charles hesitated, Pym struck first; on 11 November Strafford was impeached, arrested, and sent to the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014457–458_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014457–458-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other targets, including <a href="/wiki/John_Finch,_1st_Baron_Finch" title="John Finch, 1st Baron Finch">John Finch</a>, fled abroad; Archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>—by then sufficiently unpopular that in May 1640 a large armed mob <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Lambeth_Palace,_1640" title="Attack on Lambeth Palace, 1640">attacked Lambeth Palace</a>, seeking to kill him<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—was impeached in December, joining Strafford in the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregg1981325_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregg1981325-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At his trial in March 1641, Strafford was indicted on 28 counts of "arbitrary and tyrannical government". Even if these charges were proved, it was not clear they constituted a crime against the king, the legal definition of treason. If he went free, his opponents would replace him in the Tower, and so Pym immediately moved a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">bill of attainder</a>, asserting Strafford's guilt and ordering his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Charles announced he would not sign the attainder, on 21 April 204 MPs voted in favour, 59 against, while 250 abstained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999123_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999123-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 May, rumours of a <a href="/wiki/Army_Plots_(1641)" title="Army Plots (1641)">military plot</a> to release Strafford from the Tower led to widespread demonstrations in London, and on 7th, the Lords voted for execution by 51 to 9.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014410_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014410-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claiming to fear for his family's safety, Charles signed the death warrant on 10 May, and Strafford was beheaded two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1994191_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1994191-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees_established_by_the_Long_Parliament">Committees established by the Long Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Committees established by the Long Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 November 1640 parliament created several committees to parcel out the work they intended to address. The first committee was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_Privileges_and_Elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for Privileges and Elections (page does not exist)">Committee for Privileges and Elections</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_(1604%E2%80%931690)" title="John Maynard (1604–1690)">John Maynard</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/Totnes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Totnes (UK Parliament constituency)">Totnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamnet_6_November_1640_Long_Parliament_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamnet_6_November_1640_Long_Parliament-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the next day, 6 November, parliament established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Committee_for_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Committee for Religion (page does not exist)">Grand Committee for Religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamnet_6_November_1640_Long_Parliament_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamnet_6_November_1640_Long_Parliament-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Grand_Remonstrance">The Grand Remonstrance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Grand Remonstrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciuscary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Luciuscary.jpg/220px-Luciuscary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Luciuscary.jpg/330px-Luciuscary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Luciuscary.jpg/440px-Luciuscary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cary,_2nd_Viscount_Falkland" title="Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland">Viscount Falkland</a>; killed at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Newbury" title="First Battle of Newbury">Newbury</a> in 1643, typical of those moderates who supported reforms, but opposed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance" title="Grand Remonstrance">Grand Remonstrance</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Royalists</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This seemed to provide a basis for a programme of constitutional reforms, and Parliament voted Charles an immediate grant of £400,000. The <a href="/wiki/Triennial_Acts" title="Triennial Acts">Triennial Acts</a> required Parliament meet at least every three years, and if the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. Levying taxes without consent of Parliament was declared unlawful, including Ship money and forced loans, while the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">High Commission</a> courts abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregg1981335_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregg1981335-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These reforms were supported by many who later became <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Royalists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cary,_2nd_Viscount_Falkland" title="Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland">Viscount Falkland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Strangways_(died_1666)" title="John Strangways (died 1666)">Sir John Strangways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014411_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014411-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where they differed from Pym and his supporters was their refusal to accept Charles would not keep his commitments, despite evidence to the contrary. He reneged on those made in the 1628 <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Right" title="Petition of Right">Petition of Right</a>, and agreed terms with the Scots in 1639, while preparing another attack. Both he and <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria</a> openly told foreign ambassadors any concessions were temporary, and would be retrieved by force if needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood195826–27_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood195826–27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this period, 'true religion' and 'good government' were seen as one and the same. Although the vast majority believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was a divinely mandated requirement, they disagreed on what 'well-ordered' meant, and who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. Royalists generally supported a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> governed by <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">bishops</a>, appointed by, and answerable to, the king; most <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> were <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a>, who believed he was answerable to the leaders of the church, appointed by their congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacleod20095–19_passim_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacleod20095–19_passim-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Puritan meant anyone who wanted to reform, or 'purify', the Church of England, and contained many different opinions. Some simply objected to Laud's reforms; <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterians</a> like Pym wanted to reform the Church of England, along the same lines as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a> believed any state church was wrong, while many were also political radicals like the <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a>. Presbyterians in England and Scotland gradually came to see them as more dangerous than the Royalists; an alliance between these three groups eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a> in 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2016103–105_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2016103–105-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is not clear there was a majority for removing bishops from the Church, their presence in the House of Lords became increasingly resented due to their role in blocking many of these reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20167–8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20167–8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions came to a head in October 1641 with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a>; both Charles and Parliament supported raising troops to suppress it, but neither trusted the other with their control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton20034_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton20034-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 November, the Commons passed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance" title="Grand Remonstrance">Grand Remonstrance</a> by 159 votes to 148, and presented it to Charles on 1 December. The first half listed over 150 perceived 'misdeeds', the second proposed solutions, including church reform and Parliamentary control over the appointment of royal ministers. In the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Ordinance" title="Militia Ordinance">Militia Ordinance</a>, Parliament asserted control over appointment of army and navy commanders; Charles rejected the Grand Remonstrance and refused to assent to the Militia Ordinance. It was at this point moderates like Hyde decided Pym and his supporters had gone too far, and switched sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014457–458_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014457–458-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_English_Civil_War">First English Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First English Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg/260px-Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg/390px-Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>King Charles' attempt to arrest the Five Members of the Commons</figcaption></figure> <p>Increasing unrest in London culminated in 23 to 29 December 1641 with widespread riots in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, while the hostility of the crowd meant the bishops stopped attending the Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1979315–317_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1979315–317-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 December, Charles induced <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> and eleven other bishops, to sign a complaint, disputing the legality of any laws passed by the Lords during their exclusion. This was viewed by the Commons as inviting the king to dissolve Parliament; all twelve were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20169–10_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20169–10-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 January 1642, Charles ordered his <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert_(attorney-general)" title="Edward Herbert (attorney-general)">Attorney-general</a> to bring charges of treason against <a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Five_Members" title="Five Members">Five Members</a> of the Commons; Pym, <a href="/wiki/John_Hampden" title="John Hampden">John Hampden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denzil_Holles,_1st_Baron_Holles" title="Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles">Denzil Holles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haselrig" title="Arthur Haselrig">Arthur Haselrig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Strode" title="William Strode">William Strode</a>. This confirmed fears he intended to use force to shut down Parliament. The members were pre-warned, and evaded arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014452–455_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014452–455-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after, Charles left London, accompanied by many Royalist MPs, and members of the Lords, a major tactical mistake. By doing so, he abandoned the largest arsenal in England and the commercial power of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and guaranteed his opponents majorities in both houses. In February, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Clergy_Act_1640" title="Clergy Act 1640">Clergy Act</a>, excluding bishops from the Lords; Charles approved it, since he had already decided to retrieve all such concessions by assembling an army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello200460–61_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello200460–61-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1642, Parliament decreed its own Parliamentary Ordinances were valid laws, even without royal assent. The <a href="/wiki/Militia_Ordinance" title="Militia Ordinance">Militia Ordinance</a> gave them control of the local militia, or <a href="/wiki/Trained_Bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Trained Bands">Trained Bands</a>; those in London were the most strategically critical, because they could protect Parliament from armed intervention by any soldiers which Charles had near the capital. Charles declared Parliament in rebellion and began raising an army, by issuing a competing <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Array">Commission of Array</a>. </p><p>At the end of 1642, he set up his court at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, where the Royalist MPs formed the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1644)" title="Oxford Parliament (1644)">Oxford Parliament</a>. In 1645 Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish. It passed the <a href="/wiki/Self-denying_Ordinance" title="Self-denying Ordinance">Self-denying Ordinance</a>, by which all members of either House of Parliament resigned any military commands, and formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_3rd_Baron_Fairfax_of_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron">Fairfax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Model Army soon destroyed Charles' armies, and by early 1646, he was on the verge of defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_I%27s_journey_from_Oxford_to_the_Scottish_army_camp_near_Newark" title="Charles I's journey from Oxford to the Scottish army camp near Newark">Charles left Oxford in disguise</a> on 27 April; on 6 May, Parliament received a letter from <a href="/wiki/David_Leslie,_1st_Lord_Newark" title="David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark">David Leslie</a>, commander of Scottish forces besieging <a href="/wiki/Newark-on-Trent" title="Newark-on-Trent">Newark</a>, announcing that he had the king in custody. Charles ordered the Royalist governor, <a href="/wiki/John_Belasyse,_1st_Baron_Belasyse" title="John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse">Lord Belasyse</a>, to surrender Newark, and the Scots withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, taking the king with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle2004393_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004393-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_English_Civil_War">Second English Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second English Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Parliamentarians had assumed military defeat would force Charles to compromise, which proved a fundamental misunderstanding of his character. When Prince Rupert suggested in August 1645 the war was lost, Charles responded he was correct from a military viewpoint, but 'God will not suffer rebels and traitors to prosper'. This deeply-held conviction meant he refused any substantial concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle2004354–355_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004354–355-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware of divisions among his opponents, he used his position as king of both Scotland and England to deepen them, assuming that he was essential to any government; while this was true in 1646, by 1648 key actors believed it was pointless to negotiate with someone who could not be trusted to keep any agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958546–548_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958546–548-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike in England, where Presbyterians were a minority, the Bishops' Wars resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanter, or Presbyterian</a> government, and Presbyterian kirk, or <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. The Scots wanted to preserve these achievements; the 1643 <a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a> was driven by their concern at the implications for this settlement if Charles defeated Parliament. By 1646, they viewed Charles as a lesser threat than the Independents, who opposed their demand for a unified, Presbyterian church of England and Scotland; Cromwell claimed he would fight rather than agree to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2016118–119_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2016118–119-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July, the Scots and English commissioners presented Charles with the Newcastle Propositions, which he rejected. His refusal to negotiate created a dilemma for the Covenanters. Even if Charles agreed to a Presbyterian union, there was no guarantee it would be approved by Parliament. Keeping him was too dangerous; as subsequent events proved, whether Royalist or Covenanter, many Scots supported his retention. In February 1647, they agreed to a financial settlement, handed Charles over to Parliament, and retreated into Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958603–605_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958603–605-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carisbrooke_Castle_from_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carisbrooke_Castle_from_south.jpg/220px-Carisbrooke_Castle_from_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carisbrooke_Castle_from_south.jpg/330px-Carisbrooke_Castle_from_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carisbrooke_Castle_from_south.jpg/440px-Carisbrooke_Castle_from_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carisbrooke_Castle" title="Carisbrooke Castle">Carisbrooke Castle</a>, on the Isle of Wight, where Charles was held in December 1648</figcaption></figure> <p>In England, Parliament was struggling with the economic cost of the war, a poor 1646 harvest, and a recurrence of the plague. The Presbyterian faction had the support of the London Trained Bands, the Army of the Western Association, leaders like <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Laugharne" title="Rowland Laugharne">Rowland Laugharne</a> in Wales, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. By March 1647, the New Model was owed more than £3 million in unpaid wages; Parliament ordered it to Ireland, stating that only those who agreed would be paid. When their <a href="/wiki/Agitators" title="Agitators">representatives</a> demanded full payment for all in advance, it was disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2016173–174_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2016173–174-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Model refused to be disbanded; in early June, Charles was <a href="/wiki/George_Joyce" title="George Joyce">removed from his Parliamentary guards</a>, and taken to <a href="/wiki/Thriplow" title="Thriplow">Thriplow</a>, where he was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_Proposals" title="Heads of Proposals">Army Council's terms</a>. Though they were more lenient than the Newcastle Propositions, Charles rejected them; on 26 July, pro-Presbyterian rioters burst into Parliament, demanding he be invited to London. In early August, Fairfax and the New Model Army took control of the city, while on 20 August Cromwell went to Parliament with a military escort, and forced the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Null_and_Void_Ordinance" title="Null and Void Ordinance">Null and Void Ordinance</a> annulling all Parliamentary proceedings since 26 July, leading to the withdrawal of most of the Presbyterian MPs and presaging <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge" title="Pride's Purge">Pride's Purge</a> the following year. The <a href="/wiki/Putney_Debates" title="Putney Debates">Putney Debates</a> attempted to address radicals' objectives, but the return of royalist threats in November led to Fairfax demanding a declaration of loyalty; this re-established command authority over the rank and file, completed at <a href="/wiki/Corkbush_Field_mutiny" title="Corkbush Field mutiny">Corkbush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayling201723_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling201723-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late November, the king escaped from his guards, and made his way to <a href="/wiki/Carisbrooke_Castle" title="Carisbrooke Castle">Carisbrooke Castle</a>. In April 1648, the <a href="/wiki/Engagers" title="Engagers">Engagers</a> became a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scottish Parliament</a>; in return for restoring him to the English throne, Charles agreed to impose Presbyterianism in England for three years, and suppress the Independents. His refusal to take the Covenant himself split the Scots; the <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Party" title="Kirk Party">Kirk Party</a> did not trust Charles, objected to an alliance with English and Scots Royalists, and denounced the Engagement as 'sinful.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchisonFryFry2002223–224_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchisonFryFry2002223–224-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After two years of constant negotiation, and refusal to compromise, Charles finally had the pieces in place for a rising by Royalists, supported by some English Presbyterians, and Scots Covenanters. However, lack of co-ordination meant the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a> was quickly suppressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rump_Parliament_(6_December_1648_–_20_April_1653)"><span id="Rump_Parliament_.286_December_1648_.E2.80.93_20_April_1653.29"></span>Rump Parliament (6 December 1648 – 20 April 1653)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rump Parliament (6 December 1648 – 20 April 1653)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg/220px-CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg/330px-CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg/440px-CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> dissolving the Long Parliament.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a></div> <p>Divisions emerged between various factions, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge" title="Pride's Purge">Pride's Purge</a> on 7 December 1648, when, under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ireton" title="Henry Ireton">Henry Ireton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pride" title="Thomas Pride">Colonel Pride</a> physically barred and arrested 41 of the members of Parliament. Many of the excluded members were <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>. Henry Vane the Younger removed himself from Parliament in protest of this unlawful action by Ireton. He was not party to the execution of Charles I, although Cromwell was. In the wake of the ejections, the remnant, the <i>Rump Parliament</i>, arranged for the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">trial and execution of Charles I</a> on 30 January 1649. It was also responsible for the setting up of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> in 1649. </p><p>Henry Vane the Younger was persuaded to rejoin Parliament on 17 February 1649 and a Council of state was installed, into whose hands the executive government of the nation was committed. Sir Henry Vane was appointed a member of the Council. Cromwell used great pains to induce Vane to accept the appointment, and after many consultations, he so far prevailed in satisfying Vane of the purity of his principles in reference to the Commonwealth, as to overcome his reluctance again to enter the public service. Sir Henry Vane was for some time President of the Council, and, as Treasurer and Commissioner for the Navy, he had almost the exclusive direction of that branch of public service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842230–231_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842230–231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cromwell "well knew that while the Long Parliament, that noble company, who had fought the great battle of liberty from the beginning, remained in session, and such men as Vane were enabled to mingle in its deliberations, it would be utterly useless for him to think of executing his purposes" (to set up a Protectorate or Dictatorship). Henry Vane was working on a Reform Bill. Cromwell knew "that if the Reform Bill should be suffered to pass, and a House of Commons be convened, freely elected on popular principles, and constituting a full and fair and equal representation, it would be impossible ever after to overthrow the liberties of the people, or break down the government of the country". According to General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ludlow" title="Edmund Ludlow">Edmund Ludlow</a> (an unapologetic supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Old_Cause" title="Good Old Cause">Good Old Cause</a> who lived in <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ludlow#Exile_after_the_Restoration" title="Edmund Ludlow">exile after the Restoration</a>), this reform bill provided for an equal representation of the people, disfranchised several boroughs which had ceased to have a population in proportion to representation, fixed the number of the House at four hundred".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842240_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842240-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would have "secured to England and to the rest of the world the blessings of republican institutions, two centuries earlier than can now be expected".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842240_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842240-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Harrison, who was in Cromwell's confidence on this occasion, rose to debate the motion, merely in order to gain time. Word was carried to Cromwell, that the House were on the point of putting the final motion; and Colonel Ingoldby hastened to Whitehall to tell him, that, if he intended to do anything decisive, he had no time to lose". Once the troops were in place Cromwell entered the assembly. He was dressed in a suit of plain black; with grey worsted stockings. He took his seat; and appeared to be listening to the debate. As the Speaker was about to rise to put the question, Cromwell whispered to Harrison, "Now is the time; I must do it". As he rose, his countenance became flushed and blacked by the terrific passions which the crisis awakened. With the most reckless violence of manner and language, he abused the character of the House; and, after the first burst of his denunciations had passed, suddenly changing his tone, he exclaimed, "You think, perhaps, this is not parliamentary language; I know it; nor are you to expect such from me". He then advanced out into the middle of the hall, and walked to and fro, like a man beside himself. In a few moments he stamped upon the floor, the doors flew open and a file of musketeers entered. As they advanced, Cromwell exclaimed, looking over the House, "You are no Parliament; I say you are no Parliament; begone, and give place to honester men".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842241–242_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842241–242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"While this extraordinary scene was transacting, the members, hardly believing their own ears and eyes, sat in mute amazement, horror, and pity of the maniac traitor who was storming and raving before them. At length Vane rose to remonstrate, and call him to his senses; but Cromwell, instead of listening to him, drowned his voice, repeating with great vehemence, and as though with the desperate excitement of the moment, "Sir Harry Vane! Sir Harry Vane! Good Lord deliver me from Sir Harry Vane!" He then seized the records, snatched the bill from the hands of the clerk, drove the members out at the point of the bayonet, locked the doors, put the key in his pocket, and returned to Whitehall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842242–243_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842242–243-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oliver Cromwell forcibly disbanded the Rump in 1653 when it seemed to be planning to perpetuate itself rather than call new elections as had been agreed. It was followed by <a href="/wiki/Barebone%27s_Parliament" title="Barebone's Parliament">Barebone's Parliament</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/First_Protectorate_Parliament" title="First Protectorate Parliament">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Second Protectorate Parliament">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Third Protectorate Parliament">Third Protectorate Parliaments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recall_of_the_Rump_(7_May_1659_–_20_February_1660)"><span id="Recall_of_the_Rump_.287_May_1659_.E2.80.93_20_February_1660.29"></span>Recall of the Rump (7 May 1659 – 20 February 1660)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recall of the Rump (7 May 1659 – 20 February 1660)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a>, who had succeeded his father <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> in 1658, was effectively deposed by an officers' <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> in April 1659, the officers re-summoned the Rump Parliament to sit. It convened on 7 May 1659, but after five months in power it again clashed with the army (led by <a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(general)" title="John Lambert (general)">John Lambert</a>) and was again forcibly dissolved on 13 October 1659. Once again, Sir Henry Vane was the leading catalyst for the republican cause in opposition to force by the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The persons connected with the administration as it existed at the death of Oliver were, of course, interested in keeping things as they were. Also, it was necessary for someone to assume the reins of government until the public will could be ascertained and brought into exercise. Henry Vane was elected to Parliament at Kingston upon Hull, but the certificate was given to another. Vane proceeded to Bristol, entered the canvass, and received the majority. Again the certificate was given to another. Finally Vane proceeded to Whitechurch in Hampshire and was elected a third time and was this time seated in Parliament. Vane managed the debates on behalf of the House of Commons. One of Vane's speeches effectively ended Richard Cromwell's career:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. Speaker, among all the people of the universe, I know none who have shown so much zeal for the liberty of their country, as the English, at this time, have done. They have, by the help of Divine Providence, overcome all obstacles, and have made themselves free ... I know not by what misfortune, we are fallen into the error of those, who poised the Emperor Titus to make room for Domitian, who made away Augustus that they might have Tiberius, and changed Claudius for Nero ... whereas the people of England are now renowned, all over the world, for their great virtue and discipline; and yet suffer an idiot, without courage, without sense, nay, without ambition, to have dominion in a country of liberty. One could bear a little with Oliver Cromwell, though, contrary to his oath of fidelity to Parliament, contrary to his duty to the public, ... But as for Richard Cromwell, his son, who is he? Where are his titles ... For my part, I declare, Sir, it shall never be said that I made such a man my master.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This speech swept everything before it. The Rump Parliament which Oliver Cromwell had dispersed in 1653 was once more summoned to assemble, by a declaration from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Officers">Council of Officers</a> dated on 6 May 1659.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edmond Ludlow made several attempts to reconcile the army and parliament in this time period but was ultimately unsuccessful. Parliament ordered the regiments of Colonel Morley and Colonel Moss to march to Westminster for their security, and sent for the rest of the troops that were about London to draw down to them also with all speed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1659, Colonel Lambert and various subordinate members of the army, acting in the military interest, resisted Colonel Morley and others who were defending the rump Parliament. Colonel Lambert, Major Grimes, and Colonel Sydenham eventually gained their points, and placed guards both by land and water, to hinder the members of Parliament from approaching the House. Colonel Lambert subsequently acquitted himself to Henry Vane the Younger, Edmond Ludlow and the "Committee on Safety," an instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Wallingford_House_party" title="Wallingford House party">Wallingford House party</a> acting under their misdirection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894137–140_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894137–140-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Parliament was closed once again by military force until such time that the army and leaders of Parliament could effect a resolution. Rule then passed to an unelected <i><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(England)" title="Committee of Safety (England)">Committee of Safety</a></i>, including Lambert and Vane; pending a resolution or compromise with the Army. </p><p>During these disorders, the Council of State still assembled at the usual place, and: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the Lord President <a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)" title="John Bradshaw (judge)">Bradshaw</a>, who was present, though by long sickness very weak and much extenuated, yet animated by his ardent zeal and constant affection to the common cause, upon hearing <a href="/wiki/William_Sydenham" title="William Sydenham">Col Syndenham's</a> justifications of the proceedings of the army in again disrupting parliament, stood up and interrupted him, declaring his abhorrence of that detestable action, and telling the council, that being now going to his God, he had not patience to sit there to hear his great name so openly blasphemed; and thereupon departed to his lodgings, and withdrew himself from public employment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894140–141_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894140–141-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The Council of Officers at first attempted to come to some agreement with the leaders of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 October 1659, the Council of Officers appointed ten persons to "consider of fit ways and means to carry on the affairs and government of the Commonwealth". On 26 October 1659 the Council of Officers appointed a new Committee of Safety of twenty-three members.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 November 1659, the Committee of Safety nominated a committee "to consider of and prepare a form of government to be settled over the three nations in the way of a free state and Commonwealth, and afterwards to present it to the Committee of Safety for their further considerations".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The designs of General Fleetwood of the army and the <a href="/wiki/Wallingford_House_party" title="Wallingford House party">Wallingford House party</a> were now suspected as being in a possible alliance with <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894164_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894164-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Edmond Ludlow: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wallingford_House_party" title="Wallingford House party">Wallingford House party</a>, as if infatuated by a superior power to procure their own destruction, continued obstinately to oppose the Parliament, and fixed in their resolution to call another (that is a reformed Parliament more agreeable to their interests). On the other side, I was sorry to find most of the Parliament men as stiff, in requiring an absolute submission to their authority as if no differences had happened among us, nor the privileges of Parliament ever been violated, peremptorily insisting upon the entire subjection of the army, and refusing to hearken to any terms of accommodation, though the necessity of affairs seemed to demand it, if we would preserve our cause from ruin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894170_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894170-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Edmond Ludlow warned both the Army and key members of Parliament that unless a compromise could be made it would "render all the blood and treasure that had been spent in asserting our liberties of no use to us, but also force us under such a yoke of servitude, that neither we nor our posterity should be able to bear".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894178_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894178-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting on 17 December 1659, Henry Vane representing the Parliament, Major Saloway and Colonel Salmon with powers from the officers of the army to treat with the fleet, and Vice-Admiral Lawson met in negotiating a compromise. The navy was very adverse to any proposal of terms to be made with the Parliament before Parliament's readmission, insisting upon the absolute submission of the army to the authority of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plan was then put in place declaring a resolution to join with the Generals at Portsmouth, Colonel Monck, and Vice-Admiral Lawson, but it was still unknown to the republican party that Colonel Monck was in league with King Charles II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894185_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894185-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonel Monck, though a hero to the restoration of King Charles II, was also treacherously disloyal to the Long Parliament, to his oath to the present Parliament, and to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Old_Cause" title="Good Old Cause">Good Old Cause</a>. Ludlow stated in early January 1660 when in conversation with several key officers of the army: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "Then", said Capt. Lucas, "you do not think us to be for the Parliament?" "No indeed", said I; "and it is most manifest to me, that the design of those who now govern the Council of Officers, though at present it be covered with pretences for the Parliament, is to destroy both them and their friends, and to bring in the son of the late King".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894192_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894192-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>This statement may be verified by the many executions of key Parliament members and Generals after the restoration of King Charles II. Therefore, the restoration of King Charles II could not be an act of the Long Parliament acting freely under its own authority, but only under the influence of the sword by Colonel Monck, who traded his loyalties for the present Long Parliament, in preference to a reformed Long Parliament and to the restoration of King Charles II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>General George Monck, who had been Cromwell's viceroy in Scotland, feared that the military stood to lose power and secretly shifted his loyalty to the Crown. As he began to march south, Lambert, who had ridden out to face him, lost support in London. However, the Navy declared for Parliament, and on 26 December 1659 the Rump was restored to power. </p><p>On 9 January 1660, Monck arrived in London and his plans were communicated. Whereupon Henry Vane the Younger was discharged from being a member of the Long Parliament; and Major Saloway was reproved for his role and committed to the Tower during the pleasure of the house. Lieutenant-General Fleetwood, Col. Sydenham, Lord Commissioner Whitlock, Cornelius Holland, and Mr. Strickland were required to clear themselves touching their deportment in that affair. High treason was also declared against Miles Corbet, Cor. John Jones, Col. Thomlinson, and Edmond Ludlow on 19 January 1660. 1,500 other officers were removed from their command and "scarce one of ten of the old officers of the army were continued". Any known Anabaptists in the army were specifically discharged. So tame had Parliament become, that though it was most visible that Monck's letters and Arthur Haslerig's instructions were designed for the dissolution of the Long Parliament, they were obeyed by the remainder of the members and all these designs were to be put into execution. Though named by Parliament for treason, Miles Corbet and Edmond Ludlow were for a while were permitted to continue to sit with Parliament, and for a time the charges against these men were dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894201–211_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894201–211-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_and_dissolution_of_the_Long_Parliament_(21_February_–_16_March_1660)"><span id="Restoration_and_dissolution_of_the_Long_Parliament_.2821_February_.E2.80.93_16_March_1660.29"></span>Restoration and dissolution of the Long Parliament (21 February – 16 March 1660)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Restoration and dissolution of the Long Parliament (21 February – 16 March 1660)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his initial show of deference to the Rump, Monck quickly found them unwilling to continue in cooperation with his plan for an election of a new parliament (the Rump Parliament believed Monck was accountable to them and had its own plan for free elections); so on 21 February 1660 he forcibly reinstated the members 'secluded' by Pride's purge in 1648, so that they could prepare legislation for the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">Convention Parliament</a>. Some of the Rump Parliament were opposed and refused to sit with the Secluded Members. </p><p>On 27 February 1660, "the new Council of State being informed of some designs against the usurped power, issued out warrants for apprehending divers officers of the army; and having some jealousy of others that were members of Parliament, they procured an order of their House to authorize them to seize any member who had not sat since the coming in of the Secluded Members, if there should be occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894246_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894246-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> When the house was ready to pass the act for dissolution, Crew who had been as forward as any man in beginning and carrying on the war against the last King, moved, that before they dissolved themselves, they would bear their witness against the horrid murder, as he called it, of the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894249_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894249-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ludlow: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Mr. Thomas Scott, who had been so much deluded by the hypocrisy of Monk ... said: 'That though he knew not where to hide his head at that time, yet he durst not refuse to own, that not only his hand, but his heart also was in it' and after he had produced divers reasons to prove the justice of it, he concluded, 'that he should desire no greater honor in this world, than that the following inscription might be engraved on his tomb; "Here lies one who had a hand and a heart in the execution of Charles Stuart late King of England.' Having said this, he and most of the members who had a right to sit in Parliament, withdrew from the House; so that there was not the fourth part of a quorum of lawful members present in the House when the Secluded Members, who had been voted out of the Parliament by those that had an undisputed authority over their own members, undertook to dissolve the Parliament, which was not to be done, unless by their own consent; and whether that consent was ever given, is submitted to the judgement of all impartial men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894250_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894250-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Having called for elections for a new Parliament to meet on 25 April, the Long Parliament was dissolved on 16 March 1660. </p><p>Finally, on 22 April 1660, "Major-General Lambert's party was dispersed" and General Lambert taken prisoner by Colonel Ingoldsby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894259_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894259-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftereffects:_royalist_and_republican_theories">Aftereffects: royalist and republican theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftereffects: royalist and republican theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Hitherto Monk had continued to make solemn protestations of his affection and fidelity to the Commonwealth interest, against a King and House of Lords; but the new militia being settled, and a Convention, calling themselves a Parliament and fit for his purpose, being met at Westminster, he sent to such lords as had sat with the Parliament till 1648, to return to the place where they used to sit, which they did, upon assurance from him, that no others should be permitted to sit with them; which promise he also broke, and let in not only such as had deserted to Oxford, but the late created lords. And Charles Stuart, eldest son of the late King, being informed of these transactions, left the Spanish territories where he then resided, and by the advice of Monk went to Breda, a town belonging to the States of Holland: from when he sent his letters and a declaration to the two House by Sir John Greenvil; whereupon the nominal House of Commons, though called by a Commonwealth writ in the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England, passed a vote [on about April 25, 1660], 'That the government of the nation should be by a King, Lords and Commons, and that Charles Stuart should be proclaimed King of England'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894261_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894261-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The Lord Mayor, Sheriffs and Aldermen of the City, treated their King with a collation under a tent, placed in St. George's Fields; and five or six hundred citizens cloathed in coats of black velvet, and (not improperly) wearing chains about their necks, by an order of the Common Council, attended on the triumph of that day; ... and those who had been so often defeated in the field, and had contributed nothing either of bravery or policy to this change, in ordering the souldiery to ride with swords drawn through the city of London to White Hall, the Duke of York and Monk leading the way; and intimating (as was supposed) a resolution to maintain that by force which had been obtained by fraud".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894274_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894274-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially seven, and later 'twenty persons were put to death for life and estate.' These included: Chief Justice Coke, who had been Solicitor to the High Court of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(soldier)" title="Thomas Harrison (soldier)">Major-General Harrison</a>, Col. John Jones (also a member of the High Court of Justice), Mr. Thomas Scot, Sir. Henry Vane, Sir. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haslerig" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Haslerig">Arthur Haslerig</a>, Sir. Henry Mildmay, Mr. Robert Wallop, the Lord Mounson, Sir. James Harrington, Mr. James Challoner, Mr. John Phelps, Mr. John Carew, Mr. Hugh Peters, Mr. Gregory Clement, Colonel Adrian Scroop, Col. Francis Hacker, Col. Daniel Axtel. Among those who appeared the most basely subservient to these 'exorbitancies' of the Court, 'Mr. William Prynn was singularly remarkable' and attempted to add to these all who 'abjured the family of the Stuarts' previously, though this motion failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894267–278,_301–302_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894267–278,_301–302-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/John_Finch,_1st_Baron_Finch" title="John Finch, 1st Baron Finch">John Finch</a> who had been accused of high treason twenty years before, by a full Parliament, and who by flying from their justice had saved his life, was appointed to judge some of those who should have been his judges; and Sir. Orlando Bridgman, who upon his submission to Cromwell had been permitted to practice the law in a private manner, and under that colour had served both as spy and agent for his master, was entrusted with the principal management of this tragic scene; and in his charge to the Grand Jury, had the assurance to tell them 'That no authority, no single person, or community of men; not the people collectively or representatively, had any coercive power over the King of England'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894303_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894303-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In framing the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, the House of Commons were unwilling to except Sir Henry Vane, Sir. Arthur Haslerig, and Major-General Lambert as they had no immediate hand in the death of the King, and there was as much reason to except them as most of the members of Parliament from its benefits. In Henry Vane's case the House of Lords were desirous of having him specifically excepted, so as to leave him at the mercy of the government and thus restrain him from the exercise of his great talents in promoting his favourite republican principles at any time during the remainder of his life. At a conference between the two Houses, it was concluded that the Commons should consent to except him from the act of indemnity, the Lords agreeing, on their part, to concur with the other House in petitioning the King, in case of the condemnation of Vane, not to carry the sentence into execution. General Edmond Ludlow, still loyal to the Rump Parliament was also excepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to contemporary royalist legal theory, the Long Parliament was regarded as having been automatically dissolved from the moment of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I's</a> execution on 30 January 1649. This view was confirmed by a court ruling during the treason trial of Henry Vane the Younger – a ruling that Henry Vane himself had concurred with in opposition to Oliver Cromwell years earlier. </p><p>The trial given to Vane as to his own person, and defence of his own part played for the Long Parliament was a foregone conclusion. It was not a fair trial as both his defence, and deportment at the time of defence bears out. He was not given legal counsel (other than the judges that sat at his trial); and was left to conduct his own defence after years in prison. Sir Henry Vane maintained the following at his trial: </p> <ol><li>Whether the collective body of the Parliament can be impeached of high treason?</li> <li>Whether any person, acting by authority of Parliament, can (so long as he acting by that authority) commit treason?</li> <li>Whether matters, acted by that authority, can be called in question in an inferior court?</li> <li>Whether a king <i>de jure</i>, and out of possession, can have treason committed against him?</li></ol> <p>King Charles II did not keep the promise made to the house but executed the sentence of death on Sir Henry Vane the Younger. The solicitor, openly declared in his speech afterwards "that he (Henry Vane) must be made a public sacrifice". One of his judges stated: "We knew not how to answer him, but we know what to do with him".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Edmond Ludlow one of the members of Parliament excepted by the act of indemnity, fled to Switzerland after the restoration of King Charles II, where he wrote his memoirs of these events. </p><p>The Long Parliament began with the execution of Lord Stafford, and effectively ended with the execution of Henry Vane the Younger. </p><p>The republican theory is that the goal and aim of the Long Parliament was to institute a constitutional, balanced, and equally representative form of government along similar lines as were later accomplished in America by the American Revolution. It is clear from the writings of both Ludlow, Vane, and historians of the early American period such as Upham, that this is what they were striving for and why they were excepted from the acts of indemnity. The republican theory also suggests that the Long Parliament would have been successful in these necessary reforms except through the forceful intervention of Oliver Cromwell (and others) in removing the loyalists party, the unlawful execution of King Charles I, later dissolving the Rump Parliament; and finally the forceful dissolution of the reconvened Rump Parliament by Monck when less than a fourth of the required members were present. It is believed that in many ways this struggle was but a precursor to the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842371–393_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842371–393-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members_of_the_Long_Parliament">Notable members of the Long Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable members of the Long Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haselrig" title="Arthur Haselrig">Sir Arthur Haselrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rudyerd" title="Benjamin Rudyerd">Sir Benjamin Rudyerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carew_Raleigh_(1605%E2%80%931666)" title="Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)">Carew Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denzil_Holles,_1st_Baron_Holles" title="Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles">Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond Ludlow">Edmond Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour,_1st_Baron_Seymour_of_Trowbridge" title="Francis Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Trowbridge">Sir Francis Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Digby,_2nd_Earl_of_Bristol" title="George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol">George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Elder" title="Henry Vane the Elder">Sir Henry Vane the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Sir Henry Vane the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Temple" title="James Temple">James Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Sir John Coolepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hampden" title="John Hampden">John Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cary,_2nd_Viscount_Falkland" title="Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland">Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Crisp">Sir Nicholas Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Slanning" title="Nicholas Slanning">Nicholas Slanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579-1656)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Harley (1579-1656)">Sir Robert Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vassall" title="Samuel Vassall">Samuel Vassall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonds_D%27Ewes" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonds D'Ewes">Simonds D'Ewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(soldier)" title="Thomas Harrison (soldier)">Major-General Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lenthall" title="William Lenthall">William Lenthall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" title="William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford">William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strode" title="William Strode">William Strode</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a> impeached December 1640, imprisoned 26 February 1641</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triennial_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Triennial Act">Triennial Act</a></i>, passed 15 February 1641</li> <li>Act against Dissolving the Long Parliament without its own Consent 11 May 1641</li> <li>Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford executed 12 May 1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_1640" title="Habeas Corpus Act 1640">Abolition of the Star Chamber</a> 5 July 1641</li> <li><i>Ship Money</i> declared illegal 7 August 1641</li> <li>Grand Remonstrance 22 November 1641</li> <li><i>Militia Bill</i> December 1641</li> <li>The King's answer to the petition accompanying the <i>Grand Remonstrance</i> 23 December 1641</li> <li>The King's attempt to seize the <a href="/wiki/Five_Members" title="Five Members">Five Members</a> 4 January 1642</li> <li>The King and Royal Family leave <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Court">Hampton Court</a>. January 1642</li> <li>The King leaves Hampton Court for the North 2 March 1642</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Militia_Ordinance" title="Militia Ordinance">Militia Ordinance</a></i> agreed by Lords and Commons 5 March 1642</li> <li>Parliament decreed that <i>Parliamentary Ordinances</i> were valid without royal assent following the King's refusal to assent to the Militia Ordinance 15 March 1642</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventurers%27_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventurers' Act">Adventurers' Act</a> to raise money to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a> 19 March 1642</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Solemn_League_and_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Solemn League and Covenant">The Solemn League and Covenant</a> 25 September 1643</li> <li>Ordinance appointing the First Committee of both Kingdoms 16 February 1644</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Self-denying_Ordinance" title="Self-denying Ordinance">Self-denying Ordinance</a> 4 April 1645</li> <li>Parliament accepts the King's terms 1 December 1648</li> <li>Pride's Purge (Start of the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a>) 7 December 1648</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">Execution of Charles I</a> 30 January 1649</li> <li>Excluded members of the Long Parliament reinstated by <a href="/wiki/George_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Monck">George Monck</a> 21 February 1660</li> <li>Having called for elections for a Parliament to meet on 25 April, the Long Parliament dissolved itself on 16 March 1660</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1640_(November)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1640 (November)">List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1640 (November)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_in_the_English_parliament_in_1645_and_after" title="List of MPs in the English parliament in 1645 and after">List of MPs in the English parliament in 1645 and after</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dates-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dates_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article uses the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January – for a more detailed explanation, see <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates#Differences_between_the_start_of_the_year" title="Old Style and New Style dates">old style and new style dates: differences between the start of the year</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A perspective summarised by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rous" title="Francis Rous">Francis Rous</a> in 1641: "For Arminianism is the span of a Papist, and if you mark it well, you shall see an Arminian reaching to a Papist, a Papist to a Jesuit, a Jesuit to the Pope, and the other to the King of Spain. And having kindled fire in our neighbours, they now seek to set on flame this kingdom also."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Scottish victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newburn" title="Battle of Newburn">Newburn</a> in August was marked with widespread celebrations in London, and there was frequent contact between the Parliamentary opposition and the Covenanters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014345–346_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014345–346-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCobbett1812" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">Cobbett, William</a> (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parliamentaryhi03parlgoog/v2"><i>Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England</i></a>. Vol. 2. p. 592.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobbett%27s+Parliamentary+History+of+England&rft.pages=592&rft.date=1812&rft.aulast=Cobbett&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparliamentaryhi03parlgoog%2Fv2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842180-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842180_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissolution-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dissolution_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1802">House of Commons 1802</a>, p. 880.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842173-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842173_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup201325-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup201325_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessup2013">Jessup 2013</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20162-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20162_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2016">Rees 2016</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955248-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955248_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1955">Wedgwood 1955</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955250–256-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1955250–256_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1955">Wedgwood 1955</a>, pp. 250–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Shaw" title="William Arthur Shaw">Shaw, William Arthur</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minutescommitte01minigoog/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>Minutes of the Committee for the Relief of Plundered Ministers, and of the Trustees for the ...</i></a> London and Redhill: Printed for the Record society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+the+Committee+for+the+Relief+of+Plundered+Ministers%2C+and+of+the+Trustees+for+the+...&rft.place=London+and+Redhill&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Record+society&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=William+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminutescommitte01minigoog%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014345–346-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014345–346_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>, pp. 345–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014457–458-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014457–458_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014457–458_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>, pp. 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2024" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, J. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceae156">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This Infamous, Scandalous, Headless Insurrection': The Attack on William Laud and Lambeth Palace, May 1640, Revisited"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>: 6–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceae156">10.1093/ehr/ceae156</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=%27This+Infamous%2C+Scandalous%2C+Headless+Insurrection%27%3A+The+Attack+on+William+Laud+and+Lambeth+Palace%2C+May+1640%2C+Revisited&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceae156&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fehr%252Fceae156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregg1981325-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregg1981325_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregg1981">Gregg 1981</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlton1995">Carlton 1995</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999123-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999123_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014410-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014410_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1994191-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward1994191_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoward1994">Coward 1994</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliamnet_6_November_1640_Long_Parliament-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parliamnet_6_November_1640_Long_Parliament_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliamnet_6_November_1640_Long_Parliament_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushworth1721" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rushworth" title="John Rushworth">Rushworth, John</a> (1721). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rushworth-papers/vol4/pp1-45#h2-0001">"Historical Collections: November 1640 (1 of 2)"</a>. <i>Historical Collections of Private Passages of State</i>. <b>IV</b>. London: D. Browne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Collections+of+Private+Passages+of+State&rft.atitle=Historical+Collections%3A+November+1640+%281+of+2%29&rft.volume=IV&rft.date=1721&rft.aulast=Rushworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Frushworth-papers%2Fvol4%2Fpp1-45%23h2-0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregg1981335-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregg1981335_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregg1981">Gregg 1981</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014411-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014411_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood195826–27-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood195826–27_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1958">Wedgwood 1958</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacleod20095–19_passim-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacleod20095–19_passim_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacleod2009">Macleod 2009</a>, pp. 5–19 passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2016103–105-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2016103–105_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2016">Rees 2016</a>, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20167–8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20167–8_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2016">Rees 2016</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton20034-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton20034_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2003">Hutton 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1979315–317-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1979315–317_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, pp. 315–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20169–10-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20169–10_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2016">Rees 2016</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014452–455-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014452–455_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>, pp. 452–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello200460–61-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello200460–61_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManganiello2004">Manganiello 2004</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1970">Wedgwood 1970</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1970">Wedgwood 1970</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004393-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle2004393_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyle2004">Royle 2004</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004354–355-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle2004354–355_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyle2004">Royle 2004</a>, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958546–548-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958546–548_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1958">Wedgwood 1958</a>, pp. 546–548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2016118–119-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2016118–119_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2016">Rees 2016</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958603–605-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958603–605_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1958">Wedgwood 1958</a>, pp. 603–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2016173–174-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2016173–174_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2016">Rees 2016</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling201723-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayling201723_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2017">Grayling 2017</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchisonFryFry2002223–224-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchisonFryFry2002223–224_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchisonFryFry2002">Mitchison, Fry & Fry 2002</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842230–231-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842230–231_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842240-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842240_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842240_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842241–242-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842241–242_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842242–243-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842242–243_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842291–294_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, pp. 291–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 137 cites <i>Weekly Intelligencer</i>, 11–18 October 1659; <i>Declaration</i> of the officers of the army 27 October 1659; Crate, <i>Original Letters</i>, ii.247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894137–140-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894137–140_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, pp. 137–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894140–141-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894140–141_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 141 cites: Guizot, <i>Richard Cromwell</i>, ii. 267, and the proceedings of the Council of officers on 15 October</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 141 cites: <i>A True Narrative</i>, pp. 21, 41; Guizot [<i>Richard Cromwell</i>], ii. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 149 cites: Guizot, <i>Richard Cromwell</i>, ii. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894164-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894164_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894170-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894170_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894178-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894178_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 181 cites <i>Narrative of the Proceedings of the Fleet</i>, published in 1659, and reprinted in Penn's <i>Memorials of Sir William Penn</i>, ii. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894185-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894185_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894192-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894192_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894201–211-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894201–211_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, pp. 201–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 228 (cites: Price, 'Mystery and Method of his Majesty's Happy Restoration', reprinted by Maseres, p. 751; <a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> Guizot, <i>Richard Cromwell</i>, ii. 371; Carte <i>Ormonde</i>, iv. 51 )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894246-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894246_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894249-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894249_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894250-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894250_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894259-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894259_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894261-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894261_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894274-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894274_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894267–278,_301–302-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894267–278,_301–302_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, pp. 267–278, 301–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 267 cites: <i>Mercurius Publicus</i>, 31 May – 7 June 1660</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlow1894303-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlow1894303_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudlow1894">Ludlow 1894</a>, p. 288 cites <i>Old Parliamentary History</i>, xxii. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1842371–393-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1842371–393_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpham1842">Upham 1842</a>, pp. 371–393.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton1995" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, Charles (1995). <i>Charles I: The Personal Monarch</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415125659" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415125659"><bdi>978-0415125659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+I%3A+The+Personal+Monarch&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0415125659&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1994" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Barry (1994). <i>The Stuart Age</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405859165" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405859165"><bdi>978-1405859165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuart+Age&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1405859165&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayling2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">Grayling, A. C.</a> (2017). <i>Democracy and its crisis</i>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786072894" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786072894"><bdi>978-1786072894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+its+crisis&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786072894&rft.aulast=Grayling&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Gregg" title="Pauline Gregg">Gregg, Pauline</a> (1981). <i>King Charles I</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0460044370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0460044370"><bdi>978-0460044370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Charles+I&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0460044370&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2014). <i>Rebellion: Britain's First Stuart Kings, 1567–1642</i>. OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199209002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199209002"><bdi>978-0199209002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion%3A+Britain%27s+First+Stuart+Kings%2C+1567%E2%80%931642&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199209002&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1802" class="citation cs2">House of Commons (1802), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=24957">"House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 16 March 1660"</a>, <i>Journal of the House of Commons Volume 7: 1651–1660</i>, pp. 879–880</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Journal+Volume+7%3A+16+March+1660&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Commons+Volume+7%3A+1651%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=879-880&rft.date=1802&rft.au=House+of+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D24957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2003). <i>The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415305402" title="Special:BookSources/9780415305402"><bdi>9780415305402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royalist+War+Effort+1642%E2%80%931646&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415305402&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup2013" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, Frank W. (2013). <i>Background to the English Civil War: The Commonwealth and International Library: History Division</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483181073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483181073"><bdi>978-1483181073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+to+the+English+Civil+War%3A+The+Commonwealth+and+International+Library%3A+History+Division&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1483181073&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow1894" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond Ludlow">Ludlow, Edmund</a> (1894), <a href="/wiki/C.H._Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Firth">Firth, C.H.</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsedmundlu01ludlgoog"><i>The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow Lieutenant-General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England 1625–1672</i></a>, vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Edmund+Ludlow+Lieutenant-General+of+the+Horse+in+the+Army+of+the+Commonwealth+of+England+1625%E2%80%931672&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Ludlow&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsedmundlu01ludlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleod2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Macleod_(theologian)" title="Donald Macleod (theologian)">Macleod, Donald</a> (Autumn 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30318219.pdf">"The influence of Calvinism on politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theology in Scotland</i>. <b>XVI</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+in+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+Calvinism+on+politics&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=XVI&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F30318219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganiello2004" class="citation book cs1">Manganiello, Stephen (2004). <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810851009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810851009"><bdi>978-0810851009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Revolutions+and+Wars+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland%2C+1639%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0810851009&rft.aulast=Manganiello&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchisonFryFry2002" class="citation book cs1">Mitchison, Rosalind; Fry, Peter; Fry, Fiona (2002). <i>A History of Scotland</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138174146" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138174146"><bdi>978-1138174146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1138174146&rft.aulast=Mitchison&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rft.au=Fry%2C+Peter&rft.au=Fry%2C+Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2016" class="citation book cs1">Rees, John (2016). <i>The Leveller Revolution</i>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784783907" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784783907"><bdi>978-1784783907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leveller+Revolution&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1784783907&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2004" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2004). <i>Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660</i> (2006 ed.). Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0349115641" title="Special:BookSources/978-0349115641"><bdi>978-0349115641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War%3A+The+Wars+of+the+Three+Kingdoms+1638%E2%80%931660&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0349115641&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David L. (1999). <i>The Stuart Parliaments 1603–1689</i>. Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340719916" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340719916"><bdi>978-0340719916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuart+Parliaments+1603%E2%80%931689&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0340719916&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Steven (1979). "Almost Revolutionaries: The London Apprentices during the Civil Wars". <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 313–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3817210">10.2307/3817210</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3817210">3817210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huntington+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Almost+Revolutionaries%3A+The+London+Apprentices+during+the+Civil+Wars&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=313-328&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3817210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3817210%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham1842" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham, Charles Wentworth</a> (1842), <a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Sparks, Jared</a> (ed.), <i>Life of Sir Henry Vane, Fourth Governor of Massachusetts in The Library of American Biography</i>, New York: Harper & Brothers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1115288024" title="Special:BookSources/1115288024"><bdi>1115288024</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sir+Henry+Vane%2C+Fourth+Governor+of+Massachusetts+in+The+Library+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1842&rft.isbn=1115288024&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Charles+Wentworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood" title="C. V. Wedgwood">Wedgwood, C. V.</a> (1955). <i>The King's Peace, 1637–1641</i> (1983 ed.). Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140069907" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140069907"><bdi>978-0140069907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Peace%2C+1637%E2%80%931641&rft.edition=1983&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0140069907&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1958" class="citation book cs1">Wedgwood, C. V. (1958). <i>The King's War, 1641–1647</i> (2001 ed.). Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141390727" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141390727"><bdi>978-0141390727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+War%2C+1641%E2%80%931647&rft.edition=2001&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0141390727&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1970" class="citation cs2">Wedgwood, C. V. (1970), <i>The King's War: 1641–1647</i>, London: Fontana</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+War%3A+1641%E2%80%931647&rft.pub=London%3A+Fontana&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2006" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Raymond (2006). <i>Seventeenth Century Ireland</i>. Gill and McMillon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717139460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717139460"><bdi>978-0717139460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventeenth+Century+Ireland&rft.pub=Gill+and+McMillon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0717139460&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1968" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (1968). <i>Charles I</i>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+I&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1978" class="citation cs2">Kenyon, J.P. (1978), <i>Stuart England</i>, Penguin Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stuart+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2006). <i>Monarchy: England and her Rulers from the Tudors to the Windsors</i>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007247660" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007247660"><bdi>978-0007247660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy%3A+England+and+her+Rulers+from+the+Tudors+to+the+Windsors&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0007247660&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Parliament&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm">British Civil Wars: The Long Parliament</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/timelines/1641.htm">British Civil Wars: 1641 Time Line</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/timelines/1642.htm">British Civil Wars: 1642 Time Line</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur027.htm">Full text of The Triennial Act. 15 February 1641</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1.html#198">Full text of the Act against Dissolving the Long Parliament without its own Consent</a> 11 May 1641</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/organic/1641-asc.htm">Full text of the act Abolishing the Star Chamber 5 July 1641</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1b.html#201">Full text of the Act Declaring the Illegality of Ship-money 7 August 1641</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur043.htm">Full Text of the Grand Remonstrance, with the Petition accompanying it. 22 November 1641</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1b.html#205">Full text of the King's Answer to the Petition Accompanying the Grand Remonstrance 23 December 1641</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1b.html#207">Full text of The Solemn League and Covenant 25 September 1643</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1b.html#208">Full text of the Ordinance appointing the First Committee of both Kingdoms 16 February 1644</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1b.html#209T">Full text of the Self-denying Ordinance 4 April 1645</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720235215/http://www.molyneuxs.com/8201/122750.html">List of members and their allegiance in the Civil War</a></li> <li>The Tryal of Thomas Earl of Stafford, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by the Commons then Assembled in Parliament in the name of themselves and of all the Commons in England, 1640, John Rushworth.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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