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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Karga+elektriko" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Karga+elektriko" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Karga+elektriko" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Karga+elektriko" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_orokorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ikuspegi orokorra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ikuspegi orokorra azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kargaren_natura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kargaren_natura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kargaren natura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kargaren_natura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oinarrizko_karga_elektrikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarrizko_karga_elektrikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Oinarrizko karga elektrikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oinarrizko_karga_elektrikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karga_elektrikoa_gorputzetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karga_elektrikoa_gorputzetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Karga elektrikoa gorputzetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karga_elektrikoa_gorputzetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitateak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitateak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Unitateak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitateak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kargaren_eragina_elektrostatikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kargaren_eragina_elektrostatikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kargaren eragina elektrostatikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kargaren_eragina_elektrostatikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kargaren_eragina_korronte_elektrikoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kargaren_eragina_korronte_elektrikoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kargaren eragina korronte elektrikoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kargaren_eragina_korronte_elektrikoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karga_elektrikoaren_dentsitatea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karga_elektrikoaren_dentsitatea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Karga elektrikoaren dentsitatea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karga_elektrikoaren_dentsitatea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Karga elektrikoaren dentsitatea azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karga_elektrikoaren_dentsitatea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karga_dentsitate_lineala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karga_dentsitate_lineala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Karga dentsitate lineala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karga_dentsitate_lineala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karga-dentsitate_superfiziala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karga-dentsitate_superfiziala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Karga-dentsitate superfiziala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karga-dentsitate_superfiziala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karga_dentsitate_bolumetrikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karga_dentsitate_bolumetrikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Karga dentsitate bolumetrikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karga_dentsitate_bolumetrikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kargaren_kontserbazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kargaren_kontserbazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kargaren kontserbazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kargaren_kontserbazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aldaezintasun_erlatibista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aldaezintasun_erlatibista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aldaezintasun erlatibista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aldaezintasun_erlatibista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ariketak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ariketak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span><figcaption></figcaption><p> Ariketak</p></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ariketak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karga elektriko</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 116 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriese_lading" title="Elektriese lading – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektriese lading" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85" title="ቻርጅ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻርጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شحنة كهربائية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شحنة كهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="تعميرة د التريسينتي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تعميرة د التريسينتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_ll%C3%A9trica" title="Carga llétrica – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carga llétrica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_y%C3%BCk%C3%BC" title="Elektrik yükü – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrik yükü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88" title="الکتریک یوکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکتریک یوکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_Lodung" title="Elektrische Lodung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektrische Lodung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Электрычны зарад – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрычны зарад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Электрычны зарад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрычны зарад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Електрически заряд – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически заряд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="इलेक्ट्रिक चार्ज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रिक चार्ज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বৈদ্যুতিক আধান – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক আধান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Električni naboj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0rrega_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Càrrega elèctrica – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càrrega elèctrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karga_(dagitab)" title="Karga (dagitab) – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karga (dagitab)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بارگەی کارەبایی – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بارگەی کارەبایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1boj" title="Elektrický náboj – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrický náboj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Электро каплам – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электро каплам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwefr_drydanol" title="Gwefr drydanol – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwefr drydanol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_ladning" title="Elektrisk ladning – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk ladning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrische Ladung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρικό φορτίο – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρικό φορτίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electric charge" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_%C5%9Dargo" title="Elektra ŝargo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra ŝargo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Carga eléctrica – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carga eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrilaeng" title="Elektrilaeng – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrilaeng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بار الکتریکی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بار الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6varaus" title="Sähkövaraus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkövaraus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Charge électrique – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charge électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_l%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Elektrisk lääs – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektrisk lääs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucht_leictreach" title="Lucht leictreach – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lucht leictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Carga eléctrica – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carga eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="વિદ્યુતભાર – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિદ્યુતભાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מטען חשמלי – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטען חשמלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="विद्युत आवेश – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत आवेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električni naboj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromos_t%C3%B6lt%C3%A9s" title="Elektromos töltés – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromos töltés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81%D6%84" title="Էլեկտրական լիցք – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական լիցք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_electric" title="Carga electric – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carga electric" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muatan_listrik" title="Muatan listrik – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muatan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafhle%C3%B0sla" title="Rafhleðsla – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafhleðsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carica elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電荷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრული მუხტი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრული მუხტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_zaryad%C4%B1" title="Elektrik zaryadı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Elektrik zaryadı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Электр заряды – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электр заряды" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="បន្ទុកអគ្គីសនី – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បន្ទុកអគ្គីសនី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ವಿದ್ಯುದಾವೇಶ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುದಾವೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98" title="전하 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%AA_karebay%C3%AE" title="Barê karebayî – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barê karebayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Электр заряды – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электр заряды" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onus_electricum" title="Onus electricum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Onus electricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_laojing" title="Elektrische laojing – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektrische laojing" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektros_kr%C5%ABvis" title="Elektros krūvis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektros krūvis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriskais_l%C4%81di%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Elektriskais lādiņš – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektriskais lādiņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%A5%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Тулэҥер татыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тулэҥер татыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Електричен набој – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електричен набој" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈദ്യുത ചാർജ് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുത ചാർജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Цахилгаан цэнэг – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан цэнэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="विद्युतभार – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विद्युतभार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_elektrik" title="Cas elektrik – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cas elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="الکتریکی بار – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الکتریکی بار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="विद्युत आवेश – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विद्युत आवेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="इलेक्ट्रिक चार्ज – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्ट्रिक चार्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_lading" title="Elektrische lading – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrische lading" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_ladning" title="Elektrisk ladning – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrisk ladning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_ladning" title="Elektrisk ladning – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrisk ladning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_electrica" title="Carga electrica – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carga electrica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaarjii" title="Chaarjii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaarjii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C" title="ਬਿਜਲਈ ਚਾਰਜ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਈ ਚਾਰਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81adunek_elektryczny" title="Ładunek elektryczny – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ładunek elektryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria_eletrost%C3%A0tica" title="Caria eletrostàtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Caria eletrostàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="برقی چارج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برقی چارج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_el%C3%A9trica" title="Carga elétrica – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carga elétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchikilla_chaqna" title="Pinchikilla chaqna – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pinchikilla chaqna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcin%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Sarcină electrică – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sarcină electrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Электрический заряд – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрический заряд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чаҕыл иитик – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чаҕыл иитик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chairge" title="Electric chairge – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electric chairge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1%DA%AA_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="اليڪٽرڪ چارج – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليڪٽرڪ چارج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električni naboj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric charge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1boj" title="Elektrický náboj – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrický náboj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električni naboj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanab" title="Saldanab – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saldanab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarkesa_elektrike" title="Ngarkesa elektrike – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngarkesa elektrike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Наелектрисање – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наелектрисање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leedenge" title="Leedenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Leedenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muatan_listrik" title="Muatan listrik – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Muatan listrik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_laddning" title="Elektrisk laddning – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektrisk laddning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaji_ya_umeme" title="Chaji ya umeme – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chaji ya umeme" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னூட்டம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னூட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="విద్యుదావేశం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విద్యుదావేశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ประจุไฟฟ้า – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประจุไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_zar%C3%BDady" title="Elektrik zarýady – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Elektrik zarýady" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karga_ng_kuryente" title="Karga ng kuryente – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karga ng kuryente" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_y%C3%BCk%C3%BC" title="Elektrik yükü – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrik yükü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Электр корылмасы – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электр корылмасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Електричний заряд – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електричний заряд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="برقی بار – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی بار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_zaryad" title="Elektr zaryad – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektr zaryad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_e%C5%82%C3%A8trica" title="Carga ełètrica – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carga ełètrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%ADch" title="Điện tích – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện tích" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karga_nga_elektrika" title="Karga nga elektrika – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karga nga elektrika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanu_mb%C3%ABj" title="Yanu mbëj – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yanu mbëj" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" title="电荷 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电荷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="עלעקטרישע לאדונג – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטרישע לאדונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%ACj%E1%BB%8D_%C3%ACtann%C3%A1" title="Àdìjọ ìtanná – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àdìjọ ìtanná" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電荷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電荷" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-h%C5%8D" title="Tiān-hō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-hō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電荷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlelesa" title="Umlelesa – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umlelesa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1111#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="rellink noprint"> <dl><dd><i>Artikulu hau <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_fisiko" title="Magnitude fisiko">magnitude fisikoari</a> buruzkoa da; energia elektrikoa xahutzen duen gailua gaitzat duena beste hau da: «<a href="/wiki/Karga_(elektrizitatea)" title="Karga (elektrizitatea)">Karga (elektrizitatea)</a>»</i></dd></dl></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Karga elektriko</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Cargas_electricas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cargas_electricas.png/285px-Cargas_electricas.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Cargas_electricas.png 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formula</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q=I\mathrm {d} t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q=I\mathrm {d} t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3543c21cb9a954c44ef9667cecaa045816408c0b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.533ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q=I\mathrm {d} t}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formulako ikurra</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ohiko ikurra</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Neurtzeko unitatea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampere_second&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampere second (sortu gabe)">ampere second</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65665809?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Dimentsioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {T}}{\mathsf {I}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">I</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {T}}{\mathsf {I}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8b09680229812bf73f439d414b73e5156228790" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.23ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {T}}{\mathsf {I}}}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/220px--Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="56" data-mwtitle="Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm/Efektu_triboelektrikoa.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Kargen ezberdintasunak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efektu_triboelektriko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efektu triboelektriko (sortu gabe)">efektu triboelektrikoa</a> sortzen du ilean.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Karga elektrikoa</b> materiaren <a href="/wiki/Propietate_fisiko" title="Propietate fisiko">propietate fisiko</a> bat da. Elektrikoki kargatutako partikulek <a href="/wiki/Eremu_elektromagnetiko" title="Eremu elektromagnetiko">eremu elektromagnetiko</a> batean erakarpen edo aldarapen indarra jasaten dute. Halaber, elektrikoki kargatutako materiak eremu elektromagnetikoak sortzen ditu. Partikula kargatuen arteko edo partikula kargatuen eta eremu magnetikoen arteko elkarrekintzari <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">elkarrekintza elektromagnetikoa</a> deritzo, eta <a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_elkarrekintza" title="Oinarrizko elkarrekintza">funtsezko lau indarretako</a> (edo elkarrekintzetako) bat. </p><p>Karga elektrikoaren ezaugarri bat, edozein prozesu fisikotan, sistema itxi baten barruan karga osoa mantendu egiten dela da. Hau da, karga positibo eta karga negatiboen batura algebraikoa ez da denborarekin aldatzen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Millikanek</a> azaldu bezala, karga elektrikoa mugatua da. <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">Elektroiek</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/704fb0427140d054dd267925495e78164fee9aac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1}"></span> balioko oinarrizko karga dute, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07ba5105b33e9ac88f605cc50663a9e2c16fcc63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.892ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -e}"></span> sinboloaz idazten dena; <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoiek</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}"></span> edo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecb801bbffc4be7840cd8ccf79f13111df9d87d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.892ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +e}"></span>; eta <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarkek</a> , <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d26272f09f96204eaaaa4236a61b57e3fe9f1be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/3}"></span> eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf418826b34f1686a83a8bec7bfbb1afcb198df2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3}"></span>, baina ez dira aske aurkitu naturan. </p><p>Karga elektrikoa <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_fisiko" title="Magnitude fisiko">magnitude fisikoa</a> denez, hainbat unitate daude neurtzeko. <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">Nazioarteko Unitate Sistemaren</a> unitatea <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a> izenekoa da (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85051be9afa12b3be0f332f16062d4faa734bfe4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{C}}}"></span>) eta <a href="/wiki/Anpere" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpere">ampere</a> bateko <a href="/wiki/Intentsitate_elektriko" title="Intentsitate elektriko">intentsitate elektrikoko</a> korrontean <a href="/wiki/Segundo" title="Segundo">segundo</a> batean igarotzen den karga elektrikoa da. Hain zuzen, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{e}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{e}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33e37f5291c15e2cc9b89a5fca628ec14566ea82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{e}}}"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oinarrizko_karga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oinarrizko karga (sortu gabe)">oinarrizko kargak</a>, protoiaren karga elektrikoak alegia, balio hau du:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=1,602.176.487(40)\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>602.176.487</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>40</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> C</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=1,602.176.487(40)\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c520df85194db53c2f7526009ef880041698ef22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.494ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=1,602.176.487(40)\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}.}"></span> Bestalde, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cgs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cgs (sortu gabe)">cgs</a> sisteman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statcoulomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statcoulomb (sortu gabe)">statcoulomba</a> izeneko unitatea erabiltzen da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikuspegi_orokorra">Ikuspegi orokorra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi orokorra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi orokorra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karga, materiaren oinarrizko propietatea da, honek erakarpen edo aldarapen elektrostatikoa erakusten du beste materia kargatu baten presentzian. Karga elektrikoa <a href="/wiki/Partikula_azpiatomiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikula azpiatomiko">partikula azpiatomiko</a> askoren propietate bereizgarria da. Partikula askeen kargak oinarrizko kargaren (e) multiplo osoak dira; karga elektrikoa kuantifikatuta dagoela esaten dugu. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, bere elektrolisiaren esperimentuetan, karga elektrikoaren izaera diskretuaz ohartzen lehena izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Millikanen</a> olio tantaren esperimentuak gertakari hau zuzenean frogatu zuen eta oinarrizko karga neurtu zuen. Partikula mota batek, quarkak, -⅓ edo +⅔ eko karga izan dezakeela aurkitu da, baina quark askeak ez dira inoiz ikusi. </p><p>Elektroi baten karga negatiboa (-e) eta protoiarena positiboa (+e) dela hitzartuta dago. Zeinu bereko kargak dituzten kargaturiko partikulek elkar aldaratzen dute eta zeinu desberdinekoak, aldiz, erakarri. <a href="/wiki/Coulomben_legea" title="Coulomben legea">Coulomb-en legeak</a> bi partikularen arteko indar elektrostatikoa kuantifikatzen du, indarra  haien kargen produktuaren proportzionala dela eta haien arteko distantziaren karratuaren alderantziz proportzionala dela baieztatuz. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antipartikula" title="Antipartikula">Antipartikula</a> baten karga dagokion partikularen berdina da, baina kontrako zeinuarekin. Objektu makroskopiko baten karga elektrikoa berau osatzen duten partikulen karga elektrikoen batura da. Karga hori txikia izan ohi da, materia atomoz osatua dagoelako eta orokorrean atomoek protoi eta elektroi kopuru berdina izaten dutelako. Kasu honetan karga totala nulua izango da atomoa neutro bihurtuz. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">Ioi</a> bat, elektroi bat edo gehiago galdu edo irabazi dituen atomoa (edo atomo multzo bat) da, galdu egiten dituen kasuan karga totala positiboa izango da (katioia) eta irabazten dituenean, aldiz, negatiboa (anioia). Ioi monoatomikoak atomo bakarraz daude osatuta, ioi poliatomikoak, aldiz, elkar lotuta dauden bi atomo edo gehiagoz, kasu bakoitzean karga total positibo edo negatiboa duen ioi bat emanez. </p><p>Objektu makroskopikoen formatze prozesuan, atomo osagaiak eta ioiak konbinatu egiten dira; atomo neutroekin elektrikoki lotzen diren konposatu ioniko neutroez osatutako egiturak osatzeko. Beraz, objektu makroskopikoek neutroak izateko joera dute orokorrean, baina hauek oso gutxitan izan ohi dira erabat neutroak. </p><p>Batzuetan objektu makroskopikoek materialean zehar banatutako ioiak izaten dituzte, objektuari karga total positibo edo negatiboa emanez. </p><p>Halaber, elementu eroaleekin egindako objektu makroskopikoek erraztasun gehiago edo gutxiagorekin (elementuaren arabera) har edo eman ditzakete elektroiak, eta ondoren karga total  negatibo edo positiboa manten dezakete era mugagabean. Objektu baten karga elektriko totala ez nulua eta higiezina denean, elektrizitate estatikoa dugula esaten da. Hau erraz sor daiteke bi material desberdin igurtziz, hala nola, anbarra ilajearekin edo beira zetarekin. Modu honetan, material ez-eroaleak maila esanguratsuan karga daitezke, positiboki edo negatiboki. Material batetik hartutako karga beste materialera eramaten da, magnitude bereko kontrako karga atzean utziz. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kargaren_kontserbazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kargaren kontserbazioa (sortu gabe)">Kargaren kontserbazioaren</a> legea beti aplikatzen da: karga negatiboa hartzen duen objektuari magnitude bereko karga positiboa utziz eta alderantziz. Objektu baten karga osoa nulua izan arren, karga objektuan zehar era ez uniformean banatuta egon daiteke (adibidez, kanpo eremu elektromagnetiko baten eraginez edo molekula polar lotuengatik). Horrelakoetan, objektua polarizatuta dagoela esaten da. Polarizazioaren eraginez sortutako karga, <i>karga lotua</i> izenarekin ezagutzen da; eta kanpotik irabazi edo galdutako elektroiek sortutako kargari <i>karga askea</i> deritzo. </p><p>Norabide zehatz batean <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> eroaleetan zeharreko elektroien mugimendua <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko"><i>korronte elektrikoa</i></a> da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kargaren_natura">Kargaren natura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kargaren natura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kargaren natura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karga elektrikoa <a href="/wiki/Materia" title="Materia">materiaren</a> propietate intrintsekoa da, bi modutan azaltzen dena. Modu horiek <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>ek deitu zituen moduan jarraitzen dute: karga positibo eta negatiboak<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mota bereko kargek elkar aldaratzen dute, eta mota ezberdinekoak erakarri. Teoria kuantiko erlatibistaren etorrerarekin, partikulek karga elektrikoaz gain (nulua izanda edo ez), momentu magnetiko intrintseko bat dutela frogatu zen, <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> deiturikoa, <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">mekanika kuantikoari</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_berezia" title="Erlatibitate berezia">erlatibitate bereziaren teoria</a> aplikatzearen ondorioz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oinarrizko_karga_elektrikoa">Oinarrizko karga elektrikoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarrizko karga elektrikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Oinarrizko karga elektrikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisikaren gaur egungo ikerketek adierazten dutenez, karga elektrikoa propietate kuantizatua da. Kargaren oinarrizko unitatea <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroiarena</a> da, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=1,602.176.487(40)\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>602.176.487</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>40</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=1,602.176.487(40)\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6c19488882d51bae219ffb6f53321a515d378cc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.847ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=1,602.176.487(40)\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}}"></span>, eta <i>oinarrizko karga</i> izenaz ezagutzen da<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gorputz baten karga elektrikoaren balioa, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> edo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> sinobolez adierazten, eta objektuak dituen gehiegizko elektroien edo horienen gabeziaren kopuruaren arabera neurtzen da<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Propietate hori <i>kargaren kuantizazio</i> moduan ezagutzen da eta oinarrizko balioa bat dator elektroiak duen karga elektrikoaren balioarekin, <i>e</i> moduan adierazten dena. Fisikoki existitzen den edozein <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> karga, <span class="mwe-math-element" id="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c473badafc61bbd0fa589b58ae14b7d5b8f4e7e"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q=Ne}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q=Ne}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e23537386fc575d04a9fef1834f1e2b1feff4056" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" id="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c473badafc61bbd0fa589b58ae14b7d5b8f4e7e" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.315ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q=Ne}"></span>moduan idatz daiteke, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> zenbaki osoa izanda, positibo zein negatiboa. </p><p>Konbentzioz elektroiaren karga <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07ba5105b33e9ac88f605cc50663a9e2c16fcc63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.892ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -e}"></span> moduan adierazten da; <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoia</a>rena, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecb801bbffc4be7840cd8ccf79f13111df9d87d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.892ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +e}"></span>; eta <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroia</a>rena, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span>. <a href="/wiki/Partikulen_fisika" title="Partikulen fisika">Partikulen fisikak</a> aldarrikatzen du <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a>en kargak, protoiak eta neutroiak osatzen dituzten partikulak, karga elemental honen balio frakzionarioak hartzen dituztela. Hala ere, inoiz ez dira quark askeak ikusi, eta beraien kargen balioak osotasunean <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecb801bbffc4be7840cd8ccf79f13111df9d87d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.892ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +e}"></span> batzen dute protoiaren kasuan, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span> neutroiaren kasuan<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Karga magnitude kuantizatua izatearen erabateko azalpenik ez badago ere, karga elementalaren multiplo bezala bakarrik ager daiteke. Zenbait ideia proposatu dira: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>-ek adierazi zuen monopolo magnetiko bat existitzen bada, karga elektrikoa kuantizatua egon beharko dela.</li> <li>Kaluza-Klein teoriaren testuinguruan, Oskar Kleinek deduzitu zuen kargaren kuantizazioa.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">Nazioarteko Unitateen Sisteman</a> karga elektrikoaren unitateak Coulomb izena du (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85051be9afa12b3be0f332f16062d4faa734bfe4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{C}}}"></span> sinboloa) eta bere definizioa honako hau da: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> m</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{\text{ m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08e5d57741636ef4c36c890104119d717a227a1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.679ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ m}}}"></span>-eko distantziara dagoen beste karga berdin batean <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 9\cdot 10^{9}{\text{ N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>9</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> N</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 9\cdot 10^{9}{\text{ N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44412b212295f99b6dab8b38cce85ab43259d274" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.544ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 9\cdot 10^{9}{\text{ N}}}"></span>-eko indarra eragiten duen karga-kantitatea. </p><p>Coulomb baten karga elektrikoa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6,241509\cdot 10^{18}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>241509</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6,241509\cdot 10^{18}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1dcc718169b747c99970e9376c6bc17c2f67852d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.051ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6,241509\cdot 10^{18}}"></span>elektroiren kargari dagokie<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Elektroiaren kargaren balioa <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a>-ek zehaztu zuen 1910 eta 1917 urteen artean. Gaur egun, Nazioarteko Sisteman duen balioa honako hau da, argitaratutako CODATAren konstanteen azken zerrendaren arabera<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e={\frac {\text{1 C}}{6,241509\times 10^{18}}}=1,602176\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>1 C</mtext> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>241509</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>602176</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> C</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e={\frac {\text{1 C}}{6,241509\times 10^{18}}}=1,602176\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0f74f705a7b73b492c4988068e56aa76ce3458d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:44.726ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e={\frac {\text{1 C}}{6,241509\times 10^{18}}}=1,602176\times 10^{-19}{\text{ C}}.}"></span>Bestalde, coulomb unitatea oso handia izanik, aplikazio batzuetan ez da erabilgarria, eta beraren azpimultiplo hauek erabiltzen dira askotan: </p> <ul><li>milicoulomb. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{1 mC}}={\frac {\text{1 C}}{1000}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>1 mC</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>1 C</mtext> <mn>1000</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{1 mC}}={\frac {\text{1 C}}{1000}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/443c5918083333458b3cb9ab44c5e4b7e7ec07e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.588ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{1 mC}}={\frac {\text{1 C}}{1000}}.}"></span></li> <li>mikrocoulomba. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ }}\mu {\text{C}}={\frac {\text{1 C}}{1.000.000}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>1 C</mtext> <mn>1.000.000</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{\text{ }}\mu {\text{C}}={\frac {\text{1 C}}{1.000.000}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88f7b1a58593ea3b782494ea0ffbd6ce1b5b961f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.835ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{\text{ }}\mu {\text{C}}={\frac {\text{1 C}}{1.000.000}}.}"></span></li></ul> <p>Sarritan CGS sistema ere erabiltzen da, non karga elektrikoaren unitatea <i>franklin</i> izenekoa den (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Fr}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Fr</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Fr}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7cfd26e78cfb3ab089c0531d61933d1888a3c62e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.429ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Fr}}}"></span> sinboloa). Oinarrizko kargaren balioa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4,803\times 10^{-10}{\text{ Fr}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>803</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> Fr</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4,803\times 10^{-10}{\text{ Fr}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8862186ea2a680c1e5972f2b4f584e96b4314f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.014ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4,803\times 10^{-10}{\text{ Fr}}}"></span>ingurukoa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karga_elektrikoa_gorputzetan">Karga elektrikoa gorputzetan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karga elektrikoa gorputzetan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Karga elektrikoa gorputzetan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektrikoki neutroa den gorputz batek karga elektrikoak irabazi edo galtzea eragiten duen efektuari <i><b>elektrizazioa</b></i> deritzo. Gorputzen karga elektrikoa aldatzeko hainbat modu daude, eta honako hauek dira: </p> <ol><li><b>Kontaktu bidezko elektrizazioa.</b> Karga elektriko jakin bat duen gorputz bat eroale batekin kontaktuan jartzean, karga-transferentzia bat gerta daiteke gorputz horretatik eroalera. Horrela, eroalea kargatuta geratuko da: positiboki, elektroiak eman baditu, eta negatiboki, elektroiak irabazi baditu.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">Marruskadura</a> bidezko elektrizazioa.</b> Isolatzaile bat material mota jakin batzuekin igurztean, elektroi batzuk transferitzen dira beraien artean. Banantzen direnean, gorputz biak aurkako kargekin kargatuta geratzen dira.</li> <li><b>Indukzio bidezko karga.</b> Negatiboki kargatuta dagoen gorputz bat isolatuta dagoen eroale batera hurbiltzean, elektroiak gorputz kargatutik urrunen dagoen eroaleko zatira desplazatzea eragingo du, kargatutako gorputza eta eroalearen gainazaleko elektroien arteko aldarapen-indarren ondorioz. Aldiz, gorputz kargatutik hurbilen dagoen eroaleko zatia karga positiboarekin geratuko da eta gorputz kargatuaren eta eroalearen zati hurbilenaren artean erakarpen-indar bat agertuko da. Hala ere, eroalearen karga netoa nulua izango da (neutroa).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Efektu_fotoelektriko" title="Efektu fotoelektriko">Efektu fotoelektrikoaren</a> bidezko karga.</b> Eroale bat argia edo beste erradiazio elektromagnetiko batekin irradiatzean, eroalearen gainazalean elektroiak askatzen direnean gertatzen da.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elektrolisi" title="Elektrolisi">Elektrolisi</a> bidezko karga.</b> Korronte elektriko zuzen batek eragindako substantzia baten deskonposizio kimikoa da.</li> <li><b>Efektu termoelektrikoaren bidezko karga.</b> Beroaren akzioaren bidez elektrizitatea sortzen denean.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unitateak">Unitateak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Unitateak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Unitateak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>SI</i>-ko karga elektrikoaren unitatea <i>Coulomb</i>-a da (ikurra:C). Coulomb-a ondorengo eran definitzen da: eroale elektriko baten zeharkako sekziotik pasatzen den karga kantitateak daraman amperea segundoko. Unitate hau 1946an proposatua izan zen eta 1948an berretsia. q ikurra elektrizitate edo karga kantitatea adierazteko erabili ohi da. Karga elektrikoaren kantitatea zuzenean neur daiteke elektrometroaren bidez edo zeharka galvanometro balistiko batekin. </p><p>Karga kopurua elektroi baten (oinarrizko karga) oinarrizko konstante gisa dago definitua SI-an (2019ko maiatzaren 20az geroztik). Oinarrizko kargaren balioa, SI-ko karga elektrikoaren unitatean adierazita 1,602176634×10<sup>−19</sup> C da zehazki.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kargaren izaera kuantifikatua aurkitu ondoren, 1891n <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stoney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Stoney (sortu gabe)">George Stoney-k</a> “elektroi” unitatea proposatu zuen karga elektrikoaren oinarrizko unitatea adierazteko. Hau <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">JJ Thomsonek</a> partikula aurkitu (1897) aurretik izan zen. Gaur egun, oinarrizko karga edo, besterik gabe, “e” esaten zaio. Kargaren neurria oinarrizko kargaren (e) multiplo bat izan behar da, nahiz eta badirudien eskala handietan kargak kantitate erreal gisa jokatzen duela. Zenbait testuingurutan esanguratsua da kargaren zatikiaz hitz egitea; adibidez <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">kondentsadore</a> baten kargatzean edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hall_efektu_kuantiko_zatikatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hall efektu kuantiko zatikatua (sortu gabe)"><i>Hall efektu kuantiko zatikatua</i>n</a>. </p><p>Faraday unitatea batzuetan elektrokimikan erabiltzen da. Kargaren faraday bat, elektroi mol baten kargaren magnitudea da, hau da, 96485.33289 (59) C.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SI ez den unitate sistemetan (adibidez cgs-an) karga elektrikoa oinarrizko hiru kantitatetan adierazten da (luzera, masa eta denbora) SI-an ez bezala. Azken honetan lau kantitate erabiltzen dira: luzera, masa, denbora eta korronte elektrikoa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bcoulomb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bcoulomb.png/220px-Bcoulomb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bcoulomb.png/330px-Bcoulomb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bcoulomb.png/440px-Bcoulomb.png 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>Coulomb-en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tortsio_balantzea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tortsio balantzea (sortu gabe)">tortsio balantzea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antzinatik, jendeak lau fenomeno mota ezagutzen zituen. Gaur egun karga elektrikoaren kontzeptuaz azaltzen direnak: (a) <a href="/wiki/Tximista" title="Tximista">tximista</a>, (b) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedo_arrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedo arrain (sortu gabe)">torpedo arraina</a> (edo arraia elektrikoa), (c) <a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_su" title="San Telmo su">San Telmo sua</a>, eta (d) ilajeaz igurtzitako anbarrak objektu txiki, arinak erakartzen dituela. </p><p>Anbar efektuaren berri lehenengoz <a href="/wiki/Miletoko_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Miletoko Tales">Miletoko Thalesek</a> izan zuela esaten da askotan. Thales, antzinako Greziako matematikaria, K.a 624tik k.a 546. urtera bizi izan zen, baina ez dago argi Thalesek anbarrari buruzko idatzirik utzi zuenik<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anbarrari buruzko ebidentzia III. mendearen hasierako idazki batetik ezagutzen da. Idazki honetan ikus daiteke anbarraren efektuaren berri bazutela gutxienez K.a 600. urtea baino lehen, baina Thalesek azaltzen zuen objektu bizigabeek arima zuten froga zela fenomeno hau. Beste modu batera esanda, ez zegoen karga elektrikoari buruzko inolako arrastorik. Oro har, antzinako greziarrek ez zituzten ulertzen lau fenomeno mota horien arteko loturak. Greziarrek ikusi zuten kargatutako anbar botoiek <a href="/wiki/Ile" title="Ile">ilea</a> bezalako objektu arinak erakar zitzaketela.  Are gehiago, aurkitu zuten anbarra nahikoa denboran igurtziz gero, txinparta elektrikoa ager zitekeela; aitzitik, ez dago garbi txinparta elektrikoaren aipamenik egon zenik XVII. mendearen bukaerara arte<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Propietate hori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triboelektrizitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triboelektrizitate (sortu gabe)">efektu triboelektrikotik</a> dator. XII. mendearen amaieran, azabatxeak, ikatz forma trinkotuak alegia, anbar efektua erakusten zuela adierazi zen<sup id="cite_ref-#1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta XVI. mendearen erdialdean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Fracastoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girolamo Fracastoro (sortu gabe)">Girolamo Fracastorok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamanteak</a> ere efektu hori erakusten zuela aurkitu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-#1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fracastorok eta beste batzuek, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardanok</a>, ahaleginak egin zituzten fenomeno horren inguruko azalpena aurkitzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">Antzinatetik kuantitatiboki aztertu izan diren astronomia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika">mekanika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optikarekin</a> alderatuta, fenomeno elektrikoen etengabeko ikerketa kualitatibo eta kuantitatiboen hasiera <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert" title="William Gilbert">William Gilbert</a> zientzialari ingelesak 1600. urtean idatzitako <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Magnete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Magnete (sortu gabe)">De Magnete</a> liburuarekin hasi zen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liburu honetan, atal txiki bat zegoen, non Gilbertek anbar efektuari buruz hitz egiten zuen, lehenagoko teoria asko aipatuz,<sup id="cite_ref-#1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta latineko electrica hitza erabili zuen (ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_greziera" title="Antzinako greziera">greziar</a> anbar hitza). Latinezko hitza ingelesera electrics gisa itzuli zen.<sup id="cite_ref-#2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilberti electrical (elektriko) hitzaren egiletza ere eman zioten; aldiz, electricity (elektrizitate) hitza beranduago agertu zen Thomas Brownen eskutik; 1646. urtean Pseudodoxia Epidemica bere liburuan idatzi zuen hura.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Xehetasun linguistiko gehiagorako ikus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrizitatearen_etimologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrizitatearen etimologia (sortu gabe)">Elektrizitatearen etimologia</a>). Gilbert-en hipotesiaren arabera, anbar efektu hori beste objektu batzuen gainean eragiten duen eflubio baten bidez azal liteke (objektu elektrikoetatik isurtzen den partikula-jario txikia, bere gorputza edo pisua gutxitu gabe). Jario elektriko materialaren ideia horrek eragina izan zuen XVII eta XVIII. mendeetan. Gainera ideia hori XVIII. mendean  "fluido elektriko"-ari (Dufay, Nollet, Franklin) eta "karga elektriko"-ari buruz garatutako ideien aurrekaria izan zen.<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1663 inguruan <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke" title="Otto von Guericke">Otto von Guericke-</a> k seguruenik lehenengo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorgailu_elektrostatikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorgailu elektrostatikoa (sortu gabe)">sorgailu elektrostatikoa</a> zena asmatu zuen, baina ez zuen gailu elektriko gisa ezagutarazi eta oso esperimentu elektriko gutxi egin zituen harekin.<sup id="cite_ref-#2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europako beste aitzindari batzuen artean <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> aurki dezakegu, 1675ean fenomeno elektrikoei soilik eskainitako lehen liburua ingelesez argitaratu zuen zientzialaria.<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bere lana Gilbert-en ikerketen errepikapena izan zen neurri handi batean, baina beste "elektriko"<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> batzuk ere identifikatu zituen eta bi gorputzen arteko elkar erakarpena aztertu zuen. <sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1729an <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray" title="Stephen Gray">Stephen Gray</a> astronomo ingelesa <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate_estatiko" title="Elektrizitate estatiko">elektrizitate estatikoarekin</a> esperimentatzen ari zen; kristalezko hodi baten bidez sortzen zuen hura. Orduan ohartu zen kortxo bat, hodia hautsetik eta hezetasunetik babesteko erabiltzen zena, elektrifikatu (kargatu) egiten zela.  Halaber, beste esperimentu batzuetan (adibidez, kortxoa makil meheak sartuz luzatzea) erakutsi zuen —lehen aldiz— eflubio elektrikoak (Gray-k deitu zituen moduan) distantzia batean zehar transmititu(eroan) egin zitezkeela. Grayk karga hari (765 oin) eta alanbre (865 oin) bidez transmititzea lortu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grayk material desberdinen garrantzia aurkitu zuen, eflubio elektrikoen eroapena erraztu edo oztopatu egiten baitzuten. <a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguilers</a>-i, Gray-ren esperimentu asko errepikatu zituen zientzialariari, eroale eta isolatzaile terminoen egiletza eman zioten; hauek halaber esperimentuetan materialek zuten jarrera deskribatzeko balio dute<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Grayk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indukzio_elektriko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indukzio elektriko (sortu gabe)">indukzio elektrikoa</a> ere aurkitu zuen (hau da, karga objektu batetik bestera inolako kontaktu fisikorik gabe transmititu ahal izatea). Adibidez, erakutsi zuen kargatutako beirazko hodi bati, hari batek mantentzen zuenari, berunezko puska bat hurbilduz, baina hodia ukitu gabe, beruna elektrifikatzea lor zitekeela (adibidez, letoizko limak erakarri eta uxatzeko).<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fenomeno hori eflubio elektrikoen ideiaren bidez azaltzen saiatu zen.<sup id="cite_ref-#2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gray-ren aurkikuntzek aldaketa garrantzitsua eragin zuten karga elektrikoari buruzko ezagutzaren garapen historikoan. Eflubio elektrikoa objektu batetik bestera pasa ahal izateak propietate hau igurtzitako gorputzetan gertatzen denaren antzekoa dela ikusarazi zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1733an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fran%27ois_de_Cisternay_du_Fay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Fran'ois de Cisternay du Fay (sortu gabe)">Charles Fran'ois de Cisternay du Fay-k</a>, Grayren lanetan oinarrituta, hainbat esperimentu egin zituen ( Mémoires de l ' <a href="/wiki/Frantziako_Zientzien_Akademia" title="Frantziako Zientzien Akademia">Académie Royale des Sciences-en argitaratua</a>-n idatziak ), eta erakutsi zuen ia sustantzia guztiak “elektrifikatzea” posible zela metalak eta jariakinak izan ezik<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gainera, proposatu zuen bi elektrizitate mota zeudela non batak bestea deuseztatzen zuen. Honi bi jariakinen teoria deitu zion. Fay-k esan zuen <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">beira</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(gaia)" title="Zeta (gaia)">zetaz</a> igurzten zenean, beira beiradun elektrizitatez kargatzen zela eta anbarra ilajeaz igurzten zenean, berriz, erretxindutako elektrizitateaz. Aro garaikideko ulermenaren arabera, karga positiboa zetazko zapi batekin igurtzi ondoren kristalezko hagatxo baten karga bezala definitzen da, baina arbitrarioa da zein karga motari deitzen zaion positibo eta negatibo. Garai hartako bi fluidoen beste teoria<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> garrantzitsu bat <a href="/wiki/Jean_Antoine_Nollet" title="Jean Antoine Nollet">Jean-Antoine Nollet-ek</a> (1745) proposatu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-#2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1745. urtera arte, elektrizitate erakarpenaren eta aldarapenaren azalpen nagusia elektrizatutako gorputzek eflubioa<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eman zezaketen ideia izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin-</a> ek esperimentu elektrikoak hasi zituen 1746 amaieran<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta 1750. urterako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrizitatearen_fluidoen_teoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrizitatearen fluidoen teoria (sortu gabe)">elektrizitatearen fluido</a> bakarreko teoria garatu zuen. Horretarako, oinarritu zen igurtzitako beira batek, beira hori igurzteko erabili den oihalaren karga bera baina kontrakoa jasotzen zuela ikusten zen esperimentuan<sup id="cite_ref-#3_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Franklin-ek elektrizitatea materia guztietan zegoen fluido ikusezin mota gisa imajinatzen zuen; adibidez, uste zuen <a href="/wiki/Leyden_ontzi" title="Leyden ontzi">Leyden ontzi</a> bateko kristala zela metatutako karga gordetzen zuena. Bere ustez, gainazal isolatzaileak igurtziz gero, fluido horrek kokapena aldatzen zuen eta fluido horren fluxuak korronte elektrikoa osatzen zuen. Halaber, planteatu zuen materiak fluido gehiegi izanez gero positiboki kargatuta egongo zela eta gutxiegi bazuen negatiboki. </p><p>Positibo terminoa elektrizitate beiratsuarekin lotu zuen eta negatiboa erretxindutako elektrizitatearekin. Hori guztia bere lankide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Collinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Collinson (sortu gabe)">Peter Collinson</a>-engandik jasotako kristalezko hodi batekin esperimentu bat egin ondoren. Esperimentu honetan, A parte-hartzaileak kristalezko hodia kargatu zuen eta B parte-hartzaileak hodi hori ukitu behar zuen kalanbrea jasotzeko. Franklin-ek B partaidea positiboki kargatuta zegoela ikusi zuen kalanbrea jaso ondoren<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zalantza dago ea <a href="/wiki/William_Watson" title="William Watson">William Watson</a> independenteki fluido bakarreko azalpen berera iritsi ote zen garai hartan (1747). Watsonek, Franklin-ek Collinson-i idatzitako gutuna ikusi ondoren, 1747ko udaberrian Franklin-en azalpen bera aurkeztu zuela dio<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Franklin-ek Watson-en zenbait lan aztertu zituen bere esperimentuak eta analisiak egin aurretik, seguruenik esanguratsua izan zen Franklinen lanetan izan zuen eragina. Fisikari batek iradokitzen du Watsonek lehenik fluido bakarreko teoria proposatu zuela, eta geroago gehiago landu zuela.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zientziaren historialari batek dio Watsonek bere ideien eta Franklinen arteko ezberdintasun sotila ez zuela antzeman, beraz, Watsonek bere ideiak Franklinen antzekoak zirela pentsatu zuen eta hau ez da egokia. </p><p>Nolanahi ere, ez zegoen Watson eta Franklinen arteko adostasunik  eta 1747 urtearen hasieran garatutako Frankilnen eredu elektrikoa onartua izan zen jende askorengatik. Franklinen lanaren ondoren, eflubioetan oinarritutako azalpenak oso gutxitan ematen ziren. </p><p>Gaur egun jakina da Franklin eredua funtsean zuzena zela. Karga elektriko mota bakarra dago, eta aldagai bakarra behar da karga kopuruaren jarraipena egiteko. </p><p>1800. urtera arte karga elektrikoaren eroankortasuna deskarga elektrostatikoa erabiliz soilik aztertzen zen. 1800. urtean <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> izan zen lehena karga bide itxi baten bidez etengabe mantendu zitekeela erakutsi zuena.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1833an, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>k frogatu nahi zuen edozein dela elektrizitatearen iturri, elektrizitatea beti bera zela. Hainbat forma ezagun eztabaidatu zituen, elektrizitate arrunta (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate_estatiko" title="Elektrizitate estatiko">elektrizitate estatikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piezoelektrizitate" title="Piezoelektrizitate">piezoelektrizitatea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indukzio_elektromagnetiko" title="Indukzio elektromagnetiko">indukzio magnetikoa</a> ), elektrizitate voltaikoa (adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pila_voltaikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pila voltaikoa (sortu gabe)">pila voltaiko</a> bateko <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektrikoa</a> ) eta animalien elektrizitatea (adibidez, bioelektrizitatea) bezala <a href="/wiki/Bioelektrizitatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioelektrizitatea">definitu zituen.</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1838an, Faradayk indar elektrikoaren azalpen teoriko bat planteatu zuen, baina ez zuen adierazi honen iturri jariakin bat, bi edo bat ere ez zen. Bere arreta jarri zuen polarizagarritasunean<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Partikulen egoera normala polarizatu gabe egotea da eta polarizatzen direnean, berriz egoera ez polarizatura itzultzeko joera izaten dute. </p><p>Elektrodinamikaren inguruko teoria-ikuspegia garatzerakoan (1850eko hamarkadaren erdialdean hasita), <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwellek</a> karga elektrikoa objektuetan pilatzen den sustantzia berezi gisa kontsideratzeari uzten dio, eta karga elektrikoa eremu elektrikoan energia eraldatzearen ondoriozko fenomenotzat ulertzen hasi zen. Kuantikaren aurreko ulermen horrek karga elektrikoaren magnitudea kantitate jarraitutzat jo zuen, baita maila mikroskopikoan ere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kargaren_eragina_elektrostatikan">Kargaren eragina elektrostatikan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kargaren eragina elektrostatikan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kargaren eragina elektrostatikan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate_estatiko" title="Elektrizitate estatiko">Elektrizitate estatikoa</a> objektu baten karga elektrikoari eta horri lotutako <a href="/wiki/Deskarga_elektroestatiko" title="Deskarga elektroestatiko">deskarga elektrostatikoari</a> dagokio, orekan ez dauden bi objektu elkartzen direnean. Deskarga elektrostatiko batek objektu bakoitzaren kargaren aldaketa sortzen du. </p><p>Marruskaduraren bidez elektrifikatzea </p><p>Beira zati bat eta erretxin zati bat —bietako batek ere ez dute inolako propietate elektrikorik— elkarrekin igurtzi eta igurtzitako gainazalekin kontaktuan uzten direnean, oraindik ez dute propietate elektrikorik erakusten. Bananduta, elkar erakartzen dute. </p><p>Bigarren beira zati bat bigarren erretxin zati batekin igurtzi eta gero, bereizi eta esekitzen baditugu lehengo beira  eta erretxinetik gertu, honelako fenomeno hauek gertatzen dira: </p> <ul><li>Bi beira zatiek elkar aldaratzen dute.</li> <li>Beira zati bakoitzak erretxin zati bakoitza erakartzen du.</li> <li>Bi erretxin zatiek elkar aldaratzen dute.</li></ul> <p>Erakarpen eta uxatze hori fenomeno elektrikoa da, eta horiek erakusten dituzten gorputzak elektrizatuta edo kargatuta daudela esaten da. Gorputzak beste modu askotan elektrizatu daitezke, baita marruskaduraz ere. Bi beira zatien propietate elektrikoak elkarren antzekoak dira baina bi erretxin zatien aurkakoak: beirak erretxinak aldaratzen duena erakartzen du eta erretxinak erakartzen duena aldaratzen du. </p><p>Elektrifikatutako gorputz batek beira bezala jokatzen badu, hau da, beira aldaratu eta erretxina erakartzen badu, gorputza beiraz elektrifikatua dagoela esaten da eta, aldiz, beira erakarri eta erretxina aldaratzen badu, erretxinez elektrifikatuta dagoela esaten da. </p><p>Komunitate zientifikoan ezarritako hitzarmen batek beirazko elektrizitatea  positiboa dela deritzo, eta erretxinezko elektrifikazioa negatiboa. Bi elektrifikazio moten guztiz kontrako propietateek justifikatzen dute kontrako zeinuen bidez adieraztea, baina zeinu positiboa bietako zeini esleitzea guztiz halabeharrezkoa da; hitzarmenez erabaki baita. Era berean, halabeharrezkoa da diagrama matematikoetan eskuineranzko noranzkoa distantzia positibotzat hartzea. </p><p>Ezin da inolako indarrik ikusi, ez erakarpenik ez aldarapenik, gorputz elektrifikatuaren eta elektrizatu gabeko gorputz baten artean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kargaren_eragina_korronte_elektrikoan">Kargaren eragina korronte elektrikoan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kargaren eragina korronte elektrikoan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kargaren eragina korronte elektrikoan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korronte elektrikoa objektuetan zehar igarotzen den fluxu elektrikoa da, eta horrek ez du karga erresultantearen galera edo irabazirik sortzen. <a href="/wiki/Karga-eramaile" title="Karga-eramaile">Karga eramailerik</a> ohikoenak positiboki kargatutako <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoia</a> eta negatiboki kargatutako <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroia dira</a>. Kargatutako partikula horietako edozeinen mugimenduak korronte elektrikoa osatzen du. Egoera askotan, nahikoa da <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte konbentzionalaz</a> hitz egitea, ohiko korrontearen norabidean mugitzen diren karga positiboek edo kontrako noranzkoan mugitzen diren karga negatiboek eramaten duten korrontea kontuan hartu gabe. Ikuspuntu makroskopiko hau kontzeptu eta kalkulu elektromagnetikoak sinplifikatzen dituen hurbilketa da. </p><p>Kontrako muturrean, egoera mikroskopikoa aztertzen bada, <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektrikoa</a> eramateko modu asko daudela ikusten da, besteak beste: elektroien fluxua; partikula positiboen moduan jokatzen duten elektroi- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroiaren_zuloa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroiaren zuloa (sortu gabe)">zuloen fluxua;</a> <a href="/wiki/Disoluzio" title="Disoluzio">eta disoluzio</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektrolito" title="Elektrolito">elektrolitiko</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika)">plasma</a> batean kontrako noranzkoetan isurtzen diren partikula negatiboak eta positiboak ( <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiak</a> edo kargatutako beste partikula batzuk). </p><p>Kontuz ibili, hari metalikoen kasu arrunt eta garrantzitsuan, ohiko korrontearen norabidea benetako karga-eramaileen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deribaren_abiadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deribaren abiadura (sortu gabe)">jito-abiaduraren aurkako noranzkokoa dela;</a> hau da, elektroien kontrako noranzkokoa.. Hasi-berrientzako nahasgarri izan daiteke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karga_elektrikoaren_dentsitatea">Karga elektrikoaren dentsitatea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karga elektrikoaren dentsitatea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Karga elektrikoaren dentsitatea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karga elektrikoaren dentsitatea <i>luzera-, azalera- edo bolumen-unitateko karga elektrikoaren kantitatea</i> da, hau da, lerro zuzen, gainazal edo espazioaren zati batean dagoena, hurrenez hurren. Beraz, hiru karga-dentsitate definitzen dira. Karga-dentsitate lineala <i>lambda</i> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span>) letra grekoarekin adierazten da, karga-dentsitate superfiziala <i>sigma</i> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }"></span>) letrarekin eta karga-dentsitate bolumetrikoa <i>rho</i> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span>) letrarekin. </p><p>Karga-dentsitateak positiboak edo negatiboak izan daitezke. Hori ez da nahastu behar karga-eramaileen dentsitatearekin. </p><p>Karga elektrikoak kuantizatuak egon arren, eta beraz oinarrizko kargaren multiploekin, batzuetan gorputz batean karga elektrikoak oso hurbil daude beraien artean eta pentsa daiteke gorputzean zehar modu uniforme batean banatuta daudela. Gorputz horien ezaugarri nagusia da, jarraiak izango balira bezala behatu ahal izatea, eta horrek erraztu egiten du problemen azterketa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karga_dentsitate_lineala">Karga dentsitate lineala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karga dentsitate lineala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Karga dentsitate lineala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorputz linealetan erabiltzen da; adibidez, harietan. Honelaxe definitzen da:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {Q}{L}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {Q}{L}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/190179e0627167de83a1c4f547f52b708e0ee99a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.775ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {Q}{L}},}"></span>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> gorputzaren karga den eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span><i>,</i> luzera. Nazioarteko SI Sisteman <i>coulomb metroko</i> (edo <i>colulomb zati metro</i>) unitatean neurtzen da. Sinboloa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C/m</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb91f37471d328462b37f2adc29d115ab5b6d881" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}}"></span>da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karga-dentsitate_superfiziala">Karga-dentsitate superfiziala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karga-dentsitate superfiziala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Karga-dentsitate superfiziala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gainazaletan erabiltzen da, xafla metaliko finetan bereziki (adibidez, aluminio-papera). Honelaxe definitzen da:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {Q}{S}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {Q}{S}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47099629cd68632af080a7d0474d5bdf00e48b98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.749ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {Q}{S}}.}"></span>Formula horretan, <i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span></i> gorputzaren karga da, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span><i>,</i> gainazalaren azalera. Nazioarteko SI Sisteman <i>coulomb metro karratu</i> (edo <i>coulomb zati metro karratuko</i>) unitatean neurtzen da. Sinboloa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C/m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0c2c1462a8ce6b6a0b6d20189a374aaca813859" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.831ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}^{2}}"></span>da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karga_dentsitate_bolumetrikoa">Karga dentsitate bolumetrikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karga dentsitate bolumetrikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Karga dentsitate bolumetrikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bolumena duten gorputzetarako erabiltzen da.<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {Q}{V}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {Q}{V}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6854495707b48126bb8c5af319da7af3acc91195" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.622ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {Q}{V}}.}"></span>Hemen <i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span></i> gorputzaren karga da, eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span><i>,</i> bolumena. Nazioarteko SI Sisteman <i>coulomb metro kubiko</i> (edo <i>coulomb zati metro kubiko</i>) unitatean neurtzen da. Sinboloa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C/m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a949b10503d7121e3c6b24993b3f5d906f9f0cb6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.831ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{C/m}}^{3}}"></span>da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kargaren_kontserbazioa">Kargaren kontserbazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kargaren kontserbazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kargaren kontserbazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sistema_isolatua" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema isolatua">Sistema isolatu</a> baten karga elektriko osoa konstante mantentzen da nahiz eta sistemaren barruan aldaketak egon. Lege hau fisikak ezagutzen dituen prozesu guztiei berezkoa zaio eta forma lokalean erator daiteke <a href="/wiki/Uhin-funtzio" title="Uhin-funtzio">uhin-funtzioaren</a> gauge-en aldaezintasuna aplikatuz. Kargaren kontserbazioak karga-korrontearen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarraitutasun_ekuazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarraitutasun ekuazioa (sortu gabe)">jarraitasun ekuazioa</a> du emaitza. Halaber, karga dentsitatearen ρ aldaketaren abiadura bolumen V baten barruan da  J <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korronte-dentsitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korronte-dentsitate (sortu gabe)">korronte dentsitatearen</a> gaineko azalera integralaren berdina S = ∂ V, eta hau aldi berean, I korronte intentsitatearen berdina da. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{d \over dt}\int \limits _{V}^{}\rho dV=\oiint {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \partial V}\scriptstyle \partial V{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {S} =\int J\mathrm {d} S\cos \theta =I}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </munderover> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-VCENTER"> <mstyle mathsize="2.07em"> <mtext>∯</mtext> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mrow> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{d \over dt}\int \limits _{V}^{}\rho dV=\oiint {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \partial V}\scriptstyle \partial V{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {S} =\int J\mathrm {d} S\cos \theta =I}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1ff25ef434f390a6ffc5c43e4b8d02989286ccf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; margin-top: -0.477ex; width:48.483ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{d \over dt}\int \limits _{V}^{}\rho dV=\oiint {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \partial V}\scriptstyle \partial V{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {S} =\int J\mathrm {d} S\cos \theta =I}}"></span> </p><p>Horrela, karga elektrikoaren kontserbazioak, jarraitasun ekuazioak adierazten duenez, honako emaitza hau ematen du: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle I=-{\frac {\mathrm {d} q}{\mathrm {d} t}}.}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\displaystyle I=-{\frac {\mathrm {d} q}{\mathrm {d} t}}.}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1d6afb228689b308fa7ec0c8dc37fd41ae58a72" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.923ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle I=-{\frac {\mathrm {d} q}{\mathrm {d} t}}.}}"></span> </p><p>ti eta tf denbora tartean eramandako karga bi aldeak integratuz lortzen da: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle q=\int _{t_{\mathrm {i} }}^{t_{\mathrm {f} }}I\,\mathrm {d} t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>I</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\displaystyle q=\int _{t_{\mathrm {i} }}^{t_{\mathrm {f} }}I\,\mathrm {d} t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35937eec9f6feda4ebb8abd36a53eb3726aa58b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:12.197ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle q=\int _{t_{\mathrm {i} }}^{t_{\mathrm {f} }}I\,\mathrm {d} t}}"></span> </p><p>non I gainazal itxi bat zeharkatzen duen korrontea den eta q gainazal batek definitutako bolumen baten barruko karga elektrikoa den. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aldaezintasun_erlatibista">Aldaezintasun erlatibista</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aldaezintasun erlatibista»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Aldaezintasun erlatibista"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">Elektromagnetismoari</a> buruzko artikuluetan deskribatutako propietateak alde batera utzita, karga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kargaren_aldaera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kargaren aldaera (sortu gabe)">aldae</a>zin <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitatearen_teoria" title="Erlatibitatearen teoria">erlatibista</a> da. Horrek esan nahi du q karga duen edozein partikulak karga bera duela bere abiadura edozein dela ere. Propietate hori esperimentalki egiaztatu da <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helio</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo">nukleo</a> baten karga (bi <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoi</a> eta bi <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroi</a> elkarrekin loturik nukleo batean abiadura handian mugitzen direlarik) <a href="/wiki/Deuterio" title="Deuterio">deuterioaren</a> bi nukleoren berdina dela (protoi bat eta neutroi bat elkarrekin lotuta daudela, baina helio nukleoa baino askoz polikiago mugitzen direlarik). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ariketak"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jakindun_logoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/24px-Jakindun_logoa.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/36px-Jakindun_logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/48px-Jakindun_logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Ariketak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ariketak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ariketak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="background-color: #fef6e7; margin-left: 0;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Karga elektrikoa</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/320px-seek%3D3-Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="595" data-mwtitle="Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Eremu_elektrikoa_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Eremu elektrikoa</b> lantzeko ariketa.</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/ciencias/wbarreto/fisica21/electrodinamica/node1.html"><i>Willians Barreto (2006).. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e"><i>«The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: elementary charge». 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809086601"><i>Modern electrodynamics. </i></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-89697-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-89697-9">978-0-521-89697-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=809086601">809086601</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFaraday1833-01-01">Faraday, Michael.  (1833-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1833.0006">«IV. Experimental researches in electricity.—Third series»</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i> 123: 23–54.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1833.0006">10.1098/rstl.1833.0006</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-11-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">Protoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">Elektroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb-en_legea" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulomb-en legea">Coulomb-en legea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektriko&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiru.com/eu/fisica/la-carga-electrica-ley-de-coulomb">Karga elektrikoa. 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title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Erresistibitate_elektriko" title="Erresistibitate elektriko">Erresistibitatea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>•<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Erresistentzia_elektriko" title="Erresistentzia elektriko">Erresistentzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Erreaktantzia_elektriko" title="Erreaktantzia elektriko">Erreaktantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Inpedantzia_elektriko" title="Inpedantzia elektriko">Inpedantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Konduktantzia_elektriko" title="Konduktantzia elektriko">Konduktantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitatea)" title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Suszeptantzia" title="Suszeptantzia">Suszeptantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitatea)" title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Admitantzia" title="Admitantzia">Admitantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitatea)" title="Siemens (unitatea)">S</a>) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karga elektrikoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Kapazitantzia" title="Kapazitantzia">Kapazitantzia</a> edo kapazitatea (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">F</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Induktantzia" title="Induktantzia">Induktantzia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unitatea)" title="Henry (unitatea)">H</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Potentzia_(elektrizitatea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentzia (elektrizitatea)">Potentzia elektrikoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Maiztasun" title="Maiztasun">Maiztasuna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Irabazi_(elektronika)" title="Irabazi (elektronika)">Irabazia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dezibel" title="Dezibel">dB</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Balio_efikaz" title="Balio efikaz">Balio efikaza</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neurgailuak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Galvanometro" title="Galvanometro">Galvanometroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anperemetro" class="mw-redirect" title="Anperemetro">Anperemetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pintza_anperemetriko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintza anperemetriko">Pintza anperemetrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Voltmetro" title="Voltmetro">Voltmetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ohmmetro" title="Ohmmetro">Ohmmetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Multimetro" title="Multimetro">Multimetroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wattordugailu" title="Wattordugailu">Wattordugailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Osziloskopio" title="Osziloskopio">Osziloskopioa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lege_(zientzia)" title="Lege (zientzia)">Legeak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ohmen_legea" title="Ohmen legea">Ohmen legea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joule_efektua" title="Joule efektua">Jouleren legea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoffen_zirkuituen_legeak" title="Kirchhoffen zirkuituen legeak">Kirchhoffen zirkuituen legeak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nortonen_teorema" title="Nortonen teorema">Nortonen teorema</a> • <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9veninen_teorema" title="Théveninen teorema">Théveninen teorema</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gainjartzearen_teorema" title="Gainjartzearen teorema">Gainjartzearen teorema</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sareen_korronteen_analisi" title="Sareen korronteen analisi">Sareen korronteen analisia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argindar" class="mw-redirect" title="Argindar">Elektrizitate</a> iturriak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pila" title="Pila">Pila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bateria_elektriko" title="Bateria elektriko">Bateria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tentsio_iturri" title="Tentsio iturri">Tentsio iturria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korronte_iturri" title="Korronte iturri">Korronte iturria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elikatze_iturri" class="mw-redirect" title="Elikatze iturri">Elikatze iturria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hornidura_elektriko" title="Hornidura elektriko">Hornidura elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sorgailu_elektriko" title="Sorgailu elektriko">Sorgailu elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinamo" title="Dinamo">Dinamoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alternadore" title="Alternadore">Alternadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Panel_fotovoltaiko" title="Panel fotovoltaiko">Panel fotovoltaikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haize-sorgailu" title="Haize-sorgailu">Haize-sorgailua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">Korronteak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Korronte_zuzena" class="mw-redirect" title="Korronte zuzena">Korronte zuzena</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korronte_alterno" title="Korronte alterno">Korronte alternoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistema_monofasiko" title="Sistema monofasiko">Sistema monofasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistema_polifasiko" title="Sistema polifasiko">Sistema polifasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistema_trifasiko" title="Sistema trifasiko">Sistema trifasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neutro_(elektrizitatea)" title="Neutro (elektrizitatea)">Neutroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lurra_(elektrizitatea)" title="Lurra (elektrizitatea)">Lurra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Artezgailu_(elektrizitatea)" title="Artezgailu (elektrizitatea)">Artezgailua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eroale eta konexioak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eroale_elektriko" title="Eroale elektriko">Eroale elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isolatzaile_elektriko" title="Isolatzaile elektriko">Isolatzaile elektrikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kable_elektriko" title="Kable elektriko">Kablea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektrodo" title="Elektrodo">Elektrodoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anodo" title="Anodo">Anodoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Katodo" title="Katodo">Katodoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konexio konfigurazioak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Serieko_zirkuitu" title="Serieko zirkuitu">Serieko konexioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paraleloko_zirkuitu" title="Paraleloko zirkuitu">Paraleloko konexioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Triangelu_eta_izar_erako_zirkuituak" title="Triangelu eta izar erako zirkuituak">Triangelu eta izar erako konexioak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seinaleak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Seinale_analogiko" title="Seinale analogiko">Seinale analogikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seinale_digital" title="Seinale digital">Seinale digitala</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_seinale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio seinale (sortu gabe)">Audio seinalea</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telebista_seinale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telebista seinale (sortu gabe)">Telebista seinalea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iragazki_elektroniko" title="Iragazki elektroniko">Iragazki elektroniko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banda_zabalera" title="Banda zabalera">Banda zabalera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Modulazio" title="Modulazio">Modulazioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irrati-uhin" title="Irrati-uhin">Irrati-uhinak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lurreko_mikrouhin" title="Lurreko mikrouhin">Lurreko mikrouhinak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Satelite_bidezko_mikrouhin" title="Satelite bidezko mikrouhin">Satelite bidezko mikrouhinak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osagai_elektroniko" title="Osagai elektroniko">Osagai elektronikoak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Pasiboak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Erresistentzia_(osagaia)" title="Erresistentzia (osagaia)">Erresistentzia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">Kondentsadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haril" title="Haril">Harila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Memristore" title="Memristore">Memristorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solenoide" title="Solenoide">Solenoidea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformadore" title="Transformadore">Transformadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fusible" title="Fusible">Fusiblea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bozgorailu" title="Bozgorailu">Bozgorailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikrofono" title="Mikrofono">Mikrofonoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Aktiboak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Balbula_termoioniko" title="Balbula termoioniko">Huts hodia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo">Diodoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/LED" title="LED">LEDa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">Transistorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tiristore" title="Tiristore">Tiristorea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Elektromekanikoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Etengailu" title="Etengailu">Etengailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sakagailu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakagailu">Sakagailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommutadore_(elektrizitatea)" title="Kommutadore (elektrizitatea)">Kommutadorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Errele" title="Errele">Errelea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontaktore" title="Kontaktore">Kontaktorea</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_elektriko" title="Motor elektriko">Motor elektrikoak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Korronte zuzenekoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Serie_motorra" title="Serie motorra">Serie motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Compound_motorra" title="Compound motorra">Compound motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shunt_motorra" title="Shunt motorra">Shunt motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eskuilarik_gabeko_motorra" title="Eskuilarik gabeko motorra">Eskuilarik gabeko motorra</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausoz-pausoko_motorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pausoz-pausoko motorra (sortu gabe)">Pausoz-pausoko motorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serbomotor" title="Serbomotor">Serbomotorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nukleorik_gabeko_motor" title="Nukleorik gabeko motor">Nukleorik gabeko motorra</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Korronte alternokoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_asinkrono_monofasikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor asinkrono monofasikoa (sortu gabe)">Motor asinkrono monofasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Motor_asinkrono" title="Motor asinkrono">Motor asinkrono trifasikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Motor_unibertsal" title="Motor unibertsal">Motor unibertsala</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu_integratu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirkuitu integratu">Zirkuitu integratuak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Analogikoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Osziladore" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Osziladore">Osziladorea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anplifikadore_operazional" title="Anplifikadore operazional">Anplifikadore operazionala</a> • <a href="/wiki/555_(Zirkuitu_integratua)" title="555 (Zirkuitu integratua)">555 tenporizadorea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Digitalak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ate_logiko" title="Ate logiko">Ate logikoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoria_(elektronika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoria (elektronika) (sortu gabe)">Memoria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikrokontrolagailu" title="Mikrokontrolagailu">Mikrokontrolagailua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">PUZa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grafikoak_prozesatzeko_unitate" title="Grafikoak prozesatzeko unitate">GPUa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Mistoak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bihurgailu_analogiko/digital" title="Bihurgailu analogiko/digital">Bihurgailu analogiko/digital‎a</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bihurgailu_digital/analogiko" title="Bihurgailu digital/analogiko">Bihurgailu digital/analogikoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potentziometro_digital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potentziometro digital (sortu gabe)">Potentziometro digitala</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuituen_diseinu" title="Zirkuituen diseinu">Zirkuituen diseinua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu-diagrama" title="Zirkuitu-diagrama">Zirkuitu-diagrama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikur_elektroniko" title="Ikur elektroniko">Ikur elektronikoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototipo_plaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototipo plaka (sortu gabe)">Prototipo plaka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu_inprimatu" title="Zirkuitu inprimatu">Zirkuitu inprimatua</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diseinu_elektroniko_automatizatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diseinu elektroniko automatizatu (sortu gabe)">Diseinu elektroniko automatizatua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arriskuen_prebentzio" title="Arriskuen prebentzio">Arriskuen prebentzioa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu-labur" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirkuitu-labur">Zirkuitu-laburra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deskarga_elektroestatiko" title="Deskarga elektroestatiko">Deskarga elektroestatikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Disjuntore" title="Disjuntore">Disjuntore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etengailu_magnetotermiko" title="Etengailu magnetotermiko">Etengailu magnetotermikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etengailu_diferentzial" title="Etengailu diferentzial">Etengailu diferentziala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lurra_(elektrizitatea)" title="Lurra (elektrizitatea)">Lurra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behe_Tentsioko_Erregelamendu_Elektroteknikoa" title="Behe Tentsioko Erregelamendu Elektroteknikoa">Behe Tentsioko Erregelamendu Elektroteknikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Segurtasun_errele" title="Segurtasun errele">Segurtasun errelea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larrialdi-geldialdi" title="Larrialdi-geldialdi">Larrialdi-geldialdia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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