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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanandr%C3%A9sk%C3%A1_kreol%C5%A1tina" title="Sanandréská kreolština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sanandréská kreolština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_sanandresano" title="Criollo sanandresano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Criollo sanandresano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ole_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s_et_Providencia" title="Créole de San Andrés et Providencia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créole de San Andrés et Providencia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crioulo_sanandresano" title="Crioulo sanandresano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crioulo sanandresano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Islander_Creole_English" title="Lenga Islander Creole English – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Islander Creole English" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_crioula_sanandresana" title="Língua crioula sanandresana – Portuguese" lang="pt" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">San Andrés–Providencia Creole</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Bende, Islander Creole English<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Criollo_de_la_Isla_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Criollo_de_la_Isla_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s.jpg/250px-Criollo_de_la_Isla_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Criollo_de_la_Isla_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s.jpg/330px-Criollo_de_la_Isla_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Criollo_de_la_Isla_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s.jpg/500px-Criollo_de_la_Isla_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Creole of the Island of San Andrés</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a> islands</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20,000–30,000<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English Creole</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Atlantic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Western<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>San Andrés–Providencia Creole</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/icr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:icr">icr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sana1297">sana1297</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">In the Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_English" title="Antiguan and Barbudan English">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>San Andrés–Providencia Creole</b> is an <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-based creole language">English-based creole language</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andrés and Providencia">San Andrés and Providencia</a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> by the native <a href="/wiki/Raizals" class="mw-redirect" title="Raizals">Raizals</a>. It is very similar to <a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole" title="Belizean Creole">Belizean Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coastal_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Miskito Coastal Creole">Miskito Coast Creole</a>. Its vocabulary originates in English, its <a href="/wiki/Lexifier" title="Lexifier">lexifier</a>, but San Andrés–Providencia creole has its own phonetics and many expressions from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and African languages, particularly <a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa languages</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igbo languages</a>. The language is also known as "San Andrés Creole", "Bende" and "Islander Creole English".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its two main strands are San Andres Creole English (or <i>Saintandrewan</i>) and Providence Creole English.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina uses three languages: Creole, English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San Andrés–Providencia Creole is an official language in its territory of influence, according to the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Colombian Constitution of 1991</a> which guarantees the rights and protections of languages in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 20,000–30,000 people speak San Andrés–Providencia Creole.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>San Andrés–Providencia Creole has been influenced by social and family ties with the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a>, and has in turn influenced the Central American English Creoles from the early 19th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It retains a number of African words and phrases in common with the Nicaraguan, Belizean, and Limón creoles, and with <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patwah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closest to <a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole" title="Belizean Creole">Belize Kriol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many scholars often suggest a common <a href="/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English" title="West African Pidgin English">West African pidgin</a> as the source of most Caribbean creole languages, San Andrés Creole, in particular, may partially derive from the Jamaican Patwah of the latter half of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Providence Islander Creole is less popular among the Native Islanders, who feel a stronger affinity for English.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1902 and 1926, a process of forced Hispanization deprecated use of English and Creole. In 1946 and 1956, English was banned in public and private schools (respectively). Large scale immigration from continental Colombia, where most people spoke Spanish, resulted in the creole people of San Andrés becoming marginalised.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English remained in use for liturgical purposes in Baptist churches, but the coming of satellite television and growth of foreign tourism has revived the use of English on the islands. The standard English taught in schools is <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> and rarely San Andrés Creole.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of migrants from continental Colombia and the travel of young islanders to cities like <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> for higher education has contributed to the presence of Spanish. However, the interest in preserving the Creole has become very important for locals and Colombians in general.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Carlos Augusto Arias, "Creole plays a symbolic role in the cohesion and identity of raizals, as the vehicle and an important piece of the cultural heritage, as well as the phenomenology of group identity."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="Special:EditPage/San Andrés–Providencia Creole">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>It marks the time. The auxiliar <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">wen</i></span> (~ben~men) marks a past simple. Future tense is marked with <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">wi</i></span> and <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">wuda</i></span>. Progressive tense is marked by <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">de</i></span>.</li> <li>The auxiliars <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">beg</i></span> and <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">mek</i></span> before the sentence is a polite way to ask permission or asking something.</li> <li>Other auxiliary words before the verb mark probability like <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">maita</i></span>, <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">mos</i></span>, <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">mosi</i></span>, <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">kyan</i></span>, and <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">kuda</i></span>; willingness with <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">niid</i></span> and <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">waan</i></span>; and obligation with <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">fi</i></span>, <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">hafi</i></span> and <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">shuda</i></span></li> <li>There is no grammatical distinction for gender.</li> <li>Plural is marked with <span title="Islander Creole English-language text"><i lang="icr">dem</i></span> after the noun.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole" title="Belizean Creole">Belizean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Miskito Coast Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartens2013" class="citation book cs1">Bartens, Angela (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apics-online.info/surveys/10"><i>San Andres Creole English. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1996914-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1996914-0-1"><bdi>978-0-1996914-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=San+Andres+Creole+English.+In+The+survey+of+pidgin+and+creole+languages.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-1996914-0-1&rft.aulast=Bartens&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapics-online.info%2Fsurveys%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWashabaugh1983" class="citation book cs1">Washabaugh, William (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.t2"><i>The Off-shore Island Creoles: Providencia, San Andres and the Caymans". In Central American English</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87276-295-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-87276-295-8"><bdi>3-87276-295-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Off-shore+Island+Creoles%3A+Providencia%2C+San+Andres+and+the+Caymans%22.+In+Central+American+English&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-87276-295-8&rft.aulast=Washabaugh&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fveaw.t2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apics-online.info/surveys/10">"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: San Andres Creole English"</a>. <i>apics-online.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apics-online.info&rft.atitle=APiCS+Online+-+Survey+chapter%3A+San+Andres+Creole+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapics-online.info%2Fsurveys%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/icr/">"Ethnologue report for language code: icr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+language+code%3A+icr&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ficr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartens2013" class="citation cs2">Bartens, Angela (2013-01-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110280128.237/html">"San Andres-Providence Creole English"</a>, <i>San Andres-Providence Creole English</i>, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. <span class="nowrap">237–</span>254, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110280128.237">10.1515/9783110280128.237</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028012-8"><bdi>978-3-11-028012-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Andres-Providence+Creole+English&rft.atitle=San+Andres-Providence+Creole+English&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110280128.237&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028012-8&rft.aulast=Bartens&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110280128.237%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morren, Ronald. 2010. "Trilingual education: On the Islands of San Andres, Providence, and Santa Catalina". In Bettina Migge, Isabelle Léglise and Angela Bartens (eds.), <i>Creoles in Education: An appraisal of current programs and projects</i>, pp. 297–322. John Benjamins Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arias, Carlos Augusto. "Agency in the Reconstruction of Language Identity: A Narrative Case Study from the Island of San Andrés." In <i>Gist Education and Learning Research Journal</i>. No. 9 (July–December 2014). ISSN 1692-5777. pp. 103-123. (106)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartens, Angela. "Creole languages." <i>Contact languages. A comprehensive guide. Language Contact and Bilingualism</i> 6 (2013): 65-158 (133).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decker, Ken, and Andy Keener. "A report on the English-based creole of San Andrés and Providence islands, Colombia." <i>SIL International</i> (2001). p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, J., 1974. African influences on the English of San Andrés island, Colombia. <i>Pidgins and Creoles: Current trends and prospects</i>, pp.1-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartens2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bartens, Angela (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43344420">"A Comparison of the English-based Creoles of Nicaragua and San Andrés and Old Providence"</a>. <i>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen</i>. <b>110</b> (3): 299–318 (302). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3754">0028-3754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuphilologische+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+the+English-based+Creoles+of+Nicaragua+and+San+Andr%C3%A9s+and+Old+Providence&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-318+%28302%29&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0028-3754&rft.aulast=Bartens&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43344420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decker, Ken, and Andy Keener. "A report on the English-based creole of San Andrés and Providence islands, Colombia." <i>SIL International</i> (2001). p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldbibles.org/language_detail/eng/icr/San+Andr%C3%A9s+Creole">New Testament books translated into Creole</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apics-online.info/surveys/10">San Andres Creole English</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Languages of Colombia">Languages of Colombia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achawa_language" title="Achawa 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title="Pasto language">Pasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Totoro language">Totoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque_language" title="Andoque language">Andoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minica_Huitoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Minica Huitoto">Minica Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muinane_language" title="Muinane language">Muinane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murui_Huitoto_language" title="Murui Huitoto language">Murui Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaina_language" title="Ocaina language">Ocaina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_language" title="Arhuaco language">Arhuaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiwa_language" title="Wiwa language">Wiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baudo_language" title="Baudo language">Baudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catio_language" title="Catio language">Catio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chami_language" title="Chami language">Chami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eperara_language" title="Eperara language">Eperara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Embera_language" title="Northern Embera language">Northern Embera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guahibo_language" title="Guahibo language">Guahibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayabero_language" title="Guayabero language">Guayabero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macagu%C3%A1n_language" title="Macaguán language">Macaguán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasana-Eduria_language" title="Barasana-Eduria language">Barasana-Eduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapana_language" title="Carapana language">Carapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_language" title="Cubeo language">Cubeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuiba_language" title="Cuiba language">Cuiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desano_language" title="Desano language">Desano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreguaje_language" title="Koreguaje language">Koreguaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaguaje_language" title="Macaguaje language">Macaguaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuna_language" title="Macuna language">Macuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisamira_language" title="Pisamira language">Pisamira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siona_language" title="Siona language">Siona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriano_language" title="Siriano language">Siriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimuca-Retuar%C3%A3_language" title="Tanimuca-Retuarã language">Tanimuca-Retuarã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatuyo_language" title="Tatuyo language">Tatuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuca_language" title="Tuyuca language">Tuyuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waimaj%C3%A3_language" title="Waimajã language">Waimajã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajiara_language" title="Wajiara language">Wajiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanano_language" title="Wanano language">Wanano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yauna_language" title="Yauna language">Yauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carabayo_language" title="Carabayo language">Carabayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carijona_language" title="Carijona language">Carijona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inga_Kichwa" title="Inga Kichwa">Inga Kichwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliba_language" title="Saliba language">Saliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukpa_language" title="Yukpa language">Yukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creoles/Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-based_creole_languages_of_the_Caribbean78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English-based_Caribbean_creoles" title="Template:English-based Caribbean creoles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Creole" title="Bahamian Creole">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_Creole" title="Bajan Creole">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole" title="Belizean Creole">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Creole" title="Bocas del Toro Creole">Bocas del Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_English" title="Grenadian Creole English">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Creole" title="Guyanese Creole">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonese_Creole" title="Limonese Creole">Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Creole" title="Montserrat Creole">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Cay_Creole" title="Rama Cay Creole">Rama Cay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Roatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_Creole" title="Saint Kitts Creole">Saint Kitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San Andrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Creole" title="Vincentian Creole">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobagonian_Creole" title="Tobagonian Creole">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole" title="Trinidadian Creole">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Creole" title="Turks and Caicos Creole">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Creole" title="Virgin Islands Creole">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko,_Soley,_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" 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