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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kommutativitet_och_algebraiska_strukturer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommutativitet_och_algebraiska_strukturer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kommutativitet och algebraiska strukturer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommutativitet_och_algebraiska_strukturer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antikommutativitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antikommutativitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Antikommutativitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antikommutativitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kommutator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommutator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kommutator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommutator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kommutativitet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 70 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutatiewe_bewerking" title="Kommutatiewe bewerking – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kommutatiewe bewerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عملية تبديلية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية تبديلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmutativid%C3%A1" title="Conmutatividá – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conmutatividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutativlik_xass%C9%99si" title="Kommutativlik xassəsi – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kommutativlik xassəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বিনিময় বৈশিষ্ট্য – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিনিময় বৈশিষ্ট্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Коммутативлыҡ – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Коммутативлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Камутатыўная аперацыя – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камутатыўная аперацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Комутативност – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комутативност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutativnost" title="Komutativnost – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Komutativnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propietat_commutativa" title="Propietat commutativa – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Propietat commutativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Коммутативлă операци – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Коммутативлă операци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutativita" title="Komutativita – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komutativita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutativitet" title="Kommutativitet – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kommutativitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutativgesetz" title="Kommutativgesetz – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommutativgesetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutatiivsus" title="Kommutatiivsus – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kommutatiivsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αντιμεταθετική ιδιότητα – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιμεταθετική ιδιότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property" title="Commutative property – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Commutative property" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmutatividad" title="Conmutatividad – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conmutatividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuteco" title="Komuteco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komuteco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trukakortasun" title="Trukakortasun – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trukakortasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خاصیت جابه‌جایی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاصیت جابه‌جایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_commutative" title="Loi commutative – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi commutative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oibr%C3%ADocht_ch%C3%B3mhalartach" title="Oibríocht chómhalartach – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oibríocht chómhalartach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-iomlaideachd" title="Co-iomlaideachd – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Co-iomlaideachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmutatividade" title="Conmutatividade – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conmutatividade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%98%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="교환법칙 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교환법칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեղափոխականություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղափոխականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रमविनिमेयता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रमविनिमेयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutativnost" title="Komutativnost – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komutativnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifat_komutatif" title="Sifat komutatif – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sifat komutatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativitate" title="Commutativitate – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Commutativitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADxlregla" title="Víxlregla – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víxlregla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativit%C3%A0" title="Commutatività – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commutatività" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פעולה קומוטטיבית – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פעולה קומוטטיבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Ауыстырымдылық – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауыстырымдылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativitas_(mathematica)" title="Commutativitas (mathematica) – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commutativitas (mathematica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutativit%C4%81te" title="Komutativitāte – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komutativitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutatyvumas" title="Komutatyvumas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komutatyvumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutativit%C3%A1s" title="Kommutativitás – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kommutativitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Комутативност – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комутативност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രമനിയമം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രമനിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalis_tukar_tertib" title="Kalis tukar tertib – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalis tukar tertib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativiteit" title="Commutativiteit – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Commutativiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="交換法則 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交換法則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutatiifgesets" title="Komutatiifgesets – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Komutatiifgesets" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutativ_lov" title="Kommutativ lov – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kommutativ lov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommutativitet" title="Kommutativitet – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kommutativitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemienno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Przemienność – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemienność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comutatividade" title="Comutatividade – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comutatividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comutativitate" title="Comutativitate – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comutativitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Коммутативность – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коммутативность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetia_e_nd%C3%ABrrimit" title="Vetia e ndërrimit – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetia e ndërrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA" title="න්‍යාදේශ්‍ය න්‍යාය – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="න්‍යාදේශ්‍ය න්‍යාය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property" title="Commutative property – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commutative property" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutat%C3%ADvnos%C5%A5" title="Komutatívnosť – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komutatívnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutativnost" title="Komutativnost – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komutativnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%95" title="خاسیەتی ئاڵوگۆڕ – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خاسیەتی ئاڵوگۆڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Комутативност – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комутативност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutativnost" title="Komutativnost – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komutativnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaihdannaisuus" title="Vaihdannaisuus – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaihdannaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="பரிமாற்றுத்தன்மை – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரிமாற்றுத்தன்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коммутативлык – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коммутативлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="สมบัติการสลับที่ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมบัติการสลับที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fme_%C3%B6zelli%C4%9Fi" title="Değişme özelliği – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Değişme özelliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Комутативність – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комутативність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiet%C3%A0_comutativa" title="Propietà comutativa – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Propietà comutativa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADnh_giao_ho%C3%A1n" title="Tính giao hoán – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính giao hoán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E5%BE%8B" title="交换律 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="交换律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%BE%8B" title="交換律 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="交換律" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%BE%8B" title="交換律 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="交換律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar">källhänvisningar</a> för att kunna <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet">verifieras</a>.</b> <small>(2020-06)</small> <br /><small>Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">gärna som fotnoter</a>). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan <a href="/wiki/Mall:K%C3%A4lla_beh%C3%B6vs" title="Mall:Källa behövs">ifrågasättas</a> och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Kommutativitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskussion:Kommutativitet [inte skriven än]">diskussionssidan</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Commutativity_of_binary_operations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="En bild som illustrerar kommutativitet med en räknemaskin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Commutativity_of_binary_operations.svg/374px-Commutativity_of_binary_operations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="374" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Commutativity_of_binary_operations.svg/561px-Commutativity_of_binary_operations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Commutativity_of_binary_operations.svg/748px-Commutativity_of_binary_operations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="142" /></a><figcaption>En operation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \circ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∘</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \circ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/decc85030d0f26e9b0a1c7b8d75901db8328cad3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle \circ }"></span>är kommutativ om och endast om <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle x\circ y=y\circ x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∘</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∘</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle x\circ y=y\circ x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f34387290b2eb39b572d9968050b72623611fc6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.458ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle x\circ y=y\circ x}"></span>för varje <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d951e0f3b54b6a3d73bb9a0a005749046cbce781" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle x}"></span> och <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db9936ddb2761b76fa640fb275cb5d1fa4d6fa23" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle y}"></span>. Bilden illustrerar detta med en räknemaskin som är kommutativ, där man ser att oavsett vilken som stoppas in först blir resultatet likadant.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inom <a href="/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematiken</a>, speciellt inom <a href="/wiki/Abstrakt_algebra" title="Abstrakt algebra">abstrakt algebra</a>, är <b>kommutativitet</b> en egenskap hos en <a href="/wiki/Bin%C3%A4r_operator" title="Binär operator">binär operator</a>. </p><p>Operatorn <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span> på en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4ngd" title="Mängd">mängd</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> är <b>kommutativ</b> om och endast om det för alla <a href="/wiki/Element_(m%C3%A4ngdteori)" title="Element (mängdteori)">element</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> och <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> gäller att </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\star y=y\star x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\star y=y\star x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf9fba4eb208c9d5aa4d84de95aa7def7414c726" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.458ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\star y=y\star x}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Operatorn är alltså kommutativ om <a href="/wiki/Operand" title="Operand">operandernas</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> och <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"></span> ovan) ordning saknar betydelse. De mest kända exemplen på kommutativa operatorer är <a href="/wiki/Addition" title="Addition">addition</a> och <a href="/wiki/Multiplikation" title="Multiplikation">multiplikation</a> av <a href="/wiki/Naturliga_tal" title="Naturliga tal">naturliga tal</a>, till exempel </p> <dl><dd>4 + 5 = 5 + 4 (båda uttrycken ger 9)</dd> <dd>2 · 3 = 3 · 2 (båda uttrycken ger 6)</dd></dl> <p>Exempel på <i>icke</i> kommutativa operationer är </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subtraktion" title="Subtraktion">subtraktion</a>: 5 - 4 = 1 men 4 - 5 = -1</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Potens_(matematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Potens (matematik)">exponentiering</a>: 2<sup>5</sup> = 32 men 5<sup>2</sup> = 25</dd></dl> <p>Subtraktion är dock <b>antikommutativ</b>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Antikommutativitet">se nedan</a>. </p><p>Ytterligare exempel på kommutativa binära operatorer är addition och multiplikation av <a href="/wiki/Reella_tal" title="Reella tal">reella tal</a> och <a href="/wiki/Komplexa_tal" title="Komplexa tal">komplexa tal</a>, addition av <a href="/wiki/Vektor" title="Vektor">vektorer</a>, samt <a href="/wiki/Snitt_(matematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snitt (matematik)">snitt</a> och <a href="/wiki/Union_(matematik)" title="Union (matematik)">unioner</a> av <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4ngd" title="Mängd">mängder</a>. </p><p>Som en direkt följd av att multiplikation av reella tal är kommutativt, gäller det samma även för uttryck på formen x % av y.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viktiga operatorer som generellt är icke-kommutativa är multiplikation av <a href="/wiki/Matris_(matematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matris (matematik)">matriser</a>, sammansättning av <a href="/wiki/Funktion" title="Funktion">funktioner</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kvaternion" title="Kvaternion">kvaternionmultiplikation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kommutativitet_och_algebraiska_strukturer">Kommutativitet och algebraiska strukturer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kommutativitet och algebraiska strukturer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kommutativitet och algebraiska strukturer"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Abelsk_grupp" title="Abelsk grupp">abelsk grupp</a> definieras som en <a href="/wiki/Grupp_(matematik)" title="Grupp (matematik)">grupp</a> (en mängd där (endast) en operation, till exempel addition eller multiplikation, behöver vara definierad) vars operator är kommutativ. Abelsk grupp och kommutativ grupp är alltså synonymer. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Ring_(matematik)" title="Ring (matematik)">ring</a> (en mängd där likt de reella talen två sammanhängande operationer, motsvarande addition och multiplikation) kallas kommutativ om dess multiplikation är kommutativ, eftersom addition alltid är kommutativ, genom hur <a href="/wiki/Ring_(matematik)" title="Ring (matematik)">ringen</a> är definierad. Slutligen definieras en <a href="/wiki/Kropp_(algebra)" title="Kropp (algebra)">kropp</a> (engelska <i>field</i>), som en kommutativ ring, där varje element skilt från det additiva identitetselementet har <a href="/wiki/Reciprok_(matematik)" title="Reciprok (matematik)">multiplikativ invers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antikommutativitet">Antikommutativitet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Antikommutativitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Antikommutativitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <b>antikommutativ</b> binär operator <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span> på en ring uppfyller <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\star y=-y\star x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\star y=-y\star x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b6ff64a2b088650f01c968ea22e58793738fdc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.266ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\star y=-y\star x}"></span> för alla <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> och <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"></span>. Förutom subtraktion är även <a href="/wiki/Kryssprodukt" title="Kryssprodukt">kryssprodukt</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \times }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>×</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \times }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ffafff1ad26cbe49045f19a67ce532116a32703" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.019ex; margin-bottom: -0.19ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \times }"></span> en sådan operator. </p><p>Antikommutativa operatorer används också inom kvantmekaniken för att beskriva elektroner och andra så kallade <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermioniska</a> partiklar som lyder under <a href="/wiki/Paulis_uteslutningsprincip" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulis uteslutningsprincip">Paulis uteslutningsprincip</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kommutator">Kommutator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kommutator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kommutator"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <b>kommutator</b> i en grupp är ett element som kan skrivas på formen </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\star b\star a^{-1}\star b^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\star b\star a^{-1}\star b^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cbd6aa87a68f28f53cfc38cacfd4f4f8edea0861" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.704ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\star b\star a^{-1}\star b^{-1}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>för några element <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> och <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> i gruppen. Enhetselementet <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span> kan alltid skrivas som </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=e\star e\star e^{-1}\star e^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=e\star e\star e^{-1}\star e^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db1b618428edba27282f90c6ff7d3d4458373d0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:19.766ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=e\star e\star e^{-1}\star e^{-1}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>och därför är alltid <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span> en kommutator i varje grupp, abelsk såväl som icke-abelsk. Man kan därför säga att intressanta egenskaper hos grupper uppstår först när man har andra kommutatorer än enhetselementet <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span>. </p><p>Observera att om operatorn <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span> är kommutativ, så reduceras varje kommutator till enhetselementet <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span>. Det beror på att man kan då skriva </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\star b\star a^{-1}\star b^{-1}=a\star a^{-1}\star b\star b^{-1}=e\star e=e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\star b\star a^{-1}\star b^{-1}=a\star a^{-1}\star b\star b^{-1}=e\star e=e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdaf67efcc998b3af2daadf260571a0625b8b6c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:46.149ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\star b\star a^{-1}\star b^{-1}=a\star a^{-1}\star b\star b^{-1}=e\star e=e}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>eftersom det bara är att byta ordningen på operanderna i en kommutativ grupp. Därför kan man säga att det är ointressant studera kommutatorer i kommutativa grupper, man vet ju redan precis hur de ser ut: de är alla enheten <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span>. </p><p><b>Kommutator-undergruppen</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}"></span> till en grupp <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> är mängden av alla kommutatorer till gruppen. Den bildar en <a href="/wiki/Normal_undergrupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal undergrupp">normal undergrupp</a> till ursprungsgruppen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> och då blir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvotgruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvotgruppen [inte skriven än]">kvotgruppen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/K}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6ad993944283ec7b28c59cf3d7c3c9dcd7f6ef1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.055ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/K}"></span> också kommutativ. </p><p>Löst uttryckt kan man därför säga att kvotgruppen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/K}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6ad993944283ec7b28c59cf3d7c3c9dcd7f6ef1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.055ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/K}"></span> (men även kommutatorundergruppen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}"></span>) ger värdefull information om ursprungsgruppen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span>, till exempel vilken struktur den har, trots att kvotgruppen oftast bara utgör en liten del av ursprungsgruppen. Det beror på att man reducerat problemet att finna egenskaper hos en icke-kommutativ grupp till en som är kommutativ. På köpet brukar kvotgruppen bli betydligt mindre och inte så oöverskådlig som ursprungsgruppen möjligen var, vilket kan vara fördelaktigt. Matematiken förstår generellt sett kommutativa grupper bättre än icke-kommutativa, se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktursatsen_f%C3%B6r_abelska_grupper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktursatsen för abelska grupper [inte skriven än]">struktursatsen för abelska grupper</a>, och mindre grupper bättre än större. </p><p><b>Kommutatorn</b> i en <a href="/wiki/Ring_(matematik)" title="Ring (matematik)">ring</a> definieras för två element <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> och <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> via så kallade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poisson-hakar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poisson-hakar [inte skriven än]">Poisson-hakar</a> genom relationen: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [A,B]=A\star B-B\star A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [A,B]=A\star B-B\star A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e3a26e1cef401010fd42bcdb0dcc7d58656766b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.177ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [A,B]=A\star B-B\star A}"></span></dd></dl> <p>och är därmed en antikommutativ binär operator. Man ser att om vi kan kasta om ordningen hos operatorn <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span> kommer kommutatorn bli noll. Den används i fysik till exempel för att studera kvantmekaniska invarianter. Den är närbesläktat med <a href="/wiki/Abstrakt_algebra" title="Abstrakt algebra">abstrakt algebraiska</a> begrepp som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_(matematik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre (matematik) [inte skriven än]">centre</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centralizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centralizer [inte skriven än]">centralizer</a>. </p><p>På liknande sätt definieras <b>antikommutatorn</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{A,B\}=A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{A,B\}=A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27ba71f5a5105d136eeaa6cd5f7a02dc009eaf9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.708ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{A,B\}=A}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B+B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B+B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0491d7dbb5d45e5e28862376088669278e5d450" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.368ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B+B}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abelsk_grupp" title="Abelsk grupp">Abelsk grupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associativitet" title="Associativitet">Associativitet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributivitet" title="Distributivitet">Distributivitet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714155400/http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U4/S33/S333.html">”Compatible Numbers to Simplify Percent Problems”</a> (på engelska). Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U4/S33/S333.html">originalet</a> den 14 juli 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714155400/http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U4/S33/S333.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20200714155400/http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U4/S33/S333.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 14 juli 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Compatible+Numbers+to+Simplify+Percent+Problems&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200714155400%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fweb.mnstate.edu%2Fpeil%2FMDEV102%2FU4%2FS33%2FS333.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kommutativitet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commutativity" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Commutativity">Kommutativitet</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commutativity" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Commutativity">Bilder & media</a></div></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&oldid=55049073">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kommutativitet&oldid=55049073</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Abstrakt_algebra" title="Kategori:Abstrakt algebra">Abstrakt algebra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bin%C3%A4ra_operationer" title="Kategori:Binära operationer">Binära operationer</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_k%C3%A4llor_2020-06" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver källor 2020-06">Artiklar som behöver källor 2020-06</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_m%C3%A4rkta_med_mallen_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar märkta med mallen källor">Alla artiklar märkta med mallen källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver källor">Alla artiklar som behöver källor</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 26 juni 2024 kl. 22.45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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