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id="toc-Juvenile_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Biological function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_pattern_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_pattern_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Growth pattern of children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_pattern_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gender differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preference_in_young_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preference_in_young_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Preference in young children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preference_in_young_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormones_and_cuteness_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormones_and_cuteness_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hormones and cuteness variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormones_and_cuteness_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caregiving_correlates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caregiving_correlates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Caregiving correlates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caregiving_correlates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cute_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cute_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cute animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cute_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindchenschema" title="Kindchenschema – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kindchenschema" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunnudus" title="Nunnudus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nunnudus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ناز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mignon" title="Mignon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mignon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80%EC%97%AC%EC%9B%80" title="귀여움 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀여움" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keimutan" title="Keimutan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keimutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segnali_infantili" 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Миловидность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миловидность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ژیکەڵەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژیکەڵەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullighet" title="Gullighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gullighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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navigation-not-searchable">"Cute" and "Cutie" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cute_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cute (disambiguation)">Cute (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cutie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cutie (disambiguation)">Cutie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Cuteness</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">attractiveness</a> commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">appearance</a>, as well as a scientific concept and analytical model in <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>, first introduced by Austrian <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorenz proposed the concept of <b>baby schema</b> (<i>Kindchenschema</i>), a set of facial and body features that make a creature appear "cute" and activate ("release") in others the motivation to care for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Glocker2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glocker2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuteness may be ascribed to people as well as things that are regarded as attractive or charming.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juvenile_traits">Juvenile traits</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopfproportionen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kopfproportionen.svg/275px-Kopfproportionen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kopfproportionen.svg/413px-Kopfproportionen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kopfproportionen.svg/550px-Kopfproportionen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Change of head proportions (especially the relative size of the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>) as a function of age</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_MET_CT_17352.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Angel_MET_CT_17352.jpg/129px-Angel_MET_CT_17352.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Angel_MET_CT_17352.jpg/194px-Angel_MET_CT_17352.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Angel_MET_CT_17352.jpg/258px-Angel_MET_CT_17352.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3047" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_MET_CT_17351.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Angel_MET_CT_17351.jpg/130px-Angel_MET_CT_17351.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Angel_MET_CT_17351.jpg/195px-Angel_MET_CT_17351.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Angel_MET_CT_17351.jpg/260px-Angel_MET_CT_17351.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Example of two cute <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> angels from southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, from the mid-18th century, made of lindenwood, gilded and with original polychromy, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div></div></div></div> <p>Doug Jones, a <a href="/wiki/Visiting_scholar" title="Visiting scholar">visiting scholar</a> in anthropology at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, said that the proportions of facial features change with age due to changes in hard tissue and soft tissue, and Jones said that these "age-related changes" cause juvenile animals to have the "characteristic 'cute' appearance" of proportionately smaller snouts, higher foreheads and larger eyes than their adult counterparts. In terms of hard tissue, Jones said that the <a href="/wiki/Neurocranium" title="Neurocranium">neurocranium</a> grows a lot in juveniles while the bones for the nose and the parts of the skull involved in chewing food only reach maximum growth later. In terms of soft tissue, Jones said that the <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> tissues of the ears and nose continue to grow throughout a person's lifetime, starting at age twenty-five the eyebrows descend on the "<a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraorbital ridge">supraorbital rim</a>" from a position above the supraorbital rim to a position below it, the "lateral aspect of the eyebrows" sags with age, making the eyes appear smaller, and the red part of the lips gets thinner with age due to loss of connective tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-DJones_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJones-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study found that the faces of "attractive" <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italian</a> Caucasian children have "characteristics of babyness" such as a "larger forehead", a smaller jaw, "a proportionately larger and more prominent <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>", a wider face, a flatter face and larger "<a href="/wiki/Anteroposterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anteroposterior">anteroposterior</a>" facial dimensions than the Northern Italian Caucasian children used as a <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_function">Biological function</h3></div> <p>Konrad Lorenz argued in 1949 that infantile features triggered nurturing responses in adults and that this was an evolutionary adaptation which helped ensure that adults cared for their children, ultimately securing the survival of the species. Some later scientific studies have provided further evidence for Lorenz's theory. For example, it has been shown that human adults react positively to infants who are <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypically</a> cute. Studies have also shown that responses to cuteness—and to facial attractiveness in general—seem to be similar across and within cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study conducted by Stephan Hamann of <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>, he found using an <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a>, that cute pictures increased brain activity in the <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbital frontal cortex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_pattern_of_children">Growth pattern of children</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kindchenschema_-_Mensch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kindchenschema_-_Mensch.jpg/220px-Kindchenschema_-_Mensch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kindchenschema_-_Mensch.jpg/330px-Kindchenschema_-_Mensch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kindchenschema_-_Mensch.jpg/440px-Kindchenschema_-_Mensch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>A young child</figcaption></figure> <p>Desmond Collins, who was an Extension Lecturer of Archaeology at <a href="/wiki/London_University" class="mw-redirect" title="London University">London University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that the lengthened youth period of humans is part of <a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">neoteny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Bogin" title="Barry Bogin">Barry Bogin</a> said that the pattern of children's growth may intentionally increase the duration of their cuteness. Bogin said that the human brain reaches adult size when the body is only 40 percent complete, when "dental maturation is only 58 percent complete" and when "reproductive maturation is only 10 percent complete". Bogin said that this <a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">allometry</a> of human growth allows children to have a "superficially infantile" appearance (large <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>, small face, small body and sexual underdevelopment) longer than in other "<a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> species". Bogin said that this cute appearance causes a "nurturing" and "care-giving" response in "older individuals".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_differences">Gender differences</h2></div> <p>The perceived cuteness of an infant is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> and behavior of the infant.<sup id="cite_ref-Koyama_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koyama-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karraker_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karraker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Koyama et al. (2006) research, female infants are seen as cute for the physical attraction that female infants display more than male infants,<sup id="cite_ref-Koyama_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koyama-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas research by Karraker (1990) demonstrates that a caregiver's attention and involvement in the male infant's protection could be solely based on the perception of happiness and attractiveness of the child.<sup id="cite_ref-Karraker_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karraker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gender of an observer can determine their perception of the difference in cuteness. In a study by Sprengelmeyer et al. (2009), it was suggested that women were more sensitive to small differences in cuteness than the same aged men. This suggests that reproductive <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> in women are important for determining cuteness.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprengelmeyer,_R_2009_PP_149-154_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprengelmeyer,_R_2009_PP_149-154-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This finding has also been demonstrated in a study conducted by T. R. Alley in which he had 25 undergraduate students (consisting of 7 men and 18 women) rate the cuteness of infants depending on different characteristics such as age, behavioral traits, and physical characteristics such as head shape, and facial feature configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-Alley_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preference_in_young_children">Preference in young children</h2></div> <p>Borgi et al. stated that young children demonstrate a preference for faces with a more "infantile facial" arrangement i.e. a rounder face, a higher forehead, bigger eyes, a smaller nose and a smaller mouth. In a study that used three- to six-year-old children, Borgi et al. (2014) asserted that the children showed a viewing time preference toward the eyes of "high infantile" faces of dogs, cats and humans as opposed to "low infantile" faces of those three species.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hormones_and_cuteness_variation">Hormones and cuteness variation</h2></div> <p>There are suggestions that hormone levels can affect a person's perception of cuteness. Konrad Lorenz suggests that "caretaking behaviour and affective orientation" towards infants as an innate mechanism, and this is triggered by cute characteristics such as "chubby cheeks" and large eyes. The Sprengelmeyer et al. (2009) study expands on this claim by manipulating baby pictures to test groups on their ability to detect differences in cuteness. The studies show that <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">premenopausal</a> women detected cuteness better than same aged postmenopausal women. Furthermore, to support this claim, women taking <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pills</a> that raise levels of reproductive hormones detect cuteness better than same aged women not taking the pill.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprengelmeyer,_R_2009_PP_149-154_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprengelmeyer,_R_2009_PP_149-154-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sprengelmeyer gathered 24 young women, 24 young men, and 24 older women to participate in his study. He ran three studies in which images of white European babies were shown, and the participants were asked to rate them on a cuteness scale of one to seven. The study found differences among the groups in cuteness discrimination, which ruled out <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> and social influences on perceived cuteness. In the second study it was found that premenopausal women discriminated cuteness at a higher level than their postmenopausal female peers. This finding suggested a biological factor, which was then investigated further in the third study. Here, Sprengelmeyer compared cuteness sensitivity between premenopausal women who were, and were not taking oral contraceptives. The study concluded that post-perceptual processes were impacted by hormone levels (<a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> specifically) in females, and thus impacted sensitivity to cuteness.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprengelmeyer,_R_2009_PP_149-154_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprengelmeyer,_R_2009_PP_149-154-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caregiving_correlates">Caregiving correlates</h2></div> <p>A study by Konrad Lorenz in the early 1940s found that the shape of an infant's head positively correlated with adult caregiving and an increased perception of "cute". However a study by Thomas Alley found no such correlation and pointed out faulty procedures in that study. Alley's study found that cephalic head shape of an infant did induce a positive response from adults, and these children were considered to be more "cute". In his study, Alley had 25 undergraduate students rate line drawings of an infant's face. The same drawing was used each time, however the cephalic head shape was changed using a cardioidal transformation (a transformation that models cephalic growth in relation to ageing process) to adjust the perceived age; other features of the face were not changed. The study concluded that a large head shape increased perceived cuteness, which then elicited a positive response in adult caretaking. The study also noted that perceived cuteness was also dependent on other physical and behavioural characteristics of the child, including age.<sup id="cite_ref-Alley_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study by McCabe (1984) of children whose ages ranged from toddlers to teenagers, the children with more "adult-like" facial proportions were more likely to have experienced physical abuse than children of the same age who had less "adult-like" facial proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by Karraker (1990) suggested that "an adult's beliefs about the <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a> and expected behavior of an infant can influence the adult's interaction with the infant", and gave evidence that in this way "basic cuteness effects may occasionally be obscured in particular infants".<sup id="cite_ref-Karraker_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karraker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koyama (2006) said that an adult caregiver's perception of an infant's cuteness can motivate the amount of care and protection the caregiver provides, and the admiration demonstrated toward the infant, and concluded that "the adults' protective feeling for children appeared to be a more important criterion for the judgment of a boy's cuteness."<sup id="cite_ref-Koyama_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koyama-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melanie Glocker (2009) provided experimental evidence that infants' cuteness motivates caretaking in adults, even if they are not related to the infant.<sup id="cite_ref-Glocker_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glocker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glocker asked individuals to rate the level of cuteness of pictured infants and noted the motivation that these participants had to care for the infants. The research suggested that individuals' rating of the perceived cuteness of an infant corresponded to the level of motivation an individual had to care for this infant.<sup id="cite_ref-Glocker_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glocker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glocker and colleagues then used <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI), to demonstrate that baby faces with higher content of baby schema features, generated more activation in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>, a small brain area central to motivation and reward.<sup id="cite_ref-Glocker2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glocker2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work elucidated the neural mechanism through which baby schema (<i>Kindchenschema</i>) may motivate ("release") caretaking behavior. Furthermore, cute infants were more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adopted</a> and rated as more "likeable, friendly, healthy and competent" than infants who were less cute. There is an implication that baby schema response is crucial to human development because it lays the foundation for caregiving and the relationship between child and caretaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Glocker_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glocker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman, Haidt, & Coan (2009), in two <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>, found that exposure to high cuteness <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)" title="Stimulus (psychology)">stimuli</a> increased performance when playing the <a href="/wiki/Operation_(game)" title="Operation (game)">Operation</a> game, a task that requires extreme carefulness. The study said that the shift in behavior toward greater carefulness is consistent with the viewpoint that cuteness is something that releases the human caregiving system. The study said that the shift in behavior toward greater carefulness also makes sense as an <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> for caring for small children.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mickey-Mouse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mickey-Mouse.png/220px-Mickey-Mouse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mickey-Mouse.png/330px-Mickey-Mouse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mickey-Mouse.png/440px-Mickey-Mouse.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> and Nancy Etcoff cited <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> as an example of a cartoon character intentionally designed to be cute</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monami_Gentsuki_and_friends_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Monami_Gentsuki_and_friends_%28white_background%29.png/220px-Monami_Gentsuki_and_friends_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Monami_Gentsuki_and_friends_%28white_background%29.png/330px-Monami_Gentsuki_and_friends_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Monami_Gentsuki_and_friends_%28white_background%29.png/440px-Monami_Gentsuki_and_friends_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <i><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">kawaii</a></i> character designs</figcaption></figure> <p>Doug Jones, a <a href="/wiki/Visiting_scholar" title="Visiting scholar">visiting scholar</a> in anthropology at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, said that the faces of monkeys, dogs, birds and even the fronts of cars can be made to appear cuter by morphing them with a "<a href="/wiki/Cardioid" title="Cardioid">cardioidal</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Heart_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart (symbol)">heart-shaped</a>) <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(function)" title="Transformation (function)">mathematical transformation</a>. Jones said that negative cardioidal strain results in faces appearing less mature and cuter by causing facial features at the top of the face to expand outward and upward while causing features at the bottom of the face to contract inward and upward.<sup id="cite_ref-DJones_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJones-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> said that over time <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> had been drawn to resemble a juvenile more with a relatively larger head, larger eyes, a larger and more bulging <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>, a less sloping and more rounded forehead, shorter, thicker and "pudgier" legs, thicker arms and a thicker snout which gave the appearance of being less protrusive. Gould suggested that this change in Mickey's image was intended to increase his popularity by making him appear cuter and "inoffensive". Gould said that the neotenous changes to Mickey's form were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Neoteny#Human_evolution" title="Neoteny">neotenous changes that occurred in human evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mickey_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nancy Etcoff, Ph.D. in psychology from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, said "cartoonists capitalize on our innate preferences for juvenile features", and she mentioned Mickey Mouse and <a href="/wiki/Bambi" title="Bambi">Bambi</a> as examples of this trend. She said Mickey Mouse's bodily proportions "aged in reverse" since his inception, because "[h]is eyes and head kept getting bigger while his limbs kept getting shorter and thicker", culminating in him resembling a "human infant". She further mentioned the "exaggerated high forehead" and the "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doe_eyes" class="extiw" title="wikt:doe eyes">doe eyes</a>" of Bambi as another example of this trend.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark J. Estren, Ph.D. in psychology from the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said cute animals get more public attention and scientific study due to having physical characteristics that would be considered neotenous from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">human development</a>. Estren said that humans should be mindful of their bias for cute animals, so animals that would not be considered cute are also valued in addition to cute animals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perception of cuteness is culturally diverse. The differences across cultures can be significantly associated to the need to be <a href="/wiki/Socially_accepted" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially accepted">socially accepted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleck_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleck-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></i> is a concept in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a> that describes cuteness and innocence. <i>Kawaii</i> aesthetics are commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, and elements of it also appear in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion" title="Japanese street fashion">Japanese street fashion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cute_animals">Cute animals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golde33443.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Golde33443.jpg/220px-Golde33443.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Golde33443.jpg/330px-Golde33443.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Golde33443.jpg/440px-Golde33443.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Retriever" title="Golden Retriever">Golden Retriever</a> puppy</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ACuteness&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Cuteness">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuteness&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sherman, Haidt, & Coan (2009) used images of <a href="/wiki/Puppy" title="Puppy">puppies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitten" title="Kitten">kittens</a> for the study's "high cuteness" <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)" title="Stimulus (psychology)">stimuli</a> in two <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2009_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William R. Miller, assistant professor of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baker_University" title="Baker University">Baker University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, said that most people, upon seeing <a href="/wiki/Tardigrades" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrades">tardigrades</a>, say that they are the cutest <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kenta Takada (2016) said that Miyanoshita (2008) said that the design of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolates</a> made to look like <a href="/wiki/Dynastinae" title="Dynastinae">rhinoceros beetle</a> <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> is a design that is both cute and disgusting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evolutionary biologists suspect that "puppy dog eyes", a trait absent from wild wolves, were unintentionally selected for by humans during the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of dogs">domestication of dogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to obtain pets with particularly cute faces, some breeds of dogs have been bred with increasingly severe cranial deformities called <a href="/wiki/Cephalic_index#Modern_use_in_animal_breeding" title="Cephalic index">brachycephaly</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/French_bulldog" class="mw-redirect" title="French bulldog">French Bulldog</a>, who consequently suffer from <a href="/wiki/Brachycephalic_airway_obstructive_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome">Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cute_aggression" title="Cute aggression">Cute aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kawaii</i></span></a> – Japanese concept related to cuteness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewpie_doll_effect" title="Kewpie doll effect">Kewpie doll effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">Neoteny</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorenz, Konrad. <i>Studies in Animal and Human Behavior</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press; 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glocker2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glocker2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glocker2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glocker ML, Langleben DD, Ruparel K, Loughead JW, Valdez JN, Griffin MD, Sachser N, Gur RC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/106/22/9115.figures-only">"Baby schema modulates the brain reward system in nulliparous women."</a> <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – U.S.A</i> 2009 June 2;106(22):9115–9119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216110859/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cute">"cute, adj."</a>. OED Online. March 2012. Oxford University Press. (accessed April 29, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DJones-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DJones_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJones_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, D.; et al. 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Page 384. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23019349.pdf">Link</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takada, K. (2016). Gummi Candy as a Realistic Representation of a Rhinoceros Beetle Larva. <i>American Entomologist, 62</i>(3). Page 154. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ae/article/62/3/154/1710486">Link</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fecava.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/FLYER_Extreme-breeding_RVau21_06_18_BAT.pdf">Breeding for extreme conformations</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/npr/733615938/scientists-explain-puppy-dog-eyes">"Scientists Explain Puppy Dog Eyes"</a>. <i>www.wbur.org</i>. 18 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wbur.org&rft.atitle=Scientists+Explain+Puppy+Dog+Eyes&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fnpr%2F733615938%2Fscientists-explain-puppy-dog-eyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuteness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cutecrunch.wordpress.com/2014/12/11/33/">Suffocate me…WITH LOVE – The History & Realities of French Bulldogs</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puppyleaks.com/done-bulldogs/">What Unethical Breeding Has Done To Bulldogs</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuteness&oldid=1253238291">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuteness&oldid=1253238291</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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